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Yang X, Xiao W, Le Q, Zhang Z, Wang W, Lee SH, Dighe A, Kerrigan JR, Cui Q. Knockout of formyl peptide receptor 1 reduces osteogenesis and bone healing. Life Sci 2024; 344:122583. [PMID: 38508232 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1), from a G-protein coupled receptor family, was previously well-characterized in immune cells. But the function of FPR1 in osteogenesis and fracture healing was rarely reported. This study, using the FPR1 knockout (KO) mouse, is one of the first studies that try to investigate FPR1 function to osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs) in vitro and bone fracture healing in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS Primary BMSCs were isolated from both FPR1 KO and wild type (WT) mice. Cloned mouse BMSCs (D1 cells) were used to examine role of FoxO1 in FPR1 regulation of osteogenesis. A closed, transverse fracture at the femoral midshaft was created to compare bone healing between KO and WT mice. Biomechanical and structural properties of femur were compared between healthy WT and KO mice. KEY FINDINGS FPR1 expression increased significantly during osteogenesis of both primary and cloned BMSCs. Compared to BMSCs from FPR1 KO mice, WT BMSCs displayed considerably higher levels of osteogenic markers as well as mineralization. Osteogenesis by D1 cells was inhibited by either an FPR1 antagonist cFLFLF or a specific inhibitor of FoxO1, AS1842856. In addition, the femur from WT mice had better biomechanical properties than FPR1 KO mice. Furthermore, bone healing in WT mice was remarkably improved compared to FPR1 KO mice analyzed by X-ray and micro-CT. SIGNIFICANCE These findings indicated that FPR1 played a vital role in osteogenic differentiation and regenerative capacity of fractured bone, probably through the activation of FoxO1 related signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlin Yang
- Dept of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Wan'an Xiao
- Dept of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Quang Le
- Dept of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Zhichang Zhang
- Dept of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Dept of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Wehui 453100, Henan, China
| | - Weicheng Wang
- Dept of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Sang-Hyun Lee
- Dept of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Center for Applied Biomechanics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Abhijit Dighe
- Dept of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jason R Kerrigan
- Dept of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Center for Applied Biomechanics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Quanjun Cui
- Dept of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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Lantieri MA, Perdomo Trejo JR, Le Q, Dighe A, Cui Q, Yang X. Formyl peptide receptors in bone research. Connect Tissue Res 2023; 64:229-237. [PMID: 36440821 PMCID: PMC10164673 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2022.2149397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE/AIM OF THE STUDY The formyl peptide receptor (FPR) participates in the immune response, with roles in infection and inflammation. In this review article, we summarize the current literature on these roles before discussing the function of FPRs in the pathogenesis of musculoskeletal disorders including osteoarthritis (OA), degenerative disc disease (DDD), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Additionally, we discuss the potential diagnostic and therapeutic roles of FPRs in these domains. METHODS PubMed and Ovid MEDLINE searches were performed from 1965 through March 2022. Keywords included "FPR, tissue expression, inflammation, infection, musculoskeletal disorder, bone, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, degenerative disc disease, mitochondria." RESULTS Sixty-nine studies were included in this review article. FPRs appear to be ubiquitous in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of common musculoskeletal disorders. They can potentially be utilized for the earlier diagnosis of OA and DDD. They may be employed with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to reverse OA and DDD pathologies. With anti-inflammatory, anti-osteolytic, and pro-angiogenic functions, they may broaden treatment options in RA. CONCLUSIONS FPRs appear to be heavily involved in the pathogenesis of common musculoskeletal conditions, including arthritis, degenerative disc disease, and rheumatoid arthritis. Furthermore, they demonstrate much promise in the diagnosis and treatment of these conditions. Their roles should continue to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Lantieri
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | | | - Quang Le
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Abhijit Dighe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Quanjun Cui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Xinlin Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
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Overview of signal transduction between LL37 and bone marrow-derived MSCs. J Mol Histol 2022; 53:149-157. [DOI: 10.1007/s10735-021-10048-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Stimulation of the Migration and Expansion of Adult Mouse Neural Stem Cells by the FPR2-Specific Peptide WKYMVm. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11111248. [PMID: 34833124 PMCID: PMC8622362 DOI: 10.3390/life11111248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are multipotent cells capable of self-renewal and differentiation into different nervous system cells. Mouse NSCs (mNSCs) are useful tools for studying neurogenesis and the therapeutic applications of neurodegenerative diseases in mammals. Formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2), expressed in the central nervous system and brain, is involved in the migration and differentiation of murine embryonic-derived NSCs. In this study, we explored the effect of FPR2 activation in adult mNSCs using the synthetic peptide Trp-Lys-Tyr-Met-Val-D-Met-NH2 (WKYMVm), an agonist of FPR2. After isolation of NSCs from the subventricular zone of the adult mouse brain, they were cultured in two culture systems—neurospheres or adherent monolayers—to demonstrate the expression of NSC markers and phenotypes. Under different conditions, mNSCs differentiated into neurons and glial cells such as astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes. Treatment with WKYMVm stimulated the chemotactic migration of mNSCs. Moreover, WKYMVm-treated mNSCs were found to promote proliferation; this result was confirmed by the expansion of mNSCs in Matrigel and the increase in the number of Ki67-positive cells. Incubation of mNSCs with WKYMVm in a supplement-free medium enhanced the survival rate of the mNSCs. Together, these results suggest that WKYMVm-induced activation of FPR2 stimulates cellular responses in adult NSCs.
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Mormile I, Rossi FW, Prevete N, Granata F, Pucino V, de Paulis A. The N-Formyl Peptide Receptors and Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Dangerous Liaison or Confusing Relationship? Front Immunol 2021; 12:685214. [PMID: 34220836 PMCID: PMC8253054 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.685214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by a progressive symmetric inflammation of the joints resulting in bone erosion and cartilage destruction with a progressive loss of function and joint deformity. An increased number of findings support the role of innate immunity in RA: many innate immune mechanisms are responsible for producing several cytokines and chemokines involved in RA pathogenesis, such as Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play a crucial role in modulating the activity of the innate arm of the immune response. We focused our attention over the years on the expression and functions of a specific class of PRR, namely formyl peptide receptors (FPRs), which exert a key function in both sustaining and resolving the inflammatory response, depending on the context and/or the agonist. We performed a broad review of the data available in the literature on the role of FPRs and their ligands in RA. Furthermore, we queried a publicly available database collecting data from 90 RA patients with different clinic features to evaluate the possible association between FPRs and clinic-pathologic parameters of RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Mormile
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Wanda Rossi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Nella Prevete
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Francescopaolo Granata
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Pucino
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Amato de Paulis
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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6
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Formyl Peptide Receptor 1 Signaling in Acute Inflammation and Neural Differentiation Induced by Traumatic Brain Injury. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9090238. [PMID: 32825368 PMCID: PMC7563302 DOI: 10.3390/biology9090238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a shocking disease frequently followed by behavioral disabilities, including risk of cerebral atrophy and dementia. N-formylpeptide receptor 1 (FPR1) is expressed in cells and neurons in the central nervous system. It is involved in inflammatory processes and during the differentiation process in the neural stem cells. We investigate the effect of the absence of Fpr1 gene expression in mice subjected to TBI from the early stage of acute inflammation to neurogenesis and systematic behavioral testing four weeks after injury. C57BL/6 animals and Fpr1 KO mice were subjected to TBI and sacrificed 24 h or four weeks after injury. Twenty-four hours after injury, TBI Fpr1 KO mice showed reduced histological impairment, tissue damage and acute inflammation (MAPK activation, NF-κB signaling induction, NRLP3 inflammasome pathway activation and oxidative stress increase). Conversely, four weeks after TBI, the Fpr1 KO mice showed reduced survival of the proliferated cells in the Dentate Gyrus compared to the WT group. Behavioral analysis confirmed this trend. Moreover, TBI Fpr1 KO animals displayed reduced neural differentiation (evaluated by beta-III tubulin expression) and upregulation of astrocyte differentiation (evaluated by GFAP expression). Collectively, our study reports that, immediately after TBI, Fpr1 increased acute inflammation, while after four weeks, Fpr1 promoted neurogenesis.
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7
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Romano M, Patruno S, Pomilio A, Recchiuti A. Proresolving Lipid Mediators and Receptors in Stem Cell Biology: Concise Review. Stem Cells Transl Med 2019; 8:992-998. [PMID: 31187940 PMCID: PMC6766599 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.19-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that stem cells (SCs) possess immunomodulatory, anti‐inflammatory, and prohealing properties. The mechanisms underlying these functions are being investigated with the final goal to set a solid background for the clinical use of SCs and/or their derivatives. Specialized proresolving lipid mediators (SPMs) are small lipids formed by the enzymatic metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids. They represent a leading class of molecules that actively and timely regulate the resolution of inflammation and promote tissue/organ repair. SC formation of these mediators as well as expression of their receptors has been recently reported, suggesting that SPMs may be involved in the immunomodulatory, proresolving functions of SCs. In the present review, we summarize the current knowledge on SPMs in SCs, focusing on biosynthetic pathways, receptors, and bioactions, with the intent to provide an integrated view of SPM impact on SC biology. stem cells translational medicine2019;8:992–998
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Romano
- Department of Medical, Oral, and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,StemTech Group, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Center on Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Sara Patruno
- Department of Medical, Oral, and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,StemTech Group, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Center on Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonella Pomilio
- Department of Medical, Oral, and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,StemTech Group, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Center on Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonio Recchiuti
- Department of Medical, Oral, and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Center on Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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8
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Yu X, Quan J, Long W, Chen H, Wang R, Guo J, Lin X, Mai S. LL-37 inhibits LPS-induced inflammation and stimulates the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs via P2X7 receptor and MAPK signaling pathway. Exp Cell Res 2018; 372:178-187. [PMID: 30287143 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oral diseases, such as periapical periodontitis and periodontitis, are characterized by inflammation-induced bone loss. LL-37, a human antimicrobial peptide (AMP), has multiple biological functions and the potential to promote osteogenesis. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the regulatory effects of LL-37 within normal and inflammatory microenvironments. The roles of P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway were also demonstrated. The results showed that LL-37 promoted bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) proliferation, migration and osteogenic differentiation. LL-37 inhibited the expression of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) at both protein and gene levels, and attenuated the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inhibition of osteogenesis. Immunofluorescence (IF) confirmed P2X7R expression in BMSCs. BBG, a P2X7R antagonist, significantly attenuated LL-37-promoted osteogenesis. The phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) increased after LL-37 stimulation, which did not affect p38 phosphorylation. The effects of LL-37 on osteogenesis-related gene expression were markedly attenuated by selective inhibitors of ERK1/2 and JNK. Furthermore, a mouse model of LPS-stimulated calvarial osteolysis was established, and results showed that LL-37 markedly inhibited osteoclastic bone resorption. In conclusion, we speculate that LL-37 inhibits inflammation and promotes BMSC osteogenesis via P2X7R and MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoran Yu
- Department of Conservation Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jingjing Quan
- Department of Conservation Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Weilin Long
- Department of Conservation Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Huimin Chen
- Department of Conservation Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ruoxun Wang
- Department of Conservation Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jiaxin Guo
- Department of Conservation Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaoxuan Lin
- Department of Conservation Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Sui Mai
- Department of Conservation Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, PR China.
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Chen K, Tang P, Bao Z, He T, Xiang Y, Gong W, Yoshimura T, Le Y, Tessarollo L, Chen X, Wang JM. Deficiency in Fpr2 results in reduced numbers of Lin -cKit +Sca1 + myeloid progenitor cells. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:13452-13463. [PMID: 30018139 PMCID: PMC6120191 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Lin-c-Kit+ Sca-1+ cell population in the bone marrow (BM) serves as the direct precursor for differentiation of myeloid cells. In this study, we report that deficiency in Fpr2, a G protein-coupled chemoattractant receptor in mice, is associated with reduced BM nucleated cells, including CD31+Ly6C+ (granulocytes and monocytes), CD31-/Ly6Cint (granuloid cells), and CD31-/Ly6Chigh (predominantly monocytes) cells. In particular, the number of Lin-c-Kit+Sca-1+ (LKS) cells was reduced in Fpr2-/- mouse BM. This was supported by observations of the reduced incorporation of intraperitoneally injected bromodeoxyuridine by cells in the c-Kit+ population from Fpr2-/- mouse BM. Purified c-Kit+ cells from Fpr2-/- mice showed reduced expansion when cultured in vitro with stem cell factor (SCF). SCF/c-Kit-mediated phosphorylation of P38, STAT1, Akt (Thr-308), and Akt (Ser-473) was also significantly reduced in c-Kit+ cells from Fpr2-/- mice. Furthermore, Fpr2 agonists enhanced SCF-induced proliferation of c-Kit+ cells. Colony-forming unit assays revealed that CFU-granulocyte-macrophage formation of BM cells from Fpr2-/- mice was significantly reduced. After heat-inactivated bacterial stimulation in the airway, the expansion of c-kit+ Sca-1+ cells in BM and recruitment of Ly6G+ cells to the lungs and CD11b+Ly6C+TNFα+ cells to the spleen of Fpr2-/- mice was significantly reduced. These results demonstrate an important role for Fpr2 in the development of myeloid lineage precursors in mouse BM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peng Tang
- From the Cancer and Inflammation Program and
- Department of Breast Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhiyao Bao
- From the Cancer and Inflammation Program and
- the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Tianzhen He
- the State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Yi Xiang
- the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Wanghua Gong
- the Basic Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Teizo Yoshimura
- the Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan, and
| | - Yingying Le
- the Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lino Tessarollo
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Xin Chen
- the State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China
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Lipoxin A 4 Attenuates the Inflammatory Response in Stem Cells of the Apical Papilla via ALX/FPR2. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8921. [PMID: 29892010 PMCID: PMC5995968 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27194-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Similar to the onset phase of inflammation, its resolution is a process that unfolds in a manner that is coordinated and regulated by a panel of mediators. Lipoxin A4 (LXA4) has been implicated as an anti-inflammatory, pro-resolving mediator. We hypothesized that LXA4 attenuates or prevents an inflammatory response via the immunosuppressive activity of Stem Cells of the Apical Papilla (SCAP). Here, we report for the first time in vitro that in a SCAP population, lipoxin receptor ALX/FPR2 was constitutively expressed and upregulated after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide and/or TNF-α. Moreover, LXA4 significantly enhanced proliferation, migration, and wound healing capacity of SCAP through the activation of its receptor, ALX/FPR2. Cytokine, chemokine and growth factor secretion by SCAP was inhibited in a dose dependent manner by LXA4. Finally, LXA4 enhanced immunomodulatory properties of SCAP towards Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. These findings provide the first evidence that the LXA4-ALX/FPR2 axis in SCAP regulates inflammatory mediators and enhances immunomodulatory properties. Such features of SCAP may also support the role of these cells in the resolution phase of inflammation and suggest a novel molecular target for ALX/FPR2 receptor to enhance a stem cell-mediated pro-resolving pathway.
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Horibe K, Hosoya A, Hiraga T, Nakamura H. Expression and localization of CRAMP in rat tooth germ and during reparative dentin formation. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 22:2559-2566. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2353-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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4-Aroyl-3-hydroxy-5-phenyl-1H-pyrrol-2(5H)-ones as N-formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1) antagonists. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 142:120-132. [PMID: 28690139 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) are expressed on a variety of leukocytes and play important roles in inflammation. Thus, FPR antagonists may represent novel therapeutics for modulating innate immunity and treating inflammatory diseases. Previously, 1H-pyrrol-2(5H)-ones were reported to be potent and competitive FPR1 antagonists. In the present studies, 42 additional 1H-pyrrol-2(5H)-one analogs were evaluated for FPR1 antagonist activity. We identified a number of novel competitive FPR1 antagonists that inhibited N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLF)-induced intracellular Ca2+ mobilization in FPR1-transfected HL60 cells and effectively competed with WKYMVm-FITC for binding to FPR1 in FPR1-transfected RBL cells. The most active pyrroles inhibited human neutrophil Ca2+ flux, chemotaxis, and adhesion to human epithelial cells, with the most potent being compounds 14 (4-benzoyl-1-hexyl-3-hydroxy-5-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-2-one) and 17 (4-benzoyl-5-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-1-(2-methoxyethyl)-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-2-one). In addition, these FPR1 antagonists inhibited fMLF-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) in FPR1-RBL cells, differentiated HL-60 cells, and human neutrophils. Most of the antagonists were specific for FPR1 and did not inhibit WKYMVM/WKYMVm-induced intracellular Ca2+ mobilization in FPR2-HL60 cells, FPR3-HL60 cells, or interleukin 8-induced Ca2+ flux in human neutrophils. Moreover, molecular modeling showed that the active pyrroles had a significantly higher degree of similarity with the FPR1 antagonist pharmacophore template as compared to inactive analogs. Thus, the 4-aroyl-3-hydroxy-5-phenyl-1H-pyrrol-2(5H)-one scaffold represents an important backbone for the development of novel FPR1 antagonists and could provide important clues for understanding the molecular structural requirements of FPR1 antagonists.
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Formyl peptide receptors promotes neural differentiation in mouse neural stem cells by ROS generation and regulation of PI3K-AKT signaling. Sci Rep 2017; 7:206. [PMID: 28303030 PMCID: PMC5428260 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00314-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine whether formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) regulated the differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs). FPRs promote the migration of NSCs both in vitro and in vivo. However, the role of FPRs during differentiation of NSCs is unknown. Analysis by Western blot showed significantly increased expression of FPR1 and FPR2 during differentiation of NSCs. The activation of FPRs promotes NSCs to differentiate into neurons with more primary neurites and branch points and longer neurites per cell. Meanwhile, this activation also inhibits the differentiation of NSC into astrocytes. This bidirectional effect can be inhibited by the FPRs-specific inhibitor. Moreover, it was found that the activation of FPRs increased the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and phosphorylation of AKT in the NSCs, while N-acetylcysteine and LY294002 inhibited the FPRs-stimulated increase in ROS generation and AKT phosphorylation, and blocked the FPRs-stimulated neural differentiation into neurons. Therefore, FPRs-stimulated neural differentiation was mediated via ROS and PI3K-AKT signaling pathways. Collectively, the present findings provided a novel insight into the functional role of FPRs in neurogenesis, with important implications for its potential use as a candidate for treating brain or spinal cord injury.
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Lee HY, Lee M, Bae YS. Formyl Peptide Receptors in Cellular Differentiation and Inflammatory Diseases. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:1300-1307. [PMID: 28075050 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) are a family of classical chemoattractant receptors. Although FPRs are mainly expressed in phagocytic innate immune cells including monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils, recent reports demonstrated that additional different cell types such as T-lymphocytes and several non-immune cells also express functional FPRs. FPRs were first reported as a specific receptor to detect bacteria-derived N-formyl peptides. However, accumulating evidence has shown that FPRs can recognize various ligands derived from pathogens, mitochondria, and host. This review summarizes studies on some interesting endogenous agonists for FPRs. Here, we discuss functional roles of FPRs and their ligands concerning the regulation of cellular differentiation focusing on myeloid lineage cells. Accumulating evidence also suggests that FPRs may contribute to the control of inflammatory diseases. Here, we briefly review the current understanding of the functional role of FPRs and their ligands in inflammatory disorders in some animal disease models. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 1300-1307, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Young Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingyu Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoe-Sik Bae
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
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15
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Amso Z, Cornish J, Brimble MA. Short Anabolic Peptides for Bone Growth. Med Res Rev 2016; 36:579-640. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zaid Amso
- School of Chemical Sciences; The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St; Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Jillian Cornish
- Department of Medicine; The University of Auckland; Auckland 1010 New Zealand
| | - Margaret A. Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences; The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St; Auckland 1142 New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, School of Biological Sciences; The University of Auckland; Auckland 1142 New Zealand
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Cianci E, Recchiuti A, Trubiani O, Diomede F, Marchisio M, Miscia S, Colas RA, Dalli J, Serhan CN, Romano M. Human Periodontal Stem Cells Release Specialized Proresolving Mediators and Carry Immunomodulatory and Prohealing Properties Regulated by Lipoxins. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 5:20-32. [PMID: 26607175 PMCID: PMC4704879 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The actions of human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) on polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) apoptosis and antimicrobial functions, and the impact of lipoxin A4 (LXA4) on hPDLSCs were investigated. hPDLSCs significantly reduced apoptosis and stimulated microbicidal activity of human PMNs, via both cell-cell interactions and paracrine mechanisms. hPDLSCs also were found to biosynthesize proresolving lipid mediators and prostaglandins. This study also demonstrated that the LXA4-ALX/FPR2 axis regulates regenerative functions of hPDLSCs by a novel receptor-mediated mechanism. Unresolved inflammation and tissue destruction are underlying mechanisms of periodontitis, which is linked to dysregulated polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) functions. Lipoxin A4 (LXA4) is a specialized proresolving lipid mediator (SPM) that dampens excessive inflammation, promotes resolution, and protects from leukocyte-mediated tissue damage. Human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) represent key players during tissue regeneration and may contribute to resolution of inflammation; thus, they may represent a promising tool in regenerative dentistry. In the present study, we investigated the actions of hPDLSCs on PMN apoptosis and antimicrobial functions, and determined the impact of LXA4 on hPDLSCs. hPDLSCs significantly reduced apoptosis and stimulated microbicidal activity of human PMNs, via both cell-cell interactions and paracrine mechanisms. Lipid mediator metabololipidomics analysis demonstrated that hPDLSCs biosynthesize SPMs, including resolvin D1, D2, D5, and D6; protectin D1; maresins; and LXB4; as well as prostaglandins D2, E2, and F2α. LXA4 significantly enhanced proliferation, migration, and wound healing capacity of hPDLSCs through the activation of its cognate receptor ALX/FPR2, expressed on hPDLSCs. Together, these results demonstrate that hPDLSCs modulate PMN functions, and provide the first evidence that stem cells generate SPM and that the LXA4-ALX/FPR2 axis regulates regenerative functions of hPDLSCs by a novel receptor-mediated mechanism. Significance These findings uncovered unappreciated features of stem cells from the periodontal ligament, supporting the notion that these cells may act as master regulators of pathophysiological events through the release of mediators that promote the resolution of inflammation and bacterial killing. The study also demonstrated that it is possible to modulate important functions of periodontal stem cells using lipoxin A4, a potent endogenous stop signal of inflammation. Thus, this study revealed an unappreciated anti-inflammatory proregenerative circuit that may be exploited to combat periodontal pathologies using resident stem cells. Moreover, the data may represent a more general template to explain the immunomodulatory functions of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Cianci
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy StemTeCh Group, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonio Recchiuti
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Oriana Trubiani
- StemTeCh Group, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesca Diomede
- StemTeCh Group, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marco Marchisio
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy StemTeCh Group, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Miscia
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy StemTeCh Group, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Romain A Colas
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jesmond Dalli
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mario Romano
- StemTeCh Group, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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Antiosteoporotic Effects of Huangqi Sanxian Decoction in Cultured Rat Osteoblasts by Proteomic Characterization of the Target and Mechanism. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:514063. [PMID: 26557149 PMCID: PMC4628673 DOI: 10.1155/2015/514063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Huangqi Sanxian decoction (HQSXD) is routinely used for the treatment of osteoporosis in the Chinese traditional healthcare system. However, the targets and mechanism underlying the effect of HQSXD on osteoporosis have not been documented. In the present study, seropharmacology and proteomic approaches (two-dimensional gel electrophoresis combined with mass spectrometry) were used to investigate the effects and possible target proteins of HQSXD on osteoblast. We found that HQSXD-treated rat serum significantly enhanced osteoblast proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization. In HQSXD-S-treated osteoblasts, there were increases in the expression of N-formyl peptide receptor 2 and heparan sulfate (glucosamine) 3-O-sulfotransferase 3A1 and reduction in the expression of alpha-spectrin, prohibitin, and transcription elongation factor B (SIII), polypeptide 1. The identified proteins are associated with cell proliferation, differentiation, signal transcription, and cell growth. These findings might provide valuable insights into the mechanism of antiosteoporotic effect affected by HQSXD treatment in osteoblasts.
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Recognition of Immune Response for the Early Diagnosis and Treatment of Osteoarthritis. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:192415. [PMID: 26064995 PMCID: PMC4433702 DOI: 10.1155/2015/192415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a common and debilitating joint disease that affects up to 30 million Americans, leading to significant disability, reduction in quality of life, and costing the United States tens of billions of dollars annually. Classically, osteoarthritis has been characterized as a degenerative, wear-and-tear disease, but recent research has identified it as an immunopathological disease on a spectrum between healthy condition and rheumatoid arthritis. A systematic literature review demonstrates that the disease pathogenesis is driven by an early innate immune response which progressively catalyzes degenerative changes that ultimately lead to an altered joint microenvironment. It is feasible to detect this infiltration of cells in the early, and presumably asymptomatic, phase of the disease through noninvasive imaging techniques. This screening can serve to aid clinicians in potentially identifying high-risk patients, hopefully leading to early effective management, vast improvements in quality of life, and significant reductions in disability, morbidity, and cost related to osteoarthritis. Although the diagnosis and treatment of osteoarthritis routinely utilize both invasive and non-invasive strategies, imaging techniques specific to inflammatory cells are not commonly employed for these purposes. This review discusses this paradigm and aims to shift the focus of future osteoarthritis-related research towards early diagnosis of the disease process.
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Rossi FW, Napolitano F, Pesapane A, Mascolo M, Staibano S, Matucci-Cerinic M, Guiducci S, Ragno P, di Spigna G, Postiglione L, Marone G, Montuori N, de Paulis A. Upregulation of the N-Formyl Peptide Receptors in Scleroderma Fibroblasts Fosters the Switch to Myofibroblasts. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:5161-73. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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20
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Schneider EH, Weaver JD, Gaur SS, Tripathi BK, Jesaitis AJ, Zelenka PS, Gao JL, Murphy PM. The leukocyte chemotactic receptor FPR1 is functionally expressed on human lens epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:40779-92. [PMID: 23012360 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.411181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lens degeneration in Fpr1(-/-) mice prompted us to search for functional FPR1 expression directly on lens epithelial cells. RESULTS FPR1 is functionally expressed on human lens epithelial cells but has atypical properties compared with hematopoietic cell FPR1. CONCLUSION Lens epithelial cell FPR1 may be involved in development and maintenance of the lens. SIGNIFICANCE This is the first link between non-hematopoietic expression of FPR1 and an ophthalmologic phenotype. Formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1) is a G protein-coupled chemoattractant receptor expressed mainly on leukocytes. Surprisingly, aging Fpr1(-/-) mice develop spontaneous lens degeneration without inflammation or infection (J.-L. Gao et al., manuscript in preparation). Therefore, we hypothesized that FPR1 is functionally expressed directly on lens epithelial cells, the only cell type in the lens. Consistent with this, the human fetal lens epithelial cell line FHL 124 expressed FPR1 mRNA and was strongly FPR1 protein-positive by Western blot and FACS. Competition binding using FPR1 ligands N-formyl-Nle-Leu-Phe-Nle-Tyr-Lys (Nle = Norleucine), formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine, and peptide W revealed the same profile for FHL 124 cells, neutrophils, and FPR1-transfected HEK 293 cells. Saturation binding with fluorescein-labeled N-formyl-Nle-Leu-Phe-Nle-Tyr-Lys revealed ~2500 specific binding sites on FHL-124 cells (K(D) ~ 0.5 nm) versus ~40,000 sites on neutrophils (K(D) = 3.2 nm). Moreover, formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine induced pertussis toxin-sensitive Ca(2+) flux in FHL 124 cells, consistent with classic G(i)-mediated FPR1 signaling. FHL 124 cell FPR1 was atypical in that it resisted agonist-induced internalization. Expression of FPR1 was additionally supported by detection of the intact full-length open reading frame in sequenced cDNA from FHL 124 cells. Thus, FHL-124 cells express functional FPR1, which is consistent with a direct functional role for FPR1 in the lens, as suggested by the phenotype of Fpr1 knock-out mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich H Schneider
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Abstract
A growing body of preclinical evidence suggests that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are effective for the structural and functional recovery of the infracted heart. Accordingly, clinical trials are underway to determine the benefit of MSC-based therapies. While systemic administration of MSCs is an attractive strategy, and is the route currently used for the administration of MSCs in clinical studies for myocardial infarction, the majority of infused cells do not appear to localize to infracted myocardium in animal studies. Recently, important progress has been made in identifying chemokine receptors critical for the migration and homing of MSCs. Here, we review recent literature regarding mechanisms of MSC homing and recruitment to the ischemic myocardium, and discuss potential influences of low engraftment rates of systemically administered MSCs to the infracted heart tissue on the effects of MSC-based therapies on myocardial infarction.
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22
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Monaco E, Bionaz M, Rodriguez-Zas S, Hurley WL, Wheeler MB. Transcriptomics comparison between porcine adipose and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells during in vitro osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32481. [PMID: 22412878 PMCID: PMC3296722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) are considered the gold standard for use in tissue regeneration among mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). The abundance and ease of harvest make the adipose-derived stem cells (ASC) an attractive alternative to BMSC. The aim of the present study was to compare the transcriptome of ASC and BMSC, respectively isolated from subcutaneous adipose tissue and femur of 3 adult pigs, during in vitro osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation for up to four weeks. At 0, 2, 7, and 21 days of differentiation RNA was extracted for microarray analysis. A False Discovery Rate ≤0.05 for overall interactions effect and P<0.001 between comparisons were used to determine differentially expressed genes (DEG). Ingenuity Pathway Analysis and DAVID performed the functional analysis of the DEG. Functional analysis of highest expressed genes in MSC and genes more expressed in MSC vs. fully differentiated tissues indicated low immunity and high angiogenic capacity. Only 64 genes were differentially expressed between ASC and BMSC before differentiation. The functional analysis uncovered a potential larger angiogenic, osteogenic, migration, and neurogenic capacity in BMSC and myogenic capacity in ASC. Less than 200 DEG were uncovered between ASC and BMSC during differentiation. Functional analysis also revealed an overall greater lipid metabolism in ASC, while BMSC had a greater cell growth and proliferation. The time course transcriptomic comparison between differentiation types uncovered <500 DEG necessary to determine cell fate. The functional analysis indicated that osteogenesis had a larger cell proliferation and cytoskeleton organization with a crucial role of G-proteins. Adipogenesis was driven by PPAR signaling and had greater angiogenesis, lipid metabolism, migration, and tumorigenesis capacity. Overall the data indicated that the transcriptome of the two MSC is relatively similar across the conditions studied. In addition, functional analysis data might indicate differences in therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Monaco
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Engineering, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Massimo Bionaz
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Engineering, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sandra Rodriguez-Zas
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Walter L. Hurley
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Engineering, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Matthew B. Wheeler
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Engineering, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Yao XH, Liu Y, Chen K, Gong W, Liu MY, Bian XW, Wang JM. Chemoattractant receptors as pharmacological targets for elimination of glioma stem-like cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:1961-6. [PMID: 21930249 PMCID: PMC3224200 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Malignant tumors are thought to be initiated by a small population of cells that display stem cell properties, including the capacity of self-renewal, multipotent differentiation, initiation of tumor tissues and resistance to therapy. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have also been identified in gliomas in which they are named as glioma stem-like cells (GSLCs), or glioma stem cells. In xenograft transplantation models, GSLCs propagate tumor and promote tumor progression. The tumorigenesis of GSLCs depends not only on their autonomous proliferation but also on interaction with microenvironment components. Among these components, G protein coupled chemoattractant receptors (GPCRs) and their agonists have attracted much attention for their capacity to mediate leukocyte infiltration, angiogenesis, tumor invasion and metastasis. Chemoattractant GPCRs are widely expressed by tumor cells and stromal cells and recognize agonists present in the tumor microenvironment. Such GPCRs have been found to be expressed also by CSCs including GSLCs. In this brief review, we will summarize the recent development in the studies of the function, regulation and signal transduction of chemoattractant GPCRs in GSLCs in hope to promote a better understanding of the mechanistic basis of the progression of gliomas and the identification of molecular targets for the novel anti-glioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-hong Yao
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Ying Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Keqiang Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Wanghua Gong
- Basic Research Program, SAIC-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ming-yong Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xiu-wu Bian
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Ji Ming Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
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Alfaro MP, Young PP. Lessons from genetically altered mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs): candidates for improved MSC-directed myocardial repair. Cell Transplant 2011; 21:1065-74. [PMID: 22080676 DOI: 10.3727/096368911x612477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The regenerative and reparative potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) make them attractive candidates for numerous cell-directed therapies. The variant degree of tissue repair by transplanted MSCs has been assessed in several published reports. There are many gaps in the knowledge of MSC biology and the underlying reasons for their disparate effectiveness in tissue repair. This review examines successful preclinical models of MSC-directed repair, particularly of myocardial repair, in an attempt to shed light into the events dictating MSC therapeutic efficacy. The reparative advantage of genetically altered MSCs will be described. This overview will elucidate possible molecular mechanisms that can influence MSC engraftment, differentiation, self-renewal, and ultimately increase wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P Alfaro
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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25
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Shin MK, Jang YH, Yoo HJ, Kang DW, Park MH, Kim MK, Song JH, Kim SD, Min G, You HK, Choi KY, Bae YS, Min DS. N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) promotes osteoblast differentiation via the N-formyl peptide receptor 1-mediated signaling pathway in human mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:17133-43. [PMID: 21372136 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.197772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding of N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) to its specific cell surface receptor, N-formyl peptide receptor (FPR), triggers different cascades of biochemical events, eventually leading to cellular activation. However, the physiological role of fMLP and FPR during differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells is unknown. In this study, we attempted to determine whether fMLP regulates differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow. Analysis by quantitative-PCR and flow cytometry showed significantly increased expression of FPR1, but not FPR2 and FPR3, during osteoblastic differentiation. fMLP, a specific ligand of FPR1, promotes osteoblastic commitment and suppresses adipogenic commitment under differentiation conditions. Remarkably, fMLP-stimulated osteogenesis is associated with increased expression of osteogenic markers and mineralization, which were blocked by cyclosporine H, a selective FPR1 antagonist. In addition, fMLP inhibited expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ1, a major regulator of adipocytic differentiation. fMLP-stimulated osteogenic differentiation was mediated via FPR1-phospholipase C/phospholipase D-Ca(2+)-calmodulin-dependent kinase II-ERK-CREB signaling pathways. Finally, fMLP promoted bone formation in zebrafish and rabbits, suggesting its physiological relevance in vivo. Collectively, our findings provide novel insight into the functional role of fMLP in bone biology, with important implications for its potential use as a therapeutic agent for treatment of bone-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyoung Shin
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, 30 Jangjeon Dong, Geumjeong gu, Busan 609-735, Korea
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26
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Sueblinvong V, Weiss DJ. Stem cells and cell therapy approaches in lung biology and diseases. Transl Res 2010; 156:188-205. [PMID: 20801416 PMCID: PMC4201367 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2010.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based therapies with embryonic or adult stem cells, including induced pluripotent stem cells, have emerged as potential novel approaches for several devastating and otherwise incurable lung diseases, including emphysema, pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Although initial studies suggested engraftment of exogenously administered stem cells in lung, this is now generally felt to be a rare occurrence of uncertain physiologic significance. However, more recent studies have demonstrated paracrine effects of administered cells, including stimulation of angiogenesis and modulation of local inflammatory and immune responses in mouse lung disease models. Based on these studies and on safety and initial efficacy data from trials of adult stem cells in other diseases, groundbreaking clinical trials of cell-based therapy have been initiated for pulmonary hypertension and for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In parallel, the identity and role of endogenous lung progenitor cells in development and in repair from injury and potential contribution as lung cancer stem cells continue to be elucidated. Most recently, novel bioengineering approaches have been applied to develop functional lung tissue ex vivo. Advances in each of these areas will be described in this review with particular reference to animal models.
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Key Words
- aec, alveolar epithelial cell
- ali, acute lung injury
- ards, acute respiratory distress syndrome
- basc, bronchioalveolar stem cell
- ccsp, clara cell secretory protein
- cf, cystic fibrosis
- cftr, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
- clp, cecal ligation and puncture
- copd, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- enos, endothelial nitric oxide synthetase
- epc, endothelial progenitor cell
- esc, embryonic stem cell
- fev1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second
- fvc, forced vital capacity
- gfp, green fluorescent protein
- hsc, hematopoietic stem cell
- ipf, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
- kgf, keratinocyte growth factor
- lps, lipopolysaccharide
- mct, monocrotaline
- mhc, major histocompatibility complex
- msc, mesenchymal stromal (stem) cell
- ph, pulmonary hypertension
- pro-spc, pro-surfactant protein c
- sca-1, stem cell antigen-1
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Affiliation(s)
- Viranuj Sueblinvong
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Piro D, Rejman J, Conese M. Stem cell therapy for cystic fibrosis: current status and future prospects. Expert Rev Respir Med 2010; 2:365-80. [PMID: 20477199 DOI: 10.1586/17476348.2.3.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although cystic fibrosis (CF), an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the gene encoding for the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), seems a good candidate for gene therapy, 15 years of intense investigation and a number of clinical trials have not yet produced a viable clinical gene-therapy strategy. In addition, the duration of gene expression has been shown to be limited, only lasting 1-4 weeks. Therefore, alternative approaches involve the search for, and use of, stem cell populations. Bone marrow contains different stem cell types, including hematopoietic stem cells and multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. Numerous studies have now demonstrated the ability of hematopoietic stem cells and mesenchymal stromal cells to home to the lung and differentiate into epithelial cells of both the conducting airways and the alveolar region. However, engraftment of bone marrow-derived stem cells into the airways is a very inefficient process. Detailed knowledge of the cellular and molecular determinants governing homing to the lung and transformation of marrow cells into lung epithelial cells would benefit this process. Despite a very low level of engraftment of donor cells into the nose and gut, significant CFTR mRNA expression and a measurable level of correction of the electrophysiological defect were observed after transplantation of wild-type marrow cells into CF mice. It is uncertain whether this effect is due to the presence of CFTR-expressing epithelial cells derived from donor cells or to the immunomodulatory role of transplanted cells. Finally, initial studies on the usefulness of umbilical cord blood and embryonic stem cells in the generation of airway epithelial cells will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Piro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Foggia, c/o Ospedali Riuniti, Viale L. Pinto 1, 71100 Foggia, Italy.
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Sueblinvong V, Weiss DJ. Cell therapy approaches for lung diseases: current status. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2009; 9:268-73. [PMID: 19349209 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings suggest that embryonic stem cells and stem cells derived from adult tissues, including bone marrow and umbilical cord blood, could be utilized in repair and regeneration of injured or diseased lungs. This is an exciting and rapidly moving field that holds promise as a therapeutic approach for variety of lung diseases. Although initial emphasis was on engraftment of stem cells in lung, more recent studies demonstrate that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can modulate local inflammatory and immune responses in mouse lung disease models including acute lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis. Further, on the basis of initial reports of safety and efficacy following allogeneic administration of MSCs to patients with Crohn's disease or with graft-versus-host disease, a recent trial has been initiated to study the effect of MSCs in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Notably, several recent clinical trials have demonstrated potential benefit of autologous stem cell administration in patient with pulmonary hypertension. In this review, we will describe recent advances in cell therapy with the focus on MSCs and their potential roles in lung development and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viranuj Sueblinvong
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Chen LY, Pan WW, Chen M, Li JD, Liu W, Chen G, Huang S, Papadimos TJ, Pan ZK. Synergistic induction of inflammation by bacterial products lipopolysaccharide and fMLP: an important microbial pathogenic mechanism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:2518-24. [PMID: 19201908 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0713933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A wide variety of stimuli have been shown to induce inflammation, but bacteria products/components are considered the major inducers during bacterial infections. We previously demonstrated that bacterial products/components such as LPS, a glycolipid component of the bacterial outer membrane, and formylated peptides (fMLP), a bacterial-derived peptide, induced proinflammatory cytokine gene expression in human peripheral blood monocytes. We now present evidence that mixtures of bacterial products/components LPS and fMLP behave synergistically in the induction of inflammation in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, our results indicate that the TLR4 and the IKKbeta-IkappaBalpha signaling pathways are involved in the synergistic induction of inflammatory cytokines. The mechanism of synergistic activation of NF-kappaB is depended on nuclear translocation of p65 and phosphorylation of p65 at both Ser536 and Ser276 sites. These results demonstrate an important role for bacterial products/components from lysed bacteria in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. We believe that this synergistic induction of inflammation by bacterial products LPS and fMLP represents an important pathogenic mechanism during bacterial infection, which may suggest novel therapeutic strategies or targets to minimize host injury following bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yu Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of Ohio, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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30
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Safronova VG, Matveeva NK, Mal'tseva VN, Bondar' OE, Van'ko LV, Sukhikh GT. Evaluation of the Role of FMLF chemotaxic peptide receptors in umbilical cord blood granulocytes from newborns at risk of infectious inflammatory diseases. Bull Exp Biol Med 2009; 145:452-6. [PMID: 19110592 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-008-0116-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We studied the role of receptors with high and low affinity for fMLF chemotaxic peptide in the generation of active oxygen species by umbilical cord blood granulocytes from newborns with normal neonatal period, born after normal or complicated gestation, in children with manifestations of bacterial infection born after complicated pregnancy, and in granulocytes of non-pregnant women with normal reproductive function. Granulocytes of children born after complicated pregnancy exhibited high reactivity in induction of respiratory burst in a wide range of fMLF concentrations. The presentation of receptors with high and low affinity on granulocytes during initiation of the respiratory burst differs in children born after complicated pregnancy and in healthy babies born after normal gestation. Presumably, the detected differences result from high expression of receptors with low affinity for fMLF and disorders or immaturity of mechanisms responsible for receptor inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V G Safronova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia.
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31
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The pro-inflammatory peptide LL-37 promotes ovarian tumor progression through recruitment of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:3806-11. [PMID: 19234121 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0900244106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells or multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been shown to engraft into the stroma of several tumor types, where they contribute to tumor progression and metastasis. However, the chemotactic signals mediating MSC migration to tumors remain poorly understood. Previous studies have shown that LL-37 (leucine, leucine-37), the C-terminal peptide of human cationic antimicrobial protein 18, stimulates the migration of various cell types and is overexpressed in ovarian, breast, and lung cancers. Although there is evidence to support a pro-tumorigenic role for LL-37, the function of the peptide in tumors remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that neutralization of LL-37 in vivo significantly reduces the engraftment of MSCs into ovarian tumor xenografts, resulting in inhibition of tumor growth as well as disruption of the fibrovascular network. Migration and invasion experiments conducted in vitro indicated that the LL-37-mediated migration of MSCs to tumors likely occurs through formyl peptide receptor like-1. To assess the response of MSCs to the LL-37-rich tumor microenvironment, conditioned medium from LL-37-treated MSCs was assessed and found to contain increased levels of several cytokines and pro-angiogenic factors compared with controls, including IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-6, IL-10, CCL5, VEGF, and matrix metalloproteinase-2. Similarly, Matrigel mixed with LL-37, MSCs, or the combination of the two resulted in a significant number of vascular channels in nude mice. These data indicate that LL-37 facilitates ovarian tumor progression through recruitment of progenitor cell populations to serve as pro-angiogenic factor-expressing tumor stromal cells.
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32
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Stem cells and cell therapies in lung biology and lung diseases. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2008; 5:637-67. [PMID: 18625757 DOI: 10.1513/pats.200804-037dw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Li YS, Wu P, Zhou XY, Chen JG, Cai L, Wang F, Xu LM, Zhang XL, Chen Y, Liu SJ, Huang YP, Ye DY. Formyl-peptide receptor like 1: A potent mediator of the Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ current ICRAC. Arch Biochem Biophys 2008; 478:110-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2008] [Revised: 06/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Yao XH, Ping YF, Chen JH, Xu CP, Chen DL, Zhang R, Wang JM, Bian XW. Glioblastoma stem cells produce vascular endothelial growth factor by activation of a G-protein coupled formylpeptide receptor FPR. J Pathol 2008; 215:369-76. [PMID: 18523971 DOI: 10.1002/path.2356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Glioma stem cells (GSCs), or stem cell-like glioma cells, isolated from malignant glioma cell lines, were capable of producing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). However, the exact role of such tumour cells in angiogenesis remains unknown. In this study, we isolated a small proportion of CD133+ GSCs from the human glioblastoma cell line U87 and found that these GSCs possessed multipotent differentiation potential and released high levels of VEGF as compared with CD133(-) tumour cells. The CD133+ GSCs also formed larger xenograft tumours that contained higher VEGF immunoreactivity and denser microvessels. Moreover, GSCs expressed a functional G protein-coupled formylpeptide receptor FPR, which was activated by a chemotactic peptide ligand, N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLF), to mediate calcium flux and the production of VEGF by GSCs. Our results indicate that FPR expressed by human GSCs may play an important role in glioma angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- X-H Yao
- Institute of Pathology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Stem cells have been the focus of numerous investigations to treat diseases as far ranging as diabetes, chronic heart failure and multiple sclerosis over the past decade. The process of stem-cell-based repair of acute injury involves homing and engrafting of the stem cell of interest to the site of injury followed by either differentiation of the stem cell to indigenous end-organ cells or liberation of paracrine factors that lead to preservation and/or optimization of organ function. Recognition of the ability of stem cells to home to sites of acute injury suggests that, if appropriately defined and harnessed, stem cell homing could serve as a means of local drug delivery through the infusion of genetically engineering stem cells that secrete gene products of interest. The authors have recently demonstrated the use of this approach in preclinical studies of acute myocardial function. In addition, the use of engineered cells that home to appropriate niches have been used to correct genetic deficiency states (i.e., severe combined immunodeficiency, diabetes mellitus) in patients with otherwise chronic debilitating diseases. This review focuses on exploiting stem cell homing for gene transfer and on the state of the art and the challenges that face the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc S Penn
- Skirball Laboratory for Cardiovascular Cellular Therapeutics, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, NE3, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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