1
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Loerch C, Szepanowski LP, Reiss J, Adjaye J, Graffmann N. Forskolin induces FXR expression and enhances maturation of iPSC-derived hepatocyte-like cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1383928. [PMID: 38694820 PMCID: PMC11061433 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1383928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The generation of iPSC-derived hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) is a powerful tool for studying liver diseases, their therapy as well as drug development. iPSC-derived disease models benefit from their diverse origin of patients, enabling the study of disease-associated mutations and, when considering more than one iPSC line to reflect a more diverse genetic background compared to immortalized cell lines. Unfortunately, the use of iPSC-derived HLCs is limited due to their lack of maturity and a rather fetal phenotype. Commercial kits and complicated 3D-protocols are cost- and time-intensive and hardly useable for smaller working groups. In this study, we optimized our previously published protocol by fine-tuning the initial cell number, exchanging antibiotics and basal medium composition and introducing the small molecule forskolin during the HLC maturation step. We thereby contribute to the liver research field by providing a simple, cost- and time-effective 2D differentiation protocol. We generate functional HLCs with significantly increased HLC hallmark gene (ALB, HNF4α, and CYP3A4) and protein (ALB) expression, as well as significantly elevated inducible CYP3A4 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Loerch
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Leon-Phillip Szepanowski
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- IUF – Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julian Reiss
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - James Adjaye
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- University College London, EGA Institute for Women`s Health- Zayed Center for Research Into Rare Diseases in Children (ZGR), London, United Kingdom
| | - Nina Graffmann
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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2
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Sun C, Li M, Wang F. Programming and monitoring surface-confined DNA computing. Bioorg Chem 2024; 143:107080. [PMID: 38183684 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.107080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
DNA-based molecular computing has evolved to encompass a diverse range of functions, demonstrating substantial promise for both highly parallel computing and various biomedical applications. Recent advances in DNA computing systems based on surface reactions have demonstrated improved levels of specificity and computational speed compared to their solution-based counterparts that depend on three-dimensional molecular collisions. Herein, computational biomolecular interactions confined by various surfaces such as DNA origamis, nanoparticles, lipid membranes and chips are systematically reviewed, along with their manipulation methodologies. Monitoring techniques and applications for these surface-based computing systems are also described. The advantages and challenges of surface-confined DNA computing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyun Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Mingqiang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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3
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Li Q, Li J, Wang P, He X, Hong M, Liu F. A Comparative Study of Endoderm Differentiation Between Activin A and Small Molecules. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2023; 131:667-675. [PMID: 38056491 DOI: 10.1055/a-2182-8936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Small molecules such as ROCK inhibitors (Fasudil) and inducer of definitive endoderm 1 (IDE1) can promote differentiation of definitive endoderm, but their effects remain controversial. Therefore, we attempted to verify the effect of these small molecules on promoting definitive endoderm differentiation and found that Fasudil or IDE1 alone could not achieve a similar effect as activin A. On the contrary, CHIR99021 could efficiently promote definitive endoderm differentiation. Nearly 43.4% of experimental cells were SRY-box transcription factor 17 (SOX17)-positive under the synergistic effect of IDE1 and CHIR99021, but its ability to differentiate towards definitive endoderm was still insufficient. Transcriptional analysis and comparison of IDE1 and CHIR99021 synergistic groups (IC) and activin A and CHIR99021 synergistic groups (AC) showed significantly down-regulated definitive endoderm markers in the IC group compared with those in the AC group and the differences between the two groups were mainly due to bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP4) and fibroblast growth factor 17 (FGF17). Further single-cell transcriptome analysis revealed lower expression of BMP4 in SOX17-positive populations, while mothers against decapentaplegic homolog (SMAD) protein translation signal and FGF17 in the AC group were higher than that in the IC group. Western blot analysis showed a significant difference in levels of p-SMAD2/3 between AC and IC groups, which suggests that regulating p-SMAD2/3 may provide a reference to improve the differentiation of definitive endoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518106, Guangdong Province, P.R. China
| | - Jin Li
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, PR China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518106, Guangdong Province, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqun He
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518106, Guangdong Province, P.R. China
| | - Mingzhao Hong
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518106, Guangdong Province, P.R. China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518106, Guangdong Province, P.R. China
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4
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Cui Z, Wei H, Goding C, Cui R. Stem cell heterogeneity, plasticity, and regulation. Life Sci 2023; 334:122240. [PMID: 37925141 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
As a population of homogeneous cells with both self-renewal and differentiation potential, stem cell pools are highly compartmentalized and contain distinct subsets that exhibit stable but limited heterogeneity during homeostasis. However, their striking plasticity is showcased under natural or artificial stress, such as injury, transplantation, cancer, and aging, leading to changes in their phenotype, constitution, metabolism, and function. The complex and diverse network of cell-extrinsic niches and signaling pathways, together with cell-intrinsic genetic and epigenetic regulators, tightly regulate both the heterogeneity during homeostasis and the plasticity under perturbation. Manipulating these factors offers better control of stem cell behavior and a potential revolution in the current state of regenerative medicine. However, disruptions of normal regulation by genetic mutation or excessive plasticity acquisition may contribute to the formation of tumors. By harnessing innovative techniques that enhance our understanding of stem cell heterogeneity and employing novel approaches to maximize the utilization of stem cell plasticity, stem cell therapy holds immense promise for revolutionizing the future of medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Cui
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.
| | - Hope Wei
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
| | - Colin Goding
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX37DQ, UK
| | - Rutao Cui
- Skin Disease Research Institute, The 2nd Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
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5
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Hu XH, Chen L, Wu H, Tang YB, Zheng QM, Wei XY, Wei Q, Huang Q, Chen J, Xu X. Cell therapy in end-stage liver disease: replace and remodel. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:141. [PMID: 37231461 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03370-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver disease is prevalent worldwide. When it reaches the end stage, mortality rises to 50% or more. Although liver transplantation has emerged as the most efficient treatment for end-stage liver disease, its application has been limited by the scarcity of donor livers. The lack of acceptable donor organs implies that patients are at high risk while waiting for suitable livers. In this scenario, cell therapy has emerged as a promising treatment approach. Most of the time, transplanted cells can replace host hepatocytes and remodel the hepatic microenvironment. For instance, hepatocytes derived from donor livers or stem cells colonize and proliferate in the liver, can replace host hepatocytes, and restore liver function. Other cellular therapy candidates, such as macrophages and mesenchymal stem cells, can remodel the hepatic microenvironment, thereby repairing the damaged liver. In recent years, cell therapy has transitioned from animal research to early human studies. In this review, we will discuss cell therapy in end-stage liver disease treatment, especially focusing on various cell types utilized for cell transplantation, and elucidate the processes involved. Furthermore, we will also summarize the practical obstacles of cell therapy and offer potential solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Hao Hu
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Lan Chen
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Hao Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Yang-Bo Tang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Qiu-Min Zheng
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xu-Yong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
| | - Xiao Xu
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
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6
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Ietto G, Iori V, Gritti M, Inversini D, Costantino A, Izunza Barba S, Jiang ZG, Carcano G, Dalla Gasperina D, Pettinato G. Multicellular Liver Organoids: Generation and Importance of Diverse Specialized Cellular Components. Cells 2023; 12:1429. [PMID: 37408262 PMCID: PMC10217024 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 40,000 patients in the United States are estimated to suffer from end-stage liver disease and acute hepatic failure, for which liver transplantation is the only available therapy. Human primary hepatocytes (HPH) have not been employed as a therapeutic tool due to the difficulty in growing and expanding them in vitro, their sensitivity to cold temperatures, and tendency to dedifferentiate following two-dimensional culture. The differentiation of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) into liver organoids (LO) has emerged as a potential alternative to orthotropic liver transplantation (OLT). However, several factors limit the efficiency of liver differentiation from hiPSCs, including a low proportion of differentiated cells capable of reaching a mature phenotype, the poor reproducibility of existing differentiation protocols, and insufficient long-term viability in vitro and in vivo. This review will analyze various methodologies being developed to improve hepatic differentiation from hiPSCs into liver organoids, paying particular attention to the use of endothelial cells as supportive cells for their further maturation. Here, we demonstrate why differentiated liver organoids can be used as a research tool for drug testing and disease modeling, or employed as a bridge for liver transplantation following liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Ietto
- General, Emergency and Transplant Surgery Department, ASST-Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Innovation Technology (DiMIT), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Valentina Iori
- General, Emergency and Transplant Surgery Department, ASST-Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Innovation Technology (DiMIT), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Mattia Gritti
- Department of General Surgery, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Inversini
- General, Emergency and Transplant Surgery Department, ASST-Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Innovation Technology (DiMIT), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Angelita Costantino
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy;
| | - Sofia Izunza Barba
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Z. Gordon Jiang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Giulio Carcano
- General, Emergency and Transplant Surgery Department, ASST-Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Innovation Technology (DiMIT), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Daniela Dalla Gasperina
- Department of Medicine and Innovation Technology (DiMIT), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST-Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pettinato
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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7
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Abstract
Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 α (HNF4α) is a highly conserved member of the nuclear receptor superfamily expressed at high levels in the liver, kidney, pancreas, and gut. In the liver, HNF4α is exclusively expressed in hepatocytes, where it is indispensable for embryonic and postnatal liver development and for normal liver function in adults. It is considered a master regulator of hepatic differentiation because it regulates a significant number of genes involved in hepatocyte-specific functions. Loss of HNF4α expression and function is associated with the progression of chronic liver disease. Further, HNF4α is a target of chemical-induced liver injury. In this review, we discuss the role of HNF4α in liver pathophysiology and highlight its potential use as a therapeutic target for liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasi Kotulkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Dakota R Robarts
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Udayan Apte
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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8
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Das R, Harper L, Kitajima K, Osman TAH, Cimpan MR, Johannssen AC, Suliman S, Mackenzie IC, Costea DE. Embryonic Stem Cells Can Generate Oral Epithelia under Matrix Instruction. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097694. [PMID: 37175400 PMCID: PMC10177836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate whether molecular clues from the extracellular matrix (ECM) can induce oral epithelial differentiation of pluripotent stem cells. Mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC) of the feeder-independent cell line E14 were used as a model for pluripotent stem cells. They were first grown in 2D on various matrices in media containing vitamin C and without leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). Matrices investigated were gelatin, laminin, and extracellular matrices (ECM) synthesized by primary normal oral fibroblasts and keratinocytes in culture. Differentiation into epithelial lineages was assessed by light microscopy, immunocytochemistry, and flow cytometry for cytokeratins and stem cell markers. ESC grown in 2D on various matrices were afterwards grown in 3D organotypic cultures with or without oral fibroblasts in the collagen matrix and examined histologically and by immunohistochemistry for epithelial (keratin pairs 1/10 and 4/13 to distinguish epidermal from oral epithelia and keratins 8,18,19 to phenotype simple epithelia) and mesenchymal (vimentin) phenotypes. ECM synthesized by either oral fibroblasts or keratinocytes was able to induce, in 2D cultures, the expression of cytokeratins of the stratified epithelial phenotype. When grown in 3D, all ESC developed into two morphologically distinct cell populations on collagen gels: (i) epithelial-like cells organized in islands with occasional cyst- or duct-like structures and (ii) spindle-shaped cells suggestive of mesenchymal differentiation. The 3D culture on oral fibroblast-populated collagen matrices was necessary for further differentiation into oral epithelia. Only ESC initially grown on 2D keratinocyte or fibroblast-synthesized matrices reached full epithelial maturation. In conclusion, ESC can generate oral epithelia under matrix instruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ridhima Das
- Gade Laboratory for Pathology and Center for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Lisa Harper
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Kayoko Kitajima
- Department of Endodontics, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, Niigata 951-8580, Japan
| | | | | | - Anne Chr Johannssen
- Gade Laboratory for Pathology and Center for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Salwa Suliman
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Ian C Mackenzie
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Daniela-Elena Costea
- Gade Laboratory for Pathology and Center for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
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9
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A dataset of definitive endoderm and hepatocyte differentiations from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Sci Data 2023; 10:93. [PMID: 36788249 PMCID: PMC9929325 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes are a major parenchymal cell type in the liver and play an essential role in liver function. Hepatocyte-like cells can be differentiated in vitro from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) via definitive endoderm (DE)-like cells and hepatoblast-like cells. Here, we explored the in vitro differentiation time-course of hepatocyte-like cells. We performed methylome and transcriptome analyses for hepatocyte-like cell differentiation. We also analyzed DE-like cell differentiation by methylome, transcriptome, chromatin accessibility, and GATA6 binding profiles, using finer time-course samples. In this manuscript, we provide a detailed description of the dataset and the technical validations. Our data may be valuable for the analysis of the molecular mechanisms underlying hepatocyte and DE differentiations.
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10
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Becklin KL, Draper GM, Madden RA, Kluesner MG, Koga T, Huang M, Weiss WA, Spector LG, Largaespada DA, Moriarity BS, Webber BR. Developing Bottom-Up Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Derived Solid Tumor Models Using Precision Genome Editing Technologies. CRISPR J 2022; 5:517-535. [PMID: 35972367 PMCID: PMC9529369 DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2022.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in genome and tissue engineering have spurred significant progress and opportunity for innovation in cancer modeling. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are an established and powerful tool to study cellular processes in the context of disease-specific genetic backgrounds; however, their application to cancer has been limited by the resistance of many transformed cells to undergo successful reprogramming. Here, we review the status of human iPSC modeling of solid tumors in the context of genetic engineering, including how base and prime editing can be incorporated into "bottom-up" cancer modeling, a term we coined for iPSC-based cancer models using genetic engineering to induce transformation. This approach circumvents the need to reprogram cancer cells while allowing for dissection of the genetic mechanisms underlying transformation, progression, and metastasis with a high degree of precision and control. We also discuss the strengths and limitations of respective engineering approaches and outline experimental considerations for establishing future models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsie L. Becklin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Garrett M. Draper
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Rebecca A. Madden
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mitchell G. Kluesner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tomoyuki Koga
- Ludwig Cancer Research San Diego Branch, La Jolla, California, USA; Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Miller Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA; Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and The Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA; Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - William A. Weiss
- Departments of Neurology, Pediatrics, Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Research Center, and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; and Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics, Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Logan G. Spector
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David A. Largaespada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Branden S. Moriarity
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Beau R. Webber
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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11
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Liu L, Hong F, Liu H, Zhou X, Jiang S, Šulc P, Jiang JH, Yan H. A localized DNA finite-state machine with temporal resolution. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm9530. [PMID: 35333578 PMCID: PMC8956261 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm9530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The identity and timing of environmental stimulus play a pivotal role in living organisms in programming their signaling networks and developing specific phenotypes. The ability to unveil history-dependent signals will advance our understanding of temporally regulated biological processes. Here, we have developed a two-input, five-state DNA finite-state machine (FSM) to sense and record the temporally ordered inputs. The spatial organization of the processing units on DNA origami enables facile modulation of the energy landscape of DNA strand displacement reactions, allowing precise control of the reactions along predefined paths for different input orders. The use of spatial constraints brings about a simple, modular design for the FSM with a minimum set of orthogonal components and confers minimized leaky reactions and fast kinetics. The FSM demonstrates the capability of sensing the temporal orders of two microRNAs, highlighting its potential for temporally resolved biosensing and smart therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
- Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Fan Hong
- Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Hao Liu
- Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Xu Zhou
- Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Shuoxing Jiang
- Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Petr Šulc
- Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Jian-Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
- Corresponding author. (H.Y.); (J.-H.J.)
| | - Hao Yan
- Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Corresponding author. (H.Y.); (J.-H.J.)
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12
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Graffmann N, Scherer B, Adjaye J. In vitro differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into hepatocyte like cells - basic principles and current progress. Stem Cell Res 2022; 61:102763. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2022.102763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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13
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p57 Suppresses the Pluripotency and Proliferation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells by Positively Regulating p53 Activation. Stem Cells Int 2022; 2021:4968649. [PMID: 34976070 PMCID: PMC8720024 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4968649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are pluripotent stem cells that have indefinite self-renewal capacities under appropriate culture conditions in vitro. The pluripotency maintenance and proliferation of these cells are delicately governed by the concert effect of a complex transcriptional regulatory network. Herein, we discovered that p57Kip2 (p57), a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor canonically inhibiting cell proliferation, played a role in suppressing the pluripotency state of mouse ESCs (mESCs). p57 knockdown significantly stimulated the expressions of core pluripotency factors NANOG, OCT4, and SOX2, while p57 overexpression inhibited the expressions of these factors in mESCs. In addition, consistent with its function in somatic cells, p57 suppressed mESC proliferation. Further analysis showed that p57 could interact with and contribute to the activation of p53 in mESCs. In conclusion, the present study showed that p57 could antagonize the pluripotency state and the proliferation process of mESCs. This finding uncovers a novel function of p57 and provides new evidence for elucidating the complex regulatory of network of mESC fate.
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14
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Rashidi H, Hay DC. Serum-Free Production of Three-Dimensional Hepatospheres from Pluripotent Stem Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2454:305-316. [PMID: 34611817 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2021_430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Developing renewable human liver tissue from stem cells has been pursued as a potential source of biological material for pharmaceutical and clinical endeavors. At present, two-dimensional differentiation procedures deliver tissue lacking long-term phenotypic and functional stability. Efforts to overcome these limiting factors have led to the development of protocols to generate three-dimensional cellular aggregates. Here we describe a methodology to generate 3D hepatospheres from human pluripotent stem cells using defined and commercially available reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Rashidi
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK.
| | - David C Hay
- Institute for Regeneration and Repair, Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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15
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Chemically Defined Conditions Mediate an Efficient Induction of Dental Pulp Pluripotent-Like Stem Cells into Hepatocyte-Like Cells. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:5212852. [PMID: 34795766 PMCID: PMC8593589 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5212852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases are major causes of morbidity and mortality. Dental pulp pluripotent-like stem cells (DPPSCs) are of a considerable promise in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine as a new source of tissue-specific cells; therefore, this study is aimed at demonstrating their ability to generate functional hepatocyte-like cells in vitro. Cells were differentiated on a collagen scaffold in serum-free media supplemented with growth factors and cytokines to recapitulate liver development. At day 5, the differentiated DPPSC cells expressed the endodermal markers FOXA1 and FOXA2. Then, the cells were derived into the hepatic lineage generating hepatocyte-like cells. In addition to the associated morphological changes, the cells expressed the hepatic genes HNF6 and AFP. The terminally differentiated hepatocyte-like cells expressed the liver functional proteins albumin and CYP3A4. In this study, we report an efficient serum-free protocol to differentiate DPPSCs into functional hepatocyte-like cells. Our approach promotes the use of DPPSCs as a new source of adult stem cells for prospective use in liver regenerative medicine.
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16
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Pan FC, Evans T, Chen S. Modeling endodermal organ development and diseases using human pluripotent stem cell-derived organoids. J Mol Cell Biol 2021; 12:580-592. [PMID: 32652003 PMCID: PMC7683020 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjaa031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in development of protocols for directed differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) to defined lineages, in combination with 3D organoid technology, have facilitated the generation of various endoderm-derived organoids for in vitro modeling of human gastrointestinal development and associated diseases. In this review, we discuss current state-of-the-art strategies for generating hPSC-derived endodermal organoids including stomach, liver, pancreatic, small intestine, and colonic organoids. We also review the advantages of using this system to model various human diseases and evaluate the shortcomings of this technology. Finally, we emphasize how other technologies, such as genome editing and bioengineering, can be incorporated into the 3D hPSC-organoid models to generate even more robust and powerful platforms for understanding human organ development and disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fong Cheng Pan
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Todd Evans
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Shuibing Chen
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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17
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Harrison SP, Baumgarten SF, Verma R, Lunov O, Dejneka A, Sullivan GJ. Liver Organoids: Recent Developments, Limitations and Potential. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:574047. [PMID: 34026769 PMCID: PMC8131532 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.574047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cell types derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) share the potential to investigate development, toxicity, as well as genetic and infectious disease in ways currently limited by the availability of primary tissue. With the added advantage of patient specificity, which can play a role in all of these areas. Many iPSC differentiation protocols focus on 3 dimensional (3D) or organotypic differentiation, as these offer the advantage of more closely mimicking in vivo systems including; the formation of tissue like architecture and interactions/crosstalk between different cell types. Ultimately such models have the potential to be used clinically and either with or more aptly, in place of animal models. Along with the development of organotypic and micro-tissue models, there will be a need to co-develop imaging technologies to enable their visualization. A variety of liver models termed "organoids" have been reported in the literature ranging from simple spheres or cysts of a single cell type, usually hepatocytes, to those containing multiple cell types combined during the differentiation process such as hepatic stellate cells, endothelial cells, and mesenchymal cells, often leading to an improved hepatic phenotype. These allow specific functions or readouts to be examined such as drug metabolism, protein secretion or an improved phenotype, but because of their relative simplicity they lack the flexibility and general applicability of ex vivo tissue culture. In the liver field these are more often constructed rather than developed together organotypically as seen in other organoid models such as brain, kidney, lung and intestine. Having access to organotypic liver like surrogates containing multiple cell types with in vivo like interactions/architecture, would provide vastly improved models for disease, toxicity and drug development, combining disciplines such as microfluidic chip technology with organoids and ultimately paving the way to new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Philip Harrison
- Hybrid Technology Hub–Center of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pediatric Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Saphira Felicitas Baumgarten
- Hybrid Technology Hub–Center of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pediatric Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rajneesh Verma
- Hybrid Technology Hub–Center of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pediatric Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Oleg Lunov
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Alexandr Dejneka
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Gareth John Sullivan
- Hybrid Technology Hub–Center of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pediatric Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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18
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Wang X, Wang J, Tsui YM, Shi C, Wang Y, Zhang X, Yan Q, Chen M, Jiang C, Yuan YF, Wong CM, Liu M, Feng ZY, Chen H, Ng IOL, Jiang L, Guan XY. RALYL increases hepatocellular carcinoma stemness by sustaining the mRNA stability of TGF-β2. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1518. [PMID: 33750796 PMCID: PMC7943813 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21828-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidences suggest that cancer stem cells exhibit many molecular characteristics and phenotypes similar to their ancestral progenitor cells. In the present study, human embryonic stem cells are induced to differentiate into hepatocytes along hepatic lineages to mimic liver development in vitro. A liver progenitor specific gene, RALY RNA binding protein like (RALYL), is identified. RALYL expression is associated with poor prognosis, poor differentiation, and metastasis in clinical HCC patients. Functional studies reveal that RALYL could promote HCC tumorigenicity, self-renewal, chemoresistance, and metastasis. Moreover, molecular mechanism studies show that RALYL could upregulate TGF-β2 mRNA stability by decreasing N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification. TGF-β signaling and the subsequent PI3K/AKT and STAT3 pathways, upregulated by RALYL, contribute to the enhancement of HCC stemness. Collectively, RALYL is a liver progenitor specific gene and regulates HCC stemness by sustaining TGF-β2 mRNA stability. These findings may inspire precise therapeutic strategies for HCC. RALYL is a liver progenitor cell-specific gene but its role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unknown. Here, the authors demonstrate that RALYL regulates HCC stemness through upregulation of TGF-β2 mRNA stability by decreasing N6-methyladenosine modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jin Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu-Man Tsui
- State key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chaoran Shi
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qian Yan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Miao Chen
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chen Jiang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun-Fei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Ming Wong
- State key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zeng-Yu Feng
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Honglin Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Irene Oi Lin Ng
- State key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lingxi Jiang
- State key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xin-Yuan Guan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,State key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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19
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Papadopoulos A, Chalmantzi V, Hyvönen M, Stellas D, Syrrou M, Fotsis T, Murphy C. Supporting data on combined transcriptomic and phosphoproteomic analysis of BMP4 signaling in human embryonic stem cells. Data Brief 2021; 35:106844. [PMID: 33644271 PMCID: PMC7893420 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2021.106844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells exhibit great potential as a therapeutic tool in regenerative medicine due to their self-renewal and trilineage differentiation capacity. Maintaining this unique cellular state has been shown to rely primarily on the Activin A / TGFβ signaling pathway. While most conventional culture media are supplemented with TGFβ, in the current study we utilize a modified version of the commercially available mTeSR1, substituting TGFβ for Activin A in order to preserve pluripotency. (1) Cells cultured in ActA-mTesR express pluripotency factors NANOG, OCT4 and SOX2 at comparable levels with cells cultured in TGFβ-mTeSR. (2) ActA-mTeSR cultured cells retain a physiological karyotype. (3) Cells in ActA-mTeSR maintain their trilineage differentiation capacity as shown in the teratoma formation assay. This system can be used to dissect the role of Activin A, downstream effectors and signaling cascades in human embryonic stem cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelos Papadopoulos
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- Cardiovascular Division, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, London, SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
| | - Varvara Chalmantzi
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Marko Hyvönen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitris Stellas
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Marika Syrrou
- Laboratory of Biology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Theodore Fotsis
- Department of Biomedical Research, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas, University Campus of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Carol Murphy
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- Department of Biomedical Research, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas, University Campus of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
- Corresponding author.@Fotsis-Murphy
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20
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Chowdhury S, Ghosh S. Sources, Isolation and culture of stem cells? Stem Cells 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-1638-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Cell therapy for advanced liver diseases: Repair or rebuild. J Hepatol 2021; 74:185-199. [PMID: 32976865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Advanced liver disease presents a significant worldwide health and economic burden and accounts for 3.5% of global mortality. When liver disease progresses to organ failure the only effective treatment is liver transplantation, which necessitates lifelong immunosuppression and carries associated risks. Furthermore, the shortage of suitable donor organs means patients may die waiting for a suitable transplant organ. Cell therapies have made their way from animal studies to a small number of early clinical trials. Herein, we review the current state of cell therapies for liver disease and the mechanisms underpinning their actions (to repair liver tissue or rebuild functional parenchyma). We also discuss cellular therapies that are on the clinical horizon and challenges that must be overcome before routine clinical use is a possibility.
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22
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Rodrigues SC, Cardoso RMS, Duarte FV. Mitochondrial microRNAs: A Putative Role in Tissue Regeneration. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9120486. [PMID: 33371511 PMCID: PMC7767490 DOI: 10.3390/biology9120486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The most famous role of mitochondria is to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation, a metabolic pathway that involves a chain of four protein complexes (the electron transport chain, ETC) that generates a proton-motive force that in turn drives the ATP synthesis by the Complex V (ATP synthase). An impressive number of more than 1000 mitochondrial proteins have been discovered. Since mitochondrial proteins have a dual genetic origin, it is predicted that ~99% of these proteins are nuclear-encoded and are synthesized in the cytoplasmatic compartment, being further imported through mitochondrial membrane transporters. The lasting 1% of mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the mitochondrial genome and synthesized by the mitochondrial ribosome (mitoribosome). As a result, an appropriate regulation of mitochondrial protein synthesis is absolutely required to achieve and maintain normal mitochondrial function. Regarding miRNAs in mitochondria, it is well-recognized nowadays that several cellular mechanisms involving mitochondria are regulated by many genetic players that originate from either nuclear- or mitochondrial-encoded small noncoding RNAs (sncRNAs). Growing evidence collected from whole genome and transcriptome sequencing highlight the role of distinct members of this class, from short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to miRNAs and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Some of the mechanisms that have been shown to be modulated are the expression of mitochondrial proteins itself, as well as the more complex coordination of mitochondrial structure and dynamics with its function. We devote particular attention to the role of mitochondrial miRNAs and to their role in the modulation of several molecular processes that could ultimately contribute to tissue regeneration accomplishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia C. Rodrigues
- Exogenus Therapeutics, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal;
- Doctoral Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB), Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Filipe V. Duarte
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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23
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Pek NMQ, Liu KJ, Nichane M, Ang LT. Controversies Surrounding the Origin of Hepatocytes in Adult Livers and the in Vitro Generation or Propagation of Hepatocytes. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 11:273-290. [PMID: 32992051 PMCID: PMC7695885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells in the liver (known as hepatocytes) are high-performance engines of myriad metabolic functions and versatile responders to liver injury. As hepatocytes metabolize amino acids, alcohol, drugs, and other substrates, they produce and are exposed to a milieu of toxins and harmful byproducts that can damage themselves. In the healthy liver, hepatocytes generally divide slowly. However, after liver injury, hepatocytes can ramp up proliferation to regenerate the liver. Yet, on extensive injury, regeneration falters, and liver failure ensues. It is therefore critical to understand the mechanisms underlying liver regeneration and, in particular, which liver cells are mobilized during liver maintenance and repair. Controversies continue to surround the very existence of hepatic stem cells and, if they exist, their spatial location, multipotency, degree of contribution to regeneration, ploidy, and susceptibility to tumorigenesis. This review discusses these controversies. Finally, we highlight how insights into hepatocyte regeneration and biology in vivo can inform in vitro studies to propagate primary hepatocytes with liver regeneration-associated signals and to generate hepatocytes de novo from pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lay Teng Ang
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Lay Teng Ang, PhD, Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford-UC Berkeley Siebel Stem Cell Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305.
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24
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Yasen A, Li W, Maimaitinijiati Y, Aini A, Ran B, Wang H, Tuxun T, Shao Y, Aji T, Wen H. Direct effects of transforming growth factor-β1 signaling on the differentiation fate of fetal hepatic progenitor cells. Regen Med 2020; 15:1719-1733. [PMID: 32772793 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2020-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To investigate direct roles of TGF-β1 signaling in the differentiation process of fetal hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs). Materials & methods: Exogenous TGF-β1 and SB431542 were added into fetal HPCs. Then, SB431542 was intraperitoneally injected into pregnant mice for 8 days. Results: Fetal HPCs treated with TGF-β1 differentiated into cholangiocytes. However, hepatocyte marker was highly expressed after inhibiting TGF-β1 signaling. In vivo, hematopoietic cells were gradually replaced with liver cells and TGF-β1 expression was evidently decreased as fetal liver developed. Inhibition of TGF-β1 signaling caused increase of ALB+ cells, but CK19 expression was more obvious in control mice livers. Conclusion: TGF-β1 signaling may play decisive roles in fetal HPCs differentiation into functional hepatocytes or cholangiocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimaiti Yasen
- Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830011, PR China.,Department of Hepatobiliary & Hydatid Disease, Digestive & Vascular Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830054, PR China
| | - Wending Li
- Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830011, PR China
| | | | - Abudusalamu Aini
- Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830011, PR China
| | - Bo Ran
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Hydatid Disease, Digestive & Vascular Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830054, PR China
| | - Hui Wang
- Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830054, PR China
| | - Tuerhongjiang Tuxun
- Department of Liver & Laparoscopic Surgery, Digestive & Vascular Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830054, PR China
| | - Yingmei Shao
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Hydatid Disease, Digestive & Vascular Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830054, PR China
| | - Tuerganaili Aji
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Hydatid Disease, Digestive & Vascular Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830054, PR China
| | - Hao Wen
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Hydatid Disease, Digestive & Vascular Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830054, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention & Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, 393 Xin Yi Road, Urumqi 830011, PR China
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25
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Saito Y, Ikemoto T, Morine Y, Shimada M. Current status of hepatocyte-like cell therapy from stem cells. Surg Today 2020; 51:340-349. [PMID: 32754843 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-020-02092-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Organ liver transplantation and hepatocyte transplantation are not performed to their full potential because of donor shortage, which could be resolved by identifying new donor sources for the development of hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs). HLCs have been differentiated from some stem cell sources as alternative primary hepatocytes throughout the world; however, the currently available techniques cannot differentiate HLCs to the level of normal adult primary hepatocytes. The outstanding questions are as follows: which stem cells are the best cell sources? which protocol is the best way to differentiate them into HLCs? what is the definition of differentiated HLCs? how can we enforce the function of HLCs? what is the difference between HLCs and primary hepatocytes? what are the problems with HLC transplantation? This review summarizes the current status of HLCs, focusing on stem cell sources, the differentiation protocol for HLCs, the general characterization of HLCs, the generation of more functional HLCs, comparison with primary hepatocytes, and HLCs in cell-transplantation-based liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Saito
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Tetsuya Ikemoto
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yuji Morine
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Shimada
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
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26
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Collins DP, Hapke JH, Aravalli RN, Steer CJ. In vitro Differentiation of Human TERT-Transfected Multi-Lineage Progenitor Cells (MLPC) into Immortalized Hepatocyte-Like Cells. Hepat Med 2020; 12:79-92. [PMID: 32607015 PMCID: PMC7295760 DOI: 10.2147/hmer.s245916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Research directed towards drug development, metabolism, and liver functions often utilize primary hepatocytes (PH) for preliminary in vitro studies. Variability in the in vitro functionality of PH and the unsuitability of hepatocarcinoma cells for these studies have driven researchers to look to ESC, iPS, and other stem cell types using differentiation protocols to provide more reliable and available cells. This study describes the development of hepatocyte-like cells through the in vitro differentiation of human TERT-immortalized cord blood-derived multi-lineage progenitor cells (MLPC). The E12 clonal cell line derived from polyclonal TERT-transfected cells was used throughout the study. Methods E12 MLPC were subjected to a three-step differentiation protocol using alternating combinations of growth factors, cytokines, and maturational factors. Cells at various stages of differentiation were analyzed for consistency with PH by morphology, immunohistochemistry, urea production, and gene expression. Results E12 MLPC were shown to significantly change morphology with each stage of differentiation. Coincidental with the morphological changes in the cells, immunohistochemistry data documented the differentiation to committed endoderm by the expression of SOX-17 and GATA-4; the progression to committed hepatocyte-like cells by the expression of a large number of markers including α-fetoprotein and albumin; and the final differentiation by the expression of nuclear and cytoplasmic HNF4. Fully differentiated cells demonstrated gene expression, urea production, and immunohistochemistry consistent with PH. A methodology and medium formulation to continuously expand the E12-derived hepatocyte-like cells is described. Conclusion The availability of immortalized hepatocyte-like cell lines could provide a consistent tool for the study of hepatic diseases, drug discovery, and the development of cellular therapies for liver disorders. Utilization of these techniques could provide a basis for the development of bridge therapies for liver failure patients awaiting transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joel H Hapke
- Cytomedical Design Group, LLC, Saint Paul, MN 55127, USA
| | - Rajagopal N Aravalli
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Clifford J Steer
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Self-Organized Liver Microtissue on a Bio-Functional Surface: The Role of Human Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells in Hepatic Function. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134605. [PMID: 32610471 PMCID: PMC7369942 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of hepatocyte function is a critical research topic in liver tissue engineering. Although an increasing number of strategies have been developed, liver tissue engineering using hepatocytes as a therapeutic alternative remains challenging owing to its poor efficacy. In this study, we developed a multicellular hepatic microtissue to enhance the function of induced hepatic precursor cells. Mouse induced hepatic precursor cells (miHeps) were self-organized in 3D with human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) on a bio-functional matrix. We found that hepatic phenotypes, such as levels of albumin, asialoglycoprotein receptor-1, and cytochrome P450, were enhanced in miHeps-hASC microtissue comprising miHeps and hASCs relative to two-dimensional-cultured miHeps-hASCs. Additionally, the secretome of 3D-cultured hASCs increased the hepatic function of mature miHeps. Furthermore, hepatic gene expression was reduced in mature miHeps treated with conditioned media of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α)-depleted hASCs relative to that with conditioned media of control hASCs. Our results suggested that the hepatic function of 3D-co-cultured miHeps could be enhanced by HIF1α-dependent factors secreted from stromal cells. This study provides an insight into the factors regulating hepatic function and shows that self-organized hepatic microtissue could act as liver spheroids for liver regenerative medicine and liver toxicity tests.
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28
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Sun G, Teng Y, Zhao Z, Cheow LF, Yu H, Chen CH. Functional Stem Cell Sorting via Integrative Droplet Synchronization. Anal Chem 2020; 92:7915-7923. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoyun Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, 04-08, Singapore
| | - Yao Teng
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 2 Medical Drive, MD9, Singapore
| | - Zixuan Zhao
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 04-08 Singapore
| | - Lih Feng Cheow
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, 04-08, Singapore
| | - Hanry Yu
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 2 Medical Drive, MD9, Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 04-08 Singapore
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A*STAR, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos 07-01, Singapore
- CAMP, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, 04-01, Singapore
| | - Chia-Hung Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR China
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29
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Saini AK, Saini R, Bansode H, Singh A, Singh L. Stem Cells: A Review Encompassing the Literature with a Special Focus on the Side-Lined Miraculous Panacea; Pre-Morula Stem Cells. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 15:379-387. [PMID: 32160851 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x15666200311141731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are the undifferentiated cells in the body that possess the ability to differentiate and give rise to any type of cells in the body. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in therapies involving stem cells as different treatment methods got developed. Depending on the source, there are two major kinds of stem cells, embryonic and adult stem cells. The former type is found in the embryo at the different developmental stages before the implantation and excels the latter owing to pluripotency. On the premise of the attributes of stem cells, they are touted as the "panacea for all ills" and are extensively sought for their potential therapeutic roles. There are a lot of robust pieces of evidence that have proved to cure the different ailments in the body like Huntington disease, Parkinson's disease, and Spinal cord injury with stem cell therapy but associated with adverse effects like immune rejection and teratoma formation. In this regard, the pre-morula (isolated at an early pre-morula stage) stem cells (PMSCs) are one of its kind of embryonic stem cells that are devoid of the aforementioned adverse effects. Taking the beneficial factor into account, they are being used for the treatment of disorders like Cerebral palsy, Parkinson's disorder, Aplastic anemia, Multiple sclerosis and many more. However, it is still illegal to use stem cells in the abovementioned disorders. This review encompasses different stem cells and emphasizes on PMSCs for their uniqueness in therapy as no other previously published literature reviews have taken these into consideration. Later in the review, current regulatory aspects related to stem cells are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryendu K Saini
- Department of Pharmacy, Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, Kanpur, U.P., India
| | - Rakesh Saini
- Department of Pharmacy, Chaudhary Sughar Singh College of Pharmacy, Etawah, U.P., India
| | - Himanshu Bansode
- Department of Pharmacy, Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, Kanpur, U.P., India
| | - Anurag Singh
- Department of Pharmacy, Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, Kanpur, U.P., India
| | - Lalita Singh
- Department of Pharmacy, Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, Kanpur, U.P., India
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30
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Aravalli RN, Collins DP, Hapke JH, Crane AT, Steer CJ. Hepatic Differentiation of Marmoset Embryonic Stem Cells and Functional Characterization of ESC-Derived Hepatocyte-Like Cells. Hepat Med 2020; 12:15-27. [PMID: 32104112 PMCID: PMC7026140 DOI: 10.2147/hmer.s243277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) are the ideal candidates for studying critical liver functions such as drug metabolism and toxicity. However, as they are isolated from discarded livers that are unsuitable for transplantation, they possess limited expansion ability in vitro and their enzymatic functions deteriorate rapidly because they are often of poor quality. Therefore, there is a compelling reason to find reliable alternative sources of hepatocytes. Methods In this study, we report on efficient and robust differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESC) from the common marmoset Callithrix jacchus into functional hepatocyte-like cells (HLC) using a simple, and reproducible three-step procedure. ESC-derived HLCs were examined by morphological analysis and tested for their expression of hepatocyte-specific markers using a combination of immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, and biochemical assays. Primary human hepatocytes were used as controls. Results ESC-derived HLCs expressed each of the hepatocyte-specific markers tested, including albumin; α-fetoprotein; asialoglycoprotein receptor 1; α-1 antitrypsin; hepatocyte nuclear factors 1α and 4; cytokeratin 18; hepatocyte growth factor receptor; transferrin; tyrosine aminotransferase; alkaline phosphatase; c-reactive protein; cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP1A2, CYP2E1 and CYP3A4; and coagulation factors FVII and FIX. They were functionally competent as demonstrated by biochemical assays in addition to producing urea. Conclusion Our data strongly suggest that marmoset HLCs possess characteristics similar to those of PHHs. They could, therefore, be invaluable for studies on drug metabolism and cell transplantation therapy for a variety of liver disorders. Because of the similarities in the anatomical and physiological features of the common marmoset to that of humans, Callithrix jacchus is an appropriate animal model to study human disease conditions and cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajagopal N Aravalli
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | - Joel H Hapke
- Cytomedical Design Group LLC, St. Paul, MN 55127, USA
| | - Andrew T Crane
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Clifford J Steer
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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31
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Maepa SW, Ndlovu H. Advances in generating liver cells from pluripotent stem cells as a tool for modeling liver diseases. Stem Cells 2020; 38:606-612. [PMID: 32012379 PMCID: PMC7216946 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Developing robust in vitro models of the liver is essential for studying the pathogenesis of liver diseases, hepatotoxicity testing, and regenerative medicine. Earlier studies were conducted using cell lines derived from hepatomas. Due to the inherent limitations of cell lines, researchers used primary human hepatocytes (PHHs), which are considered a gold standard for in vitro modeling of the liver. However, due to the high cost of PHHs and lack of donors, researchers have sought an alternative source for functional liver cells. Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) emerged as a viable alternative due to their plasticity and high proliferative capacity. This review gives an overview of the major advances that have been achieved to develop protocols to generate liver cells such as hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, and Küpffer cells from PSCs. We also discuss their application in modeling the pathogenesis of liver diseases such as drug‐induced liver injury, acute liver failure, and hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setjie W Maepa
- Division of Chemical and Systems Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Hlumani Ndlovu
- Division of Chemical and Systems Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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32
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Sobral-Reyes MF, Lemos DR. Recapitulating human tissue damage, repair, and fibrosis with human pluripotent stem cell-derived organoids. Stem Cells 2019; 38:318-329. [PMID: 31778256 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As new applications for human pluripotent stem cell-derived organoids in drug screenings and tissue replacement therapies emerge, there is a need to examine the mechanisms of tissue injury and repair recently reported for various organoid models. In most cases, organoids contain the main cell types and tissues present in human organs, spatially arranged in a manner that largely resembles the architecture of the organ. Depending on the differentiation protocol used, variations may exist in cell type ratios relative to the organ of reference, and certain tissues, including some parenchymal components and the endothelium, might be poorly represented, or lacking altogether. Despite those caveats, recent studies have shown that organoid tissue injury recapitulates major events and histopathological features of damaged human tissues. In particular, major mechanisms of parenchyma cell damage and interstitial fibrosis can be reproduced with remarkable faithfulness. Although further validation remains to be done in order to establish the relevance of using organoid for either mechanistic studies or drug assays, this technology is becoming a promising tool for the study of human tissue homeostasis, injury, and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dario R Lemos
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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33
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Park JY, Han J, Jung HS, Lee G, Kim HJ, Cho GS, Park HJ, Han C, Kim JS, Kim JH. Synthetic probes for in vitro purification and in vivo tracking of hepatocytes derived from human pluripotent stem cells. Biomaterials 2019; 222:119431. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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34
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Li Q, Huang Q. Single-cell qPCR demonstrates that Repsox treatment changes cell fate from endoderm to neuroectoderm and disrupts epithelial-mesenchymal transition. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223724. [PMID: 31600351 PMCID: PMC6786562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A definitive endodermal cell lineage is a prerequisite for the efficient generation of mature endoderm derivatives that give rise to organs, such as the pancreas and liver. We previously reported that the induction of mesenchymal definitive endoderm cells depends on autocrine TGF-β signaling and that pharmacological blockage of TGF-β signaling by Repsox disrupts endoderm specification. The definitive endoderm arises from a primitive streak, which depends largely on TGF-β signaling. If the TGF-β pathway is blocked by Repsox, cell fate after the primitive streak induction is so-far unknown. We report here, that an induced primitive streak cell-population contained many T/SOX2 co-expressing cells, and subsequent inhibition of TGF-β signaling by Repsox promoted neuroectodermal cell fate, which was characterized using single-cell qPCR analysis and immunostaining. The process of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, which is inherent to the process of definitive endoderm differentiation, was also disrupted upon Repsox treatment. Our findings may provide a new approach to produce neural progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhong Li
- School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- South China Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Qingsong Huang
- School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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35
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Li S, Huang SQ, Zhao YX, Ding YJ, Ma DJ, Ding QR. Derivation and applications of human hepatocyte-like cells. World J Stem Cells 2019; 11:535-547. [PMID: 31523372 PMCID: PMC6716086 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i8.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) promise a valuable source of cells with human genetic background, physiologically relevant liver functions, and unlimited supply. With over 10 years’ efforts in this field, great achievements have been made. HLCs have been successfully derived and applied in disease modeling, toxicity testing and drug discovery. Large cohorts of induced pluripotent stem cells-derived HLCs have been recently applied in studying population genetics and functional outputs of common genetic variants in vitro. This has offered a new paradigm for genome-wide association studies and possibly in vitro pharmacogenomics in the nearly future. However, HLCs have not yet been successfully applied in bioartificial liver devices and have only displayed limited success in cell transplantation. HLCs still have an immature hepatocyte phenotype and exist as a population with great heterogeneity, and HLCs derived from different hPSC lines display variable differentiation efficiency. Therefore, continuous improvement to the quality of HLCs, deeper investigation of relevant biological processes, and proper adaptation of recent advances in cell culture platforms, genome editing technology, and bioengineering systems are required before HLCs can fulfill the needs in basic and translational research. In this review, we summarize the discoveries, achievements, and challenges in the derivation and applications of HLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shi-Qian Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yong-Xu Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yu-Jie Ding
- Department of Pharmacy, Mudanjiang Kang’an Hospital, Mudanjiang 157011, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Dan-Jun Ma
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qiu-Rong Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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36
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Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Endoderm for Modeling Development and Clinical Applications. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 22:485-499. [PMID: 29625066 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The liver, lung, pancreas, and digestive tract all originate from the endoderm germ layer, and these vital organs are subject to many life-threatening diseases affecting millions of patients. However, primary cells from endodermal organs are often difficult to grow in vitro. Human pluripotent stem cells thus hold great promise for generating endoderm cells and their derivatives as tools for the development of new therapeutics against a variety of global healthcare challenges. Here we describe recent advances in methods for generating endodermal cell types from human pluripotent stem cells and their use for disease modeling and cell-based therapy.
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37
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Yamashita H, Fukuda K, Hattori F. Hepatocyte-like Cells Derived from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Can Be Enriched by a Combination of Mitochondrial Content and Activated Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule. JMA J 2019; 2:174-183. [PMID: 33615028 PMCID: PMC7889733 DOI: 10.31662/jmaj.2018-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Non-genetic purification methods for pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells are useful for liver regenerative therapy and pharmaceutical applications. Methods Fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS) was used to separate cells by combining two parameters: cellular mitochondrial content evaluated by the mitochondrial membrane potential-dependent fluorescent probe (TMRM) and immunocytochemical detection of activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM). This method was applied to murine fetal, human embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived, and human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cell-mixtures. Separately sorted cell fractions were evaluated by quantitative PCR, immunohistochemistry, and cytochemistry for HNF4a, AFP, and albumin mRNA and/or protein expression. Results Hepatocyte-like cells were segregated into the high TMRM signal and ALCAM-positive population. The purity of hepatocyte-like cells derived from human iPSCs was 97 ± 0.38% (n = 5). Conclusions This hepatocyte-like cell purification method may be applicable to the quality control of cells for liver regenerative cell therapy and pharmaceutical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Yamashita
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiichi Fukuda
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiyuki Hattori
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,iPS Stem cell Regenerative Medicine, Kansai Medical University School of Medicine, Hirakata, Japan
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38
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Lindoso RS, Kasai-Brunswick TH, Monnerat Cahli G, Collino F, Bastos Carvalho A, Campos de Carvalho AC, Vieyra A. Proteomics in the World of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070703. [PMID: 31336746 PMCID: PMC6678893 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Omics approaches have significantly impacted knowledge about molecular signaling pathways driving cell function. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) have revolutionized the field of biological sciences and proteomics and, in particular, has been instrumental in identifying key elements operating during the maintenance of the pluripotent state and the differentiation process to the diverse cell types that form organisms. This review covers the evolution of conceptual and methodological strategies in proteomics; briefly describes the generation of iPSC from a historical perspective, the state-of-the-art of iPSC-based proteomics; and compares data on the proteome and transcriptome of iPSC to that of embryonic stem cells (ESC). Finally, proteomics of healthy and diseased cells and organoids differentiated from iPSC are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Soares Lindoso
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics and National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-102, Brazil
| | - Tais H Kasai-Brunswick
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics and National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-102, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Monnerat Cahli
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics and National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-102, Brazil
- Laboratory of Proteomics, LADETEC, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, Brazil
| | - Federica Collino
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics and National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-102, Brazil
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Adriana Bastos Carvalho
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics and National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-102, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Campos de Carvalho
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics and National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-102, Brazil.
| | - Adalberto Vieyra
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics and National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-102, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Translational Biomedicine, Grande Rio University, Duque de Caxias 25071-202, Brazil.
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Pettinato G, Lehoux S, Ramanathan R, Salem MM, He LX, Muse O, Flaumenhaft R, Thompson MT, Rouse EA, Cummings RD, Wen X, Fisher RA. Generation of fully functional hepatocyte-like organoids from human induced pluripotent stem cells mixed with Endothelial Cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8920. [PMID: 31222080 PMCID: PMC6586904 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45514-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in stem cell research, cell transplantation therapy for liver failure is impeded by a shortage of human primary hepatocytes (HPH), along with current differentiation protocol limitations. Several studies have examined the concept of co-culture of human induced pluripotent cells (hiPSCs) with various types of supporting non-parenchymal cells to attain a higher differentiation yield and to improve hepatocyte-like cell functions both in vitro and in vivo. Co-culturing hiPSCs with human endothelial cells (hECs) is a relatively new technique that requires more detailed studies. Using our 3D human embryoid bodies (hEBs) formation technology, we interlaced Human Adipose Microvascular Endothelial Cells (HAMEC) with hiPSCs, leading to a higher differentiation yield and notable improvements across a wide range of hepatic functions. We conducted a comprehensive gene and protein secretion analysis of our HLCs coagulation factors profile, showing promising results in comparison with HPH. Furthermore, a stage-specific glycomic analysis revealed that the differentiated hepatocyte-like clusters (HLCs) resemble the glycan features of a mature tissue rather than cells in culture. We tested our HLCs in animal models, where the presence of HAMEC in the clusters showed a consistently better performance compared to the hiPSCs only group in regard to persistent albumin secretion post-transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pettinato
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Sylvain Lehoux
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Glycomics Core, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rajesh Ramanathan
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mohamed M Salem
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Neurosurgical Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Li-Xia He
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Oluwatoyosi Muse
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert Flaumenhaft
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Melissa T Thompson
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily A Rouse
- Glycomics Core, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xuejun Wen
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Robert A Fisher
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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40
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Acun A, Oganesyan R, Uygun BE. Liver Bioengineering: Promise, Pitfalls, and Hurdles to Overcome. CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2019; 6:119-126. [PMID: 31289714 PMCID: PMC6615568 DOI: 10.1007/s40472-019-00236-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review, we discuss the recent advancements in liver bioengineering and cell therapy and future advancements to improve the field towards clinical applications. RECENT FINDINGS 3D printing, hydrogel-based tissue fabrication, and the use of native decellularized liver extracellular matrix as a scaffold are used to develop whole or partial liver substitutes. The current focus is on developing a functional liver graft through achieving a non-leaky endothelium and a fully constructed bile duct. Use of cell therapy as a treatment is less invasive and less costly compared to transplantation, however, lack of readily available cell sources with low or no immunogenicity and contradicting outcomes of clinical trials are yet to be overcome. SUMMARY Liver bioengineering is advancing rapidly through the development of in vitro and in vivo tissue and organ models. Although there are major challenges to overcome, through optimization of the current methods and successful integration of induced pluripotent stem cells, the development of readily available, patient-specific liver substitutes can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylin Acun
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Harvard Medical School, 51 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ruben Oganesyan
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Harvard Medical School, 51 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Basak E. Uygun
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Harvard Medical School, 51 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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41
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Ang LT, Tan AKY, Autio MI, Goh SH, Choo SH, Lee KL, Tan J, Pan B, Lee JJH, Lum JJ, Lim CYY, Yeo IKX, Wong CJY, Liu M, Oh JLL, Chia CPL, Loh CH, Chen A, Chen Q, Weissman IL, Loh KM, Lim B. A Roadmap for Human Liver Differentiation from Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cell Rep 2019; 22:2190-2205. [PMID: 29466743 PMCID: PMC5854481 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.01.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
How are closely related lineages, including liver, pancreas, and intestines, diversified from a common endodermal origin? Here, we apply principles learned from developmental biology to rapidly reconstitute liver progenitors from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Mapping the formation of multiple endodermal lineages revealed how alternate endodermal fates (e.g., pancreas and intestines) are restricted during liver commitment. Human liver fate was encoded by combinations of inductive and repressive extracellular signals at different doses. However, these signaling combinations were temporally re-interpreted: cellular competence to respond to retinoid, WNT, TGF-β, and other signals sharply changed within 24 hr. Consequently, temporally dynamic manipulation of extracellular signals was imperative to suppress the production of unwanted cell fates across six consecutive developmental junctures. This efficiently generated 94.1% ± 7.35% TBX3+HNF4A+ human liver bud progenitors and 81.5% ± 3.2% FAH+ hepatocyte-like cells by days 6 and 18 of hPSC differentiation, respectively; the latter improved short-term survival in the Fah-/-Rag2-/-Il2rg-/- mouse model of liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lay Teng Ang
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore.
| | - Antson Kiat Yee Tan
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Matias I Autio
- Human Genetics Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore; Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Su Hua Goh
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Siew Hua Choo
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Kian Leong Lee
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Jianmin Tan
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Bangfen Pan
- Human Genetics Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore; Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Jane Jia Hui Lee
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Jen Jen Lum
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore; School of Engineering, Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore 529757, Singapore
| | - Christina Ying Yan Lim
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Isabelle Kai Xin Yeo
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore; School of Engineering, Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore 529757, Singapore
| | - Chloe Jin Yee Wong
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore; School of Engineering, Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore 529757, Singapore
| | - Min Liu
- Humanized Mouse Unit, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Jueween Ling Li Oh
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore; School of Engineering, Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore 529757, Singapore
| | - Cheryl Pei Lynn Chia
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore; School of Engineering, Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore 529757, Singapore
| | - Chet Hong Loh
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Angela Chen
- Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford-UC Berkeley Siebel Stem Cell Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Qingfeng Chen
- Humanized Mouse Unit, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Department of Microbiology, Yong Yoo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford-UC Berkeley Siebel Stem Cell Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kyle M Loh
- Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford-UC Berkeley Siebel Stem Cell Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bing Lim
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore.
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Holloway EM, Capeling MM, Spence JR. Biologically inspired approaches to enhance human organoid complexity. Development 2019; 146:dev166173. [PMID: 30992275 PMCID: PMC6503984 DOI: 10.1242/dev.166173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Organoids are complex three-dimensional in vitro organ-like model systems. Human organoids, which are derived from human pluripotent stem cells or primary human donor tissue, have been used to address fundamental questions about human development, stem cell biology and organ regeneration. Focus has now shifted towards implementation of organoids for biological discovery and advancing existing systems to more faithfully recapitulate the native organ. This work has highlighted significant unknowns in human biology and has invigorated new exploration into the cellular makeup of human organs during development and in the adult - work that is crucial for providing appropriate benchmarks for organoid systems. In this Review, we discuss efforts to characterize human organ cellular complexity and attempts to make organoid models more realistic through co-culture, transplantation and bioengineering approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Holloway
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Meghan M Capeling
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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43
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Blau BJ, Miki T. The role of cellular interactions in the induction of hepatocyte polarity and functional maturation in stem cell-derived hepatic cells. Differentiation 2019; 106:42-48. [PMID: 30878880 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The unique microenvironment found within the liver in vivo plays a key role in the induction of functional maturation in the developing hepatocyte. During organogenesis, hepatocytes acquire a polar phenotype that allows them to perform their functions of bile production and transport, protein synthesis, metabolism, and detoxification simultaneously, independently, and efficiently. It is thought that the induction of polarity and functional maturation in hepatocytes is dependent on the complex interplay of cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions. While this process is highly efficient in the human liver, it has been shown that hepatocytes rapidly lose their functions when placed in cell culture. This poses a challenge for the development of a bioartificial liver (BAL) support system, which utilizes a live cellular source to perform hepatic functions in the event of acute liver failure or primary nonfunction. However, once the molecular mechanisms underlying the induction of hepatocyte polarity are fully identified, it will be possible to develop highly functional hepatic cells from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). This new cell line would be an ideal cellular source for a BAL system, as it would have both the functionality and longevity to support a patient through the entire clinical course of treatment. In this review, we explore the literature that has examined the potential mechanisms that induce polarity in the developing hepatocyte and discuss the future implications of this knowledge in a clinical setting from a bioengineering perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Blau
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, USA
| | - Toshio Miki
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, USA.
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Heslop JA, Duncan SA. The Use of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells for Modeling Liver Development and Disease. Hepatology 2019; 69:1306-1316. [PMID: 30251414 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) has transformed the investigation of liver development and disease. Clinical observations and animal models have provided the foundations of our understanding in these fields. While animal models remain essential research tools, long experimental lead times and low throughput limit the scope of investigations. The ability of PSCs to produce large numbers of human hepatocyte-like cells, with a given or modified genetic background, allows investigators to use previously incompatible experimental techniques, such as high-throughput screens, to enhance our understanding of liver development and disease. In this review, we explore how PSCs have expedited our understanding of developmental mechanisms and have been used to identify new therapeutic options for numerous hepatic diseases. We discuss the future directions of the field, including how to further unlock the potential of the PSC model to make it amenable for use with a broader range of assays and a greater repertoire of diseases. Furthermore, we evaluate the current weaknesses of the PSC model and the directions open to researchers to address these limitations. Conclusion: The use of PSCs to model human liver disease and development has and will continue to have substantial impact, which is likely to further expand as protocols used to generate hepatic cells are improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Heslop
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Stephen A Duncan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
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45
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Hurrell T, Segeritz CP, Vallier L, Lilley KS, Cromarty AD. A proteomic time course through the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into hepatocyte-like cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3270. [PMID: 30824743 PMCID: PMC6397265 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39400-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous in vitro models endeavour to mimic the characteristics of primary human hepatocytes for applications in regenerative medicine and pharmaceutical science. Mature hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are one such in vitro model. Due to insufficiencies in transcriptome to proteome correlation, characterising the proteome of HLCs is essential to provide a suitable framework for their continual optimization. Here we interrogated the proteome during stepwise differentiation of hiPSCs into HLCs over 40 days. Whole cell protein lysates were collected and analysed using stabled isotope labelled mass spectrometry based proteomics. Quantitative proteomics identified over 6,000 proteins in duplicate multiplexed labelling experiments across two different time course series. Inductive cues in differentiation promoted sequential acquisition of hepatocyte specific markers. Analysis of proteins classically assigned as hepatic markers demonstrated trends towards maximum relative abundance between differentiation day 30 and 32. Characterisation of abundant proteins in whole cells provided evidence of the time dependent transition towards proteins corresponding with the functional repertoire of the liver. This data highlights how far the proteome of undifferentiated precursors have progressed to acquire a hepatic phenotype and constructs a platform for optimisation and improved maturation of HLC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Hurrell
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia, 0007, South Africa. .,Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, United Kingdom.
| | - Charis-Patricia Segeritz
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK.,University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ludovic Vallier
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK.,University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, United Kingdom.,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn S Lilley
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom.,Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, United Kingdom
| | - Allan D Cromarty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia, 0007, South Africa
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46
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HNF4A Regulates the Formation of Hepatic Progenitor Cells from Human iPSC-Derived Endoderm by Facilitating Efficient Recruitment of RNA Pol II. Genes (Basel) 2018; 10:genes10010021. [PMID: 30597922 PMCID: PMC6356828 DOI: 10.3390/genes10010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidating the molecular basis of cell differentiation will advance our understanding of organ development and disease. We have previously established a protocol that efficiently produces cells with hepatocyte characteristics from human induced pluripotent stem cells. We previously used this cell differentiation model to identify the transcription factor hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 α (HNF4A) as being essential during the transition of the endoderm to a hepatic fate. Here, we sought to define the molecular mechanisms through which HNF4A controls this process. By combining HNF4A chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) followed by high-throughput DNA sequencing (ChIP-seq) analyses at the onset of hepatic progenitor cell formation with transcriptome data collected during early stages of differentiation, we identified genes whose expression is directly dependent upon HNF4A. By examining the dynamic changes that occur at the promoters of these HNF4A targets we reveal that HNF4A is essential for recruitment of RNA polymerase (RNA pol) II to genes that are characteristically expressed as the hepatic progenitors differentiate from the endoderm.
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47
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Liu QW, Liu QY, Li JY, Wei L, Ren KK, Zhang XC, Ding T, Xiao L, Zhang WJ, Wu HY, Xin HB. Therapeutic efficiency of human amniotic epithelial stem cell-derived functional hepatocyte-like cells in mice with acute hepatic failure. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:321. [PMID: 30463600 PMCID: PMC6249765 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-1063-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocyte transplantation has been proposed as an effective treatment for patients with acute liver failure (ALF), but its application is limited by a severe shortage of donor livers. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have emerged as a potential cell source for regenerative medicine. Human amniotic epithelial stem cells (hAESCs) derived from amniotic membrane have multilineage differentiation potential which makes them suitable for possible application in hepatocyte regeneration and ALF treatment. Methods The pluripotent characteristics, immunogenicity, and tumorigenicity of hAESCs were studied by various methods. hAESCs were differentiated to hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) using a non-transgenic and three-step induction protocol. ALB secretion, urea production, periodic acid-Schiff staining, and ICG uptake were performed to investigate the function of HLCs. The HLCs were transplanted into ALF NOD-SCID (nonobese diabetic severe combined immunodeficient) mouse, and the therapeutic effects were determined via liver function test, histopathology, and survival rate analysis. The ability of HLCs to engraft the damaged liver was evaluated by detecting the presence of GFP-positive cells. Results hAESCs expressed various markers of embryonic stem cells, epithelial stem cells, and mesenchymal stem cells and have low immunogenicity and no tumorigenicity. hAESC-derived hepatocytes possess the similar functions of human primary hepatocytes (hPH) such as producing urea, secreting ALB, uptaking ICG, storing glycogen, and expressing CYP enzymes. HLC transplantation via the tail vein could engraft in live parenchymal, improve the liver function, and protect hepatic injury from CCl4-induced ALF in mice. More importantly, HLC transplantation was able to significantly prolong the survival of ALF mouse. Conclusion We have established a rapid and efficient differentiation protocol that is able to successfully generate ample functional HLCs from hAESCs, in which the liver injuries and death rate of CCl4-induced ALF mouse can be significantly rescued by HLC transplantation. Therefore, our results may offer a superior approach for treating ALF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-Wen Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, No. 1299 Xuefu Road, Honggutan District, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian-Yu Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, No. 1299 Xuefu Road, Honggutan District, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Yuan Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, No. 1299 Xuefu Road, Honggutan District, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China.,School of Life and Science, Nanchang University, No. 1299 Xuefu Road, Honggutan District, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wei
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, No. 1299 Xuefu Road, Honggutan District, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang-Kang Ren
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, No. 1299 Xuefu Road, Honggutan District, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Cheng Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwaizheng Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Ding
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, No. 1299 Xuefu Road, Honggutan District, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Xiao
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, No. 1299 Xuefu Road, Honggutan District, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jie Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, No. 1299 Xuefu Road, Honggutan District, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Han-You Wu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, No. 1299 Xuefu Road, Honggutan District, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Bo Xin
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, No. 1299 Xuefu Road, Honggutan District, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China. .,School of Life and Science, Nanchang University, No. 1299 Xuefu Road, Honggutan District, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China.
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48
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Impact of Three-Dimentional Culture Systems on Hepatic Differentiation of Puripotent Stem Cells and Beyond. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018. [PMID: 30357683 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-0947-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Generation of functional hepatocytes from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) is a vital tool to produce large amounts of human hepatocytes, which hold a great promise for biomedical and regenerative medicine applications. Despite a tremendous progress in developing the differentiation protocols recapitulating the developmental signalling and stages, these resulting hepatocytes from hPSCs yet achieve maturation and functionality comparable to those primary hepatocytes. The absence of 3D milieu in the culture and differentiation of these hepatocytes may account for this, at least partly, thus developing an optimal 3D culture could be a step forward to achieve this aim. Hence, review focuses on current development of 3D culture systems for hepatic differentiation and maturation and the future perspectives of its application.
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Rashidi H, Luu NT, Alwahsh SM, Ginai M, Alhaque S, Dong H, Tomaz RA, Vernay B, Vigneswara V, Hallett JM, Chandrashekran A, Dhawan A, Vallier L, Bradley M, Callanan A, Forbes SJ, Newsome PN, Hay DC. 3D human liver tissue from pluripotent stem cells displays stable phenotype in vitro and supports compromised liver function in vivo. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:3117-3129. [PMID: 30155720 PMCID: PMC6132688 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2280-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Liver disease is an escalating global health issue. While liver transplantation is an effective mode of therapy, patient mortality has increased due to the shortage of donor organs. Developing renewable sources of human liver tissue is therefore attractive. Pluripotent stem cell-derived liver tissue represents a potential alternative to cadaver derived hepatocytes and whole organ transplant. At present, two-dimensional differentiation procedures deliver tissue lacking certain functions and long-term stability. Efforts to overcome these limiting factors have led to the building of three-dimensional (3D) cellular aggregates. Although enabling for the field, their widespread application is limited due to their reliance on variable biological components. Our studies focused on the development of 3D liver tissue under defined conditions. In vitro generated 3D tissues exhibited stable phenotype for over 1 year in culture, providing an attractive resource for long-term in vitro studies. Moreover, 3D derived tissue provided critical liver support in two animal models, including immunocompetent recipients. Therefore, we believe that our study provides stable human tissue to better model liver biology 'in the dish', and in the future may permit the support of compromised liver function in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Rashidi
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Nguyet-Thin Luu
- Centre for Liver Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Salamah M Alwahsh
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Maaria Ginai
- Institute of Bioengineering, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3DW, UK
| | - Sharmin Alhaque
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Hua Dong
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, EH9 3FJ, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rute A Tomaz
- Anne McLaren Laboratory, Wellcome Trust-MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Bertrand Vernay
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Vasanthy Vigneswara
- Centre for Liver Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - John M Hallett
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Anil Chandrashekran
- Child Health Clinical Academic Group, MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Anil Dhawan
- Child Health Clinical Academic Group, MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ludovic Vallier
- Anne McLaren Laboratory, Wellcome Trust-MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Mark Bradley
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, EH9 3FJ, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anthony Callanan
- Institute of Bioengineering, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3DW, UK
| | - Stuart J Forbes
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Philip N Newsome
- Centre for Liver Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Liver Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - David C Hay
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK.
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50
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Sambathkumar R, Akkerman R, Dastidar S, Roelandt P, Kumar M, Bajaj M, Mestre Rosa AR, Helsen N, Vanslembrouck V, Kalo E, Khurana S, Laureys J, Gysemans C, Faas MM, de Vos P, Verfaillie CM. Generation of hepatocyte- and endocrine pancreatic-like cells from human induced endodermal progenitor cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197046. [PMID: 29750821 PMCID: PMC5947914 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Multipotent Adult Progenitor Cells (MAPCs) are one potential stem cell source to generate functional hepatocytes or β-cells. However, human MAPCs have less plasticity than pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), as their ability to generate endodermal cells is not robust. Here we studied the role of 14 transcription factors (TFs) in reprogramming MAPCs to induced endodermal progenitor cells (iENDO cells), defined as cells that can be long-term expanded and differentiated to both hepatocyte- and endocrine pancreatic-like cells. We demonstrated that 14 TF-iENDO cells can be expanded for at least 20 passages, differentiate spontaneously to hepatocyte-, endocrine pancreatic-, gut tube-like cells as well as endodermal tumor formation when grafted in immunodeficient mice. Furthermore, iENDO cells can be differentiated in vitro into hepatocyte- and endocrine pancreatic-like cells. However, the pluripotency TF OCT4, which is not silenced in iENDO cells, may contribute to the incomplete differentiation to mature cells in vitro and to endodermal tumor formation in vivo. Nevertheless, the studies presented here provide evidence that reprogramming of adult stem cells to an endodermal intermediate progenitor, which can be expanded and differentiate to multiple endodermal cell types, might be a valid alternative for the use of PSCs for creation of endodermal cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangarajan Sambathkumar
- KU Leuven, Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail: (CMV); (RS)
| | - Renate Akkerman
- KU Leuven, Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Leuven, Belgium
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Medical Biology, Section Immunoendocrinology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sumitava Dastidar
- KU Leuven, Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philip Roelandt
- KU Leuven, Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manoj Kumar
- KU Leuven, Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manmohan Bajaj
- KU Leuven, Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ana Rita Mestre Rosa
- KU Leuven, Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nicky Helsen
- KU Leuven, Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Vanslembrouck
- KU Leuven, Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eric Kalo
- KU Leuven, Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Satish Khurana
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Jos Laureys
- KU Leuven, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology unit, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Conny Gysemans
- KU Leuven, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology unit, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marijke M. Faas
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Medical Biology, Section Immunoendocrinology, Groningen, The Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Medical Biology, Section Immunoendocrinology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Catherine M. Verfaillie
- KU Leuven, Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail: (CMV); (RS)
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