1
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Stüfchen I, Beyer F, Staebler S, Fischer S, Kappelmann M, Beckervordersandforth R, Bosserhoff AK. Sox9 regulates melanocytic fate decision of adult hair follicle stem cells. iScience 2023; 26:106919. [PMID: 37283806 PMCID: PMC10239701 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The bulge of hair follicles harbors Nestin+ (neural crest like) stem cells, which exhibit the potential to generate various cell types including melanocytes. In this study, we aimed to determine the role of Sox9, an important regulator during neural crest development, in melanocytic differentiation of those adult Nestin+ cells. Immunohistochemical analysis after conditional Sox9 deletion in Nestin+ cells of adult mice revealed that Sox9 is crucial for melanocytic differentiation of these cells and that Sox9 acts as a fate determinant between melanocytic and glial fate. A deeper understanding of factors that regulate fate decision, proliferation and differentiation of these stem cells provides new aspects to melanoma research as melanoma cells share many similarities with neural crest cells. In summary, we here show the important role of Sox9 in melanocytic versus glial fate decision of Nestin+ stem cells in the skin of adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Stüfchen
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Felix Beyer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Staebler
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Fischer
- Faculty of Computer Science, Deggendorf Institute of Technology, Deggendorf, Germany
| | - Melanie Kappelmann
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Faculty of Computer Science, Deggendorf Institute of Technology, Deggendorf, Germany
| | | | - Anja K. Bosserhoff
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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2
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Kelsh RN, Camargo Sosa K, Farjami S, Makeev V, Dawes JHP, Rocco A. Cyclical fate restriction: a new view of neural crest cell fate specification. Development 2021; 148:273451. [PMID: 35020872 DOI: 10.1242/dev.176057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest cells are crucial in development, not least because of their remarkable multipotency. Early findings stimulated two hypotheses for how fate specification and commitment from fully multipotent neural crest cells might occur, progressive fate restriction (PFR) and direct fate restriction, differing in whether partially restricted intermediates were involved. Initially hotly debated, they remain unreconciled, although PFR has become favoured. However, testing of a PFR hypothesis of zebrafish pigment cell development refutes this view. We propose a novel 'cyclical fate restriction' hypothesis, based upon a more dynamic view of transcriptional states, reconciling the experimental evidence underpinning the traditional hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Kelsh
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Karen Camargo Sosa
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Saeed Farjami
- Department of Microbial Sciences, FHMS, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Vsevolod Makeev
- Department of Computational Systems Biology, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ul. Gubkina 3, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.,Department of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russian Federation
| | - Jonathan H P Dawes
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Andrea Rocco
- Department of Microbial Sciences, FHMS, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK.,Department of Physics, FEPS, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
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3
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Kempfle JS, Luu NNC, Petrillo M, Al-Asad R, Zhang A, Edge ASB. Lin28 reprograms inner ear glia to a neuronal fate. Stem Cells 2020; 38:890-903. [PMID: 32246510 PMCID: PMC10908373 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sensorineural hearing loss is irreversible and can be caused by loss of auditory neurons. Regeneration of neural cells from endogenous cells may offer a future tool to restore the auditory circuit and to enhance the performance of implantable hearing devices. Neurons and glial cells in the peripheral nervous system are closely related and originate from a common progenitor. Prior work in our lab indicated that in the early postnatal mouse inner ear, proteolipid protein 1 (Plp1) expressing glial cells could act as progenitor cells for neurons in vitro. Here, we used a transgenic mouse model to transiently overexpress Lin28, a neural stem cell regulator, in Plp1-positive glial cells. Lin28 promoted proliferation and conversion of auditory glial cells into neurons in vitro. To study the effects of Lin28 on endogenous glial cells after loss of auditory neurons in vivo, we produced a model of auditory neuropathy by selectively damaging auditory neurons with ouabain. After neural damage was confirmed by the auditory brainstem response, we briefly upregulated the Lin28 in Plp1-expressing inner ear glial cells. One month later, we analyzed the cochlea for neural marker expression by quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. We found that transient Lin28 overexpression in Plp1-expressing glial cells induced expression of neural stem cell markers and subsequent conversion into neurons. This suggests the potential for inner ear glia to be converted into neurons as a regeneration therapy for neural replacement in auditory neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith S. Kempfle
- Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts
- University Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ngoc-Nhi C. Luu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts
- University Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Petrillo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Reef Al-Asad
- Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrea Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Albert S. B. Edge
- Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts
- Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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4
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Joshi SS, Tandukar B, Pan L, Huang JM, Livak F, Smith BJ, Hodges T, Mahurkar AA, Hornyak TJ. CD34 defines melanocyte stem cell subpopulations with distinct regenerative properties. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008034. [PMID: 31017901 PMCID: PMC6481766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanocyte stem cells (McSCs) are the undifferentiated melanocytic cells of the mammalian hair follicle (HF) responsible for recurrent generation of a large number of differentiated melanocytes during each HF cycle. HF McSCs reside in both the CD34+ bulge/lower permanent portion (LPP) and the CD34- secondary hair germ (SHG) regions of the HF during telogen. Using Dct-H2BGFP mice, we separate bulge/LPP and SHG McSCs using FACS with GFP and anti-CD34 to show that these two subsets of McSCs are functionally distinct. Genome-wide expression profiling results support the distinct nature of these populations, with CD34- McSCs exhibiting higher expression of melanocyte differentiation genes and with CD34+ McSCs demonstrating a profile more consistent with a neural crest stem cell. In culture and in vivo, CD34- McSCs regenerate pigmentation more efficiently whereas CD34+ McSCs selectively exhibit the ability to myelinate neurons. CD34+ McSCs, and their counterparts in human skin, may be useful for myelinating neurons in vivo, leading to new therapeutic opportunities for demyelinating diseases and traumatic nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep S. Joshi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bishal Tandukar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Li Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jennifer M. Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ferenc Livak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Marlene and Stuart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Barbara J. Smith
- Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, John Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Theresa Hodges
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anup A. Mahurkar
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Hornyak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Marlene and Stuart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Research & Development Service, VA Maryland Health Care System, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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5
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Hosaka C, Kunisada M, Koyanagi-Aoi M, Masaki T, Takemori C, Taniguchi-Ikeda M, Aoi T, Nishigori C. Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived melanocyte precursor cells undergoing differentiation into melanocytes. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2019; 32:623-633. [PMID: 30843370 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology offers a novel approach for conversion of human primary fibroblasts into melanocytes. During attempts to explore various protocols for differentiation of iPSCs into melanocytes, we found a distinct and self-renewing cell lineage that could differentiate into melanocytes, named as melanocyte precursor cells (MPCs). The MPCs exhibited a morphology distinctive from that of melanocytes, in lacking either the melanosomal structure or the melanocyte-specific marker genes MITF, TYR, and SOX10. In addition, gene expression studies in the MPCs showed high-level expression of WNT5A, ROR2, which are non-canonical WNT pathway markers, and its related receptor TGFβR2. In contrast, MPC differentiation into melanocytes was achieved by activating the canonical WNT pathway using the GSK3β inhibitor. Our data demonstrated the distinct characteristic of MPCs' ability to differentiate into melanocytes, and the underlying mechanism of interfacing between canonical WNT signaling pathway and non-canonical WNT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieko Hosaka
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Makoto Kunisada
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Michiyo Koyanagi-Aoi
- Division of Advanced Medical Science, Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Department of iPS Cell Applications, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Center for Human Resource Development for Regenerative Medicine, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Taro Masaki
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Chihiro Takemori
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Takashi Aoi
- Division of Advanced Medical Science, Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Department of iPS Cell Applications, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Center for Human Resource Development for Regenerative Medicine, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Chikako Nishigori
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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6
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Dupin E, Calloni GW, Coelho-Aguiar JM, Le Douarin NM. The issue of the multipotency of the neural crest cells. Dev Biol 2018; 444 Suppl 1:S47-S59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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7
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Melanoblasts as Multipotent Cells in Murine Skin. Methods Mol Biol 2018. [PMID: 30006864 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2018_144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Melanoblasts (MBs) are melanocyte precursors that are derived from neural crest cells (NCCs). We recently demonstrated the multipotency of MBs; they differentiate not only into pigmented melanocytes but also other NCC derivatives. We herein describe methods for the isolation of MBs from mouse skin by flow cytometry. Methods to culture isolated MBs that retain their multipotency and isolation methods for MBs using gene-modified mouse are also described.
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8
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Watanabe N, Motohashi T, Nishioka M, Kawamura N, Hirobe T, Kunisada T. Multipotency of melanoblasts isolated from murine skin depends on the Notch signal. Dev Dyn 2016; 245:460-71. [PMID: 26773337 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoblasts (MBs), derived from neural crest cells, only differentiate into melanocytes (Ms) in vivo. We previously showed that MBs isolated from mouse skin were multipotent, generating neurons (Ns) and glial cells (Gs) together with Ms. Using Sox10-IRES-Venus mice and mouse embryonic stem cells, we investigated how MBs expressed their multipotency. RESULTS MBs generated colonies containing Ns, Gs, and Ms in the presence of ST2 stromal cells, but they generated only M colonies when incubated with keratinocytes or ST2 culture supernatant, thus showing that MBs required contact with ST2 stromal cells for expression of their multipotency. Notch signaling was shown to be one of the important cues for the maintenance and differentiation of MBs through cell-cell contact. When Notch signaling was inhibited, MBs mainly generated colonies that contained just one type of cells, Ns, Gs, or Ms; the number of colonies containing two or three types of cells markedly decreased even on ST2 stromal cells, showing restriction of their differentiation potency. Whereas when Notch signaling was activated, the number of colonies containing two or three types of cells increased, indicating that their multipotency had been maintained. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that Notch signaling played novel roles in MB multipotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuki Watanabe
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Motohashi
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishioka
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Norito Kawamura
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hirobe
- Fukushima Project Headquarters, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kunisada
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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9
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Fukunaga-Kalabis M, Hristova DM, Wang JX, Li L, Heppt MV, Wei Z, Gyurdieva A, Webster MR, Oka M, Weeraratna AT, Herlyn M. UV-Induced Wnt7a in the Human Skin Microenvironment Specifies the Fate of Neural Crest-Like Cells via Suppression of Notch. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:1521-1532. [PMID: 25705850 PMCID: PMC4430391 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Multipotent stem cells with neural crest-like properties have been identified in the dermis of human skin. These neural crest stem cell (NCSC)-like cells display self-renewal capacity and differentiate into neural crest derivatives, including epidermal pigment-producing melanocytes. NCSC-like cells share many properties with aggressive melanoma cells, such as high migratory capabilities and expression of the neural crest markers. However, little is known about which intrinsic or extrinsic signals determine the proliferation or differentiation of these neural crest-like stem cells. Here we show that, in NCSC-like cells, Notch signaling is highly activated, similar to melanoma cells. Inhibition of Notch signaling reduced the proliferation of NCSC-like cells, induced cell death, and downregulated noncanonical Wnt5a, suggesting that the Notch pathway contributes to the maintenance and motility of these stem cells. In three-dimensional skin reconstructs, canonical Wnt signaling promoted the differentiation of NCSC-like cells into melanocytes. This differentiation was triggered by the endogenous Notch inhibitor Numb, which is upregulated in the stem cells by Wnt7a derived from UV-irradiated keratinocytes. Together, these data reveal a cross talk between the two conserved developmental pathways in postnatal human skin, and highlight the role of the skin microenvironment in specifying the fate of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuho Fukunaga-Kalabis
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Denitsa M Hristova
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joshua X Wang
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ling Li
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Markus V Heppt
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Zhi Wei
- Department of Computer Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Alexandra Gyurdieva
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marie R Webster
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Masahiro Oka
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ashani T Weeraratna
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Meenhard Herlyn
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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10
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Motohashi T, Kunisada T. Extended multipotency of neural crest cells and neural crest-derived cells. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 111:69-95. [PMID: 25662258 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest cells (NCC) are migratory multipotent cells that give rise to diverse derivatives. They generate various cell types during embryonic development, including neurons and glial cells of the peripheral sensory and autonomic ganglia, Schwann cells, melanocytes, endocrine cells, smooth muscle, and skeletal and connective tissue cells of the craniofacial complex. The multipotency of NCC is thought to be transient at the early stage of NCC generation; once NCC emerge from the neural tube, they change into lineage-restricted precursors. Although many studies have described the clear segregation of NCC lineages right after their delamination from the neural tube, recent reports suggest that multipotent neural crest stem cells (NCSC) are present not only in migrating NCC in the embryo, but also in their target tissues in the fetus and adult. Furthermore, fully differentiated NCC-derived cells such as glial cells and melanocytes have been shown to dedifferentiate or transdifferentiate into other NCC derivatives. The multipotency of migratory and postmigratory NCC-derived cells was found to be similar to that of NCSC. Collectively, these findings support the multipotency or plasticity of NCC and NCC-derived cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Motohashi
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Kunisada
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Zhang D, Ighaniyan S, Stathopoulos L, Rollo B, Landman K, Hutson J, Newgreen D. The neural crest: a versatile organ system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 102:275-98. [PMID: 25227568 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The neural crest is the name given to the strip of cells at the junction between neural and epidermal ectoderm in neurula-stage vertebrate embryos, which is later brought to the dorsal neural tube as the neural folds elevate. The neural crest is a heterogeneous and multipotent progenitor cell population whose cells undergo EMT then extensively and accurately migrate throughout the embryo. Neural crest cells contribute to nearly every organ system in the body, with derivatives of neuronal, glial, neuroendocrine, pigment, and also mesodermal lineages. This breadth of developmental capacity has led to the neural crest being termed the fourth germ layer. The neural crest has occupied a prominent place in developmental biology, due to its exaggerated migratory morphogenesis and its remarkably wide developmental potential. As such, neural crest cells have become an attractive model for developmental biologists for studying these processes. Problems in neural crest development cause a number of human syndromes and birth defects known collectively as neurocristopathies; these include Treacher Collins syndrome, Hirschsprung disease, and 22q11.2 deletion syndromes. Tumors in the neural crest lineage are also of clinical importance, including the aggressive melanoma and neuroblastoma types. These clinical aspects have drawn attention to the selection or creation of neural crest progenitor cells, particularly of human origin, for studying pathologies of the neural crest at the cellular level, and also for possible cell therapeutics. The versatility of the neural crest lends itself to interlinked research, spanning basic developmental biology, birth defect research, oncology, and stem/progenitor cell biology and therapy.
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12
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Dupin E, Le Douarin NM. The neural crest, a multifaceted structure of the vertebrates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 102:187-209. [PMID: 25219958 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this review, several features of the cells originating from the lateral borders of the primitive neural anlagen, the neural crest (NC) are considered. Among them, their multipotentiality, which together with their migratory properties, leads them to colonize the developing body and to participate in the development of many tissues and organs. The in vitro analysis of the developmental capacities of single NC cells (NCC) showed that they present several analogies with the hematopoietic cells whose differentiation involves the activity of stem cells endowed with different arrays of developmental potentialities. The permanence of such NC stem cells in the adult organism raises the problem of their role at that stage of life. The NC has appeared during evolution in the vertebrate phylum and is absent in their Protocordates ancestors. The major role of the NCC in the development of the vertebrate head points to a critical role for this structure in the remarkable diversification and radiation of this group of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Dupin
- INSERM, U968, Paris, F-75012, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris, F-75012, France; CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, F-75012, France
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13
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Kunisada T, Tezulka KI, Aoki H, Motohashi T. The stemness of neural crest cells and their derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 102:251-62. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kunisada
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration, and Advanced Medical Science; Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1, Yanagido; Gifu 501-1194 Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Tezulka
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration, and Advanced Medical Science; Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1, Yanagido; Gifu 501-1194 Japan
| | - Hitomi Aoki
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration, and Advanced Medical Science; Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1, Yanagido; Gifu 501-1194 Japan
| | - Tsutomu Motohashi
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration, and Advanced Medical Science; Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1, Yanagido; Gifu 501-1194 Japan
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14
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Melanocytes produce pigment granules that color both skin and hair. In the hair follicles melanocytes are derived from stem cells (MelSCs) that are present in hair bulges or sub-bulge regions and function as melanocyte reservoirs. Quiescence, maintenance, activation and proliferation of MelSCs are controlled by specific activities in the microenvironment that can influence the differentiation and regeneration of melanocytes. Therefore, understanding MelSCs and their niche may lead to use of MelSCs in new treatments for various pigmentation disorders. AREAS COVERED We describe here pathophysiological mechanisms by which melanocyte defects lead to skin pigmentation disorders such as vitiligo and hair graying. The development, migration and proliferation of melanocytes and factors involved in the survival, maintenance and regeneration of MelSCs are reviewed with regard to the biological roles and potential therapeutic applications in skin pigmentation diseases. EXPERT OPINION MelSC biology and niche factors have been studied mainly in murine experimental models. Human MelSC markers or methods to isolate them are much less well understood. Identification, isolation and culturing of human MelSCs would represent a major step toward new biological therapeutic options for patients with recalcitrant pigmentary disorders or hair graying. By modulating the niche factors for MelSCs, it may one day be possible to control skin pigmentary disorders and prevent or reverse hair graying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hee Lee
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Center , Boston, MA 02129 , USA +1 617 643 5428 ; +1 617 643 6588 ;
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15
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Motohashi T, Kitagawa D, Watanabe N, Wakaoka T, Kunisada T. Neural crest-derived cells sustain their multipotency even after entry into their target tissues. Dev Dyn 2013; 243:368-80. [PMID: 24273191 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neural crest cells (NC cells) are highly migratory multipotent cells. Their multipotency is transient at the early stage of their generation; soon after emerging from the neural tube, these cells turn into lineage-restricted precursors. However, recent studies have disputed this conventionally believed paradigm. In this study, we analyzed the differentiation potency of NC-derived cells after their arrival at target tissues. RESULTS Using Sox10-IRES-Venus mice, we found that the NC-derived cells in the skin, DRG, and inner ear could be divided into two populations: Sox10-positive/Kit-negative cells (Sox10+/Kit- cells) and Sox10- and Kit-positive cells (Sox10+/Kit+ cells). Only the Sox10+/Kit- cells were detected in the intestines. Unexpectedly, the Sox10+/Kit+ cells differentiated into neurons, glial cells, and melanocytes, showing that they had maintained their multipotency even after having entered the target tissues. The Sox10+/Kit+ cells in the DRG maintained their multipotency for a restricted period during the earlier embryonic stages, whereas those in the skin and inner ear were multipotent yet even in later embryonic stages. CONCLUSIONS We showed that NC-derived Sox10+/Kit+ cells maintained their multipotency even after entry into the target tissues. This unexpected differentiation potency of these cells in tissues seems to have been strictly restricted by the tissue microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Motohashi
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST)
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16
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Tzu J, Goldman C, Perry AE, Meehan SA. Combined blue nevus-smooth muscle hamartoma: a series of 12 cases. J Cutan Pathol 2013; 40:879-83. [PMID: 23941592 DOI: 10.1111/cup.12200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the most common types of combined melanocytic nevus is that of a blue nevus with ordinary melanocytic nevus. Blue nevi have also been described in association with non-melanocytic cell types, such as those of neural or mesenchymal derivation. Although there are rare descriptions in the literature of blue nevi with myomatous structures, the specific association of combined blue nevi with smooth muscle hyperplasia has not been reported METHODS We review the clinicopathological features of 12 cases of combined blue nevi with smooth muscle hyperplasia. RESULTS The majority of these lesions occurred on the back of middle-aged patients and were clinically interpreted as melanocytic nevi or melanoma. Histopathologic examination revealed a combined population of 'common' and blue nevus melanocytes with accompanying smooth muscle hyperplasia. In addition to a lentiginous proliferation of melanocytes at the dermal-epidermal junction with variable basilar hyperpigmentation, there were varying degrees of epidermal acanthosis and follicular induction (three cases). CONCLUSION We present an unusual hamartoma with features of combined blue nevus and smooth muscle hyperplasia, which has not been previously described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Tzu
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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17
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Yoshimura N, Motohashi T, Aoki H, Tezuka KI, Watanabe N, Wakaoka T, Era T, Kunisada T. Dual origin of melanocytes defined by Sox1 expression and their region-specific distribution in mammalian skin. Dev Growth Differ 2013; 55:270-81. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Yoshimura
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science; Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine; 1-1 Yanagido; 501-1194; Gifu; Japan
| | - Tsutomu Motohashi
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science; Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine; 1-1 Yanagido; 501-1194; Gifu; Japan
| | - Hitomi Aoki
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science; Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine; 1-1 Yanagido; 501-1194; Gifu; Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Tezuka
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science; Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine; 1-1 Yanagido; 501-1194; Gifu; Japan
| | - Natsuki Watanabe
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science; Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine; 1-1 Yanagido; 501-1194; Gifu; Japan
| | - Takanori Wakaoka
- Department of Otolaryngology; Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine; 1-1 Yanagido; 501-1194; Gifu; Japan
| | - Takumi Era
- Department of Cell Modulation; Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics (IMEG); Kumamoto University; 2-2-1 Honjo; 860-0811; Kumamoto; Japan
| | - Takahiro Kunisada
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science; Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine; 1-1 Yanagido; 501-1194; Gifu; Japan
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18
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Motohashi T, Kunisada T. Melanoblasts as multipotent cells in murine skin. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 989:183-92. [PMID: 23483396 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-330-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Melanoblasts are melanocyte precursors that are derived from neural crest cells (NCCs). Recently we showed that melanoblasts differentiate into not only pigmented melanocytes but also into other NCCs derivatives. Here, we describe methods for the isolation of melanoblasts from mouse skin by flow-cytometry. Methods for culturing the isolated melanoblasts, allowing them to express their multipotentiality, are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Motohashi
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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19
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Djian-Zaouche J, Campagne C, Reyes-Gomez E, Gadin-Czerw S, Bernex F, Louise A, Relaix F, Buckingham M, Panthier JJ, Aubin-Houzelstein G. Pax3( GFP ) , a new reporter for the melanocyte lineage, highlights novel aspects of PAX3 expression in the skin. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2012; 25:545-54. [PMID: 22621661 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2012.01024.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The paired box gene 3 (Pax3) is expressed during pigment cell development. We tested whether the targeted allele Pax3(GFP) can be used as a reporter gene for pigment cells in the mouse. We found that enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) can be seen readily in every melanoblast and melanocyte in the epidermis and hair follicles of Pax3(GFP/+) heterozygotes. The GFP was detected at all differentiation stages, including melanocyte stem cells. In the dermis, Schwann cells and nestin-positive cells of the piloneural collars resembling the nestin-positive hair follicle multipotent stem cells exhibited a weaker GFP signal. Pigment cells could be purified by fluorescent activated cell sorting and grown in vitro without feeder cells, giving pure cultures of melanocytes. The Schwann cells and nestin-positive cells of the piloneural collars were FACS-isolated based on their weak expression of GFP. Thus Pax3(GFP) can discriminate distinct populations of cells in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Djian-Zaouche
- INRA, UMR955 Génétique Fonctionnelle et Médicale, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
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20
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Inoue Y, Hasegawa S, Yamada T, Date Y, Mizutani H, Nakata S, Matsunaga K, Akamatsu H. Bimodal effect of retinoic acid on melanocyte differentiation identified by time-dependent analysis. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2012; 25:299-311. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2012.00988.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Dupin E, Sommer L. Neural crest progenitors and stem cells: from early development to adulthood. Dev Biol 2012; 366:83-95. [PMID: 22425619 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In the vertebrate embryo, the neural crest forms transiently in the dorsal neural primordium to yield migratory cells that will invade nearly all tissues and later, will differentiate into bones and cartilages, neurons and glia, endocrine cells, vascular smooth muscle cells and melanocytes. Due to the amazingly diversified array of cell types it produces, the neural crest is an attractive model system in the stem cell field. We present here in vivo and in vitro studies of single cell fate, which led to the discovery and the characterization of stem cells in the neural crest of avian and mammalian embryos. Some of the key issues in neural crest cell diversification are discussed, such as the time of segregation of mesenchymal vs. neural/melanocytic lineages, and the origin and close relationships between the glial and melanocytic lineages. An overview is also provided of the diverse types of neural crest-like stem cells and progenitors, recently identified in a growing number of adult tissues in animals and humans. Current and future work, in which in vivo lineage studies and the use of injury models will complement the in vitro culture analysis, should help in unraveling the properties and function of neural crest-derived progenitors in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Dupin
- INSERM U894 Equipe Plasticité Gliale, Centre de Psychiatrie et de Neuroscience, 2 ter Rue d'Alésia 75014 Paris, France.
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22
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Achilleos A, Trainor PA. Neural crest stem cells: discovery, properties and potential for therapy. Cell Res 2012; 22:288-304. [PMID: 22231630 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2012.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural crest (NC) cells are a migratory cell population synonymous with vertebrate evolution. They generate a wide variety of cell and tissue types during embryonic and adult development including cartilage and bone, connective tissue, pigment and endocrine cells as well as neurons and glia amongst many others. Such incredible lineage potential combined with a limited capacity for self-renewal, which persists even into adult life, demonstrates that NC cells bear the key hallmarks of stem and progenitor cells. In this review, we describe the identification, characterization and isolation of NC stem and progenitor cells from different tissues in both embryo and adult organisms. We discuss their specific properties and their potential application in cell-based tissue and disease-specific repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annita Achilleos
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
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23
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Greenhill ER, Rocco A, Vibert L, Nikaido M, Kelsh RN. An iterative genetic and dynamical modelling approach identifies novel features of the gene regulatory network underlying melanocyte development. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002265. [PMID: 21909283 PMCID: PMC3164703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms generating stably differentiated cell-types from multipotent precursors are key to understanding normal development and have implications for treatment of cancer and the therapeutic use of stem cells. Pigment cells are a major derivative of neural crest stem cells and a key model cell-type for our understanding of the genetics of cell differentiation. Several factors driving melanocyte fate specification have been identified, including the transcription factor and master regulator of melanocyte development, Mitf, and Wnt signalling and the multipotency and fate specification factor, Sox10, which drive mitf expression. While these factors together drive multipotent neural crest cells to become specified melanoblasts, the mechanisms stabilising melanocyte differentiation remain unclear. Furthermore, there is controversy over whether Sox10 has an ongoing role in melanocyte differentiation. Here we use zebrafish to explore in vivo the gene regulatory network (GRN) underlying melanocyte specification and differentiation. We use an iterative process of mathematical modelling and experimental observation to explore methodically the core melanocyte GRN we have defined. We show that Sox10 is not required for ongoing differentiation and expression is downregulated in differentiating cells, in response to Mitfa and Hdac1. Unexpectedly, we find that Sox10 represses Mitf-dependent expression of melanocyte differentiation genes. Our systems biology approach allowed us to predict two novel features of the melanocyte GRN, which we then validate experimentally. Specifically, we show that maintenance of mitfa expression is Mitfa-dependent, and identify Sox9b as providing an Mitfa-independent input to melanocyte differentiation. Our data supports our previous suggestion that Sox10 only functions transiently in regulation of mitfa and cannot be responsible for long-term maintenance of mitfa expression; indeed, Sox10 is likely to slow melanocyte differentiation in the zebrafish embryo. More generally, this novel approach to understanding melanocyte differentiation provides a basis for systematic modelling of differentiation in this and other cell-types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R. Greenhill
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry and Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Rocco
- Department of Mathematics, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Vibert
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry and Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Masataka Nikaido
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry and Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Robert N. Kelsh
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry and Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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24
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25
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Motohashi T, Yamanaka K, Chiba K, Miyajima K, Aoki H, Hirobe T, Kunisada T. Neural crest cells retain their capability for multipotential differentiation even after lineage-restricted stages. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:1681-93. [PMID: 21594952 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Multipotency of neural crest cells (NC cells) is thought to be a transient phase at the early stage of their generation; after NC cells emerge from the neural tube, they are specified into the lineage-restricted precursors. We analyzed the differentiation of early-stage NC-like cells derived from Sox10-IRES-Venus ES cells, where the expression of Sox10 can be visualized with a fluorescent protein. Unexpectedly, both the Sox10+/Kit- cells and the Sox10+/Kit+ cells, which were restricted in vivo to the neuron (N)-glial cell (G) lineage and melanocyte (M) lineage, respectively, generated N, G, and M, showing that they retain multipotency. We generated mice from the Sox10-IRES-Venus ES cells and analyzed the differentiation of their NC cells. Both the Sox10+/Kit- cells and Sox10+/Kit+ cells isolated from these mice formed colonies containing N, G, and M, showing that they are also multipotent. These findings suggest that NC cells retain multipotency even after the initial lineage-restricted stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Motohashi
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration, and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, CREST-JST, Gifu, Japan.
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26
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Nishimura EK. Melanocyte stem cells: a melanocyte reservoir in hair follicles for hair and skin pigmentation. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2011; 24:401-10. [PMID: 21466661 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2011.00855.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Most mammals are coated with pigmented hair. Melanocytes in each hair follicle produce melanin pigments for the hair during each hair cycle. The key to understanding the mechanism of cyclic melanin production is the melanocyte stem cell (MelSC) population, previously known as 'amelanotic melanocytes'. The MelSCs directly adhere to hair follicle stem cells, the niche cells for MelSCs and reside in the hair follicle bulge-subbulge area, the lower permanent portion of the hair follicle, to serve as a melanocyte reservoir for skin and hair pigmentation. MelSCs form a stem cell system within individual hair follicles and provide a 'hair pigmentary unit' for each cycle of hair pigmentation. This review focuses on the identification of MelSCs and their characteristics and explains the importance of the MelSC population in the mechanisms of hair pigmentation, hair greying, and skin repigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi K Nishimura
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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27
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Dupin E. [Phenotypic plasticity of neural crest-derived melanocytes and Schwann cells]. Biol Aujourdhui 2011; 205:53-61. [PMID: 21501576 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2011008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Melanocytes, the pigmented cells of the skin, and the glial Schwann cells lining peripheral nerves are developmentally derived from an early and transient ectodermal structure of the vertebrate embryo, the neural crest, which is also at the origin of multiple neural and non-neural cell types. Besides melanocytes and neural cells of the peripheral nervous system, the neural crest cells give rise to mesenchymal cell types in the head, which form most of the craniofacial skeleton, dermis, fat tissue and vascular musculo-connective components. How such a wide diversity of differentiation fates is established during embryogenesis and is later maintained in adult tissues are among key questions in developmental and stem cell biology. The analysis of the developmental potentials of single neural crest cells cultured in vitro led to characterizing multipotent stem/progenitor cells as well as more restricted precursors in the early neural crest of avian and mammalian embryos. Data support a hierarchical model of the diversification of neural crest lineages through progressive restrictions of multipotent stem cell potentials driven by local environmental factors. In particular, melanocytes and glial Schwann cells were shown to arise from a common bipotent progenitor, which depends upon the peptide endothelin-3 for proliferation and self-renewal ability. In vivo, signaling by endothelin-3 and its receptor is also required for the early development of melanocytes and proper pigmentation of the vertebrate body. It is generally assumed that, after lineage specification and terminal differentiation, specialized cell types, like the melanocytes and Schwann cells, do not change their identity. However, this classic notion that somatic cell differentiation is a stable and irreversible process has been challenged by emerging evidence that dedifferentiation can occur in different biological systems through nuclear transfer, cell fusion, epigenetic modifications and ectopic gene expression. This review considers the issue of whether neural crest-derived lineages are endowed with some phenotypic plasticity. Emphasis is put on the ability of pigment cells and Schwann cells to dedifferentiate and reprogram their fate in vitro. To address this question, we have studied the clonal progeny of differentiated Schwann cells and melanocytes after their isolation from the sciatic nerve and the back skin of quail embryos, respectively. When stimulated to proliferate in vitro in the presence of endothelin-3, both cell types were able to dedifferentiate and produce alternative neural crest-derived cell lineages. Individual Schwann cells isolated by FACS, using a glial-specific surface marker, gave rise in culture to pigment cells and myofibroblasts/smooth muscle cells. Treatment of the cultures with endothelin-3 was required for Schwann cell conversion into melanocytes, which involved acquisition of multipotency. Moreover, Schwann cell plasticity could also be induced in vivo: following transplantation into the branchial arch of a young chick host embryo, dedifferentiating Schwann cells were able to integrate the forming head structures of the host and, specifically, to contribute smooth muscle cells to the wall of cranial blood vessels. We also analyzed the in vitro behavior of individual pigment cells obtained by microdissection and enzymatic treatment of quail epidermis at embryonic and hatching stages. In single cell cultures treated with endothelin-3, pigment cells strongly proliferated while rapidly dedifferentiating into unpigmented cells, leading to the formation of large colonies that comprised glial cells and myofibroblasts in addition to melanocytes. By serially subcloning these primary colonies, we could efficiently propagate a bipotent glial-melanocytic precursor that is generated in the progeny of the melanocytic founder. These data therefore suggest that pigment cells have the ability to revert back to the state of self-renewing neural crest-like progenitors. Altogether, these studies have shown that Schwann cells and pigment cells display an unstable status of differentiation, which can be disclosed if these differentiated cells are displaced out of their native tissue. When challenged with new environmental conditions in vitro, differentiated Schwann cells and pigment cells can reacquire stem cell properties of their neural crest ancestors. Notably, such reprogramming was achieved through the effect of a single exogenous factor and without the need of any induced genetic modification. Deciphering the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate the plasticity and maintenance of neural crest-derived differentiated cells is likely to be an important step towards the understanding of the neurocristopathies and cancers that target neural crest derivatives in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Dupin
- Inserm U894 Equipe Plasticité gliale, Centre Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, 2 ter rue d'Alésia, 75014 Paris, France.
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28
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Abstract
The neural crest is a transient structure in vertebrate embryos that generates multiple neural and mesenchymal cell types as well as melanocytes. Melanocytes in the skin either derive directly from neural crest cells populating the skin via a dorsolateral migratory pathway or arise by detaching from nerves innervating the skin. Several transcription factors, such as FoxD3, Sox10, Pax3, and Mitf, take part in a genetic network regulating melanocyte formation from the neural crest. The activity of these intrinsic factors is controlled and modulated by extracellular signals including canonical Wnt, Edn, Kitl, and other signals that remain to be identified. Here, we summarize the current view of how melanocytes are specified from the neural crest and put this process into the context of spatiotemporal lineage decisions in neural crest cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Sommer
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland.
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29
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Han W, Chen M, Li M, Wu Z, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Wang L, Yu L, Fu X. Acclimatized induction reveals the multipotency of adult human undifferentiated keratinocytes. Cell Reprogram 2010; 12:283-94. [PMID: 20698770 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2009.0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that several types of somatic stem cells have the remarkable capacity to differentiate into other types of tissues. However, the promise of keratinocyte stem cells seems slim for generating nonepidermal tissues. Using our recently developed acclimatization induction strategy, we demonstrate the multipotency of adult human undifferentiated keratinocytes (UKs). The UKs were isolated from the basal layer of adult human foreskin and cultured in Epilife medium, which allows for the growth of only keratin-positive keratinocytes, promotes high proliferation of UKs, and prevents their differentiation. Induction of the UKs by either serum or lineage-committed medium only produce differentiated epidermal cells. Hence, serum or lineage-committed medium was added to Epilife to acclimate UKs to differentiate to other cell types. Unexpectedly, serum acclimatization can induce UKs to produce a large number of smooth muscle cells and fewer of adipocytes and neurocytes within 3 weeks. In contrast, except for the terminally differentiated epidermal cells, committed acclimatization can induce UKs to differentiate exclusively into the adipocytic, myogenic, or neurogenic lineages. These data indicate that human UKs represent a novel multipotent adult stem cell, and suggest that they may provide an accessible, therapeutically promising cell source for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Han
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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30
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31
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Chimge NO, Bayarsaihan D. Generation of neural crest progenitors from human embryonic stem cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2010; 314:95-103. [PMID: 19780036 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) is a transient population of multipotent progenitors arising at the lateral edge of the neural plate in vertebrate embryos, which then migrate throughout the body to generate diverse array of tissues such as the peripheral nervous system, skin melanocytes, and craniofacial cartilage, bone and teeth. The transient nature of neural crest stem cells make extremely challenging to study the biology of these important cells. In humans induction and differentiation of embryonic NC occurs very early, within a few weeks of fertilization giving rise to technical and ethical issues surrounding isolation of early embryonic tissues and therefore severely limiting the study of human NC cells. For that reason our current knowledge of the biology of NC mostly derives from the studies of lower organisms. Recent progress in human embryonic stem cell research provides a unique opportunity for generation of a useful source of cells for basic developmental studies. The development of cost-effective, time and labor efficient improved differentiation protocols for the production of human NC cells is a critical step toward a better understanding of NC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyam-Osor Chimge
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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32
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Li L, Fukunaga-Kalabis M, Yu H, Xu X, Kong J, Lee JT, Herlyn M. Human dermal stem cells differentiate into functional epidermal melanocytes. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:853-60. [PMID: 20159965 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.061598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanocytes sustain a lifelong proliferative potential, but a stem cell reservoir in glabrous skin has not yet been found. Here, we show that multipotent dermal stem cells isolated from human foreskins lacking hair follicles are able to home to the epidermis to differentiate into melanocytes. These dermal stem cells, grown as three-dimensional spheres, displayed a capacity for self-renewal and expressed NGFRp75, nestin and OCT4, but not melanocyte markers. In addition, cells derived from single-cell clones were able to differentiate into multiple lineages including melanocytes. In a three-dimensional skin equivalent model, sphere-forming cells differentiated into HMB45-positive melanocytes, which migrated from the dermis to the epidermis and aligned singly among the basal layer keratinocytes in a similar fashion to pigmented melanocytes isolated from the epidermis. The dermal stem cells were negative for E-cadherin and N-cadherin, whereas they acquired E-cadherin expression and lost NGFRp75 expression upon contact with epidermal keratinocytes. These results demonstrate that stem cells in the dermis of human skin with neural-crest-like characteristics can become mature epidermal melanocytes. This finding could significantly change our understanding of the etiological factors in melanocyte transformation and pigmentation disorders; specifically, that early epigenetic or genetic alterations leading to transformation may take place in the dermis rather than in the epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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