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Zhang R, Zhu H, Chen M, Sang W, Lu K, Li Z, Wang C, Zhang L, Yin FF, Yang Z. A dual-radiomics model for overall survival prediction in early-stage NSCLC patient using pre-treatment CT images. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1419621. [PMID: 39206157 PMCID: PMC11349529 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1419621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Radiation therapy (RT) is one of the primary treatment options for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (ES-NSCLC). Therefore, accurately predicting the overall survival (OS) rate following radiotherapy is crucial for implementing personalized treatment strategies. This work aims to develop a dual-radiomics (DR) model to (1) predict 3-year OS in ES-NSCLC patients receiving RT using pre-treatment CT images, and (2) provide explanations between feature importanceand model prediction performance. Methods The publicly available TCIA Lung1 dataset with 132 ES-NSCLC patients received RT were studied: 89/43 patients in the under/over 3-year OS group. For each patient, two types of radiomic features were examined: 56 handcrafted radiomic features (HRFs) extracted within gross tumor volume, and 512 image deep features (IDFs) extracted using a pre-trained U-Net encoder. They were combined as inputs to an explainable boosting machine (EBM) model for OS prediction. The EBM's mean absolute scores for HRFs and IDFs were used as feature importance explanations. To evaluate identified feature importance, the DR model was compared with EBM using either (1) key or (2) non-key feature type only. Comparison studies with other models, including supporting vector machine (SVM) and random forest (RF), were also included. The performance was evaluated by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUCROC), accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity with a 100-fold Monte Carlo cross-validation. Results The DR model showed highestperformance in predicting 3-year OS (AUCROC=0.81 ± 0.04), and EBM scores suggested that IDFs showed significantly greater importance (normalized mean score=0.0019) than HRFs (score=0.0008). The comparison studies showed that EBM with key feature type (IDFs-only demonstrated comparable AUCROC results (0.81 ± 0.04), while EBM with non-key feature type (HRFs-only) showed limited AUCROC (0.64 ± 0.10). The results suggested that feature importance score identified by EBM is highly correlated with OS prediction performance. Both SVM and RF models were unable to explain key feature type while showing limited overall AUCROC=0.66 ± 0.07 and 0.77 ± 0.06, respectively. Accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity showed a similar trend. Discussion In conclusion, a DR model was successfully developed to predict ES-NSCLC OS based on pre-treatment CT images. The results suggested that the feature importance from DR model is highly correlated to the model prediction power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rihui Zhang
- Medical Physics Graduate Program, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haiming Zhu
- Medical Physics Graduate Program, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
| | - Minbin Chen
- Department of Radiotherapy & Oncology, The First People’s Hospital of Kunshan, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weiwei Sang
- Medical Physics Graduate Program, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ke Lu
- Deparment of Radiation Oncology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Zhen Li
- Radiation Oncology Department, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunhao Wang
- Deparment of Radiation Oncology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Lei Zhang
- Medical Physics Graduate Program, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fang-Fang Yin
- Medical Physics Graduate Program, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhenyu Yang
- Medical Physics Graduate Program, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
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2
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Göktürk T, Sakallı Çetin E, Hökelek T, Pekel H, Şensoy Ö, Aksu EN, Güp R. Synthesis, Structural Investigations, DNA/BSA Interactions, Molecular Docking Studies, and Anticancer Activity of a New 1,4-Disubstituted 1,2,3-Triazole Derivative. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:31839-31856. [PMID: 37692230 PMCID: PMC10483525 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
We report herein a new 1,2,3-triazole derivative, namely, 4-((1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methoxy)-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde, which was synthesized by copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). The structure of the compound was analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 1H NMR, 13C NMR, UV-vis, and elemental analyses. Moreover, X-ray crystallography studies demonstrated that the compound adapted a monoclinic crystal system with the P21/c space group. The dominant interactions formed in the crystal packing were found to be hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions according to Hirshfeld surface (HS) analysis. The volume of the crystal voids and the percentage of free spaces in the unit cell were calculated as 152.10 Å3 and 9.80%, respectively. The evaluation of energy frameworks showed that stabilization of the compound was dominated by dispersion energy contributions. Both in vitro and in silico investigations on the DNA/bovine serum albumin (BSA) binding activity of the compound showed that the CT-DNA binding activity of the compound was mediated via intercalation and BSA binding activity was mediated via both polar and hydrophobic interactions. The anticancer activity of the compound was also tested by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay using human cell lines including MDA-MB-231, LNCaP, Caco-2, and HEK-293. The compound exhibited more cytotoxic activity than cisplatin and etoposide on Caco-2 cancer cell lines with an IC50 value of 16.63 ± 0.27 μM after 48 h. Annexin V suggests the induction of cell death by apoptosis. Compound 3 significantly increased the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) levels in Caco-2 cells, and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay proved that compound 3 could induce apoptosis by ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolga Göktürk
- Department
of Chemistry, Muğla Sıtkı
Koçman University, 48000 Muğla, Türkiye
| | - Esin Sakallı Çetin
- Department
of Medical Biology, Muğla Sıtkı
Koçman University, 48000 Muğla, Türkiye
| | - Tuncer Hökelek
- Department
of Physics, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Hanife Pekel
- Department
of Pharmacy Services, Vocational School of Health Services, Istanbul Medipol University, 34810 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Özge Şensoy
- Department
of Computer Engineering, Istanbul Medipol
University, 34000 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ebru Nur Aksu
- Department
of Medical Biology, Muğla Sıtkı
Koçman University, 48000 Muğla, Türkiye
| | - Ramazan Güp
- Department
of Chemistry, Muğla Sıtkı
Koçman University, 48000 Muğla, Türkiye
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3
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Siddique A, Bashir S, Abbas M. Pharmacogenetics of Anticancer Drugs: Clinical Response and Toxicity. Cancer Treat Res 2023; 185:141-175. [PMID: 37306909 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-27156-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is the most challenging disease for medical professionals to treat. The factors underlying the complicated situation include anticancer drug-associated toxicity, non-specific response, low therapeutic window, variable treatment outcomes, development of drug resistance, treatment complications, and cancer recurrence. The remarkable advancement in biomedical sciences and genetics, over the past few decades, however, is changing the dire situation. The discovery of gene polymorphism, gene expression, biomarkers, particular molecular targets and pathways, and drug-metabolizing enzymes have paved the way for the development and provision of targeted and individualized anticancer treatment. Pharmacogenetics is the study of genetic factors having the potential to affect clinical responses and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behaviors of drugs. This chapter emphasizes pharmacogenetics of anticancer drugs and its applications in improving treatment outcomes, selectivity, toxicity of the drugs, and discovering and developing personalized anticancer drugs and genetic methods for prediction of drug response and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammara Siddique
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Samra Bashir
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Mateen Abbas
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
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4
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Chu YD, Liu HF, Chen YC, Chou CH, Yeh CT. WWOX-rs13338697 genotype predicts therapeutic efficacy of ADI-PEG 20 for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:996820. [PMID: 36530994 PMCID: PMC9756969 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.996820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have identified three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): GALNT14-rs9679162, WWOX-rs13338697 and rs6025211. Their genotypes are associated with therapeutic outcomes in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Herein, we examined whether these SNP genotypes could predict the clinical outcome of HCC patients treated with ADI-PEG 20. METHODS Totally 160 patients with advanced HCC, who had previously been enrolled in clinical trials, including 113 receiving ADI-PEG 20 monotherapy (cohort-1) and 47 receiving FOLFOX/ADI-PEG 20 combination treatment (cohort-2), were included retrospectively. RESULTS The WWOX-rs13338697-GG genotype was associated with favorable overall survival in cohort-1 patients (P = 0.025), whereas the rs6025211-TT genotype was associated with unfavorable time-to-tumor progression in cohort-1 (P = 0.021) and cohort-1 plus 2 patients (P = 0.008). As ADI-PEG 20 can reduce plasma arginine levels, we examined its pretreatment levels in relation to the WWOX-rs13338697 genotypes. Pretreatment plasma arginine levels were found to be significantly higher in patients carrying the WWOX-rs13338697-GG genotype (P = 0.006). We next examined the association of the WWOX-rs13338697 genotypes with WWOX tissue protein levels in 214 paired (cancerous/noncancerous) surgically resected HCC tissues (cohort-3). The WWOX-rs13338697-GG genotype was associated with decreased tissue levels of WWOX and ASS1. Mechanistic studies showed that WWOX and ASS1 levels were downregulated in hypoxic HCC cells. Silencing WWOX to mimic low WWOX protein expression in HCC in patients with the WWOX-rs13338697-GG genotype, enhanced HIF1A increment under hypoxia, further decreased ASS1, and increased cell susceptibility to ADI-PEG 20. COMCLUSION In summary, the WWOX-rs13338697 and rs6025211 genotypes predicted treatment outcomes in ADI-PEG 20-treated advanced HCC patients. The WWOX-rs13338697-GG genotype was associated with lower tissue WWOX and ASS1 levels and higher pretreatment plasma arginine levels, resembling an arginine auxotrophic phenotype requires excessive extracellular arginine supply. Silencing WWOX to mimic HCC with the WWOX-rs13338697-GG genotype further stimulated HCC cell response to hypoxia through increased HIF1A expression, leading to further reduction of ASS1 and thus increased cell susceptibility to ADI-PEG 20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-De Chu
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Fen Liu
- Polaris Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Polaris Group, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Chen
- Polaris Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Polaris Group, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Chou
- Polaris Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Polaris Group, Taipei, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program for Biotechnology Industry, College of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Ting Yeh
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Ohnami S, Naruoka A, Isaka M, Mizuguchi M, Nakatani S, Kamada F, Shimoda Y, Sakai A, Ohshima K, Hatakeyama K, Maruyama K, Ohde Y, Kenmotsu H, Takahashi T, Akiyama Y, Nagashima T, Urakami K, Ohnami S, Yamaguchi K. Comparison of genetic susceptibility to lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma in Japanese patients using a novel panel for cancer-related drug-metabolizing enzyme genes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17928. [PMID: 36289279 PMCID: PMC9606290 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22914-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The differences in genetic susceptibility to lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma remain unclear. We developed a customized, targeted gene sequencing panel for efficient and sensitive identification of germline variants, including whole-gene deletion types for cancer-related drug-metabolizing enzyme genes in lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. The minor allele frequencies of the variants, confirmed as clinically significant in the Japanese population, did not differ significantly from those of normal participants listed in the public database. Genotype analysis comparing lung adenocarcinoma (n = 559) and squamous cell carcinoma (n = 151) indicated that the variants of DPYD (rs190771411, Fisher's exact test, P = 0.045; rs200562975, P = 0.045) and ALDH2 (rs568781254, P = 0.032) were associated with an increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma compared to adenocarcinoma. Conversely, whole-gene deletion of CYP2A6 was associated with adenocarcinoma but not squamous cell carcinoma. Notably, whole-gene deletion of CYP2A6 was confirmed in 22 patients with lung adenocarcinoma but not in any patients with squamous cell carcinoma. Most patients with whole-gene deletion of CYP2A6 were female non-smokers. The discovery of a whole-gene deletion of CYP2A6 in patients with lung adenocarcinoma may have an important role in clinical practice and advance our understanding of CYP2A6 germline variants and their association with carcinogenesis or their susceptibility to lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumiko Ohnami
- grid.415797.90000 0004 1774 9501Cancer Diagnostics Research Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-Cho, Shizuoka Japan
| | - Akane Naruoka
- grid.415797.90000 0004 1774 9501Drug Discovery and Development Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagaizumi, Shizuoka Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Isaka
- grid.415797.90000 0004 1774 9501Division of Thoracic Surgery, Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital, Nagaizumi, Shizuoka Japan
| | - Maki Mizuguchi
- grid.415797.90000 0004 1774 9501Cancer Diagnostics Research Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-Cho, Shizuoka Japan
| | - Sou Nakatani
- grid.415797.90000 0004 1774 9501Cancer Diagnostics Research Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-Cho, Shizuoka Japan
| | - Fukumi Kamada
- grid.415797.90000 0004 1774 9501Cancer Diagnostics Research Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-Cho, Shizuoka Japan
| | - Yuji Shimoda
- grid.415797.90000 0004 1774 9501Cancer Diagnostics Research Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-Cho, Shizuoka Japan
| | - Ai Sakai
- grid.415797.90000 0004 1774 9501Cancer Diagnostics Research Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-Cho, Shizuoka Japan ,grid.410830.eSRL, Inc, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ohshima
- grid.415797.90000 0004 1774 9501Medical Genetics Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagaizumi, Shizuoka Japan
| | - Keiichi Hatakeyama
- grid.415797.90000 0004 1774 9501Cancer Multiomics Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagaizumi, Shizuoka Japan
| | - Kouji Maruyama
- grid.415797.90000 0004 1774 9501Experimental Animal Facility, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagaizumi, Shizuoka Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Ohde
- grid.415797.90000 0004 1774 9501Division of Thoracic Surgery, Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital, Nagaizumi, Shizuoka Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Kenmotsu
- grid.415797.90000 0004 1774 9501Division of Thoracic Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital, Nagaizumi, Shizuoka Japan
| | - Toshiaki Takahashi
- grid.415797.90000 0004 1774 9501Division of Thoracic Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital, Nagaizumi, Shizuoka Japan
| | - Yasuto Akiyama
- grid.415797.90000 0004 1774 9501Immunotherapy Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagaizumi, Shizuoka Japan
| | - Takeshi Nagashima
- grid.415797.90000 0004 1774 9501Cancer Diagnostics Research Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-Cho, Shizuoka Japan ,grid.410830.eSRL, Inc, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Urakami
- grid.415797.90000 0004 1774 9501Cancer Diagnostics Research Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-Cho, Shizuoka Japan
| | - Shumpei Ohnami
- grid.415797.90000 0004 1774 9501Cancer Diagnostics Research Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-Cho, Shizuoka Japan
| | - Ken Yamaguchi
- grid.415797.90000 0004 1774 9501Shizuoka Cancer Center, Nagaizumi, Shizuoka Japan
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Franczyk B, Rysz J, Gluba-Brzózka A. Pharmacogenetics of Drugs Used in the Treatment of Cancers. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:311. [PMID: 35205356 PMCID: PMC8871547 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacogenomics is based on the understanding of the individual differences in drug use, the response to drug therapy (efficacy and toxicity), and the mechanisms underlying variable drug responses. The identification of DNA variants which markedly contribute to inter-individual variations in drug responses would improve the efficacy of treatments and decrease the rate of the adverse side effects of drugs. This review focuses only on the impact of polymorphisms within drug-metabolizing enzymes on drug responses. Anticancer drugs usually have a very narrow therapeutic index; therefore, it is very important to use appropriate doses in order to achieve the maximum benefits without putting the patient at risk of life-threatening toxicities. However, the adjustment of the appropriate dose is not so easy, due to the inheritance of specific polymorphisms in the genes encoding the target proteins and drug-metabolizing enzymes. This review presents just a few examples of such polymorphisms and their impact on the response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Gluba-Brzózka
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland; (B.F.); (J.R.)
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Skandalaki A, Sarantis P, Theocharis S. Pregnane X Receptor (PXR) Polymorphisms and Cancer Treatment. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081142. [PMID: 34439808 PMCID: PMC8394562 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnane X Receptor (PXR) belongs to the nuclear receptors’ superfamily and mainly functions as a xenobiotic sensor activated by a variety of ligands. PXR is widely expressed in normal and malignant tissues. Drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters are also under PXR’s regulation. Antineoplastic agents are of particular interest since cancer patients are characterized by significant intra-variability to treatment response and severe toxicities. Various PXR polymorphisms may alter the function of the protein and are linked with significant effects on the pharmacokinetics of chemotherapeutic agents and clinical outcome variability. The purpose of this review is to summarize the roles of PXR polymorphisms in the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of chemotherapeutic drugs. It is also expected that this review will highlight the importance of PXR polymorphisms in selection of chemotherapy, prediction of adverse effects and personalized medicine.
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De Las Rivas J, Brozovic A, Izraely S, Casas-Pais A, Witz IP, Figueroa A. Cancer drug resistance induced by EMT: novel therapeutic strategies. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:2279-2297. [PMID: 34003341 PMCID: PMC8241801 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03063-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, important clinical benefits have been achieved in cancer patients by using drug-targeting strategies. Nevertheless, drug resistance is still a major problem in most cancer therapies. Epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity (EMP) and tumour microenvironment have been described as limiting factors for effective treatment in many cancer types. Moreover, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has also been associated with therapy resistance in many different preclinical models, although limited evidence has been obtained from clinical studies and clinical samples. In this review, we particularly deepen into the mechanisms of which intermediate epithelial/mesenchymal (E/M) states and its interconnection to microenvironment influence therapy resistance. We also describe how the use of bioinformatics and pharmacogenomics will help to figure out the biological impact of the EMT on drug resistance and to develop novel pharmacological approaches in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier De Las Rivas
- Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics Group, Cancer Research Center (CiC-IBMCC, CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), University of Salamanca (USAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Anamaria Brozovic
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sivan Izraely
- Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Alba Casas-Pais
- Epithelial Plasticity and Metastasis Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, Spain.,Universidade da Coruña (UDC), Coruña, Spain
| | - Isaac P Witz
- Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Angélica Figueroa
- Epithelial Plasticity and Metastasis Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, Spain. .,Universidade da Coruña (UDC), Coruña, Spain.
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Plasma imatinib levels and ABCB1 polymorphism influences early molecular response and failure-free survival in newly diagnosed chronic phase CML patients. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20640. [PMID: 33244077 PMCID: PMC7691501 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77140-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Achieving early molecular response (EMR) has been shown to be associated with better event free survival in patients with chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CP-CML) on Imatinib therapy. We prospectively evaluated the factors influencing the 2-year failure free survival (FFS) and EMR to imatinib therapy in these patients including day29 plasma Imatinib levels, genetic variants and the gene expression of target genes in imatinib transport and biotransformation. Patients with low and intermediate Sokal score had better 2-year FFS compared to those with high Sokal Score (p = 0.02). Patients carrying ABCB1-C1236T variants had high day29 plasma imatinib levels (P = 0.005), increased EMR at 3 months (P = 0.044) and a better 2 year FFS (P = 0.003) when compared to those with wild type genotype. This translates to patients with lower ABCB1 mRNA expression having a significantly higher intracellular imatinib levels (P = 0.029). Higher day29 plasma imatinib levels was found to be strongly associated with patients achieving EMR at 3 months (P = 0.022), MMR at 12 months (P = 0.041) which essentially resulted in better 2-year FFS (p = 0.05). Also, patients who achieved EMR at 3 months, 6 months and MMR at 12 months had better FFS when compared to those who did not. This study suggests the incorporation of these variables in to the imatinib dosing algorithm as predictive biomarkers of response to Imatinib therapy.
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Chen X, Guo Y, Chen X. iGMDR: Integrated Pharmacogenetic Resource Guide to Cancer Therapy and Research. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2020; 18:150-160. [PMID: 32916316 PMCID: PMC7646137 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Current pharmacogenetic studies have obtained many genetic models that can predict the therapeutic efficacy of anticancer drugs. Although some of these models are of crucial importance and have been used in clinical practice, these very valuable models have not been well adopted into cancer research to promote the development of cancer therapies due to the lack of integration and standards for the existing data of the pharmacogenetic studies. For this purpose, we built a resource investigating genetic model of drug response (iGMDR), which integrates the models from in vitro and in vivo pharmacogenetic studies with different omics data from a variety of technical systems. In this study, we introduced a standardized process for all integrations, and described how users can utilize these models to gain insights into cancer. iGMDR is freely accessible at https://igmdr.modellab.cn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Chen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and the First Affiliated Hospital Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yi Guo
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials and Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and the First Affiliated Hospital Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Joint Institute for Genetics and Genome Medicine between Zhejiang University and University of Toronto, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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11
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Tian C, Ying H, Zhuang R, Zhang X, Lu H, Wang H, Wang S, Li Q, Wang C, Cai X. Value of plasma SN-38 levels and DPD activity in irinotecan-based individualized chemotherapy for advanced colorectal cancer with heterozygous type UGT1A1 *6 or UGT1A1 *28. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:6217-6226. [PMID: 30538568 PMCID: PMC6257074 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s176918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The relationship between the pharmacokinetics of irinotecan and outcomes of advanced colorectal cancer is unclear, and few studies have examined individualized irinotecan-based chemotherapy depending on plasma 7-ethyl-10-hydroxy camptothecin (SN-38) levels and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) activity, particularly for the UGT1A1*6 or UGT1A1*28 heterozygous type. Methods This study retrospectively explored the relationship among plasma SN-38 level 1.5 hours after critical enzyme for irinotecan (CPT-11) administration (CSN-38 1.5h), plasma SN-38 level 49 hours after CPT-11 administration (CSN-38 49h), DPD activity, and clinical outcomes for the UGT1A1*6 and UGT1A1*28 heterozygous types. Results CSN-38 1.5h and CSN-38 49h of the UGT1A1*6 or UGT1A1*28 heterozygous type were close to those of UGT1A1*6 and UGT1A1*28 wild-types; some of those with relatively high CSN-38 1.5h levels obtained better median progression-free survival (mPFS), whereas others with higher CSN-38 49h concentrations showed a relatively high incidence of adverse reactions possibly because of the decreased activity of DPD. Conclusion Increasing the dosage of CPT-11 according to CSN-38 1.5h may improve the efficacy in patients with lower CSN-38 1.5h levels. For cases with comparably low DPD activity, advisable primary and subsequent dose adjustment of 5-fluorouracil based on plasma 5-fluorouracil levels may be a practical strategy for reducing the occurrence of adverse reactions for personalized treatment of the UGT1A1*6 or UGT1A1*28 heterozygous type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Tian
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China, .,Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Ying
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Medical College, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongyuan Zhuang
- Department of Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmin Lu
- Department of Oncology, Renji Hospital, Medical College, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuowen Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China,
| | - Chungang Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Cai
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China,
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12
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El-Fayoumi R, Hagras M, Abozenadaha A, Bawazir W, Shinawi T. Association Between NR3C1 Gene Polymorphisms and Toxicity Induced by Glucocorticoids Therapy in Saudi Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018; 19:1415-1423. [PMID: 29802709 PMCID: PMC6031821 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.5.1415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Glucocorticoids (GCs) are key hormones used for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children, but their cytotoxic effects are not well defined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between polymorphisms in NR3C1 encoding for protein involved in the GCs metabolism and its role in the development of ALL and the toxicity outcome, in terms of liver toxicity, glucose abnormality and infections, in ALL Saudi children. Methods: The following polymorphisms BCII rs41423247, ER22/23 EK rs6189 and rs6190 and N363S rs6195 in NR3C1 were analyzed in 70 children with ALL treated according to the ALL 2000 study protocol in comparison to 60 control subjects. Treatment toxicities and their association with genotypes were evaluated according to Common Toxicity Criteria (NCI-CTC). Results: This study demonstrated that the NR3C1 did not contribute to the development of childhood ALL. Homozygous ER22/23EK polymorphism was not found in both ALL patients and in control group whereas the heterozygous polymorphism was only observed in the control group (6.66%). The toxicology data in this study showed a significant difference between ALL patients carrying N363S polymorphism and wild type (40% and 6.51% respectively, P= 0.009) and a high-risk factor in the toxicity of glucose abnormality (OR=10.167; 1.302-79.339).BCII shows increased risk factors towards the liver toxicity (OR=2.667; 0.526-7.330) as well as the glucose abnormality (OR=7.5; 1.039-54.116). Conclusion: This study suggested that the polymorphisms in NR3C1 were not associated with the development of ALL in children. N363S polymorphism was sensitive to glucocorticoids and it may contribute to the glucose abnormality for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Refaat El-Fayoumi
- Medical laboratory Technology Department, Faculty of Applied medical Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah , Saudi Arabi.
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13
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Okada J, Matsumoto S, Kaira K, Saito T, Yamada E, Yokoo H, Katoh R, Kusano M, Okada S, Yamada M. Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibition Combined With Cetuximab Significantly Reduced Tumor Size and Carcinoembryonic Antigen Level in Colon Cancer Metastatic to Liver. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2017; 17:e45-e48. [PMID: 29054804 DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Okada
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gunmaken Saiekikai Maebashi Hospital, Maebashi, Japan; Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Shunichi Matsumoto
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Kyoichi Kaira
- Department of Oncology Clinical Development, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Tsugumichi Saito
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Eijiro Yamada
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Hideaki Yokoo
- Department of Human Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Ryuji Katoh
- Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Motoyasu Kusano
- Department of Endoscopy and Endoscopic Surgery, Gunma University Hospital, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Shuichi Okada
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan.
| | - Masanobu Yamada
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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14
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Malgerud L, Lindberg J, Wirta V, Gustafsson-Liljefors M, Karimi M, Moro CF, Stecker K, Picker A, Huelsewig C, Stein M, Bohnert R, Del Chiaro M, Haas SL, Heuchel RL, Permert J, Maeurer MJ, Brock S, Verbeke CS, Engstrand L, Jackson DB, Grönberg H, Löhr JM. Bioinformatory-assisted analysis of next-generation sequencing data for precision medicine in pancreatic cancer. Mol Oncol 2017; 11:1413-1429. [PMID: 28675654 PMCID: PMC5623817 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a tumor with an extremely poor prognosis, predominantly as a result of chemotherapy resistance and numerous somatic mutations. Consequently, PDAC is a prime candidate for the use of sequencing to identify causative mutations, facilitating subsequent administration of targeted therapy. In a feasibility study, we retrospectively assessed the therapeutic recommendations of a novel, evidence-based software that analyzes next-generation sequencing (NGS) data using a large panel of pharmacogenomic biomarkers for efficacy and toxicity. Tissue from 14 patients with PDAC was sequenced using NGS with a 620 gene panel. FASTQ files were fed into treatmentmap. The results were compared with chemotherapy in the patients, including all side effects. No changes in therapy were made. Known driver mutations for PDAC were confirmed (e.g. KRAS, TP53). Software analysis revealed positive biomarkers for predicted effective and ineffective treatments in all patients. At least one biomarker associated with increased toxicity could be detected in all patients. Patients had been receiving one of the currently approved chemotherapy agents. In two patients, toxicity could have been correctly predicted by the software analysis. The results suggest that NGS, in combination with an evidence-based software, could be conducted within a 2-week period, thus being feasible for clinical routine. Therapy recommendations were principally off-label use. Based on the predominant KRAS mutations, other drugs were predicted to be ineffective. The pharmacogenomic biomarkers indicative of increased toxicity could be retrospectively linked to reported negative side effects in the respective patients. Finally, the occurrence of somatic and germline mutations in cancer syndrome-associated genes is noteworthy, despite a high frequency of these particular variants in the background population. These results suggest software-analysis of NGS data provides evidence-based information on effective, ineffective and toxic drugs, potentially forming the basis for precision cancer medicine in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnéa Malgerud
- Center for Digestive Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Lindberg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology & Biostatistics (MEB), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Valtteri Wirta
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Masoud Karimi
- Department of Oncology at Radiumhemmet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marco Del Chiaro
- Center for Digestive Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephan L Haas
- Center for Digestive Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rainer L Heuchel
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Permert
- Innovation Office, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus J Maeurer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Caroline S Verbeke
- Department of Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Engstrand
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Henrik Grönberg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology & Biostatistics (MEB), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johannes Matthias Löhr
- Center for Digestive Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Bai Y, Wu HW, Ma X, Liu Y, Zhang YH. Relationship between UGT1A1*6/*28 gene polymorphisms and the efficacy and toxicity of irinotecan-based chemotherapy. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:3071-3081. [PMID: 28790841 PMCID: PMC5488790 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s137644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose A retrospective study was performed to analyze the relationship between uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) *6/*28 gene polymorphisms and adverse reactions associated with irinotecan (CPT-11)-based chemotherapy. The correlation between UGT1A1 polymorphisms and the clinical efficacy of CPT-11 was also analyzed, along with the influence of age and tumor type. Patients and methods Patients administered a CPT-11-based regimen in the Beijing Cancer Hospital from April 2015 to September 2016 were included in our study (n=81). Blood samples for detecting UGT1A1 were collected from each patient after various administration regimens. Results Colorectal cancer patients with the UGT1A1*6 mutant genotype had a significantly higher risk of severe delayed diarrhea than that of wild-type individuals when administered a CPT-11 dose ≥130 mg/m2 (P=0.042); the same phenomenon was observed when the UGT1A1*6 and UGT1A1*28 mutant genotypes were considered together (P=0.028). However, in lung cancer patients administered a low dose of CPT-11, UGT1A1*6/*28 variants were not significantly associated with severe neutropenia or delayed diarrhea. Furthermore, adult patients with the UGT1A1*6 mutation were more likely to develop severe delayed diarrhea than did wild-type adults (P=0.013); however, the difference was not significant in elderly patients. No significant differences in tumor response were found among the different genotypes (P>0.05). Conclusion Thus, age and tumor type influence our ability to predict adverse reactions based on UGT1A1 gene polymorphisms in cancer patients. Further, UGT1A1 gene polymorphisms are not correlated with the efficacy of CPT-11-based regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Bai
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Hua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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16
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López-Cortés A, Guerrero S, Redal MA, Alvarado AT, Quiñones LA. State of Art of Cancer Pharmacogenomics in Latin American Populations. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E639. [PMID: 28545225 PMCID: PMC5485925 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18060639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, several studies have shown that tumor-related somatic and germline alterations predicts tumor prognosis, drug response and toxicity. Latin American populations present a vast geno-phenotypic diversity due to the great interethnic and interracial mixing. This genetic flow leads to the appearance of complex characteristics that allow individuals to adapt to endemic environments, such as high altitude or extreme tropical weather. These genetic changes, most of them subtle and unexplored, could establish a mutational profile to develop new pharmacogenomic therapies specific for Latin American populations. In this review, we present the current status of research on somatic and germline alterations in Latin America compared to those found in Caucasian and Asian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés López-Cortés
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial, Quito 170527, Ecuador.
| | - Santiago Guerrero
- Gene Regulation, Stem Cells and Cancer Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona 08003, Spain.
| | - María Ana Redal
- Instituto de Fisiopatología y Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Diagnóstico Molecular, MEDgenomica, Buenos Aires 1000-1499, Argentina.
| | - Angel Tito Alvarado
- Unidad de Bioequivalencia y Medicina Personalizada, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Lima 12, Peru.
| | - Luis Abel Quiñones
- Laboratory of Chemical Carcinogenesis and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Basic-Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 70111, Chile.
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17
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Attri KS, Murthy D, Singh PK. Racial disparity in metabolic regulation of cancer. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2017; 22:1221-1246. [PMID: 28199202 DOI: 10.2741/4543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Genetic mutations and metabolic reprogramming are two key hallmarks of cancer, required for proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of the disease. While genetic mutations, whether inherited or acquired, are critical for the initiation of tumor development, metabolic reprogramming is an effector mechanism imperative for adaptational transition during the progression of cancer. Recent findings in the literature emphasize the significance of molecular cross-talk between these two cellular processes in regulating signaling and differentiation of cancer cells. Genome-wide sequencing analyses of cancer genomes have highlighted the association of various genic mutations in predicting cancer risk and survival. Oncogenic mutational frequency is heterogeneously distributed among various cancer types in different populations, resulting in varying susceptibility to cancer risk. In this review, we explore and discuss the role of genetic mutations in metabolic enzymes and metabolic oncoregulators to stratify cancer risk in persons of different racial backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep S Attri
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, 68198, USA
| | - Divya Murthy
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, 68198, USA
| | - Pankaj K Singh
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, 68198, USA,
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18
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Zhang Y, Somtakoune SD, Cheung C, Listiawan M, Feng X. Therapeutic Application of Pharmacogenomics in Oncology. AAPS JOURNAL 2016; 18:819-29. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-016-9926-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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19
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Ur Rehman SS, Lim K, Wang-Gillam A. Nanoliposomal irinotecan plus fluorouracil and folinic acid: a new treatment option in metastatic pancreatic cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2016; 16:485-92. [PMID: 27043737 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2016.1174581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains a deadly disease with half of patients diagnosed in the metastatic setting. Until recently, patients after progression on front-line gemcitabine-based regimen had no standard second-line option, although flouropyrimidine-based regimens were frequently used in this setting. Encapsulation of chemotherapeutics in liposomal formulation is an effective way of prolonging drug deposition thereby enhancing cytotoxic efficacy. In a large phase III randomized trial on metastatic PDAC patients who progressed after gemcitabine-based chemotherapy, a novel nanoliposome-encapsulated irinotecan (PEP02, MM-398, nal-IRI, Onivyde, Merrimack, Boston, US) plus fluorouracil and folinic acid demonstrated a significant survival advantage compared to fluorouracil and folinic acid alone. This pivotal study led to the recent FDA approval of nanoliposomal irinotecan in patients with metastatic PDAC. In this article, we will review the literature regarding existing treatment options for metastatic PDAC, focusing specifically on nanoliposomal irinotecan in the clinical setting and its future implication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Saif Ur Rehman
- a Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine , Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Kian Lim
- a Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine , Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis , MO , USA.,b Siteman Cancer Center , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Andrea Wang-Gillam
- a Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine , Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis , MO , USA.,b Siteman Cancer Center , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
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20
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New alicyclic thiosemicarbazone chelated zinc(II) antitumor complexes: Interactions with DNA/protein, nuclease activity and inhibition of topoisomerase-I. Polyhedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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21
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Yan SK, Liu RH, Jin HZ, Liu XR, Ye J, Shan L, Zhang WD. "Omics" in pharmaceutical research: overview, applications, challenges, and future perspectives. Chin J Nat Med 2015; 13:3-21. [PMID: 25660284 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(15)60002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In the post-genomic era, biological studies are characterized by the rapid development and wide application of a series of "omics" technologies, including genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, transcriptomics, lipidomics, cytomics, metallomics, ionomics, interactomics, and phenomics. These "omics" are often based on global analyses of biological samples using high through-put analytical approaches and bioinformatics and may provide new insights into biological phenomena. In this paper, the development and advances in these omics made in the past decades are reviewed, especially genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics; the applications of omics technologies in pharmaceutical research are then summarized in the fields of drug target discovery, toxicity evaluation, personalized medicine, and traditional Chinese medicine; and finally, the limitations of omics are discussed, along with the future challenges associated with the multi-omics data processing, dynamics omics analysis, and analytical approaches, as well as amenable solutions and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Kai Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Run-Hui Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hui-Zi Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xin-Ru Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ji Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lei Shan
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wei-Dong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 200040, China.
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22
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Abstract
The severity of the toxic side effects of chemotherapy shows a great deal of interindividual variability, and much of this variation is likely genetically based. Simple DNA tests predictive of toxic side effects could revolutionize the way chemotherapy is carried out. Due to the challenges in identifying polymorphisms that affect toxicity in humans, we use Drosophila fecundity following oral exposure to carboplatin, gemcitabine and mitomycin C as a model system to identify naturally occurring DNA variants predictive of toxicity. We use the Drosophila Synthetic Population Resource (DSPR), a panel of recombinant inbred lines derived from a multiparent advanced intercross, to map quantitative trait loci affecting chemotoxicity. We identify two QTL each for carboplatin and gemcitabine toxicity and none for mitomycin. One QTL is associated with fly orthologs of a priori human carboplatin candidate genes ABCC2 and MSH2, and a second QTL is associated with fly orthologs of human gemcitabine candidate genes RRM2 and RRM2B. The third, a carboplatin QTL, is associated with a posteriori human orthologs from solute carrier family 7A, INPP4A&B, and NALCN. The fourth, a gemcitabine QTL that also affects methotrexate toxicity, is associated with human ortholog GPx4. Mapped QTL each explain a significant fraction of variation in toxicity, yet individual SNPs and transposable elements in the candidate gene regions fail to singly explain QTL peaks. Furthermore, estimates of founder haplotype effects are consistent with genes harboring several segregating functional alleles. We find little evidence for nonsynonymous SNPs explaining mapped QTL; thus it seems likely that standing variation in toxicity is due to regulatory alleles.
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23
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Vijayan P, Viswanathamurthi P, Velmurugan K, Nandhakumar R, Balakumaran MD, Kalaichelvan PT, Malecki JG. Nickel(ii) and copper(ii) complexes constructed with N2S2 hybrid benzamidine–thiosemicarbazone ligand: synthesis, X-ray crystal structure, DFT, kinetico-catalytic and in vitro biological applications. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra18568h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report nickel(ii) and copper(ii) complexes containing the benzamidine–thiosemicarbazone ligand together with DFT, enzyme kinetics and in vitro biological applications such as DNA/BSA affinities and anticancer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Raju Nandhakumar
- Department of Chemistry
- Karunya University
- Coimbatore-641 114
- India
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Tissue-specific selection of optimal reference genes for expression analysis of anti-cancer drug-related genes in tumor samples using quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Exp Mol Pathol 2014; 98:375-81. [PMID: 25445497 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Gene transcription analysis in clinical tumor samples can help with diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of cancers. We aimed to identify the optimal reference genes for reliable expression analysis in various tumor samples by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Using a one-step TaqMan-based qRT-PCR, 5 commonly used reference genes (ACTB, GAPDH, RPLPO, GUSB, and TFRC) and 10 anticancer drug-related genes (TYMS, RRM1, TUBB3, STMN1, TOP2A, EGFR, VEGFR2, HER2, ERCC1, and BRCA1) were analyzed in 327 tissue samples from lung, rectal, colon, gastric, esophageal, and breast tumors. According to the expression stability assessments obtained by using three programs (geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper) and a comprehensive ranking method, the optimal reference genes for lung, gastric, esophageal, and breast tumors were RPLPO, GAPDH, ACTB, and ACTB, respectively. For rectal tumors, a combination of the 3 most stable genes (GUSB, ACTB, and RPLPO) was suitable for qRT-PCR, whereas for colon tumors, a combination of the 4 most stable genes (GAPDH, ACTB, GUSB, and RPLPO) was optimal for qRT-PCR. Based on the expression data of target genes normalized against selected reference genes, the principal component analysis revealed 4 expression patterns in 6 different tissues. One pattern was observed in gastric, rectal, and colon tumor tissues, which are gastrointestinal tumors. Expressions in the breast, lung, and esophageal tissues were separately represented as one pattern. Our results could facilitate the practice of personalized cancer medicine based on the gene expression profile of the patients.
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Lee KC, Maturo C, Perera CN, Luddy J, Rodriguez R, Shorr R. Translational assessment of mitochondrial dysfunction of pancreatic cancer from in vitro gene microarray and animal efficacy studies, to early clinical studies, via the novel tumor-specific anti-mitochondrial agent, CPI-613. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2014; 2:91. [PMID: 25405166 PMCID: PMC4205874 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2014.05.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
STUDY RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Via genetic alterations, malignant transformation and proliferation are associated with extensive alterations of mitochondrial energy metabolism of tumor cells. Thus, inhibition of the altered form of mitochondrial energy metabolism of tumor cells may be an effective therapy for cancers. This study performed translational assessment of mitochondrial dysfunction of pancreatic cancer from in vitro gene microarray and animal efficacy studies, to early clinical studies, via the novel tumor-specific anti-mitochondrial agent, CPI-613. METHODS The gene profiles of BxPC-3 human pancreatic tumor cells and non-transformed NIH-3T3 mouse fibroblast cells (negative control), after CPI-613 or sham treatment, were assessed and compared using microarray technique. The anti-cancer efficacies of CPI-613 and Gemcitabine were assessed and compared in mice with xenograft from inoculation of BxPC-3 human pancreatic tumor cells, based on the degree of tumor growth inhibition and prolongation of survival when compared to vehicle treatment. The anti-cancer activities, according to overall survival (OS), of CPI-613 alone and in combination with Gemcitabine were assessed in patients with Stage IV pancreatic cancer. RESULTS Microarray studies indicated that CPI-613 down-regulated the expression of Cyclin D3, E1, E2, F, A2, B1 and CDK2 genes of BxPC-3 pancreatic cancer cells but not non-transformed NIH-3T3 mouse fibroblast cells (negative control). In mice with pancreatic carcinoma xenografts, four weekly intraperitoneal injections of either CPI-613 (25 mg/kg/administration) or Gemcitabine (50 mg/kg/administration) inhibited tumor growth and prolonged survival when compared to vehicle treatment. The degree of tumor growth inhibition was ~2×, and prolongation of survival was ~4×, greater with CPI-613 treatment than with Gemcitabine treatment. In patients with Stage IV advanced pancreatic cancer, CPI-613 at 420-1,300 mg/m(2), given twice weekly for three weeks followed by a week of rest (i.e., 3-week-on-1-week-off) as monotherapy, provided median OS of 15 months in three patients. CPI-613 at 150-320 mg/m(2) given twice weekly on the 3-week-on-1-week-off dosing schedule, coinciding with Gemcitabine (1,000 mg/m(2)) given once weekly on the 3-week-on-1-week-off dosing schedule, provided median OS of 17.8 months in four patients. These median OS values from CPI-613 monotherapy and CPI-613 + Gemcitabine treatment tend to be longer than those in patients treated with Abraxane + Gemcitabine combination or FOLFININOX (median OS ~12 months). CONCLUSIONS The dysfunctional mitochondria of pancreatic cancer cells was translationable from in vitro gene alteration and animal tumor model studies to patients with advanced Stage IV pancreatic cancer, as reflected by the anti-cancer activities of the tumor-specific anti-mitochondrial agent, CPI-613, in these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- King C Lee
- 1 Cornerstone Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 1 Duncan Drive, Cranbury, NJ 08512, USA ; 2 Quinnipiac University, 275 Mount Carmel Avenue, Hamden, CT 06518, USA
| | - Claudia Maturo
- 1 Cornerstone Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 1 Duncan Drive, Cranbury, NJ 08512, USA ; 2 Quinnipiac University, 275 Mount Carmel Avenue, Hamden, CT 06518, USA
| | - Candida N Perera
- 1 Cornerstone Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 1 Duncan Drive, Cranbury, NJ 08512, USA ; 2 Quinnipiac University, 275 Mount Carmel Avenue, Hamden, CT 06518, USA
| | - John Luddy
- 1 Cornerstone Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 1 Duncan Drive, Cranbury, NJ 08512, USA ; 2 Quinnipiac University, 275 Mount Carmel Avenue, Hamden, CT 06518, USA
| | - Robert Rodriguez
- 1 Cornerstone Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 1 Duncan Drive, Cranbury, NJ 08512, USA ; 2 Quinnipiac University, 275 Mount Carmel Avenue, Hamden, CT 06518, USA
| | - Robert Shorr
- 1 Cornerstone Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 1 Duncan Drive, Cranbury, NJ 08512, USA ; 2 Quinnipiac University, 275 Mount Carmel Avenue, Hamden, CT 06518, USA
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Carlsson G, Odin E, Gustavsson B, Wettergren Y. Pretherapeutic uracil and dihydrouracil levels in saliva of colorectal cancer patients are associated with toxicity during adjuvant 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2014; 74:757-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-014-2553-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Zhuo W, Hu L, Lv J, Wang H, Zhou H, Fan L. Role of pregnane X receptor in chemotherapeutic treatment. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2014; 74:217-27. [PMID: 24889719 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-014-2494-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily that differently expresses not only in human normal tissues but also in numerous types of human cancers. PXR can be activated by many endogenous substances and exogenous chemicals, and thus affects chemotherapeutic effects and intervenes drug-drug interactions by regulating its target genes involving drug metabolism and transportation, cell proliferation and apoptosis, and modulating endobiotic homeostasis. Tissue and context-specific regulation of PXR contributes to diverse effects in the treatment for numerous cancers. Genetic variants of PXR lead to intra- and inter-individual differences in the expression and inducibility of PXR, resulting in different responses to chemotherapy in PXR-positive cancers. The purpose of this review is to summarize and discuss the role of PXR in the metabolism and clearance of anticancer drugs. It is also expected that this review will provide insights into PXR-mediated enhancement for chemotherapeutic treatment, prediction of drug-drug interactions and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhuo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China
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Schelhaas S, Wachsmuth L, Viel T, Honess DJ, Heinzmann K, Smith DM, Hermann S, Wagner S, Kuhlmann MT, Müller-Tidow C, Kopka K, Schober O, Schäfers M, Schneider R, Aboagye EO, Griffiths J, Faber C, Jacobs AH. Variability of Proliferation and Diffusion in Different Lung Cancer Models as Measured by 3'-Deoxy-3'-¹⁸F-Fluorothymidine PET and Diffusion-Weighted MR Imaging. J Nucl Med 2014; 55:983-8. [PMID: 24777288 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.113.133348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Molecular imaging allows the noninvasive assessment of cancer progression and response to therapy. The aim of this study was to investigate molecular and cellular determinants of 3'-deoxy-3'-(18)F-fluorothymidine ((18)F-FLT) PET and diffusion-weighted (DW) MR imaging in lung carcinoma xenografts. METHODS Four lung cancer cell lines (A549, HTB56, EBC1, and H1975) were subcutaneously implanted in nude mice, and growth was followed by caliper measurements. Glucose uptake and tumor proliferation were determined by (18)F-FDG and (18)F-FLT PET, respectively. T2-weighted MR imaging was performed, and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) was determined by DW MR imaging as an indicator of cell death. Imaging findings were correlated to histology with markers for tumor proliferation (Ki67, 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine [BrdU]) and cell death (caspase-3, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling). The expression of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1), thymidine kinase 1 (TK1), thymidylate synthase, and thymidine phosphorylase (TP) were analyzed by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Thymidine levels were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS Xenografts varied with respect to in vivo growth rates. MR imaging and PET revealed intratumoral heterogeneities, which were confirmed by histology. (18)F-FLT uptake differed significantly between tumor lines, with A549 and H1975 demonstrating the highest radiotracer accumulation (A549, 8.5 ± 3.2; HTB56, 4.4 ± 0.7; EBC1, 4.4 ± 1.2; and H1975, 12.1 ± 3.5 maximal percentage injected dose per milliliter). In contrast, differences in (18)F-FDG uptake were only marginal. No clear relationship between (18)F-FLT accumulation and immunohistochemical markers for tumor proliferation (Ki67, BrdU) as well as hENT1, TK1, or TS expression was detected. However, TP was highly expressed in A549 and H1975 xenografts, which was accompanied by low tumor thymidine concentrations, suggesting that tumor thymidine levels influence (18)F-FLT uptake in the tumor models investigated. MR imaging revealed higher ADC values within proliferative regions of H1975 and A549 tumors than in HTB56 and EBC1. These ADC values were negatively correlated with cell density but not directly related to cell death. CONCLUSION A direct relationship of (18)F-FLT with proliferation or ADC with cell death might be complicated by the interplay of multiple processes at the cellular and physiologic levels in untreated tumors. This issue must be considered when using these imaging modalities in preclinical or clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Schelhaas
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lydia Wachsmuth
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Viel
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Davina J Honess
- Cancer Research United Kingdom Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kathrin Heinzmann
- Cancer Research United Kingdom Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sven Hermann
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Wagner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Michael T Kuhlmann
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Carsten Müller-Tidow
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Otmar Schober
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Münster, Münster, Germany Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Schäfers
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Münster, Münster, Germany Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Eric O Aboagye
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - John Griffiths
- Cancer Research United Kingdom Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Cornelius Faber
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas H Jacobs
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Münster, Münster, Germany Department of Geriatric Medicine, Johanniter Hospital, Bonn, Germany
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Honma HN, Perroud MW, Leme MST, Barbeiro AS, Saad BA, Morcillo AM, Vassallo J, Costa DB, Zambon L. EGFR activating mutations and their association with response to platinum-doublet chemotherapy in Brazilian non-small cell lung cancer patients. Target Oncol 2014; 9:389-94. [PMID: 24793378 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-014-0314-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to analyze the frequency of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations in Brazilian non-small cell lung cancer patients and to correlate these mutations with response to benefit of platinum-based chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Our cohort consisted of prospective patients with NSCLCs who received chemotherapy (platinum derivates plus paclitaxel) at the [UNICAMP], Brazil. EGFR exons 18-21 were analyzed in tumor-derived DNA. Fifty patients were included in the study (25 with adenocarcinoma). EGFR mutations were identified in 6/50 (12 %) NSCLCs and in 6/25 (24 %) adenocarcinomas; representing the frequency of EGFR mutations in a mostly self-reported White (82.0 %) southeastern Brazilian population of NSCLCs. Patients with NSCLCs harboring EGFR exon 19 deletions or the exon 21 L858R mutation were found to have a higher chance of response to platinum-paclitaxel (OR 9.67 [95 % CI 1.03-90.41], p = 0.047). We report the frequency of EGFR activating mutations in a typical southeastern Brazilian population with NSCLC, which are similar to that of other countries with Western European ethnicity. EGFR mutations seem to be predictive of a response to platinum-paclitaxel, and additional studies are needed to confirm or refute this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen N Honma
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo nº 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Distrito de Barão Geraldo, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Burt T, Dhillon S. Pharmacogenomics in early-phase clinical development. Pharmacogenomics 2014; 14:1085-97. [PMID: 23837482 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.13.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacogenomics (PGx) offers the promise of utilizing genetic fingerprints to predict individual responses to drugs in terms of safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetics. Early-phase clinical trial PGx applications can identify human genome variations that are meaningful to study design, selection of participants, allocation of resources and clinical research ethics. Results can inform later-phase study design and pipeline developmental decisions. Nevertheless, our review of the clinicaltrials.gov database demonstrates that PGx is rarely used by drug developers. Of the total 323 trials that included PGx as an outcome, 80% have been conducted by academic institutions after initial regulatory approval. Barriers for the application of PGx are discussed. We propose a framework for the role of PGx in early-phase drug development and recommend PGx be universally considered in study design, result interpretation and hypothesis generation for later-phase studies, but PGx results from underpowered studies should not be used by themselves to terminate drug-development programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Burt
- Duke Global Proof-of-Concept (POC) Research Network, Duke Clinical Research Unit (DCRU) & Duke Clinical Research Institute (DCRI), Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Beamer LC, Linder L, Wu B, Eggert J. The Impact of Genomics on Oncology Nursing. Nurs Clin North Am 2013; 48:585-626. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cnur.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Gupta RK, Sharma G, Pandey R, Kumar A, Koch B, Li PZ, Xu Q, Pandey DS. DNA/Protein Binding, Molecular Docking, and in Vitro Anticancer Activity of Some Thioether-Dipyrrinato Complexes. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:13984-96. [DOI: 10.1021/ic401662d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Pei-Zhou Li
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31, Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Qiang Xu
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31, Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
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The genetic architecture of methotrexate toxicity is similar in Drosophila melanogaster and humans. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2013; 3:1301-10. [PMID: 23733889 PMCID: PMC3737169 DOI: 10.1534/g3.113.006619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The severity of the toxic side effects of chemotherapy varies among patients, and much of this variation is likely genetically based. Here, we use the model system Drosophila melanogaster to genetically dissect the toxicity of methotrexate (MTX), a drug used primarily to treat childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and rheumatoid arthritis. We use the Drosophila Synthetic Population Resource, a panel of recombinant inbred lines derived from a multiparent advanced intercross, and quantify MTX toxicity as a reduction in female fecundity. We identify three quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting MTX toxicity; two colocalize with the fly orthologs of human genes believed to mediate MTX toxicity and one is a novel MTX toxicity gene with a human ortholog. A fourth suggestive QTL spans a centromere. Local single-marker association scans of candidate gene exons fail to implicate amino acid variants as the causative single-nucleotide polymorphisms, and we therefore hypothesize the causative variation is regulatory. In addition, the effects at our mapped QTL do not conform to a simple biallelic pattern, suggesting multiple causative factors underlie the QTL mapping results. Consistent with this observation, no single single-nucleotide polymorphism located in or near a candidate gene can explain the QTL mapping signal. Overall, our results validate D. melanogaster as a model for uncovering the genetic basis of chemotoxicity and suggest the genetic basis of MTX toxicity is due to a handful of genes each harboring multiple segregating regulatory factors.
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Abstract
Pharmacogenomics and its predecessor pharmacogenetics study the contribution of genetic factors to the interindividual variability in drug efficacy and safety. One of the major goals of pharmacogenomics is to tailor drugs to individuals based on their genetic makeup and molecular profile. From early findings in the 1950s uncovering inherited deficiencies in drug metabolism that explained drug-related adverse events, to nowadays genome-wide approaches assessing genetic variation in multiple genes, pharmacogenomics has come a long way. The evolution of pharmacogenomics has paralleled the evolution of genotyping technologies, the completion of the human genome sequencing and the HapMap project. Despite these advances, the implementation of pharmacogenomics in clinical practice has yet been limited. Here we present an overview of the history and current applications of pharmacogenomics in patient selection, dosing, and drug development with illustrative examples of these categories. Some of the challenges in the field and future perspectives are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosane Charlab
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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Silva IH, Nogueira-Silva C, Figueiredo T, Lombo L, Faustino I, Catarino R, Nogueira A, Pereira D, Medeiros R. The impact of GGH -401C>T polymorphism on cisplatin-based chemoradiotherapy response and survival in cervical cancer. Gene 2013; 512:247-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Pharmacogenomics of phase II metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters: clinical implications. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2012; 13:105-9. [PMID: 23044602 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2012.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The clinical impact of pharmacogenomics remains a hot topic of current research efforts. Although pharmacogenomics of phase I metabolizing enzymes seems to have been well studied, knowledge on the clinical impact of genetic variability of phase II metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters is more limited. This paper reviews data on the pharmacogenomics of phase II metabolizing enzymes as well as of ATP binding cassette transporters and of solute carrier transporters focusing on clinical implications for drug efficacy and drug toxicity. The clinical impact of some of these polymorphisms has been well defined i.e. the association between polymorphisms of organic anion transporter polypeptides and statin induced myopathy. However, as the same drug may be substrate for different enzymes and different transporters, it is difficult to elucidate the impact of each polymorphism. Investigating the impact of multiple polymorphisms might be more clinically meaningful, although methodologically challenging.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Identification of the genes responsible for chemotherapy toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster may allow for the identification of human orthologs that similarly mediate toxicity in humans. To develop D. melanogaster as a model of dissecting chemotoxicity, we first need to develop standardized high-throughput toxicity assays and prove that the interindividual variation in toxicity as measured by such assays is highly heritable. METHODS We developed a method for the oral delivery of commonly used chemotherapy drugs to Drosophila. Post-treatment female fecundity displayed a dose-dependent response to varying levels of the chemotherapy drug delivered. We fixed the dose for each drug at a level that resulted in a 50% reduction in fecundity and used a paternal half-sibling heritability design to calculate the heritability attributable to chemotherapy toxicity assayed by a decrease in female fecundity. The chemotherapy agents tested were carboplatin, floxuridine, gemcitabine hydrochloride, methotrexate, mitomycin C, and topotecan hydrochloride. RESULTS We found that six currently widely prescribed chemotherapeutic agents lowered fecundity in D. melanogaster in both a dose-dependent and a highly heritable manner. The following heritability estimates were found: carboplatin, 0.72; floxuridine, 0.52; gemcitabine hydrochloride, 0.72; methotrexate, 0.99; mitomycin C, 0.64; and topotecan hydrochloride, 0.63. CONCLUSION The high heritability estimates observed in this study, irrespective of the particular class of drug examined, suggest that human toxicity may also have a sizable genetic component.
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Cui Y, Brosnan JA, Blackford AL, Sur S, Hruban RH, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Maitra A, Diaz LA, Iacobuzio-Donahue CA, Eshleman JR. Genetically defined subsets of human pancreatic cancer show unique in vitro chemosensitivity. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:6519-30. [PMID: 22753594 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-0827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pancreatic cancer is the fourth cause of death from cancer in the western world. Majority of patients present with advanced unresectable disease responding poorly to most chemotherapeutic agents. Chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer might be improved by adjusting it to individual genetic profiles. We attempt to identify genetic predictors of chemosensitivity to broad classes of anticancer drugs. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Using a panel of genetically defined human pancreatic cancer cell lines, we tested gemcitabine (antimetabolite), docetaxel (antimicrotubule), mitomycin C (MMC; alkylating), irinotecan (topoisomerase I inhibitor), cisplatin (crosslinking), KU0058948 (Parp1 inhibitor), triptolide (terpenoid drug), and artemisinin (control). RESULTS All pancreatic cancer cell lines were sensitive to triptolide and docetaxel. Most pancreatic cancer cells were also sensitive to gemcitabine and MMC. The vast majority of pancreatic cancer cell lines were insensitive to cisplatin, irinotecan, and a Parp1 inhibitor. However, individual cell lines were often sensitive to these compounds in unique ways. We found that DPC4/SMAD4 inactivation sensitized pancreatic cancer cells to cisplatin and irinotecan by 2- to 4-fold, but they were modestly less sensitive to gemcitabine. Pancreatic cancer cells were all sensitive to triptolide and 18% were sensitive to the Parp1 inhibitor. P16/CDKN2A-inactivated pancreatic cancer cells were 3- to 4-fold less sensitive to gemcitabine and MMC. CONCLUSIONS Chemosensitivity of pancreatic cancer cells correlated with some specific genetic profiles. These results support the hypothesis that genetic subsets of pancreatic cancer exist, and these genetic backgrounds may permit one to personalize the chemotherapy of pancreatic cancer in the future. Further work will need to confirm these responses and determine their magnitude in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Cui
- Department of Pathology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
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Prediction of copper transport protein 1 (CTR1) genotype on severe cisplatin induced toxicity in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Lung Cancer 2012; 77:438-42. [PMID: 22516052 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2012.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2011] [Revised: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cisplatin toxicity severely obstacles successful chemotherapy in lung cancer patients. Cisplatin uptake is considered as one of the major factors contributing to the side effects of cisplatin. Genetic variances of core genes also affect cisplatin toxicity. It has been identified that CTR1, copper transporter protein 1, plays an essential role in cisplatin uptake. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether CTR1 polymorphism is associated with platinum toxicity in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. METHOD 204 incident NSCLC patients from three different institutions were enrolled and followed up. These patients were histologically confirmed with non-small cell lung cancer. All patients have accepted cisplatin-based chemotherapy for at least two cycles. Twenty SNPs of CTR1 were detected in these patients. RESULT CTR1 rs10981694 A>C polymorphism is associated with cisplatin induced severe toxicity in NSCLC patients. C-carrier subjects presented poorer tolerance to ototoxicity (p<0.05). The survival times of patients with different rs10981694 genetic polymorphism were not significantly different. CONCLUSION NSCLC patients carrying C allele of CTR1 rs10981694 presented more sensitivity to ototoxicity after cisplatin treatment. CTR1 plays an essential role in cisplatin toxicity and could be considered as a predictor for pretreatment evaluation in lung cancer patients.
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Ji M, Tang J, Zhao J, Xu B, Qin J, Lu J. Polymorphisms in genes involved in drug detoxification and clinical outcomes of anthracycline-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy in Chinese Han breast cancer patients. Cancer Biol Ther 2012; 13:264-71. [PMID: 22310978 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.18920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The large individual variability for anticancer drugs in both outcome and toxicity risk makes the identification of pharmacogenetic markers that can be used to screen patients before therapy selection an attractive prospect. AIMS This work aimed to evaluate the importance of genetic polymorphisms involved in drug detoxification to predict clinical outcomes of anthracycline-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. RESULTS GSTP1 313 AA genotype was associated with a poor clinical response relative to G allele carrier (58.4% vs 80.8%; p = 0.006), and MDR1 3435 TT genotype had a worse response compared with C allele carrier (33.3% vs 71.2% p = 0.001). Patients with both the adverse genotypes of GSTP1 314AA and MDR 3435TT showed the worst therapy efficacy in all (14.3%; p = 0.000). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the patients with no adverse genotype were associated with decreased hazard of relapse (p = 0.002), compared with those with 1 or 2 adverse genotypes. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that clinical response and no adverse genotype was independent predictors of disease-free survival (DFS). METHODS Genotyping was performed by allele-specific oligonucleotide ligation reaction (MnSOD, CAT, GSTP1), multiplex PCR (GSTM1, GSTT1) or PCR-RFLP (MDR1). Based on 153 patients received anthracycline-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy, these genotypes or their combinations in relation to treatment-related response, hematologic toxicity and DFS were investigated. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that polymorphisms in GSTP1 and MDR1 may help to predict clinical response and DFS of anthracycline-based chemotherapy, and a polygenic pathway approach should provide more useful information. The findings required independent prospective confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghua Ji
- Department of Radiotherapy, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, China
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Ji M, Tang J, Zhao J, Xu B, Qin J, Lu J. Polymorphisms in genes involved in drug detoxification and clinical outcomes of anthracycline-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy in Chinese Han breast cancer patients. Cancer Biol Ther 2012; 13:264-271. [PMID: 22310978 PMCID: PMC3367712 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.13.5.18920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The large individual variability for anticancer drugs in both outcome and toxicity risk makes the identification of pharmacogenetic markers that can be used to screen patients before therapy selection an attractive prospect. AIMS This work aimed to evaluate the importance of genetic polymorphisms involved in drug detoxification to predict clinical outcomes of anthracycline-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. RESULTS GSTP1 313 AA genotype was associated with a poor clinical response relative to G allele carrier (58.4% vs 80.8%; p = 0.006), and MDR1 3435 TT genotype had a worse response compared with C allele carrier (33.3% vs 71.2% p = 0.001). Patients with both the adverse genotypes of GSTP1 314AA and MDR 3435TT showed the worst therapy efficacy in all (14.3%; p = 0.000). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the patients with no adverse genotype were associated with decreased hazard of relapse (p = 0.002), compared with those with 1 or 2 adverse genotypes. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that clinical response and no adverse genotype was independent predictors of disease-free survival (DFS). METHODS Genotyping was performed by allele-specific oligonucleotide ligation reaction (MnSOD, CAT, GSTP1), multiplex PCR (GSTM1, GSTT1) or PCR-RFLP (MDR1). Based on 153 patients received anthracycline-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy, these genotypes or their combinations in relation to treatment-related response, hematologic toxicity and DFS were investigated. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that polymorphisms in GSTP1 and MDR1 may help to predict clinical response and DFS of anthracycline-based chemotherapy, and a polygenic pathway approach should provide more useful information. The findings required independent prospective confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghua Ji
- Department of Radiotherapy; Jiangsu Cancer Hospital; Nanjing, China
| | - Jinhai Tang
- Department of General Surgery; Jiangsu Cancer Hospital; Nanjing, China
| | - Jianhua Zhao
- Center of Clinical Laboratory Science; Jiangsu Cancer Hospital; Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Center of Clinical Laboratory Science; Jiangsu Cancer Hospital; Nanjing, China
| | - Jianwei Qin
- Department of General Surgery; Jiangsu Cancer Hospital; Nanjing, China
| | - Jianwei Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine; Jiangsu Cancer Hospital; Nanjing, China
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Scalvini A, Ferrari V, Bodei S, Arcangeli G, Consoli F, Spano P, Sigala S. Involvement of target gene polymorphisms in 5-Fluorouracil toxicity: a case report. Pharmacology 2012; 89:99-102. [PMID: 22343422 DOI: 10.1159/000335784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Personalized medicine is becoming an important tool in oncology, both in preventing disease and in optimizing the treatment of existing cancers. Here we describe the cases of 2 patients with relevant systemic toxicity following 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) therapy and we study the more frequent polymorphisms in the target genes, in particular: (1) the variability in the number of 28-base repetitions present in the 5'-untranslated sequence of the thymidine synthase gene; (2) the presence of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase gene, and (3) the presence of mRNA splicing in intron 14 of the hepatic enzyme dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase. The 5-FU gene profile of our patients strongly suggested that the polymorphisms expressed may contribute to the adverse effects seen during the therapy. To what extent these polymorphisms induced adverse effects cannot be established at present; however, our results strengthen the relevance of the 5-FU-related pharmacogenomic profile to predict the response outcome and the chemotherapy toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Scalvini
- Division of Oncology, AO Spedali Civili, University of Brescia Medical School, Brescia, Italy
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Liang KH, Lin CC, Yeh CT. GALNT14 SNP as a potential predictor of response to combination chemotherapy using 5-FU, mitoxantrone and cisplatin in advanced HCC. Pharmacogenomics 2011; 12:1061-73. [PMID: 21635146 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.11.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Despite the availability of targeted anticancer agents, combination chemotherapy remains an option for patients with far advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. We aimed to identify germline SNP markers in order to predict the objective response of combination chemotherapy using 5-fluorouracil, mitoxantrone and cisplatin (FMP). MATERIALS & METHODS This study was conducted in two steps. First, a genome-wide retrospective screen was performed in a cohort of 16 patients. A candidate SNP marker was identified as being associated with the objective responses to the first course of FMP. Second, a validation of this candidate SNP was performed prospectively in an independent cohort of 41 patients. The survival curves were also compared in patient subgroups stratified by the SNP marker. RESULTS The genome-wide screening revealed several candidate markers, including seven adjacent SNPs residing in a 5-kb linkage disequilibrium block and in an intronic region of GALNT14 on chromosome 2. Among them, the SNP rs9679162 manifested the strongest association when genotypic tests and kernel-based association tests were performed. Significant association was found again between rs9679162 and the therapeutic responses in the validation cohort (p = 0.006326). A follow-up survival analysis demonstrated that patients with a homozygous rs9679162 genotype had better progression-free survival in both the retrospective and prospective cohorts (p = 0.00041 and 0.01485, respectively) than the other genotypes did. However, the overall survival curve is only different in the retrospective cohort (p = 0.00622) and not in the prospective cohort. CONCLUSION The rs9679162 GALNT14 genotype is potentially associated with the objective response of the first course of FMP chemotherapy in patients with far advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Abstract
Medico-legal autopsy is the primary method in determining the cause and manner of death when the death is suspected to be unnatural. In some of these autopsies, the death remains ambiguous, even after a complete autopsy including histological investigation and toxicological screenings. In cases where there are no morphological abnormalities, medico-legal genetics may offer additional means to provide knowledge of possible genetic mutations, which may have initiated the process or predisposed the individual to stress risk conditions leading to death. One class of ambiguous deaths consists of drug-related deaths where the interpretation of the toxicological results are not clear. In such situations post mortem genotyping and the analysis of metabolite rations may provide an insight to the findings. A few cases demonstrating the potential strength of pharmacogenetics in medico-legal context has been published. However, there is a paramount need for serious scientific studies before the field of post mortem pharmacogenetics can be utilized in routine medico-legal analyses casework and brought routinely into courtroom.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sajantila
- Hjelt Institute, Department of Forensic Medicine, P.O. Box 14, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Wolf E, Blankenburg M, Bogner JR, Becker W, Gorriahn D, Mueller MC, Jaeger H, Welte R, Baudewig M, Walli R, Stoll M. Cost impact of prospective HLA-B*5701-screening prior to abacavir/lamivudine fixed dose combination use in Germany. Eur J Med Res 2010; 15:145-51. [PMID: 20554495 PMCID: PMC3400999 DOI: 10.1186/2047-783x-15-4-145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Avoiding abacavir in HIV-infected patients tested positive for HLA-B*5701 reduces the risk of abacavir hypersensitivity reaction (ABC-HSR). Our aim was to assess the costs of clinically suspected HSR and to estimate potential cost savings of implementing prospective HLA-B*5701-screening for HIV-infected patients initiating abacavir/lamivudine fixed-dose combination (ABC/3TC FDC) compared to initiating respective treatment without screening. Methods Employing a decision tree model the expected HSR-related costs of screening vs. no screening were estimated from the societal and healthcare payer perspective (reference year 2007). A retrospective standardized assessment of all clinically suspected ABC-HSR cases without screening at 5 German HIV-centres was performed to measure resource consumption. In- and outpatient care, discarded ABC/3TC FDC and concomitant medication were considered. Direct resource utilization was valued using German fees (EBM, G-DRGs). Indirect costs were measured with the human capital approach. Estimates for the HLA-B*5701-prevalence, HSR-incidence, and hospitalization rate were based on clinical trials and cohorts and it was assumed that screening reduces the incidence of clinically suspected ABC-HSR from 10% to 0.5%. Results Thirty-two ABC-HSR cases were identified from 1998 to 2007. Mean direct and total costs per clinically suspected HSR case were € 1,362 and € 2,235, respectively. Hospital costs contributed 63.3% to direct costs. Potential cost savings when implementing genetic screening were estimated at € 44 and € 127 per screened patient, from a healthcare payer or societal perspective. Conclusion HLA-B*5701 screening prior to ABC/3TC FDC initiation prevents significant HSR-related costs per screened patient and is likely to lead to overall net savings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Wolf
- MUC Research GmbH, Karlsplatz 8, 80335 Munich, Germany.
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George J, Dharanipragada K, Krishnamachari S, Chandrasekaran A, Sam SS, Sunder E. A single-nucleotide polymorphism in the MDR1 gene as a predictor of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer. Clin Breast Cancer 2009; 9:161-5. [PMID: 19661039 DOI: 10.3816/cbc.2009.n.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) 3435C > T in exon 26 of the MDR1 gene has been shown to correlate with the functioning of P-glycoprotein. We studied the frequency of SNP in exon 26 of the MDR1 gene in breast cancer and its role in predicting response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Ninety-six patients with locally advanced breast carcinoma were enrolled. Genotyping of exon 26 of the MDR1 gene was performed, and computed tomography scans were performed before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Response to 3 cycles of the 5-fluorouracil/doxorubicin/ cyclophosphamide (FAC) regimen was assessed. The prevalence of SNP was compared with that of historical controls. Association of the response was compared with the genotypes. RESULTS The frequency of genotypes was different from that of healthy sex-matched historical controls. Prevalence of TT genotype was significantly increased in breast cancer patients (P = .025). The patients with TT genotype had 2.26 times the chance of responding to neoadjuvant chemotherapy when compared with patients with the CC genotype (P = .44). CONCLUSION Significantly higher prevalence of 3435TT genotype in exon 26 of the MDR1 gene in patients with breast cancer might suggest the possibility of increased breast cancer susceptibility. The genotypes did not show any significant association to response to chemotherapy in the population studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph George
- Department of Surgery, Jawaharlal Institute of Post-graduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry -605006, India.
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Pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy of capecitabine: focus on breast and colorectal cancer. Anticancer Drugs 2009; 20:217-29. [PMID: 19247178 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e3283293fd4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Capecitabine (N -pentyloxycarbonyl-5-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine), an oral prodrug of 5-fluorouracil, has provided compelling efficacy data for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer and stage III or IV colorectal cancer, both as monotherapy and in combination regimens. The preferential conversion of capecitabine to 5-fluorouracil in neoplastic tissues renders this fluoropyrimidine particularly appealing for clinical use. The enzyme thymidine phosphorylase, which mediates the final step of the capecitabine activation pathway, is expressed in higher concentration in neoplastic than in healthy tissues. This makes capecitabine more tumor specific than other chemotherapeutic agents. Accordingly, capecitabine is generally well tolerated. In particular, the incidence of myelosuppression and alopecia is low, and the most common side effects, hand-foot syndrome and diarrhea, are usually manageable. Given its good toxicity profile, capecitabine was assessed in combination with several chemotherapeutic or biologic agents. In addition, the observation that thymidine phosphorylase is upregulated after treatment with other anticancer drugs, namely taxanes, provided a rationale for the prominent antitumor activity recently observed for the combination of capecitabine with these agents. This review provides an evidence-based update of clinical trials investigating the role of capecitabine in the treatment of breast and colorectal cancer, with special emphasis on pharmacological and safety issues that form the basis of currently used schedules.
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Borgmann K, Dikomey E, Petersen C, Feyer P, Hoeller U. Sex-specific aspects of tumor therapy. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2009; 48:115-124. [PMID: 19242712 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-009-0216-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2008] [Accepted: 02/07/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that sex-specific differences in toxicity profiles and outcome after radiotherapy are accumulating in medical oncology, and that treatment strategies may require some modification. Furthermore, sex-specific differences in the sensitivity to genotoxic and therapeutical agents are also of general concern for risk estimation. This review is focussed on the specific influence of sex on these endpoints covering both a clinical and a biological point of view. In this paper, the literature was systematically reviewed with respect to sex-specific differences in tumor and normal tissue sensitivity after exposure to ionizing radiation, as well as to the relevant underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms. Although a number of data on sex-specific differences are available and remarkable differences on clinical, molecular, and cellular levels have been reported, a firm conclusion on any existing sex-specific differences is not yet possible. Future studies are required and should be focussed on this aspect of individual radiosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Borgmann
- Laboratory of Radiobiology Experimental Radiooncology, Clinic of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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