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Ahmed M, Mäkinen VP, Lumsden A, Boyle T, Mulugeta A, Lee SH, Olver I, Hyppönen E. Metabolic profile predicts incident cancer: A large-scale population study in the UK Biobank. Metabolism 2023; 138:155342. [PMID: 36377121 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Analyses to predict the risk of cancer typically focus on single biomarkers, which do not capture their complex interrelations. We hypothesized that the use of metabolic profiles may provide new insights into cancer prediction. METHODS We used information from 290,888 UK Biobank participants aged 37 to 73 years at baseline. Metabolic subgroups were defined based on clustering of biochemical data using an artificial neural network approach and examined for their association with incident cancers identified through linkage to cancer registry. In addition, we evaluated associations between 38 individual biomarkers and cancer risk. RESULTS In total, 21,973 individuals developed cancer during the follow-up (median 3.87 years, interquartile range [IQR] = 2.03-5.58). Compared to the metabolically favorable subgroup (IV), subgroup III (defined as "high BMI, C-reactive protein & cystatin C") was associated with a higher risk of obesity-related cancers (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.26, 95 % CI = 1.21 to 1.32) and hematologic-malignancies (e.g., lymphoid leukemia: HR = 1.83, 95%CI = 1.44 to 2.33). Subgroup II ("high triglycerides & liver enzymes") was strongly associated with liver cancer risk (HR = 5.70, 95%CI = 3.57 to 9.11). Analysis of individual biomarkers showed a positive association between testosterone and greater risks of hormone-sensitive cancers (HR per SD higher = 1.32, 95%CI = 1.23 to 1.44), and liver cancer (HR = 2.49, 95%CI =1.47 to 4.24). Many liver tests were individually associated with a greater risk of liver cancer with the strongest association observed for gamma-glutamyl transferase (HR = 2.40, 95%CI = 2.19 to 2.65). CONCLUSIONS Metabolic profile in middle-to-older age can predict cancer incidence, in particular risk of obesity-related cancer, hematologic malignancies, and liver cancer. Elevated values from liver tests are strong predictors for later risk of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muktar Ahmed
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University Institute of Health, Jimma, Ethiopia; UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ville-Petteri Mäkinen
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Computational Systems Biology Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Amanda Lumsden
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Terry Boyle
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia; UniSA Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Anwar Mulugeta
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sang Hong Lee
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia; UniSA Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ian Olver
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Elina Hyppönen
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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Fries CJ. The medicalization of cancer as socially constructed and culturally negotiated. Health Promot Int 2021; 35:1543-1550. [PMID: 32065625 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daaa004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sociological considerations of medicalization frequently employ a limited use of the term that focuses on the transformation of social phenomena into issues subject to medical control. Informed by a salutogenic perspective, this essay argues that it is possible to understand cancer as having been medicalized. I show that far from exclusively a biophysical issue, the medicalization of cancer is a socially constructed and culturally negotiated process, with a fairly recent historical origin. While changing social relations of healing have led our medico-centric culture to a near single-minded understanding of cancer as a cellular pathology rooted in biology, Antonovsky's salutogenic perspective instructs that it is possible to understand and control cancer in non-medicalized ways. Indoor radon gas remediation is presented as an illustration of what form salutary cancer control and disease prevention may take.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Fries
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
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Novel 1,2,4-triazole derivatives as apoptotic inducers targeting p53: Synthesis and antiproliferative activity. Bioorg Chem 2020; 105:104369. [PMID: 33091670 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel thiazolo[3,2-b][1,2,4]-triazoles 3a-n has been synthesized and evaluated in vitro as potential antiproliferative. Compounds 3b-d exhibited significant antiproliferative activity. Compound 3b was the most potent with Mean GI50 1.37 µM comparing to doxorubicin (GI50 1.13 µM). The transcription effects of 3b, 3c and 3d on the p53 were assessed and compared with the reference doxorubicin. The results revealed an increase of 15-27 in p53 level compared to the test cells and that p53 protein level of 3b, 3c and 3d was significantly inductive (1419, 571 and 787 pg/mL, respectively) in relation to doxorubicin (1263 pg/mL). The docking study of the new compounds 3a-n revealed high binding scores for the new compounds toward p53 binding domain in MDM2. The docking analyses revealed the highest affinities for compounds 3b-d which induced p53 activity in MCF-7 cancer cells. Compound 3b which exhibited the highest antiproliferative activity and induced the highest increase in p53 level in MCF-7 cells showed also the highest affinity to MDM2.
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Marziliano A, Teckie S, Diefenbach MA. Alcohol-related head and neck cancer: Summary of the literature. Head Neck 2019; 42:732-738. [PMID: 31777131 DOI: 10.1002/hed.26023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol drinking is a risk factor for the development of head-and-neck malignancies, including oral, pharyngeal, and laryngeal cancers, and coupled with tobacco use, accounts for 75% of oral cancers. We summarized the literature on alcohol-related head and neck cancer (HNC) and identified gaps that represent areas for future investigation. Research indicates that alcohol consumption has not only been linked to the development of primary HNCs, but also to secondary cancers with continued alcohol intake, cancer recurrences, and other poor health outcomes. Given this evidence, several organizations have called for reduction or avoidance of alcohol, particularly in HNC survivors. Despite these strong recommendations, evidence suggests that HNC survivors continue to use alcohol. There is a need to forge collaborations among clinicians, researchers, and social workers, to address this problem of alcohol consumption in the growing population of HNC survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Marziliano
- Center for Health Innovations and Outcomes Research, Department of Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York
| | - Sewit Teckie
- Northwell Health, Department of Radiation Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York
| | - Michael A Diefenbach
- Center for Health Innovations and Outcomes Research, Department of Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York
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Henley SJ, Jemal A. Rural Cancer Control: Bridging the Chasm in Geographic Health Inequity. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2019; 27:1248-1251. [PMID: 30385497 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-18-0807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S Jane Henley
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Ahmedin Jemal
- Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia
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Wong TY, Sabanayagam C. The War on Diabetic Retinopathy: Where Are We Now? Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2019; 8:448-456. [PMID: 31789647 PMCID: PMC6903323 DOI: 10.1097/apo.0000000000000267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a major cause of blindness in working-age adults, is emerging as a major public health issue worldwide, in particular in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Traditionally, the management of DR has been on tertiary-level treatment (eg, laser, anti-VEGF injections and surgery) in specialized settings by highly trained ophthalmologists on individual patients. To win the war on DR, a paradigm shift in strategic focus and resources must be made from such tertiary treatment toward primary and secondary prevention, which are broader, more impactful, and cost-effective for the larger population. These include improving education and awareness of risk of DR among people initially diagnosed with diabetes, promoting behavioral modifications such as physical activity and medication adherence for improving glycemic and blood pressure control, setting up systematic screening programs for DR to detect the onset or progression of the disease, and implementing cost-effective, evidence-based policies and guidelines for managing DR. Additionally, there is a need to leverage on novel technology including the application of digital big data to predict people at risk of diabetes and DR, the use of wearable devices and smart phone apps, behavioral techniques including social media for self-management of diabetes, and telemedicine-based DR screening incorporating artificial intelligence (AI) to broaden access to screening in all settings. To turn the tide on the war on DR, we must reframe DR not only as a specific condition that can be managed by ophthalmologists, but fundamentally, as a preventable condition by shifting the weight of strategies from tertiary to secondary and primary battlegrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien Y. Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS, Medical School, Singapore
| | - Charumathi Sabanayagam
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS, Medical School, Singapore
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Bosque-Prous M, Mendieta-Paredes J, Bartroli M, Brugal MT, Espelt A. Cancer and Alcohol Consumption in People Aged 50 Years or More in Europe. Alcohol Alcohol 2018; 53:317-324. [PMID: 29272361 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agx110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims To estimate the prevalence of hazardous drinking in individuals aged 50 and older who had or had had cancer in 17 European countries and Israel and to analyze the factors associated with their consumption. Methods Cross-sectional study based on data from 2011 to 2013 SHARE surveys. A total of 69,509 individuals aged 50 or more from 17 European countries and Israel participated in the study. Prevalence of hazardous drinking in people with cancer was estimated (adapting the SHARE questionnaire to the AUDIT-C). To ascertain whether type of cancer or time since diagnosis were associated with hazardous drinking, Poisson regression models with robust variance were estimated, obtaining prevalence ratios (PR). Results Overall, 5.4% of participants reported having been diagnosed with cancer. Prevalence of hazardous drinking in people with cancer was 18% in women and 23% in men. After adjusting for various socioeconomic and health variables, no significant differences were observed between hazardous drinking and type of cancer [PR = 0.99 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.83-1.17) in people with alcohol-related cancers compared to non-alcohol related cancers] and time since diagnosis [PR = 1.01 (95% CI = 0.82-1.25) in people with a cancer diagnosed >5 years ago compared to those diagnosed ≤5 years ago]. Significant differences were found between hazardous drinking and smoking status and self-perceived health. Conclusion In total, 20% of people diagnosed with cancer were hazardous drinkers, despite the known relationship between alcohol use and a worse prognosis of the disease and an increased likelihood of recurrence. Short Summary Overall, 20% of people diagnosed with cancer were hazardous drinkers. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of hazardous drinking depending on the type of cancer (alcohol-related versus non-alcohol related cancers). Highest prevalence of hazardous drinking in people with cancer is found in smokers and people with good self-perceived health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Bosque-Prous
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Plaça Lesseps 1, 08023 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Carrer Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jenny Mendieta-Paredes
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Plaça Lesseps 1, 08023 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Carrer Doctor Aiguader 80, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montse Bartroli
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Plaça Lesseps 1, 08023 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Carrer Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Carrer Doctor Aiguader 80, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Teresa Brugal
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Plaça Lesseps 1, 08023 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Carrer Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Carrer Doctor Aiguader 80, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Espelt
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Plaça Lesseps 1, 08023 Barcelona, Spain
- Facultat de Ciències de la Salut de Manresa, Universitat de Vic Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVicUCC), Av. Universitària, Manresa, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Calle Melchor Fernández Almagro 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Facultat de Psicologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
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8
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Glenn K, Klarich DS, Kalaba M, Figueroa A, Hooshmand S, Kern M, Hong MY. Effects of Watermelon Powder and l-arginine Supplementation on Azoxymethane-Induced Colon Carcinogenesis in Rats. Nutr Cancer 2018; 70:938-945. [PMID: 30207495 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2018.1490782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Diets high in fruits and vegetables may help prevent colorectal cancer (CRC). Watermelon consumption may reduce CRC risk due to its concentration of l-citrulline and its role in endothelial nitric oxide (NO) production. Research suggests that increased NO levels have tumoricidal effects. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of watermelon powder supplementation on aberrant crypt foci (ACF) formation, precancerous lesions, and expression of genes associated with colon carcinogenesis. Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned into three groups: control, 0.36% l-arginine, or 0.5% watermelon powder and injected with azoxymethane (15 mg/kg body weight). Both l-arginine and watermelon powder groups exhibited lower total numbers of ACF and high multiplicity ACF (P < 0.01). The watermelon powder group exhibited higher NO levels and lower 8-hydroxyguanosine DNA damage (P < 0.05). Watermelon powder and l-arginine downregulated 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase gene expression and upregulated O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase gene expression (P < 0.05). Cyclooxgenase-2 gene expression was lower for rats fed with watermelon powder (P < 0.05). These results suggest that watermelon powder or l-arginine supplementation may reduce the risk of colon cancer by suppressing ACF formation through lowering oxidative DNA damage and inflammation, modulating DNA repair enzyme expression, and/or enhancing NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Glenn
- a School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences , San Diego State University , San Diego , California , USA
| | - DawnKylee S Klarich
- a School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences , San Diego State University , San Diego , California , USA
| | - Milica Kalaba
- a School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences , San Diego State University , San Diego , California , USA
| | - Arturo Figueroa
- b Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management , Texas Tech University , Lubbock , Texas , USA
| | - Shirin Hooshmand
- a School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences , San Diego State University , San Diego , California , USA
| | - Mark Kern
- a School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences , San Diego State University , San Diego , California , USA
| | - Mee Young Hong
- a School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences , San Diego State University , San Diego , California , USA
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White MC, Babcock F, Hayes NS, Mariotto AB, Wong FL, Kohler BA, Weir HK. The history and use of cancer registry data by public health cancer control programs in the United States. Cancer 2017; 123 Suppl 24:4969-4976. [PMID: 29205307 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.30905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Because cancer registry data provide a census of cancer cases, registry data can be used to: 1) define and monitor cancer incidence at the local, state, and national levels; 2) investigate patterns of cancer treatment; and 3) evaluate the effectiveness of public health efforts to prevent cancer cases and improve cancer survival. The purpose of this article is to provide a broad overview of the history of cancer surveillance programs in the United States, and illustrate the expanding ways in which cancer surveillance data are being made available and contributing to cancer control programs. The article describes the building of the cancer registry infrastructure and the successful coordination of efforts among the 2 federal agencies that support cancer registry programs, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Cancer Institute, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. The major US cancer control programs also are described, including the National Comprehensive Cancer Control Program, the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program, and the Colorectal Cancer Control Program. This overview illustrates how cancer registry data can inform public health actions to reduce disparities in cancer outcomes and may be instructional for a variety of cancer control professionals in the United States and in other countries. Cancer 2017;123:4969-76. Published 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C White
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Frances Babcock
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Nikki S Hayes
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Angela B Mariotto
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Faye L Wong
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Betsy A Kohler
- North American Association of Central Cancer Registries Inc., Springfield, Illinois
| | - Hannah K Weir
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Henley SJ, Anderson RN, Thomas CC, Massetti GM, Peaker B, Richardson LC. Invasive Cancer Incidence, 2004-2013, and Deaths, 2006-2015, in Nonmetropolitan and Metropolitan Counties - United States. MMWR. SURVEILLANCE SUMMARIES : MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT. SURVEILLANCE SUMMARIES 2017; 66:1-13. [PMID: 28683054 PMCID: PMC5879727 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.ss6614a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Problem/Condition Previous reports have shown that persons living in nonmetropolitan (rural or urban) areas in the United States have higher death rates from all cancers combined than persons living in metropolitan areas. Disparities might vary by cancer type and between occurrence and death from the disease. This report provides a comprehensive assessment of cancer incidence and deaths by cancer type in nonmetropolitan and metropolitan counties. Reporting Period 2004–2015. Description of System Cancer incidence data from CDC’s National Program of Cancer Registries and the National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program were used to calculate average annual age-adjusted incidence rates for 2009–2013 and trends in annual age-adjusted incidence rates for 2004–2013. Cancer mortality data from the National Vital Statistics System were used to calculate average annual age-adjusted death rates for 2011–2015 and trends in annual age-adjusted death rates for 2006–2015. For 5-year average annual rates, counties were classified into four categories (nonmetropolitan rural, nonmetropolitan urban, metropolitan with population <1 million, and metropolitan with population ≥1 million). For the trend analysis, which used annual rates, these categories were combined into two categories (nonmetropolitan and metropolitan). Rates by county classification were examined by sex, age, race/ethnicity, U.S. census region, and cancer site. Trends in rates were examined by county classification and cancer site. Results During the most recent 5-year period for which data were available, nonmetropolitan rural areas had lower average annual age-adjusted cancer incidence rates for all anatomic cancer sites combined but higher death rates than metropolitan areas. During 2006–2015, the annual age-adjusted death rates for all cancer sites combined decreased at a slower pace in nonmetropolitan areas (-1.0% per year) than in metropolitan areas (-1.6% per year), increasing the differences in these rates. In contrast, annual age-adjusted incidence rates for all cancer sites combined decreased approximately 1% per year during 2004–2013 both in nonmetropolitan and metropolitan counties. Interpretation This report provides the first comprehensive description of cancer incidence and mortality in nonmetropolitan and metropolitan counties in the United States. Nonmetropolitan rural counties had higher incidence of and deaths from several cancers related to tobacco use and cancers that can be prevented by screening. Differences between nonmetropolitan and metropolitan counties in cancer incidence might reflect differences in risk factors such as cigarette smoking, obesity, and physical inactivity, whereas differences in cancer death rates might reflect disparities in access to health care and timely diagnosis and treatment. Public Health Action Many cancer cases and deaths could be prevented, and public health programs can use evidence-based strategies from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force and Advisory Committee for Immunization Practices (ACIP) to support cancer prevention and control. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends population-based screening for colorectal, female breast, and cervical cancers among adults at average risk for these cancers and for lung cancer among adults at high risk; screening adults for tobacco use and excessive alcohol use, offering counseling and interventions as needed; and using low-dose aspirin to prevent colorectal cancer among adults considered to be at high risk for cardiovascular disease based on specific criteria. ACIP recommends vaccination against cancer-related infectious diseases including human papillomavirus and hepatitis B virus. The Guide to Community Preventive Services describes program and policy interventions proven to increase cancer screening and vaccination rates and to prevent tobacco use, excessive alcohol use, obesity, and physical inactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jane Henley
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC
| | | | - Cheryll C Thomas
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC
| | - Greta M Massetti
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC
| | - Brandy Peaker
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC
| | - Lisa C Richardson
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC
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Roland KB, Milliken EL, Rohan EA, DeGroff A, White S, Melillo S, Rorie WE, Signes CAC, Young PA. Use of Community Health Workers and Patient Navigators to Improve Cancer Outcomes Among Patients Served by Federally Qualified Health Centers: A Systematic Literature Review. Health Equity 2017; 1:61-76. [PMID: 28905047 PMCID: PMC5586005 DOI: 10.1089/heq.2017.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: In the United States, disparities in cancer screening, morbidity, and mortality are well documented, and often are related to race/ethnicity and socioeconomic indicators including income, education, and healthcare access. Public health approaches that address social determinants of health have the greatest potential public health benefit, and can positively impact health disparities. As public health interventions, community health workers (CHWs), and patient navigators (PNs) work to address disparities and improve cancer outcomes through education, connecting patients to and navigating them through the healthcare system, supporting patient adherence to screening and diagnostic services, and providing social support and linkages to financial and community resources. Clinical settings, such as federally qualified health centers (FQHCs) are mandated to provide care to medically underserved communities, and thus are also valuable in the effort to address health disparities. We conducted a systematic literature review to identify studies of cancer-related CHW/PN interventions in FQHCs, and to describe the components and characteristics of those interventions in order to guide future intervention development and evaluation. Method: We searched five databases for peer-reviewed CHW/PN intervention studies conducted in partnership with FQHCs with a focus on cancer, carried out in the United States, and published in English between January 1990 and December 2013. Results: We identified 24 articles, all reporting positive outcomes of CHW/PNs interventions in FQHCs. CHW/PN interventions most commonly promoted breast, cervical, or colorectal cancer screening and/or referral for diagnostic resolution. Studies were supported largely through federal funding. Partnerships with academic institutions and community-based organizations provided support and helped develop capacity among FQHC clinic leadership and community members. Discussion: Both the FQHC system and CHW/PNs were borne from the need to address persistent, complex health disparities among medically underserved communities. Our findings support the effectiveness of CHW/PN programs to improve completion and timeliness of breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screening in FQHCs, and highlight intervention components useful to design and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine B Roland
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Elizabeth A Rohan
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Amy DeGroff
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Susan White
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stephanie Melillo
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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12
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Brownson RC, Dodson EA, Kerner JF, Moreland-Russell S. Framing research for state policymakers who place a priority on cancer. Cancer Causes Control 2016; 27:1035-41. [PMID: 27299656 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-016-0771-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite the potential for reducing the cancer burden via state policy change, few data exist on how best to disseminate research information to influence state legislators' policy choices. We explored: (1) the relative importance of core framing issues (source, presentation, timeliness) among policymakers who prioritize cancer and those who do not prioritize cancer and (2) the predictors of use of research in policymaking. METHODS Cross-sectional data were collected from US state policymakers (i.e., legislators elected to state houses or senates) from January through October 2012 (n = 862). One-way analysis of variance was performed to investigate the association of the priority of cancer variable with outcome variables. Multivariate logistic regression models examined predictors of the influence of research information. RESULTS Legislators who prioritized cancer tended to rate characteristics that make research information useful higher than those who did not prioritize cancer. Among differences that were statistically significant were three items in the "source" domain (relevance, delivered by someone respected, supports one's own position), one item in the "presentation" domain (telling a story related to constituents) and two items in the "timeliness" domain (high current state priority, feasible when information is received). Participants who prioritized cancer risk factors were 80 % more likely to rate research information as one of their top reasons for choosing an issue on which to work. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest the importance of narrative forms of communication and that research information needs to be relevant to the policymakers' constituents in a brief, concise format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross C Brownson
- Department of Surgery and Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA. .,Prevention Research Center in St. Louis, Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
| | - Elizabeth A Dodson
- Prevention Research Center in St. Louis, Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Jon F Kerner
- Canadian Partnership Against Cancer, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah Moreland-Russell
- Prevention Research Center in St. Louis, Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
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An analysis of malignant tumour incidence in the male population of Poland in the period 2006-2010. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2016; 19:474-9. [PMID: 26843846 PMCID: PMC4731455 DOI: 10.5114/wo.2015.56655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In the period 2006–2010, the National Cancer Registry indicated a gradual increase in the incidence of malignant tumours among men, from 64,092 thousand in 2006 to 70,024 thousand in 2010. In the reference period, the number of deaths due to malignant tumours among men oscillated around 52 thousand. The aim of this study was to analyse the incidence of malignant tumours in the male population of Poland in the period 2006–2010. The study material comprised data obtained from the National Cancer Registry and from the Central Statistical Office, available on the websites of these institutions. The malignant-tumour incidence rate among the male population in 2006–2010 showed a slow but steady growth, while the death rate dropped slightly at the end of 2010. The hypothesis that the cancer-incidence risk grows with age has been proven, and a substantial increase in this risk is observed from the fourth decade of life. The most common malignant tumours in Poland in the analysed period included lung cancer, followed by prostate cancer and colorectal cancer. Future prophylactic and educational programmes should be addressed to men prior to reaching the age of increased cancer risk.
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Assessing Heavy Metal and PCB Exposure from Tap Water by Measuring Levels in Plasma from Sporadic Breast Cancer Patients, a Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:15683-91. [PMID: 26690196 PMCID: PMC4690949 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph121215013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BrCA) is the most common cancer affecting women around the world. However, it does not arise from the same causative agent among all women. Genetic markers have been associated with heritable or familial breast cancers, which may or may not be confounded by environmental factors, whereas sporadic breast cancer cases are more likely attributable to environmental exposures. Approximately 85% of women diagnosed with BrCA have no family history of the disease. Given this overwhelming bias, more plausible etiologic mechanisms should be investigated to accurately assess a woman’s risk of acquiring breast cancer. It is known that breast cancer risk is highly influenced by exogenous environmental cues altering cancer genes either by genotoxic mechanisms (DNA mutations) or otherwise. Risk assessment should comprehensively incorporate exposures to exogenous factors that are linked to a woman’s individual susceptibility. However, the exact role that some environmental agents (EA) play in tumor formation and/or cancer gene regulation is unclear. In this pilot project, we begin a multi-disciplinary approach to investigate the intersection of environmental exposures, cancer gene response, and BrCA risk. Here, we present data that show environmental exposure to heavy metals and PCBs in drinking water, heavy metal presence in plasma of nine patients with sporadic BrCA, and Toxic Release Inventory and geological data for a metal of concern, uranium, in Northeast Georgia.
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Shoemaker ML, Holman DM, Henley SJ, White MC. News from CDC: applying a life course approach to primary cancer prevention. Transl Behav Med 2015; 5:131-3. [PMID: 26029275 DOI: 10.1007/s13142-015-0309-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Meredith L Shoemaker
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA
| | - Dawn M Holman
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA
| | - S Jane Henley
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA
| | - Mary C White
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA
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Henley SJ, Kanny D, Roland KB, Grossman M, Peaker B, Liu Y, Gapstur SM, White MC, Plescia M. Alcohol control efforts in comprehensive cancer control plans and alcohol use among adults in the USA. Alcohol Alcohol 2014; 49:661-7. [PMID: 25313255 PMCID: PMC4380007 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agu064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To understand how US cancer control plans address alcohol use, an important but frequently overlooked cancer risk factor, and how many US adults are at risk. METHODS We reviewed alcohol control efforts in 69 comprehensive cancer control plans in US states, tribes and jurisdictions. Using the 2011 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, we assessed the prevalence of current alcohol use among US adults and the proportion of these drinkers who exceeded guidelines for moderate drinking. RESULTS Most comprehensive cancer control plans acknowledged alcohol use as a cancer risk factor but fewer than half included a goal, objective or strategy to address alcohol use. More than half of US adults reported current alcohol use in 2011, and two of three drinkers exceeded moderate drinking guidelines at least once in the past month. Many states that did not address alcohol use in comprehensive cancer control plans also had a high proportion of adults at risk. CONCLUSION Alcohol use is a common cancer risk factor in the USA, but alcohol control strategies are not commonly included in comprehensive cancer control plans. Supporting the implementation of evidence-based strategies to prevent the excessive use of alcohol is one tool the cancer control community can use to reduce the risk of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jane Henley
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dafna Kanny
- Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Katherine B Roland
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Melissa Grossman
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brandy Peaker
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yong Liu
- Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Susan M Gapstur
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mary C White
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Marcus Plescia
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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White MC, Holman DM, Boehm JE, Peipins LA, Grossman M, Henley SJ. Age and cancer risk: a potentially modifiable relationship. Am J Prev Med 2014; 46:S7-15. [PMID: 24512933 PMCID: PMC4544764 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2013.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This article challenges the idea that cancer cannot be prevented among older adults by examining different aspects of the relationship between age and cancer. Although the sequential patterns of aging cannot be changed, several age-related factors that contribute to disease risk can be. For most adults, age is coincidentally associated with preventable chronic conditions, avoidable exposures, and modifiable risk behaviors that are causally associated with cancer. Midlife is a period of life when the prevalence of multiple cancer risk factors is high and incidence rates begin to increase for many types of cancer. However, current evidence suggests that for most adults, cancer does not have to be an inevitable consequence of growing older. Interventions that support healthy environments, help people manage chronic conditions, and promote healthy behaviors may help people make a healthier transition from midlife to older age and reduce the likelihood of developing cancer. Because the number of adults reaching older ages is increasing rapidly, the number of new cancer cases will also increase if current incidence rates remain unchanged. Thus, the need to translate the available research into practice to promote cancer prevention, especially for adults at midlife, has never been greater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C White
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Dawn M Holman
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jennifer E Boehm
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lucy A Peipins
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Melissa Grossman
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - S Jane Henley
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia
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Holman DM, Grossman M, Henley SJ, Peipins LA, Tison L, White MC. Opportunities for cancer prevention during midlife: highlights from a meeting of experts. Am J Prev Med 2014; 46:S73-80. [PMID: 24512934 PMCID: PMC4535330 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2013.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides highlights from a CDC-hosted meeting on opportunities for cancer prevention during midlife (roughly ages 45-64 years). Positive changes during this phase of life have the potential to prevent cancer incidence later in life, making this phase an opportune time for targeted prevention efforts to facilitate healthy aging and increased longevity. Risk and protective factors discussed during the meeting included exposure to radiation from medical imaging procedures, circadian disruption, chemical exposures, dietary factors, alcohol consumption, obesity, physical activity, diabetes, and the human microbiome. Although many of these factors are well recognized as being related to cancer incidence, others are not as widely recognized or have emerged as growing areas of research. Meeting participants discussed promising strategies for cancer prevention targeting this age group. Just as there are multiple determinants of cancer risk, there are likely multiple solutions. Changes to social and physical environments may facilitate healthy behaviors and minimize harmful exposures. Information shared during the meeting about health disparities in the U.S. highlighted the need to go beyond traditional approaches to cancer prevention to truly reach vulnerable populations. Partnerships are also a key component to prevention efforts; community-based and nonprofit organizations, the healthcare system, research institutions, state health departments, and federal agencies were all noted as important partners in prevention efforts. Coordinated, multi-disciplinary efforts across multiple chronic diseases may provide opportunities for synergistic effects. Further, leveraging key partnerships and existing communication channels can maximize success and facilitate timely translation of research findings into public health practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn M Holman
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Melissa Grossman
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - S Jane Henley
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lucy A Peipins
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Laura Tison
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mary C White
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia
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Rametta S, Grosso G, Galvano F, Mistretta A, Marventano S, Nolfo F, Buscemi S, Gangi S, Basile F, Biondi A. Social disparities, health risk behaviors, and cancer. BMC Surg 2013; 13 Suppl 2:S17. [PMID: 24267900 PMCID: PMC3851246 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2482-13-s2-s17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overall cancer incidence rates decreased in the most recent time period in both men and women, largely due to improvements in surgical therapeutic approaches (tertiary prevention) and screening programs (secondary prevention), but differences in cancer incidence and survival according to socioeconomic status are documented worldwide. Health risk behaviors, defined as habits or practices that increase an individual's likelihood of harmful health outcomes, are thought to mediate such inequalities. DISCUSSION Obesity has been related with increased cancer incidence and mortality due to imbalance of leptin and adiponectin which are connected to activation of PI3K, MAPK, and STAT3 pathways and decreasing insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and mTOR signaling via activation of 5 AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), respectively. Physical activity has been associated to prevent cancer by the aforementioned obesity-related mechanisms, but also increasing level of circulating vitamin D, which has been related to lower risk of several cancers, and increasing prostaglandin F2a and reducing prostaglandin E2, which are both related with cancer prevention and promotion, respectively. A large number of different substances may induce themselves a direct cytotoxicity and mutagenic action on cells by smoking, whereas alcohol promote immune suppression, the delay of DNA repair, inhibition of the detoxification of carcinogens, the production of acetaldehyde, and the contribution to abnormal DNA methylation. The combined smoking and alcohol drinking habits have been shown to increase cancer risk by smoke action of increasing the acetaldehyde burden following alcohol consumption and alcohol action of enhancing the activation of various procarcinogens contained in tobacco smoke. CONCLUSIONS Interventions at the social level may be done to increase awareness about cancer risks and promote changing in unhealthy behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Rametta
- Department “G. F. Ingrassia” Section of Hygiene and Public Health, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Grosso
- Department of Drug Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Fabio Galvano
- Department of Drug Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Mistretta
- Department “G. F. Ingrassia” Section of Hygiene and Public Health, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Stefano Marventano
- Department “G. F. Ingrassia” Section of Hygiene and Public Health, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesca Nolfo
- Department “G. F. Ingrassia” Section of Hygiene and Public Health, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Silvio Buscemi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Santi Gangi
- Department of General Surgery, Section of General Surgery and Oncology, University Medical School of Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Basile
- Department of General Surgery, Section of General Surgery and Oncology, University Medical School of Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Biondi
- Department of General Surgery, Section of General Surgery and Oncology, University Medical School of Catania, Italy
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Nolfo F, Rametta S, Marventano S, Grosso G, Mistretta A, Drago F, Gangi S, Basile F, Biondi A. Pharmacological and dietary prevention for colorectal cancer. BMC Surg 2013; 13 Suppl 2:S16. [PMID: 24267792 PMCID: PMC3851139 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2482-13-s2-s16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer morbidity and mortality. People at higher risk are those individuals with a family history of CRC and familial adenomatous polyposis. Prevention and screening are two milestones for this disease. The aim of this study is to evaluate the chemopreventive role of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including aspirin and cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors, some micronutrients (folic acid, calcium, selenium, antioxidants) and probiotics. Discussion The studies on aspiring reported promising results, but it is debatable whether aspirin should be used as chemoprevention, because of its side effects and because of poor efficacy evident in subjects at high risk. Similar results were reported for other non-aspirin NSAIDs, such as sulindac and celecoxib, which the potential adverse effects limit their use. Selenium role in prevention of various types of cancer as well as in colon adenomas are often inconclusive or controversial. Several studies suggested that calcium may have a possible chemopreventive effect on colon adenomas and CRC, although contrasting results are reported for the latter. A recent meta-analysis including 13 randomized trial suggested that folic acid supplementation had not a chemiopreventive action on CRC. Several studies investigated the association between antioxidants, administered alone or in combination, and CRC risk, both among general and at risk population, but only few of them supported statistically significant results. Conclusion The results of this literature review showed an unclear role in CRC prevention of both pharmacological and dietary intervention. Despite several options are available to prevent colon cancer, it is challenging to identify a correct strategy to prevent CRC through pharmacological and dietary intervention due to the long latency of cancer promotion and development. Since some of the drugs investigated may have uncertain individual effects, it can be suggested to potentiate such effects by adding them together.
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Hong MY, Nulton E, Shelechi M, Hernández LM, Nemoseck T. Effects of Dark Chocolate on Azoxymethane-Induced Colonic Aberrant Crypt Foci. Nutr Cancer 2013; 65:677-85. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2013.789542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Aysan E, Bayrak OF, Aydemir E, Telci D, Sahin F, Yardimci C, Muslumanoglu M. Cancer Preventive Effects of Whole Cell Type Immunization against Mice Ehrlich Tumors. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14:3515-9. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.6.3515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Ovbiagele B, Goldstein LB, Higashida RT, Howard VJ, Johnston SC, Khavjou OA, Lackland DT, Lichtman JH, Mohl S, Sacco RL, Saver JL, Trogdon JG. Forecasting the Future of Stroke in the United States: A Policy Statement From the American Heart Association and American Stroke Association. Stroke 2013; 44:2361-75. [DOI: 10.1161/str.0b013e31829734f2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 499] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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White MC, Peipins LA, Watson M, Trivers KF, Holman DM, Rodriguez JL. Cancer prevention for the next generation. J Adolesc Health 2013; 52:S1-7. [PMID: 23601606 PMCID: PMC4402978 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Given the continued growth in the number of persons with cancer in the United States, the primary prevention of cancer remains an urgent public health priority. As the field of cancer prevention continues to mature and scientific knowledge evolves, it is imperative to challenge the status quo and embrace new approaches to cancer prevention. In this commentary, we summarize recent trends and some of the scientific advances that have been made over the past few decades regarding the complex process of cancer development and the interaction of individual and social risk factors. We examine some of the assumptions and terminology that have characterized cancer prevention approaches for more than a quarter century and the impact of these assumptions and our use of terminology. We propose that it is possible for today's youth to experience lower cancer incidence rates as adults compared with previous generations. To accomplish this goal, a more transdisciplinary and multifaceted approach is needed, adapted as appropriate for different populations and stages of life. The greatest improvements in cancer prevention may occur as a result of innovative, multilevel interventions that build on the expanding scientific evidence base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C White
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 3034, USA.
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Chan PKS, Liu SJ, Cheung JLK, Cheung TH, Yeo W, Chong P, Man S. T-cell response to human papillomavirus type 52 L1, E6, and E7 peptides in women with transient infection, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, and invasive cancer. J Med Virol 2012; 83:1023-30. [PMID: 21503915 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The E6 and E7 proteins encoded by human papillomaviruses (HPV) are prime targets for therapeutic vaccine development. Ninety-five women with HPV 52 infection (33 transient infections, 17 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade II, 15 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade III, and 30 invasive cervical cancers) were examined for T-cell responses using interferon-γ enzyme-linked immunospot (IFN-γ ELISPOT) assay. Of the 29 peptides (13 L1, 10 E6, and 6 E7) screened positive by an in vitro peptide-binding assay, 14 were positive by the IFN-γ ELISPOT assay. Positive epitopes for HLA A11 were located at amino acid positions 103-111, 332-340, 342-350, and 373-381 of the L1 protein; and at 27-35 and 86-94 of the E6 protein; and at 1-9 and 27-35 of the E7 protein. A24-specific epitopes included 60-68 and 98-106 of the L1 protein, 42-50 and 59-67 of the E6 protein, and 24-32 of the E7 protein. Only one epitope (99-107) of the E6 protein showed positive responses for HLA A2 subjects. Overall, T-cell responses against L1 were observed mainly in subjects who had cleared infection; whereas responses against E6 and E7 were confined mainly to subjects who had developed cervical neoplasia. The proportion of subjects showing detectable T-cell responses was low across all grades of cervical neoplasia suggesting that immune evasion mechanisms had set on early in the course of disease progression. This study provides the first set of T-cell epitopes mapped for HPV 52, which can be considered for further evaluation as targets for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul K S Chan
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
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Models for local implementation of comprehensive cancer control: meeting local cancer control needs through community collaboration. Cancer Causes Control 2010; 21:1995-2004. [PMID: 20938731 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-010-9655-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The comprehensive cancer control approach is used by state, tribes, tribal organizations, territorial and Pacific Island Jurisdiction cancer coalitions to spur local implementation of cancer plans to reduce the burden of cancer in jurisdictions across the country. There is a rich diversity of models and approaches to the development of relationships and scope of planning for cancer control activities between coalitions and advocates in local communities. The national comprehensive cancer control philosophy provides an operational framework while support from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention enables coalitions to act as catalysts to bring local partners together to combat cancer in communities. This manuscript describes multiple characteristics of cancer coalitions and how they are organized. Two models of how coalitions and local partners collaborate are described. A case study method was used to identify how five different state and tribal coalitions use the two models to organize their collaborations with local communities that result in local implementation of cancer plan priorities. Conclusions support the use of multiple organizing models to ensure involvement of diverse interests and sensitivity to local cancer issues that encourages implementation of cancer control activities.
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Yach D. From Framingham to the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2010; 53:52-4. [PMID: 20620426 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Brennenstuhl S, Fuller-Thomson E, Popova S. Prevalence and Factors Associated with Colorectal Cancer Screening in Canadian Women. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2010; 19:775-84. [DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2009.1477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Brennenstuhl
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Svetlana Popova
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Canada
- Public Health and Regulatory Policies, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
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Abstract
Background In the late '80s the successes of the laparoscopic surgery for gallbladder disease laid the foundations on the modern use of this surgical technique in a variety of diseases. In the last 20 years, laparoscopic colorectal surgery had become a popular treatment option for colorectal cancer patients. Discussion Many studies emphasized on the benefits stating the significant advantages of the laparoscopic approach compared with the open surgery of reduced blood loss, early return of intestinal motility, lower overall morbidity, and shorter duration of hospital stay, leading to a general agreement on laparoscopic surgery as an alternative to conventional open surgery for colon cancer. The reduced hospital stay may also decrease the cost of the laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer, despite th higher operative spending compared with open surgery. The average reduction in total direct costs is difficult to define due to the increasing cost over time, making challenging the comparisons between studies conducted during a time range of more than 10 years. However, despite the theoretical advantages of laparoscopic surgery, it is still not considered the standard treatment for colorectal cancer patients due to technical limitations or the characteristics of the patients that may affect short and long term outcomes. Conclusions The laparoscopic approach to colectomy is slowly gaining acceptance for the management of colorectal pathology. Laparoscopic surgery for colon cancer demonstrates better short-term outcome, oncologic safety, and equivalent long-term outcome of open surgery. For rectal cancer, laparoscopic technique can be more complex depending on the tumor location. The advantages of minimally invasive surgery may translate better care quality for oncological patients and lead to increased cost saving through the introduction of active enhanced recovery programs which are likely cost-effective from the perspective of the hospital health-care providers.
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