1
|
Gadiyar I, Dobrovolny HM. Different routes of infection of H5N1 lead to changes in infecting time. Math Biosci 2024; 367:109129. [PMID: 38101614 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2023.109129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virus infection can result in a wide range of clinical outcomes from asymptomatic infection to severe disease and death. While there are undoubtedly many factors that contribute to the severity of disease, one possible contributing factor that needs more investigation is the route of infection. In this study, we use previously published data from cynomolgus macaques infected with A/Vietnam/1203/04 (H5N1) via either aerosol (with and without bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL)) or a combined intrabronchial, oral, and intranasal route. We fit a mathematical model of within host viral kinetics to the data and find that when the macaques are infected via the aerosol route with subsequent BAL, the infecting time is significantly lower than for the other two groups. A lower infecting time indicates that the virus spreads from cell to cell more rapidly for aerosol infection with BAL than for the combined deposition or aerosol deposition alone. This study helps elucidate the mechanism behind different infection outcomes caused by differences in routes of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ishaan Gadiyar
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA; Department of Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Hana M Dobrovolny
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang L, Hou Y, Ma Z, Xie J, Fan J, Jiao Y, Wang F, Han Z, Liu S, Ma D. Effect of oral vitamin A supplementation on host immune response to infectious bronchitis virus infection in specific pathogen-free chicken. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102701. [PMID: 37150176 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin that is a crucial mediator of the immune system. In this study, we evaluated the effect of oral vitamin A supplementation on host immune responses to infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infection in chickens. Forty 1-day-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens were fed a basal diet and randomly divided into 2 groups (n = 20 birds per group). Chickens in the experimental group were treated orally with vitamin A (dissolved in 0.1 mL soybean oil, at a dose of 8,000 IU per kg diet) daily. Birds in the control group were orally administered 0.1 mL soybean oil without vitamin A until 21 d of age. On d 21 after birth, all chickens were infected with 0.1 mL of 106.5 50% median embryo infectious dose of a pathogenic IBV strain (CK/CH/LDL/091022) by intraocular and intranasal routes. The results demonstrated that oral vitamin A supplementation did not affect the clinical course of disease and growth performance of SPF chickens. However, vitamin A supplementation increased the IBV-specific IgG serum levels and decreased the viral load in some tissues of IBV-infected chickens. In addition, the results demonstrated that vitamin A supplementation decreased the expression levels of most immune-related molecules in some tissues of IBV-infected chickens. Vitamin A supplementation decreased the mRNA expression levels of some avian β-defensins (AvBD2, 3, 6, 7, 11, and 13) and increased the expression levels of AvBD9 and AvBD12 in some tissues of IBV-infected chickens. Similarly, vitamin A supplementation decreased the mRNA expression levels of some cytokines (interferon-γ, interleukin-1β [IL-1β], and IL-6) and increased the mRNA expression levels of IL-2 in some tissues of IBV-infected chickens. Furthermore, vitamin A supplementation decreased the mRNA expression levels of myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88, nuclear factor-κB p65, toll-like receptor 3, toll-like receptor 7, and CD4. In summary, the present study suggests that vitamin A supplementation enhances the immune function of SPF chickens against IBV infection by inhibiting viral replication, increasing the IBV-specific antibody titer, and suppressing the excessive inflammatory responses to IBV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Yutong Hou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Zhanbang Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Jinjin Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Jiahui Fan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Yaru Jiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Fangfang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Zongxi Han
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Shengwang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Deying Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shao G, Xie Z, Liang M, Liu Y, Song C, Feng K, Zhang X, Lin W, Fu J, Xie Q. Efficacy of recombinant Newcastle disease virus expressing HA protein of H9N2 Avian influenza virus in respiratory and intestinal tract. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102078. [PMID: 36272233 PMCID: PMC9589208 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) is a low pathogenic AIV, which is widely prevalent all over the world. The infection of H9N2 AIV often leads to secondary infection with other pathogens, causing serious economic losses to poultry industry. Up to now, several recombinant Newcastle disease viruses (NDV) expressing H9N2 AIV hemagglutinin (HA) protein had been developed. However, the efficacy of recombinant virus on tracheal and intestinal injury caused by H9N2 AIV was rarely reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of recombinant NDV expressing H9N2 AIV HA protein in respiratory and intestinal tract. In this study, based on Red/ET homologous recombination technology, H9N2 AIV HA gene was embedded into the genome of NDV LaSota vaccine strain to obtain the recombinant virus rNDV-H9. The recombinant virus rNDV-H9 showed similar replication kinetic characteristics with the parent LaSota strain and had good genetic stability. The immunization result showed that rNDV-H9 induced high HI antibody titer against H9N2 AIV. In the H9N2 AIV challenge experiment, rNDV-H9 could significantly reduce the virus shedding in trachea and cloaca. In addition, rNDV-H9 protected the barrier function of chicken intestinal mucosal epithelial cells and reduced the virus-induced inflammatory response to a certain extent, so as to inhibit the abnormal proliferation of E. coli. This study suggests that rNDV-H9 is a promising vaccine candidate against H9N2 AIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanming Shao
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China
| | - Zi Xie
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China
| | - Ming Liang
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China
| | - Yaxin Liu
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China
| | - Chaoyi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-infectives, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Keyu Feng
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China
| | - Xinheng Zhang
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China
| | - Wencheng Lin
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China
| | - Jun Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-infectives, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingmei Xie
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Raj S, Astill J, Alqazlan N, Boodhoo N, Hodgins DC, Nagy É, Mubareka S, Karimi K, Sharif S. Transmission of H9N2 Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus (LPAIV) in a Challenge-Transmission Model. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071040. [PMID: 35891204 PMCID: PMC9316524 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Migratory birds are major reservoirs for avian influenza viruses (AIV), which can be transmitted to poultry and mammals. The H9N2 subtype of AIV has become prevalent in poultry over the last two decades. Despite that, there is a scarcity of detailed information on how this virus can be transmitted. The current study aimed to establish a direct contact model using seeder chickens infected with H9N2 AIV as a source of the virus for transmission to recipient chickens. Seeder chickens were inoculated with two different inoculation routes either directly or via the aerosol route. The results indicate that inoculation via the aerosol route was more effective at establishing infection compared to the direct inoculation route. Shedding was observed to be higher in aerosol-inoculated seeder chickens, with a greater percentage of chickens being infected at each time point. In terms of transmission, the recipient chickens exposed to the aerosol-inoculated seeder chickens had higher oral and cloacal virus shedding compared to the recipient chickens of the directly inoculated group. Furthermore, the aerosol route of infection resulted in enhanced antibody responses in both seeder and recipient chickens compared to the directly inoculated group. Overall, the results confirmed that the aerosol route is a preferred inoculation route for infecting seeder chickens in a direct contact transmission model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sugandha Raj
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (S.R.); (N.A.); (N.B.); (D.C.H.); (É.N.); (K.K.)
| | - Jake Astill
- Artemis Technologies Inc., Guelph, ON N1L 1E3, Canada;
| | - Nadiyah Alqazlan
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (S.R.); (N.A.); (N.B.); (D.C.H.); (É.N.); (K.K.)
| | - Nitish Boodhoo
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (S.R.); (N.A.); (N.B.); (D.C.H.); (É.N.); (K.K.)
| | - Douglas C. Hodgins
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (S.R.); (N.A.); (N.B.); (D.C.H.); (É.N.); (K.K.)
| | - Éva Nagy
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (S.R.); (N.A.); (N.B.); (D.C.H.); (É.N.); (K.K.)
| | - Samira Mubareka
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada;
| | - Khalil Karimi
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (S.R.); (N.A.); (N.B.); (D.C.H.); (É.N.); (K.K.)
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (S.R.); (N.A.); (N.B.); (D.C.H.); (É.N.); (K.K.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
The relationship among avian influenza, gut microbiota and chicken immunity: An updated overview. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102021. [PMID: 35939896 PMCID: PMC9386105 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The alimentary tract in chickens plays a crucial role in immune cell formation and immune challenges, which regulate intestinal flora and sustain extra-intestinal immunity. The interaction between pathogenic microorganisms and the host commensal microbiota as well as the variety and integrity of gut microbiota play a vital role in health and disease conditions. Thus, several studies have highlighted the importance of gut microbiota in developing immunity against viral infections in chickens. The gut microbiota (such as different species of Lactobacillus, Blautia Bifidobacterium, Faecalibacterium, Clostridium XlVa, and members of firmicutes) encounters different pathogens through different mechanisms. The digestive tract is a highly reactive environment, and infectious microorganisms can disturb its homeostasis, resulting in dysbiosis and mucosal infections. Avian influenza viruses (AIV) are highly infectious zoonotic viruses that lead to severe economic losses and pose a threat to the poultry industry worldwide. AIV is a challenging virus that affects gut integrity, disrupts microbial homeostasis and induces inflammatory damage in the intestinal mucosa. H9N2 AIV infection elevates the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interferon (IFN-γ and IFNα) and interleukins (IL-17A and IL-22), and increases the proliferation of members of proteobacteria, particularly Escherichia coli. On the contrary, it decreases the proliferation of certain beneficial bacteria, such as Enterococcus, Lactobacillus and other probiotic microorganisms. In addition, H9N2 AIV decreases the expression of primary gel-forming mucin, endogenous trefoil factor family peptides and tight junction proteins (ZO-1, claudin 3, and occludin), resulting in severe intestinal damage. This review highlights the relationship among AIV, gut microbiota and immunity in chicken.
Collapse
|
6
|
Ngunjiri JM, Taylor KJM, Ji H, Abundo MC, Ghorbani A, Kc M, Lee CW. Influenza A virus infection in turkeys induces respiratory and enteric bacterial dysbiosis correlating with cytokine gene expression. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11806. [PMID: 34327060 PMCID: PMC8310620 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Turkey respiratory and gut microbiota play important roles in promoting health and production performance. Loss of microbiota homeostasis due to pathogen infection can worsen the disease or predispose the bird to infection by other pathogens. While turkeys are highly susceptible to influenza viruses of different origins, the impact of influenza virus infection on turkey gut and respiratory microbiota has not been demonstrated. In this study, we investigated the relationships between low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) virus replication, cytokine gene expression, and respiratory and gut microbiota disruption in specific-pathogen-free turkeys. Differential replication of two LPAI H5N2 viruses paralleled the levels of clinical signs and cytokine gene expression. During active virus shedding, there was significant increase of ileal and nasal bacterial contents, which inversely corresponded with bacterial species diversity. Spearman’s correlation tests between bacterial abundance and local viral titers revealed that LPAI virus-induced dysbiosis was strongest in the nasal cavity followed by trachea, and weakest in the gut. Significant correlations were also observed between cytokine gene expression levels and relative abundances of several bacteria in tracheas of infected turkeys. For example, interferon γ/λ and interleukin-6 gene expression levels were correlated positively with Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas abundances, and negatively with Lactobacillus abundance. Overall, our data suggest a potential relationship where bacterial community diversity and enrichment or depletion of several bacterial genera in the gut and respiratory tract are dependent on the level of LPAI virus replication. Further work is needed to establish whether respiratory and enteric dysbiosis in LPAI virus-infected turkeys is a result of host immunological responses or other causes such as changes in nutritional uptake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John M Ngunjiri
- Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States of America
| | - Kara J M Taylor
- Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States of America.,Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Hana Ji
- Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States of America.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Michael C Abundo
- Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States of America
| | - Amir Ghorbani
- Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States of America.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Mahesh Kc
- Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States of America.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America.,Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Chang-Won Lee
- Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States of America.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang X, Zhao Q, Ci X, Chen S, Chen L, Lian J, Xie Z, Ye Y, Lv H, Li H, Lin W, Zhang H, Xie Q. Effect of Baicalin on Bacterial Secondary Infection and Inflammation Caused by H9N2 AIV Infection in Chickens. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:2524314. [PMID: 33294434 PMCID: PMC7691011 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2524314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus (H9N2 AIV) is a low pathogenic virus that is widely prevalent all over the world. H9N2 AIV causes immunosuppression in the host and often leads to high rates of mortality due to secondary infection with Escherichia. Due to the drug resistance of bacteria, many antibiotics are not effective in the treatment of secondary bacterial infection. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to find effective nonantibiotic drugs for the treatment of H9N2 AIV infection-induced secondary bacterial infection and inflammation. This study proves, for the first time, that baicalin, a Chinese herbal medicine, can regulate Lactobacillus to replace Escherichia induced by H9N2 AIV, so as to resolve the intestinal flora disorder. In addition, baicalin can effectively prevent intestinal bacterial translocation of SPF chickens' post-H9N2 AIV infection, thus inhibiting secondary bacterial infection. Furthermore, baicalin can effectively treat H9N2 AIV-induced inflammation by inhibiting intestinal structural damage, inhibiting damage to ileal mucus layer construction and tight junctions, improving antioxidant capacity, affecting blood biochemical indexes, and inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines. Taken together, these results provide a new theoretical basis for clinical prevention and control of H9N2 AIV infection-induced secondary bacterial infection and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinheng Zhang
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, China
- South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qiqi Zhao
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaotong Ci
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Liyi Chen
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, China
- South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jiamin Lian
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, China
- South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zi Xie
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, China
- South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yaqiong Ye
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China
| | - Huiyuan Lv
- Beijing Center Biology CO., LTD., Beijing 100000, China
| | - Hongxin Li
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, China
- South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wencheng Lin
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, China
- South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Huanmin Zhang
- USDA, Agriculture Research Service, Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Qingmei Xie
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, China
- South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Probiotic Lactobacilli Limit Avian Influenza Virus Subtype H9N2 Replication in Chicken Cecal Tonsil Mononuclear Cells. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040605. [PMID: 33066282 PMCID: PMC7712974 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) H9N2 poses significant threat to animal and human health. The growing interest in beneficial effects of probiotic bacteria on host immune system has led to research efforts studying their interaction with cells of host immune system. However, the role of lactobacilli in inducing antiviral responses in lymphoid tissue cells requires further investigation. The objective of the present study was to examine the antiviral and immunostimulatory effects of lactobacilli bacteria on chicken cecal tonsils (CT) cells against H9N2 LPAIV. CT mononuclear cells were stimulated with probiotic Lactobacillus spp mixture either alone or in combination with a Toll-like receptor (TLR)21 ligand, CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG). Pre-treatment of CT cells with probiotic lactobacilli, alone or in combination with CpG, significantly reduced H9N2 LPAIV replication. Furthermore, lactobacilli alone elicited cytokine expression, including IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12, and IL-10, while when combined with CpG, a significantly higher expression of (interferon-stimulated gene (viperin)), IL-12, IL-6, CXCLi2, and IL-1β was observed. However, none of these treatments induced significant changes in nitric oxide production by CT cells. In conclusion, probiotic lactobacilli demonstrated a modulatory effect on CT cells, and this correlated with enhanced antiviral immunity and reduced H9N2 LPAIV viral replication.
Collapse
|
9
|
Awadin WF, Eladl AH, El-Shafei RA, El-Adl MA, Aziza AE, Ali HS, Saif MA. Effect of omega-3 rich diet on the response of Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) infected with Newcastle disease virus or avian influenza virus H9N2. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 228:108668. [PMID: 31712184 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.108668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was performed to evaluate the effects of omega-3 supplementation on growth performance, clinical signs, post-mortem lesions, haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titres, gene expression and histopathology in quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) infected with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and avian influenza virus (AIV) H9N2. One hundred, 40-day-old male quails were divided into 5 groups: G1, fed a control basal diet; G2A, infected with NDV; G2B, infected with H9N2; G3A, infected with NDV and given omega-3, and G3B, infected with H9N2 and given omega-3. The dietary omega-3 supplementation was continued for 4 weeks: two weeks before infection and two weeks after intranasal infection with virulent NDV and AIV H9N2. Our results revealed significant differences (P < 0.05) in growth performance, HI antibody titres, clinical signs, post-mortem lesions, mortality, viral shedding rates, immunological parameters, and histopathological lesions between the treated (G3A and G3B) and untreated (G2A and G2B) groups. In conclusion, dietary omega-3 supplementation for 4 weeks can improve growth performance and alleviate the deleterious immunological and pathological effects of NDV and AIV H9N2 infection in quails.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walaa F Awadin
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Abdelfattah H Eladl
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Reham A El-Shafei
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed A El-Adl
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Abeer E Aziza
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Hanaa S Ali
- Department of Pathology, Animal Health Research Institute, Mansoura branch, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Saif
- Researcher of Virology, Reference Laboratory of Quality Control of Poultry Production (Gamasa)- Animal Health Research Institute, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gao S, Zhao Y, Yu J, Wang X, Zheng D, Cai Y, Liu H, Wang Z. Comparison between class I NDV and class II NDV in aerosol transmission under experimental condition. Poult Sci 2019; 98:5040-5044. [PMID: 31064012 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent epidemiological surveys have shown that class I Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is widely distributed in China. However, little is currently known about its transmission. Therefore, in this study, we compared the transmission of class I and class II NDV. Specific-pathogen-free chickens were divided into a class I NDV inoculation group and an aerosol-exposed infection group and kept in 2 separate isolators (A and B, respectively) that were connected with an airtight plastic pipe. After inoculation, air samples were collected regularly with an All-Glass Impinger-30 (Liaoyang, China), and the airborne virus contents were analyzed using the plaque count method. In addition, oral and cloacal swabs were collected regularly to detect virus shedding using quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Similar trials were conducted simultaneously with class II NDV in isolators C and D. We consistently detected class I NDV aerosols in both isolators A and B up to 40 D post-inoculation (dpi). The aerosol concentration reached a maximum of 13.81 × 103 plague-forming units per cubic meter of air at 18 dpi and was significantly higher than that of class II NDV at 21 and 24 dpi. We also detected class I virus shedding from 2 to 40 dpi in the inoculated chickens and from 7 to 40 D post-aerosol-exposed infection in the aerosol-exposed chickens. This phenomenon may explain why class I NDV has been the primary epidemic strain of NDV in recent years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengbin Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian City 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yunling Zhao
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jiarong Yu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian City 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian City 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Dongxia Zheng
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yumei Cai
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian City 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hualei Liu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhiliang Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, Shandong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Commensal gut microbiota can modulate adaptive immune responses in chickens vaccinated with whole inactivated avian influenza virus subtype H9N2. Vaccine 2019; 37:6640-6647. [PMID: 31542262 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Variations in the composition of commensal gut microbiota have been reported to be major contributors to differences in responses to vaccination among individuals. In chickens, there is limited information on the role of gut microbiota in responses to vaccination. The current study studied the role of gut microbiota in cell- and antibody-mediated immune responses to vaccination with a whole inactivated avian influenza virus, subtype H9N2. A total of 166 one-day-old specific pathogen free layer chickens (SPF) were randomly assigned to treatments, where a combination of antibiotic depletion, and probiotics (a combination of five Lactobacillus species) or fecal microbial transplant (FMT) reconstitution were used to study the dynamics of cell- and antibody-mediated immune responses to primary and secondary vaccinations at days 15 and 29 of age, respectively. Overall, at days 7 and 14 post primary vaccination (p.p.v.), administration of probiotics to non-depleted chickens resulted in significantly higher mean hemagglutination (HI) titre compared to antibiotic treated chickens. Furthermore, at day 21 p.p.v., chickens treated with probiotics or FMT post-antibiotic treatment showed a significantly higher mean HI titre compared to non-depleted chickens treated with probiotics. At day 7 p.p.v., a significantly higher virus specific IgM and IgG titres were observed in non-depleted chickens administered with probiotics compared to antibiotic depleted chickens, and a significantly higher IgG titre was observed in chickens treated with FMT following antibiotic treatment compared to only antibiotic treatment. Analysis of interferon gamma expression in splenocytes to assess cell-mediated immune responses showed a significantly lower expression in antibiotic-treated chickens compared to non-depleted chickens and FMT reconstituted chickens. Taken together, the current study suggests that shifts in the composition of gut microbiota of chickens may result in changes in cell- and antibody-mediated immune responses to vaccination against influenza viruses. Further studies will be needed to highlight the mechanisms involved in this modulation.
Collapse
|
12
|
Germeraad EA, Sanders P, Hagenaars TJ, Jong MCMD, Beerens N, Gonzales JL. Virus Shedding of Avian Influenza in Poultry: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090812. [PMID: 31480744 PMCID: PMC6784017 DOI: 10.3390/v11090812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding virus shedding patterns of avian influenza virus (AIV) in poultry is important for understanding host-pathogen interactions and developing effective control strategies. Many AIV strains were studied in challenge experiments in poultry, but no study has combined data from those studies to identify general AIV shedding patterns. These systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to summarize qualitative and quantitative information on virus shedding levels and duration for different AIV strains in experimentally infected poultry species. Methods were designed based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Four electronic databases were used to collect literature. A total of 1155 abstract were screened, with 117 studies selected for the qualitative analysis and 71 studies for the meta-analysis. A large heterogeneity in experimental methods was observed and the quantitative analysis showed that experimental variables such as species, virus origin, age, inoculation route and dose, affect virus shedding (mean, peak and duration) for highly pathogenic AIV (HPAIV), low pathogenic AIV (LPAIV) or both. In conclusion, this study highlights the need to standardize experimental procedures, it provides a comprehensive summary of the shedding patterns of AIV strains by infected poultry and identifies the variables that influence the level and duration of AIV shedding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evelien A Germeraad
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands.
| | - Pim Sanders
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, WBVR, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 338, 6700AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas J Hagenaars
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, WBVR, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Mart C M de Jong
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 338, 6700AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nancy Beerens
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Jose L Gonzales
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, WBVR, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yitbarek A, Weese JS, Alkie TN, Parkinson J, Sharif S. Influenza A virus subtype H9N2 infection disrupts the composition of intestinal microbiota of chickens. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2019; 94:4705883. [PMID: 29228270 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fix165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of low pathogenic influenza viruses such as subtype H9N2, which infect the respiratory and the gastrointestinal tracts of chickens, on microbial composition are not known. Twenty-day-old specific pathogen-free chickens were assigned to two treatment groups, control (uninfected) and H9N2-infected (challenged via the oral-nasal route). Fecal genomic DNA was extracted, and the V3-V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene were sequenced using the Illumina Miseq® platform. Sequences were curated using Mothur as described in the MiSeq SOP. Infection of chickens with H9N2 resulted in an increase in phylum Proteobacteria, and differential enrichment with the genera Vampirovibrio, Pseudoflavonifractor, Ruminococcus, Clostridium cluster XIVb and Isobaculum while control chickens were differentially enriched with genera Novosphingobium, Sphingomonas, Bradyrhizobium and Bifidobacterium. Analysis of pre- and post-H9N2 infection of the same chickens showed that, before infection, the fecal microbiota was characterized by Lachnospiracea and Ruminococcaceae family and the genera Clostridium sensu stricto, Roseburia and Lachnospiraceae incertae sedis. However, post-H9N2 infection, class Deltaproteobacteria, orders Clostridiales and Bacteroidiales and the genus Alistipes were differentially enriched. Findings from the current study show that influenza virus infection in chickens results in the shift of the gut microbiota, and the disruption of the host-microbial homeostasis in the gut might be one of the mechanisms by which influenza virus infection is established in chickens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Yitbarek
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - J Scott Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Tamiru Negash Alkie
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - John Parkinson
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada.,Division of Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada.,Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jegede A, Fu Q, Lin M, Kumar A, Guan J. Aerosol exposure enhanced infection of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in chickens. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 66:435-444. [PMID: 30307712 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
To assess the impact of different routes of inoculation on experimental infection of avian influenza (AI) viruses in chickens, this study compared virus replication and cytokine gene expression in respiratory and gastrointestinal organ tissues of chickens, which were inoculated with four low pathogenic subtypes, H6N1, H10N7, H10N8, and H13N6 AI viruses via the aerosol, intranasal, and oral routes respectively. Aerosol inoculation with the H6N1, H10N7, and H10N8 viruses significantly increased viral titres and upregulated the interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β genes in the trachea and lung tissues compared to intranasal or oral inoculation. Furthermore, one or two out of six chickens died following exposure to aerosolized H6N1 or H10N8 virus respectively. The H13N6 virus reached the lung via aerosol inoculation although failed to establish infection. Collectively, chickens were more susceptible to aerosolized AI viruses compared to intranasal or oral inoculation, and virus aerosols might post a significant threat to poultry health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akinlolu Jegede
- Ottawa Laboratory (Fallowfield), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Qigao Fu
- Ottawa Laboratory (Fallowfield), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Min Lin
- Ottawa Laboratory (Fallowfield), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jiewen Guan
- Ottawa Laboratory (Fallowfield), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yitbarek A, Taha-Abdelaziz K, Hodgins DC, Read L, Nagy É, Weese JS, Caswell JL, Parkinson J, Sharif S. Gut microbiota-mediated protection against influenza virus subtype H9N2 in chickens is associated with modulation of the innate responses. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13189. [PMID: 30181578 PMCID: PMC6123399 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31613-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Commensal gut microbiota plays an important role in health and disease. The current study was designed to assess the role of gut microbiota of chickens in the initiation of antiviral responses against avian influenza virus. Day-old layer chickens received a cocktail of antibiotics for 12 (ABX-D12) or 16 (ABX-D16) days to deplete their gut microbiota, followed by treatment of chickens from ABX-12 with five Lactobacillus species combination (PROB), fecal microbial transplant suspension (FMT) or sham treatment daily for four days. At day 17 of age, chickens were challenged with H9N2 virus. Cloacal virus shedding, and interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-β and interleukin (IL)-22 expression in the trachea, lung, ileum and cecal tonsils was assessed. Higher virus shedding, and compromised type I IFNs and IL-22 expression was observed in ABX-D16 chickens compared to control, while PROB and FMT showed reduced virus shedding and restored IL-22 expression to levels comparable with undepleted chickens. In conclusion, commensal gut microbiota of chickens can modulate innate responses to influenza virus subtype H9N2 infection in chickens, and modulating the composition of the microbiome using probiotics- and/or FMT-based interventions might serve to promote a healthy community that confers protection against influenza virus infection in chickens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Yitbarek
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W, Canada
| | - Khaled Taha-Abdelaziz
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W, Canada.,Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Al Shamlah, 62511, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Douglas C Hodgins
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W, Canada
| | - Leah Read
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W, Canada
| | - Éva Nagy
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W, Canada
| | - J Scott Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W, Canada
| | - Jeff L Caswell
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W, Canada
| | - John Parkinson
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G4, Canada.,Division of Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada.,Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Induction profiles of mRNA of toll like receptors and cytokines in chickens pre-exposed to low pathogenic avian influenza H9N2 virus followed by challenge with highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus. Microb Pathog 2018; 117:200-205. [PMID: 29476788 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Herein, the induction of TLRs and cytokines in chickens pre-exposed to low pathogenic avian influenza H9N2 virus followed by challenge with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus was studied. Four groups (1-4) of chickens inoculated with 106 EID50 of H9N2 virus were challenged with 106 EID50 of H5N1 virus on days 1, 3, 7 and 14 post H9N2 inoculation, respectively. In groups (1-4) TLRs and cytokines induction was studied in chicken PBMCs on day 3 post H5N1 challenge. In H5N1 control group TLRs (1, 2, 5 and 7) cytokines (IFNα, IFNβ, IFNγ, IL1β, IL2, IL4, IL8 and TGF β3) were down regulated. In group 1 down regulation of cytokines and TLRs was similar to H5N1 control birds. Down regulation of TLRs and cytokines in H5N1 control and group 1 resulted death of all the chickens. In group 2, up-regulation of TLRs (3, 7 and 15) and induction of TNFα, IFNα, IFNβ, IFNγ aided virus clearance leading to survival of all the chickens. In group 3 significant up-regulation of TLRs (3, 4 and 15) and significant induction of cytokines (IFNγ, TNFα, IL1β, IL4, IL6, IL8, IL10 and TGF β3) was detected. In group 4 significant up-regulation of TLRs (2, 3, 7 and 15) and significant induction of cytokines (IFNγ, TNFα, IL1β, IL2, IL6, IL8 and IL10) was detected. In groups 3 and 4 simultaneous and significant induction of pro-inflammatory, antiviral and anti-inflammatory cytokine resulted cytokine dysregulation leading to death of (2/6) and (3/6) chickens respectively. Hence, the study revealed TLRs and cytokines role in modulating the H5N1 infection outcome in chickens pre-exposed to H9N2 virus.
Collapse
|
17
|
Umar S, Tanweer M, Iqbal M, Shahzad A, Hassan F, Usman M, Sarwar F, Qadir H, Asif S, Un-Nisa Q, Younus M, Ali A, Akbar M, Towakal F, Shah MA. RETRACTED: Mycoplasma synoviae vaccine modifies virus shedding and immune responses of avian influenza (H9N2) infection in commercial layers. Poult Sci 2017; 96:3086-3095. [PMID: 28854756 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). The authors retract the above paper due to: 1) conflict of interest among the authors; and 2) addition of co-author Dr. Muhammad Younus without his knowledge or permission. The authors apologize for these two grave mistakes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Umar
- Department of Pathobiology, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
| | | | - Mudassar Iqbal
- University College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Asad Shahzad
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Farooq Hassan
- Poultry Research Institute (PRI), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | | | - Fozia Sarwar
- Poultry Research Institute (PRI), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Hajra Qadir
- Veterinary Officer, Department of Livestock and Dairy Development, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Sajjad Asif
- Department of Microbiology, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Qamar Un-Nisa
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Younus
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Jhang, Pakistan
| | - Asif Ali
- Veterinary Officer, Department of Livestock and Dairy Development, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Mehboob Akbar
- Poultry Research Institute (PRI), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Ali Shah
- Department of Pathobiology, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Xu Q, Chen Y, Zhao W, Zhang T, Liu C, Qi T, Han Z, Shao Y, Ma D, Liu S. Infection of Goose with Genotype VIId Newcastle Disease Virus of Goose Origin Elicits Strong Immune Responses at Early Stage. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1587. [PMID: 27757109 PMCID: PMC5047883 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND), caused by virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is a highly contagious disease of birds that is responsible for heavy economic losses for the poultry industry worldwide. However, little is known about host-virus interactions in waterfowl, goose. In this study, we aim to characterize the host immune response in goose, based on the previous reports on the host response to NDV in chickens. Here, we evaluated viral replication and mRNA expression of 27 immune-related genes in 10 tissues of geese challenged with a genotype VIId NDV strain of goose origin (go/CH/LHLJ/1/06). The virus showed early replication, especially in digestive and immune tissues. The expression profiles showed up-regulation of Toll-like receptor (TLR)1–3, 5, 7, and 15, avian β-defensin (AvBD) 5–7, 10, 12, and 16, cytokines [interleukin (IL)-8, IL-18, IL-1β, and interferon-γ], inducible NO synthase (iNOS), and MHC class I in some tissues of geese in response to NDV. In contrast, NDV infection suppressed expression of AvBD1 in cecal tonsil of geese. Moreover, we observed a highly positive correlation between viral replication and host mRNA expressions of TLR1-5 and 7, AvBD4-6, 10, and 12, all the cytokines measured, MHC class I, FAS ligand, and iNOS, mainly at 72 h post-infection. Taken together, these results demonstrated that NDV infection induces strong innate immune responses and intense inflammatory responses at early stage in goose which may associate with the viral pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China; Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHarbin, China
| | - Yuqiu Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China; Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHarbin, China
| | - Wenjun Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China; Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHarbin, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China; Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHarbin, China
| | - Chenggang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China; Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHarbin, China
| | - Tianming Qi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China; Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHarbin, China
| | - Zongxi Han
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin, China
| | - Yuhao Shao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin, China
| | - Deying Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin, China
| | - Shengwang Liu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Umar S, Munir MT, Kaboudi K, Rehman A, Asif S, Usman M, Ali A, Shahzad M, Subhan S, Shah MAA. Effect of route of inoculation on replication of avian influenza virus (H9N2) and interferon gene expression in guinea fowl (Numida meleagridis). Br Poult Sci 2016; 57:451-61. [PMID: 27057651 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2016.1174979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The study was designed to investigate the replication of a re-assortant H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) and induction of the interferon (IFNγ) response after aerosol or intranasal inoculation with the virus in guinea fowl. To determine virus shedding pattern, oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs and tissue specimens of trachea, lungs, spleen and caecal tonsils were collected post-inoculation (pi). Infected guinea fowl showed mild clinical signs, while negative control guinea fowl remained healthy and active throughout the experiment irrespective of the inoculation route. However, the clinical signs were more prominent in guinea fowl infected through the aerosol route. Virus was detected in all oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs up to 7 d pi in guinea fowl from both inoculation groups. However, virus was detected more frequently and in higher titres in oropharyngeal swabs and specimens of trachea and lungs from the group exposed to aerosols than in the group given intranasal drops. In accordance with viral replication findings, expression of IFNγ was up-regulated on 1, 2 and 4 d pi to a significantly higher level in lung tissue specimens from the group exposed to virus aerosol than from controls treated with PBS intranasally. On the other hand, IFNγ was up-regulated above that of controls in lung tissue specimens from the group treated with intranasal drops of virus only on 4 d pi. These findings indicate that virus administered in aerosols was more efficient in infecting the lower respiratory tract and in inducing activity of the IFNγ gene than virus administered as intranasal drops. The results of this study suggest that virus aerosols cause more intense respiratory infection and increase the shedding of the H9N2 AIV in guinea fowl, highlighting the potential role of guinea fowl as a mixing bowl for transmission and maintenance of H9N2 AIV between poultry premises.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Umar
- a Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences , University of Arid Agriculture , Rawalpindi , Pakistan
| | - M T Munir
- a Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences , University of Arid Agriculture , Rawalpindi , Pakistan
| | - K Kaboudi
- b Department of Poultry Farming and Pathology, National Veterinary School , Sidi Thabet Ariana , Tunisia
| | - A Rehman
- c Department of Epidemiology and Public Health , University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore , Pakistan
| | - S Asif
- d Department of Microbiology , University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences Lahore , Pakistan
| | - M Usman
- e Department of Poultry Production , Poultry Research Institute (PRI) Rawalpindi , Pakistan
| | - A Ali
- f Department of Livestock & Dairy Development , Punjab , Pakistan
| | - M Shahzad
- g Department of Pathology , University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences Lahore , Pakistan
| | - S Subhan
- d Department of Microbiology , University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences Lahore , Pakistan
| | - M A A Shah
- a Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences , University of Arid Agriculture , Rawalpindi , Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Singh SM, Alkie TN, Abdelaziz KT, Hodgins DC, Novy A, Nagy É, Sharif S. Characterization of Immune Responses to an Inactivated Avian Influenza Virus Vaccine Adjuvanted with Nanoparticles Containing CpG ODN. Viral Immunol 2016; 29:269-75. [PMID: 27077969 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2015.0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV), a mucosal pathogen, gains entry into host chickens through respiratory and gastrointestinal routes. Most commercial AIV vaccines for poultry consist of inactivated, whole virus with adjuvant, delivered by parenteral administration. Recent advances in vaccine development have led to the application of nanoparticle emulsion delivery systems, such as poly (d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles to enhance antigen-specific immune responses. In chickens, the Toll-like receptor 21 ligand, CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), have been demonstrated to be immunostimulatory. The objective of this study was to compare the adjuvant potential of CpG ODN 2007 encapsulated in PLGA nanoparticles with nonencapsulated CpG ODN 2007 when combined with a formalin-inactivated H9N2 virus, through intramuscular and aerosol delivery routes. Chickens were vaccinated at days 7 and 21 posthatch for the intramuscular route and at days 7, 21, and 35 for the aerosol route. Antibody-mediated responses were evaluated weekly in sera and lacrimal secretions in specific pathogen-free chickens. The results indicate that nonencapsulated CpG ODN 2007 in inactivated AIV vaccines administered by the intramuscular route generated higher antibody responses compared to the encapsulated CpG ODN 2007 formulation by the same route. Additionally, encapsulated CpG ODN 2007 in AIV vaccines administered by the aerosol route elicited higher mucosal responses compared to nonencapsulated CpG ODN 2007. Future studies may be aimed at evaluating protective immune responses induced with PLGA encapsulation of AIV and adjuvants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shirene M Singh
- 1 Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph , Guelph, Canada
| | - Tamiru N Alkie
- 1 Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph , Guelph, Canada
| | - Khaled Taha Abdelaziz
- 1 Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph , Guelph, Canada .,2 Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University , Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Douglas C Hodgins
- 1 Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph , Guelph, Canada
| | - Anastasia Novy
- 1 Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph , Guelph, Canada
| | - Éva Nagy
- 1 Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph , Guelph, Canada
| | - Shayan Sharif
- 1 Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph , Guelph, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Farzin H, Toroghi R, Haghparast A. Up-Regulation of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokine Production in Avian Influenza H9N2 Virus-Infected Human Lung Epithelial Cell Line (A549). Immunol Invest 2016; 45:116-29. [DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2015.1099663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|