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A. Abd El-Ghany W. Avian Metapneumovirus Infection in Poultry Flocks: A Review of Current Knowledge. PERTANIKA JOURNAL OF TROPICAL AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE 2023; 46:971-1002. [DOI: 10.47836/pjtas.46.3.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) is one of the respiratory viruses that cause global economic losses in poultry production systems. Therefore, it was important to design a comprehensive review article that gives more information about aMPV infection regarding the distribution, susceptibility, transmission, pathogenesis, pathology, diagnosis, and prevention. The aMPV infection is characterized by respiratory and reproductive disorders in turkeys and chickens. The disease condition is turkey rhinotracheitis in turkeys and swollen head syndrome in chickens. Infection with aMPV is associated with worldwide economic losses, especially in complications with other infections or poor environmental conditions. The genus Metapneumovirus is a single-stranded enveloped RNA virus and contains A, B, C, and D subtypes. Meat and egg-type birds are susceptible to aMPV infection. The virus can transmit through aerosol, direct contact, mechanical, and vertical routes. The disease condition is characterized by respiratory manifestations, a decrease in egg production, growth retardation, increasing morbidity rate, and sometimes nervous signs and a high mortality rate, particularly in concurrent infections. Definitive diagnosis of aMPV is based mainly on isolation and identification methods, detection of the viral DNA, as well as seroconversion. Prevention of aMPV infection depends on adopting biosecurity measures and vaccination using inactivated, live attenuated, and recombinant or DNA vaccines.
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Wang J, Hou L, Wei L, Yan X, Zhu S, Quan R, Li Z, Wang D, Jiang H, Song J, Cui Y, Liu J. Characterization of avain metapneumovirus subgroup C isolated from chickens in Beijing, China. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102250. [PMID: 36435163 PMCID: PMC9700036 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) is an important causative agent that causes acute respiratory disease and egg-dropping in chickens and turkeys. Here, we characterized an aMPV subgroup C (aMPV/C) from 320-day-old broiler breeder chickens with severe respiratory diseases in Beijing, China, as evidenced by RT-PCR typing and confirmation of the nucleoprotein (N) gene sequence. The N gene sequence of the aMPV/C strain (designated BJ17) exhibited no deletions or insertions and possessed 94.6% to 99.6% identity to those of published aMPV/C isolates. The phylogenetic tree of the nucleotide sequences constructed using the neighbor-joining clustering method showed that the BJ17 strain formed one cluster with other aMPV/C viruses and formed one subcluster with published Chinese aMPV/C isolates regardless of Muscovy duck or chicken origins. Comparative analysis of the N proteins showed that a unique amino acid residue D at position 110 might be associated with regional distribution due to its occurrence in all the Chinese aMPV/C isolates only. Strain BJ17 was successfully isolated by cultured Vero cell passage and further inoculated in 3-wk-old specific-pathogen-free chickens for the examination of pathogenicity. Animal experimental results showed that BJ17-inoculated chickens had severe respiratory diseases and inflammatory lesions, as demonstrated by pathological changes and aMPV antigen in the nasal turbinate, tracheae, and lung tissues. These results enrich the available information regarding the epidemiology and pathogenicity of aMPV/C in chickens, which may facilitate the development of effective measures against aMPV/C infection in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Li Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Xv Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Quan
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Zixuan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Haijun Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangwei Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Yongqiu Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jue Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China,Corresponding author:
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Kariithi HM, Christy N, Decanini EL, Lemiere S, Volkening JD, Afonso CL, Suarez DL. Detection and Genome Sequence Analysis of Avian Metapneumovirus Subtype A Viruses Circulating in Commercial Chicken Flocks in Mexico. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9100579. [PMID: 36288192 PMCID: PMC9612082 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9100579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian metapneumoviruses (aMPV subtypes A-D) are respiratory and reproductive pathogens of poultry. Since aMPV-A was initially reported in Mexico in 2014, there have been no additional reports of its detection in the country. Using nontargeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) of FTA card-spotted respiratory samples from commercial chickens in Mexico, seven full genome sequences of aMPV-A (lengths of 13,288-13,381 nucleotides) were de novo assembled. Additionally, complete coding sequences of genes N (n = 2), P and M (n = 7 each), F and L (n = 1 each), M2 (n = 6), SH (n = 5) and G (n = 2) were reference-based assembled from another seven samples. The Mexican isolates phylogenetically group with, but in a distinct clade separate from, other aMPV-A strains. The genome and G-gene nt sequences of the Mexican aMPVs are closest to strain UK/8544/06 (97.22-97.47% and 95.07-95.83%, respectively). Various amino acid variations distinguish the Mexican isolates from each other, and other aMPV-A strains, most of which are in the G (n = 38), F (n = 12), and L (n = 19) proteins. Using our sequence data and publicly available aMPV-A data, we revised a previously published rRT-PCR test, which resulted in different cycling and amplification conditions for aMPV-A to make it more compatible with other commonly used rRT-PCR diagnostic cycling conditions. This is the first comprehensive sequence analysis of aMPVs in Mexico and demonstrates the value of nontargeted NGS to identify pathogens where targeted virus surveillance is likely not routinely performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry M. Kariithi
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA 30605, USA
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kaptagat Rd, Nairobi P.O. Box 57811-00200, Kenya
- Correspondence: (H.M.K.); (D.L.S.); Tel.: +1-(706)-546-3479 (D.L.S.)
| | - Nancy Christy
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Guadalajara 44940, Mexico
| | - Eduardo L. Decanini
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health IMETA, Dubai P.O. Box 507066, United Arab Emirates
| | | | | | | | - David L. Suarez
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA 30605, USA
- Correspondence: (H.M.K.); (D.L.S.); Tel.: +1-(706)-546-3479 (D.L.S.)
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Kaboudi K, Lachheb J. Avian metapneumovirus infection in turkeys: a review on turkey rhinotracheitis. J APPL POULTRY RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2021.100211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Franzo G, Legnardi M, Mescolini G, Tucciarone CM, Lupini C, Quaglia G, Catelli E, Cecchinato M. Avian Metapneumovirus subtype B around Europe: a phylodynamic reconstruction. Vet Res 2020; 51:88. [PMID: 32641149 PMCID: PMC7346485 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00817-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian Metapneumovirus (aMPV) has been recognized as a respiratory pathogen of turkey and chickens for a long time. Recently, a crescent awareness of aMPV, especially subtype B, clinical and economic impact has risen among European researchers and veterinarians. Nevertheless, the knowledge of its epidemiology and evolution is still limited. In the present study, the broadest available collection of partial G gene sequences obtained from European aMPV-B strains was analyzed using different phylodynamic and biostatistical approaches to reconstruct the viral spreading over time and the role of different hosts on its evolution. After aMPV-B introduction, approximatively in 1985 in France, the infection spread was relatively quick, involving the Western and Mediterranean Europe until the end of the 1990s, and then spreading westwards at the beginning of the new millennium, in parallel with an increase of viral population size. In the following period, a wider mixing among aMPV-B strains detected in eastern and western countries could be observed. Most of the within-country genetic heterogeneity was ascribable to single or few introduction events, followed by local circulation. This, combined with the high evolutionary rate herein demonstrated, led to the establishment of genetically and phenotypically different clusters among countries, which could affect the efficacy of natural or vaccine-induced immunity and should be accounted for when planning control measure implementation. On the contrary, while a significant strain exchange was proven among turkey, guinea fowl and chicken, no evidence of differential selective pressures or specific amino-acid mutations was observed, suggesting that no host adaptation is occurring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - Matteo Legnardi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Giulia Mescolini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'emilia, BO, Italy
| | | | - Caterina Lupini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Giulia Quaglia
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Elena Catelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Mattia Cecchinato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, PD, Italy
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Brown Jordan A, Gongora V, Hartley D, Oura C. A Review of Eight High-Priority, Economically Important Viral Pathogens of Poultry within the Caribbean Region. Vet Sci 2018; 5:E14. [PMID: 29373488 PMCID: PMC5876562 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci5010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral pathogens cause devastating economic losses in poultry industries worldwide. The Caribbean region, which boasts some of the highest rates of poultry consumption in the world, is no exception. This review summarizes evidence for the circulation and spread of eight high-priority, economically important poultry viruses across the Caribbean region. Avian influenza virus (AIV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), avian metapneumovirus (aMPV), infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), fowl adenovirus group 1 (FADV Gp1), and egg drop syndrome virus (EDSV) were selected for review. This review of serological, molecular, and phylogenetic studies across Caribbean countries reveals evidence for sporadic outbreaks of respiratory disease caused by notifiable viral pathogens (AIV, IBV, NDV, and ILTV), as well as outbreaks of diseases caused by immunosuppressive viral pathogens (IBDV and FADV Gp1). This review highlights the need to strengthen current levels of surveillance and reporting for poultry diseases in domestic and wild bird populations across the Caribbean, as well as the need to strengthen the diagnostic capacity and capability of Caribbean national veterinary diagnostic laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianne Brown Jordan
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of the West Indies (St. Augustine), Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex, Mount Hope, Trinidad and Tobago.
| | | | - Dane Hartley
- Veterinary Services Laboratory, Guyana Livestock Development Authority, Agriculture Road, Mon Repos, East Coast Demerara.
| | - Christopher Oura
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of the West Indies (St. Augustine), Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex, Mount Hope, Trinidad and Tobago.
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Brown Jordan A, Sookhoo J, Blake L, Crooks P, Mohammed Z, Molawatti-Bisnath J, Carrington CVF, Oura CAL. Serological evidence for eight globally important poultry viruses in Trinidad & Tobago. Prev Vet Med 2017; 149:75-81. [PMID: 29290303 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Viruses affecting poultry cause significant levels of disease leading to severe economic losses among poultry farmers worldwide. The Americas region continues to be vulnerable to the spread of poultry viruses across the continents and Caribbean island chains. In Trinidad and Tobago (T&T) there is limited information on the viruses circulating in poultry. Many flock are vulnerable to infection and there are occasional outbreaks of disease resulting in high levels of morbidity and mortality. This study aims to identify important viruses of poultry circulating in T&T through a broad-based surveillance approach. Serum samples from 29 layer farms in Trinidad and 14 layer farms in Tobago were collected from the eldest laying hens. Samples were tested from unvaccinated birds for antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) against Avian influenza virus (AIV), Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), Avian pneumovirus (APV), Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), Fowl adenovirus Gp1 (FADV) and Egg drop syndrome virus (EDSV). In Trinidad, the estimated true seroprevalence levels of antibodies were 0% (CI 95%: 0-0%) for AIV, 100% (CI 95%: 97-100%) for IBV, 79.8% (CI 95%: 70.6-86.9%) for NDV, 1% (CI 95%: 0-2.6%) for ILTV, 67.55% (CI 95%: 62.3-72.4%) for APV, 94.93% (CI 95%: 88.0-98.6%) for IBDV, 100% (CI 95%: 99.7-100%) for FADV and 67.8% (CI 95%: 62.4-72.8%) for EDSV. In Tobago, seroprevalence levels were 0% (CI 95%: 0-0%) for AIV, 100% (CI 95%: 95.6-100%) for IBV, 80.5% (CI 95%: 70.1-88.5%) for NDV, 29.9% (CI 95%: 20.8-40.6%) for ILTV, 100% (CI 95%: 97.7-100%) for APV, 97.1% (CI95%: 89.9-100%) for IBDV, 100% (CI 95%: 97.5-100%) for FADV and 100% (CI 95%: 99-100%) for EDSV. The results reveal strong evidence for the circulation of IBV, NDV, APV, IBDV, FADV and EDSV in layer poultry on both islands, as well as ILTV in Tobago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianne Brown Jordan
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of the West Indies (St. Augustine), Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex, Mount Hope, Trinidad and Tobago.
| | - Jamie Sookhoo
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of the West Indies (St. Augustine), Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex, Mount Hope, Trinidad and Tobago.
| | - Lemar Blake
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of the West Indies (St. Augustine), Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex, Mount Hope, Trinidad and Tobago.
| | - Paul Crooks
- Division of Food Production and Fisheries, Tobago House of Assembly, Trinidad and Tobago.
| | - Zul Mohammed
- Poultry Surveillance Unit, Animal Production and Health Services Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Land and Fisheries, National Animal Disease Centre, Caroni North Bank Road, Centeno, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Judy Molawatti-Bisnath
- Poultry Surveillance Unit, Animal Production and Health Services Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Land and Fisheries, National Animal Disease Centre, Caroni North Bank Road, Centeno, Trinidad and Tobago.
| | - Christine V F Carrington
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
| | - Christopher A L Oura
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of the West Indies (St. Augustine), Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex, Mount Hope, Trinidad and Tobago.
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Lemaitre E, Allée C, Vabret A, Eterradossi N, Brown PA. Single reaction, real time RT-PCR detection of all known avian and human metapneumoviruses. J Virol Methods 2017; 251:61-68. [PMID: 29030071 PMCID: PMC7119483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Detection of all known avian and human MPV subgroups in a single reaction rRT-PCR. Highly sensitive and specific method using SYBR Green I technology. Complete validation of the method for detection of avian metapneumoviruses.
Current molecular methods for the detection of avian and human metapneumovirus (AMPV, HMPV) are specifically targeted towards each virus species or individual subgroups of these. Here a broad range SYBR Green I real time RT-PCR was developed which amplified a highly conserved fragment of sequence in the N open reading frame. This method was sufficiently efficient and specific in detecting all MPVs. Its validation according to the NF U47-600 norm for the four AMPV subgroups estimated low limits of detection between 1000 and 10 copies/μL, similar with detection levels described previously for real time RT-PCRs targeting specific subgroups. RNA viruses present a challenge for the design of durable molecular diagnostic test due to the rate of change in their genome sequences which can vary substantially in different areas and over time. The fact that the regions of sequence for primer hybridization in the described method have remained sufficiently conserved since the AMPV and HMPV diverged, should give the best chance of continued detection of current subgroups and of potential unknown or future emerging MPV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lemaitre
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, Anses (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety), Ploufragan/Plouzané Laboratory, Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit (VIPAC), OIE Reference Laboratory for Turkey Rhinotracheitis, B.P.53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - C Allée
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, Anses (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety), Ploufragan/Plouzané Laboratory, Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit (VIPAC), OIE Reference Laboratory for Turkey Rhinotracheitis, B.P.53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - A Vabret
- Department of Virology, University Hospital of Caen, 14033 Caen, France
| | - N Eterradossi
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, Anses (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety), Ploufragan/Plouzané Laboratory, Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit (VIPAC), OIE Reference Laboratory for Turkey Rhinotracheitis, B.P.53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - P A Brown
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, Anses (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety), Ploufragan/Plouzané Laboratory, Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit (VIPAC), OIE Reference Laboratory for Turkey Rhinotracheitis, B.P.53, 22440 Ploufragan, France.
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Franzo G, Drigo M, Lupini C, Catelli E, Laconi A, Listorti V, Bonci M, Naylor CJ, Martini M, Cecchinato M. A sensitive, reproducible, and economic real-time reverse transcription PCR detecting avian metapneumovirus subtypes A and B. Avian Dis 2014; 58:216-22. [PMID: 25055624 DOI: 10.1637/10676-092413-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Use of real-time PCR is increasing in the diagnosis of infectious disease due to its sensitivity, specificity, and speed of detection. These characteristics make it particularly suited for the diagnosis of viral infections, like avian metapneumovirus (AMPV), for which effective control benefits from continuously updated knowledge of the epidemiological situation. Other real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCRs have been published based on highly specific fluorescent dye-labeled probes, but they have high initial cost, complex validation, and a marked susceptibility to the genetic variability of their target sequence. With this in mind, we developed and validated a SYBR Green I-based quantitative RT-PCR for the detection of the two most prevalent AMPV subtypes (i.e., subtypes A and B). The assay demonstrated an analytical sensitivity comparable with that of a previously published real-time RT-PCR and the ability to detect RNA equivalent to approximately 0.5 infectious doses for both A and B subtypes. The high efficiency and linearity between viral titer and crossing point displayed for both subtypes make it suited for viral quantification. Optimization of reaction conditions and the implementation of melting curve analysis guaranteed the high specificity of the assay. The stable melting temperature difference between the two subtypes indicated the possibility of subtyping through melting temperature analysis. These characteristics make our assay a sensitive, specific, and rapid tool, enabling contemporaneous detection, quantification, and discrimination of AMPV subtype A and B.
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Cecchinato M, Lupini C, Munoz Pogoreltseva OS, Listorti V, Mondin A, Drigo M, Catelli E. Development of a real-time RT-PCR assay for the simultaneous identification, quantitation and differentiation of avian metapneumovirus subtypes A and B. Avian Pathol 2013; 42:283-9. [PMID: 23650927 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2013.788130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, special attention has been paid to real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for avian metapneumovirus (AMPV) diagnosis, due to its numerous advantages over classical PCR. A new multiplex quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) with molecular beacon probe assay, designed to target the SH gene, was developed. The test was evaluated in terms of specificity, sensitivity and repeatability, and compared with conventional RT nested-PCR based on the G gene. All of the AMPV subtype A and B strains tested were amplified and specifically detected while no amplification occurred with other non-target bird respiratory pathogens. The detection limit of the assay was 10(-0.41) median infectious dose/ml and 10(1.15) median infectious dose/ml when the AMPV-B strain IT/Ty/B/Vr240/87 and the AMPV-A strain IT/Ty/A/259-01/03 were used, respectively, as templates. In all cases, the amplification efficiency was approximately 2 and the error values were <0.2. Standard curves, generated either using the serial dilution of an RNA suspension or RNA extracted from the serial dilution of titrated viral suspensions as templates, exhibited good linearity (R (2)>0.9375) between crossing point values and virus quantities, making the assay herein designed reliable for quantification. When the newly developed qRT-PCR was compared with a conventional RT nested-PCR, it showed greater sensitivity with RNA extracted from both positive controls and from experimentally infected birds. This assay can be effectively used for the detection, identification, differentiation and quantitation of AMPV subtype A or subtype B to assist in disease diagnosis and to carry out rapid surveillance with high levels of sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Cecchinato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, Padua, Italy.
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Abstract
Respiratory viruses (including adenovirus, influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, coronavirus, and rhinovirus) cause a broad spectrum of disease in humans, ranging from mild influenza-like symptoms to acute respiratory failure. While species D adenoviruses and subtype H7 influenza viruses are known to possess an ocular tropism, documented human ocular disease has been reported following infection with all principal respiratory viruses. In this review, we describe the anatomical proximity and cellular receptor distribution between ocular and respiratory tissues. All major respiratory viruses and their association with human ocular disease are discussed. Research utilizing in vitro and in vivo models to study the ability of respiratory viruses to use the eye as a portal of entry as well as a primary site of virus replication is highlighted. Identification of shared receptor-binding preferences, host responses, and laboratory modeling protocols among these viruses provides a needed bridge between clinical and laboratory studies of virus tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Belser
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Biochemical characterization of the small hydrophobic protein of avian metapneumovirus. Virus Res 2012; 167:297-301. [PMID: 22659296 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Avian metapneumovirus (AMPV) is a paramyxovirus that has three membrane proteins (G, F, and SH). Among them, the SH protein is a small type II integral membrane protein that is incorporated into virions and is only present in certain paramyxoviruses. In the present study, we show that the AMPV SH protein is modified by N-linked glycans and can be released into the extracellular environment. Furthermore, we demonstrate that glycosylated AMPV SH proteins form homodimers through cysteine-mediated disulfide bonds, which has not been reported previously for SH proteins of paramyxoviruses.
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Deng Q, Weng Y, Lu W, Demers A, Song M, Wang D, Yu Q, Li F. Topology and cellular localization of the small hydrophobic protein of avian metapneumovirus. Virus Res 2011; 160:102-7. [PMID: 21683102 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The small hydrophobic protein (SH) is a type II integral membrane protein that is packaged into virions and is only present in certain paramyxoviruses including metapneumovirus. In addition to a highly divergent primary sequence, SH proteins vary significantly in size amongst the different viruses. Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) encodes the smallest SH protein consisting of only 64 amino acids, while metapneumoviruses have the longest SH protein ranging from 174 to 179 amino acids in length. Little is currently known about the cellular localization and topology of the metapneumovirus SH protein. Here we characterize for the first time metapneumovirus SH protein with respect to topology, subcellular localization, and transport using avian metapneumovirus subgroup C (AMPV-C) as a model system. We show that AMPV-C SH is an integral membrane protein with N(in)C(out) orientation located in both the plasma membrane as well as within intracellular compartments, which is similar to what has been described previously for SH proteins of other paramyxoviruses. Furthermore, we demonstrate that AMPV-C SH protein localizes in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi, and cell surface, and is transported through ER-Golgi secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiji Deng
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, United States
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Weng Y, Lu W, Harmon A, Xiang X, Deng Q, Song M, Wang D, Yu Q, Li F. The cellular endosomal sorting complex required for transport pathway is not involved in avian metapneumovirus budding in a virus-like-particle expression system. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:1205-1213. [PMID: 21248175 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.029306-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian metapneumovirus (AMPV) is a paramyxovirus that principally causes respiratory disease and egg production drops in turkeys and chickens. Together with its closely related human metapneumovirus (HMPV), they comprise the genus Metapneumovirus in the family Paramyxoviridae. Little is currently known about the mechanisms involved in the budding of metapneumovirus. By using AMPV as a model system, we showed that the matrix (M) protein by itself was insufficient to form virus-like-particles (VLPs). The incorporation of M into VLPs was shown to occur only when both the viral nucleoprotein (N) and the fusion (F) proteins were co-expressed. Furthermore, we provided evidence indicating that two YSKL and YAGL segments encoded within the M protein were not a functional late domain, and the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery was not involved in metapneumovirus budding, consistent with a recent observation that human respiratory syncytial virus, closely related to HMPV, uses an ESCRT-independent budding mechanism. Taken together, these results suggest that metapneumovirus budding is independent of the ESCRT pathway and the minimal budding machinery described here will aid our future understanding of metapneumovirus assembly and egress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejin Weng
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Vaccinology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.,Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Wuxun Lu
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Vaccinology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.,Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Aaron Harmon
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Vaccinology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.,Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Xiaoxiao Xiang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Vaccinology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.,Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Qiji Deng
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Vaccinology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Minxun Song
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250023, PR China
| | - Dan Wang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Vaccinology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.,Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Qingzhong Yu
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Services, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Vaccinology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.,Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
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Pathogenic and immunogenic responses in turkeys following in ovo exposure to avian metapneumovirus subtype C. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 140:30-6. [PMID: 21146877 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2010] [Revised: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Commercial turkey eggs, free of antibodies to avian metapneumovirus subtype C (aMPV/C), were inoculated with aMPV/C at embryonation day (ED) 24. There was no detectable effect of virus inoculation on the hatchability of eggs. At 4 days post inoculation (DPI) (the day of hatch (ED 28)) and 9 DPI (5 days after hatch), virus replication was detected by quantitative RT-PCR in the turbinate, trachea and lung but not in the thymus or spleen. Mild histological lesions characterized by lymphoid cell infiltration were evident in the turbinate mucosa. Virus exposure inhibited the mitogenic response of splenocytes and thymocytes and upregulated gene expression of IFN-γ and IL-10 in the turbinate tissue. Turkeys hatching from virus-exposed eggs had aMPV/C-specific IgG in the serum and the lachrymal fluid. At 3 week of age, in ovo immunized turkeys were protected against a challenge with pathogenic aMPV/C.
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Cha RM, Khatri M, Sharma JM. Protection against avian metapneumovirus subtype C in turkeys immunized via the respiratory tract with inactivated virus. Vaccine 2010; 29:459-65. [PMID: 21073989 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Avian metapneumovirus subtype C (aMPV/C) causes a severe upper respiratory tract (URT) infection in turkeys. Turkeys were inoculated oculonasally with inactivated aMPV/C adjuvanted with synthetic double-stranded RNA polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid (Poly IC). Immunized turkeys had elevated numbers of mucosal IgA+ cells in the URT and increased levels of virus-specific IgG and IgA in the lachrymal fluid and IgG in the serum. After 7 or 21 days post immunization, turkeys were challenged oculonasally with pathogenic aMPV/C. Immunized groups were protected against respiratory lesions induced by the challenge virus. Further, the viral copy number of the challenge virus in the URT were significantly lower in the immunized turkeys than in the unimmunized turkeys (P<0.05). These results showed that inactivated aMPV/C administered by the respiratory route induced protective immunity against pathogenic virus challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ra Mi Cha
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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de Graaf M, Schrauwen EJA, Herfst S, van Amerongen G, Osterhaus ADME, Fouchier RAM. Fusion protein is the main determinant of metapneumovirus host tropism. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:1408-1416. [PMID: 19264630 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.009688-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) and avian metapneumovirus subgroup C (AMPV-C) infect humans and birds, respectively. This study confirmed the difference in host range in turkey poults, and analysed the contribution of the individual metapneumovirus genes to host range in an in vitro cell-culture model. Mammalian Vero-118 cells supported replication of both HMPV and AMPV-C in contrast to avian quail fibroblast (QT6) cells in which only AMPV-C replicated to high titres. Inoculation of Vero-118 and QT6 cells with recombinant HMPV in which genes were exchanged with those of AMPV-C revealed that the metapneumovirus fusion (F) protein is the main determinant for host tropism. Chimeric viruses in which polymerase complex proteins were exchanged between HMPV and AMPV-C replicated less efficiently compared with HMPV in QT6 cells. Using mini-genome systems, it was shown that exchanging these polymerase proteins resulted in reduced replication and transcription efficiency in QT6 cells. Examination of infected Vero-118 and QT6 cells revealed that viruses containing the F protein of AMPV-C yielded larger syncytia compared with viruses containing the HMPV F protein. Cell-content mixing assays revealed that the F protein of AMPV-C was more fusogenic compared with the F protein of HMPV, and that the F2 region is responsible for the difference observed between AMPV-C and HMPV F-promoted fusion in QT6 and Vero-118 cells. This study provides insight into the determinants of host tropism and membrane fusion of metapneumoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda de Graaf
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eefje J A Schrauwen
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geert van Amerongen
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Velayudhan BT, Yu Q, Estevez CN, Nagaraja KV, Halvorson DA. Glycoprotein gene truncation in avian metapneumovirus subtype C isolates from the United States. Virus Genes 2008; 37:266-72. [PMID: 18663568 PMCID: PMC2516547 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-008-0220-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2007] [Accepted: 02/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The length of the published glycoprotein (G) gene sequences of avian metapneumovirus subtype-C (aMPV-C) isolated from domestic turkeys and wild birds in the United States (1996–2003) remains controversial. To explore the G gene size variation in aMPV-C by the year of isolation and cell culture passage levels, we examined 21 turkey isolates of aMPV-C at different cell culture passages. The early domestic turkey isolates of aMPV-C (aMPV/CO/1996, aMPV/MN/1a-b, and 2a-b/97) had a G gene of 1,798 nucleotides (nt) that coded for a predicted protein of 585 amino acids (aa) and showed >97% nt similarity with that of aMPV-C isolated from Canada geese. This large G gene got truncated upon serial passages in Vero cell cultures by deletion of 1,015 nt near the end of the open reading frame. The recent domestic turkey isolates of aMPV-C lacked the large G gene but instead had a small G gene of 783 nt, irrespective of cell culture passage levels. In some cultures, both large and small genes were detected, indicating the existence of a mixed population of the virus. Apparently, serial passage of aMPV-C in cell cultures and natural passage in turkeys in the field led to truncation of the G gene, which may be a mechanism of virus evolution for survival in a new host or environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binu T Velayudhan
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 301C Vet Sci Bldg, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Velayudhan BT, Nagaraja KV, Thachil AJ, Shaw DP, Gray GC, Halvorson DA. Human metapneumovirus in turkey poults. Emerg Infect Dis 2007; 12:1853-9. [PMID: 17235379 PMCID: PMC1776506 DOI: 10.3201/eid1212.060450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
TOC summary: Human metapneumovirus causes clinical signs in turkey poults. This study was conducted to reexamine the hypothesis that human metapneumovirus (hMPV) will not infect turkeys. Six groups of 2-week-old turkeys (20 per group) were inoculated oculonasally with 1 of the following: noninfected cell suspension; hMPV genotype A1, A2, B1, or B2; or avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) subtype C. Poults inoculated with hMPV showed nasal discharge days 4–9 postexposure. Specific viral RNA and antigen were detected by reverse-transcription PCR and immunohistochemical evaluation, respectively, in nasal turbinates of birds exposed to hMPV. Nasal turbinates of hMPV-infected turkeys showed inflammatory changes and mucus accumulation. Each of the 4 hMPV genotypes caused a transient infection in turkeys as evidenced by clinical signs, detection of hMPV in turbinates, and histopathologic examination. Detailed investigation of cross-species pathogenicity of hMPV and aMPV and its importance for human and animal health is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Daniel P. Shaw
- University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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Velayudhan BT, Noll SL, Thachil AJ, Shaw DP, Goyal SM, Halvorson DA, Nagaraja KV. Development of a vaccine-challenge model for avian metapneumovirus subtype C in turkeys. Vaccine 2006; 25:1841-7. [PMID: 17229500 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2005] [Revised: 08/16/2006] [Accepted: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate different preparations of avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) subtype C as vaccine challenge in turkeys. Two aMPV isolates and their respective nasal turbinate homogenates after propagation in turkeys were used in the study. Significantly higher clinical sign scores were recorded in birds inoculated with 20 or 2% turbinate homogenate of recent isolate. Birds in the above groups showed more pronounced histopathological lesions, and a higher percentage of birds showed viral RNA and antigen in tissues. The data demonstrated that nasal turbinate homogenate of recent isolate produced severe clinical signs and lesions in turkeys and could be an ideal candidate for vaccine-challenge studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binu T Velayudhan
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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