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Fang H, Quan H, Zhang Y, Li Q, Wang Y, Yuan S, Huang S, He C. Co-Infection of Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis and Chlamydia psittaci Contributes to Salpingitis of Laying Layers and Breeder Ducks. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060755. [PMID: 34203970 PMCID: PMC8232623 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salpingitis is manifested as hemorrhagic follicular inflammation exudations and peritonitis, leading to reduced egg production and high culling of breeder flocks. From 2018 to 2021, increasing salpingitis during egg peak is threatening the poultry industry post-artificial insemination, both in breeder layers and breeder ducks across China. In our study, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Enterococcus faecalis(E. faecalis) and Chlamydia psittaci (C. psittaci) were isolated and identified from the diseased oviducts using biochemical tests and PCR. To identify and isolate pathogenicity, we inoculated the isolates into laying hens via an intravaginal route. Later, laying hens developed typical salpingitis after receiving the combination of the aforementioned three isolates (1 × 105 IFU/mL of C. psittaci and 1 × 106 CFU/mL of E. faecalis and E. coli, respectively), while less oviduct inflammation was observed in the layers inoculated with the above isolate alone. Furthermore, 56 breeder ducks were divided into seven groups, eight ducks per group. The birds received the combination of three isolates, synergic infection of E. coli and E. faecalis, and C. psittaci alone via vaginal tract, while the remaining ducks were inoculated with physiological saline as the control group. Egg production was monitored daily and lesions of oviducts and follicles were determined post-infection on day 6. Interestingly, typical salpingitis, degenerated follicles and yolk peritonitis were obviously found in the synergic infection of three isolates and the birds inoculated with C. psittaci alone developed hemorrhagic follicles and white exudates in oviducts, while birds with E. faecalis or E. coli alone did not develop typical salpingitis. Finally, higher E. coli loads were determined in the oviducts as compared to E. faecalis and C. psittaci infection. Taken together, the combination of E. coli and E. faecalis, and C. psittaci could induce typical salpingitis and yolk peritonitis both in laying hens and breeder ducks. Secondary infection of E. coli and E. faecalis via artificial insemination is urgently needed for investigation against salpingitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanxin Fang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528011, China; (H.F.); (S.Y.); (S.H.)
| | - Hongkun Quan
- Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonoses of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Q.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yuhang Zhang
- Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonoses of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Q.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Qiang Li
- Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonoses of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Q.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yihui Wang
- Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonoses of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Q.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Sheng Yuan
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528011, China; (H.F.); (S.Y.); (S.H.)
| | - Shujian Huang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528011, China; (H.F.); (S.Y.); (S.H.)
| | - Cheng He
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528011, China; (H.F.); (S.Y.); (S.H.)
- Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonoses of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Q.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.); (Y.W.)
- Correspondence:
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Zuo Z, Zou Y, Li Q, Guo Y, Zhang T, Wu J, He C, Eko FO. Intranasal immunization with inactivated chlamydial elementary bodies formulated in VCG-chitosan nanoparticles induces robust immunity against intranasal Chlamydia psittaci challenge. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10389. [PMID: 34001988 PMCID: PMC8129140 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89940-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines based on live attenuated Chlamydia elementary bodies (EBs) can cause disease in vaccinated animals and the comparably safer inactivated whole EBs are only marginally protective. Recent studies show that a vaccine formulation comprising UV-inactivated EBs (EB) and appropriate mucosal delivery systems and/or adjuvants induced significant protective immunity. We tested the hypothesis that intranasal delivery of UV-inactivated C. psittaci EB formulated in Vibrio cholerae ghosts (VCG)-chitosan nanoparticles will induce protective immunity against intranasal challenge in SPF chickens. We first compared the impact of VCG and CpG adjuvants on protective immunity following IN mucosal and IM systemic delivery of EB formulated in chitosan hydrogel/microspheres. Immunologic analysis revealed that IN immunization in the presence of VCG induced higher levels of IFN-γ response than IM delivery or the CpG adjuvanted groups. Also, vaccine efficacy evaluation showed enhanced pharyngeal bacterial clearance and protection against lung lesions with the VCG adjuvanted vaccine formulation, thereby establishing the superior adjuvanticity of VCG over CpG. We next evaluated the impact of different concentrations of VCG on protective immunity following IN mucosal immunization. Interestingly, the adjuvanticity of VCG was concentration-dependent, since protective immunity induced following IN mucosal immunization showed dose-dependent immune responses and protection. These studies reveal that formulation of inactivated chlamydial antigens with adjuvants, such as VCG and chitosan increases their ability to induce protective immune responses against challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonghui Zuo
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongjuan Zou
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production and Formulation Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Li
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongxia Guo
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianyuan Zhang
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Wu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production and Formulation Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng He
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
| | - Francis O. Eko
- grid.9001.80000 0001 2228 775XDepartment of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310 USA
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3
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Pang Y, Cong F, Zhang X, Li H, Chang YF, Xie Q, Lin W. A recombinase polymerase amplification-based assay for rapid detection of Chlamydia psittaci. Poult Sci 2020; 100:585-591. [PMID: 33518111 PMCID: PMC7858173 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia psittaci is a zoonotic agent of systemic wasting disease in birds and atypical pneumonia in mammalians including humans, constituting a public health risk. A rapid diagnostic assay would be beneficial in screening C. psittaci in the field. In this study, we developed a probe-based recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assay for the rapid detection of C. psittaci. The specific primer pairs and probe targeting the conserved region of the outer membrane protein A gene were designed and applied to the real-time real-time RPA assay. The test can be performed at 39°C for 20 min using a portable device, with sensitivities approaching 100 copies of DNA molecules per reaction, with no cross-reaction with other pathogens. The clinical performance of the RPA assay was evaluated in an outbreak of C. psittaci and has high accuracy levels in field applications. The epidemic C. psittaci strains were classed into 2 genotypes: A and C. Collectively, this study offers a promising approach in screening for C. psittaci both in a laboratory setting and in field settings, and RPA can be used as an effective clinical test to monitor outbreaks in domestic fowl populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Pang
- Guangdong Provincial Animal Virus Vector Vaccine Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P.R. China
| | - Feng Cong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou 510633, P.R. China
| | - Xinheng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Animal Virus Vector Vaccine Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P.R. China
| | - Hongxin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Animal Virus Vector Vaccine Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P.R. China
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Qingmei Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Animal Virus Vector Vaccine Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P.R. China
| | - Wencheng Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Animal Virus Vector Vaccine Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P.R. China; Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Lin W, Chen T, Liao L, Wang Z, Xiao J, Lu J, Song C, Qin J, Chen F, Chang YF, Xie Q. A parrot-type Chlamydia psittaci strain is in association with egg production drop in laying ducks. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:2002-2010. [PMID: 31127977 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydophila psittaci (C. psittaci) is an avian pathogen associated with systemic wasting disease in birds, as well as a public health risk. Although duck-related cases of psittacosis have been reported, the pathogenicity and shedding status of C. psittaci in ducks are unclear. In this study, we reported that C. psittaci (genotype A) is responsible for a disease outbreak characterized by poor laying performance and severe lesions in multiple organs of ducks. Oral administration of antibiotic, doxycycline, was found to effectively control the C. psittaci infection in laying ducks. Collectively, our new findings provide evidence that C. psittaci was the major pathogen responsible for the outbreak of this disease in ducks. In order to reduce economic losses incurred by this disease, effective control measures must be taken to prevent infection in laying duck farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencheng Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Animal Virus Vector Vaccine Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Tong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Animal Virus Vector Vaccine Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing, China
| | - Liqin Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Animal Virus Vector Vaccine Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhanxin Wang
- Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing, China
| | - Junfang Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Animal Virus Vector Vaccine Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junpeng Lu
- Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing, China
| | - Chuncheng Song
- Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing, China
| | - Jianping Qin
- Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Animal Virus Vector Vaccine Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing, China
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Qingmei Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Animal Virus Vector Vaccine Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Liu S, Sun W, Huang X, Zhang W, Jia C, Luo J, Shen Y, El-Ashram S, He C. A Promising Recombinant Herpesvirus of Turkeys Vaccine Expressing PmpD-N of Chlamydia psittaci Based on Elongation Factor-1 Alpha Promoter. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:221. [PMID: 29376059 PMCID: PMC5763144 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium Chlamydia psittaci often causes avian chlamydiosis and influenza-like symptoms in humans. However, the commercial subunit C. psittaci vaccine could only provide a partial protection against avian chlamydiosis due to poor cellular immune response. In our previous study, a recombinant herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT)-delivered vaccine against C. psittaci and Marek’s disease based on human cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter (rHVT-CMV-pmpD) was developed and provided an effective protection against C. psittaci disease with less lesions and reduced chlamydial loads. In this study, we developed another recombinant HVT vaccine expressing the N-terminal fragment of PmpD (PmpD-N) based on human elongation factor-1 alpha (EF-1α) promoter (rHVT-EF-pmpD) by modifying the HVT genome within a bacterial artificial chromosome. The related characterization of rHVT-EF-pmpD was evaluated in vitro in comparison with that of rHVT-CMV-pmpD. The expression of PmpD-N was determined by western blot. Under immunofluorescence microscopy, PmpD-N protein of both two recombinant viruses was located in the cytoplasm and on the cell surface. Growth kinetics of rHVT-EF-pmpD was comparable to that of rHVT-CMV-pmpD, and the growth rate of rHVT-EF-pmpD was apparently higher than that of rHVT-CMV-pmpD on 48, 72, and 120 h postinfection. Macrophages activated by rHVT-EF-pmpD could produce more nitric oxide and IL-6 than that activated by rHVT-CMV-pmpD. In this study, a recombinant HVT vaccine expressing PmpD-N based on EF-1α promoter was constructed successfully, and a further research in vivo was needed to analyze the vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Liu
- Tongren Polytechnic College, Tongren, China.,National and Local Engineering Research Centre for Separation and Purification Ethnic Chinese Veterinary Herbs, Tongren, China.,Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Tongren Polytechnic College, Tongren, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | | | - Wen Zhang
- Tongren Polytechnic College, Tongren, China.,National and Local Engineering Research Centre for Separation and Purification Ethnic Chinese Veterinary Herbs, Tongren, China
| | - Changqing Jia
- Tongren Polytechnic College, Tongren, China.,National and Local Engineering Research Centre for Separation and Purification Ethnic Chinese Veterinary Herbs, Tongren, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Tongren Polytechnic College, Tongren, China.,National and Local Engineering Research Centre for Separation and Purification Ethnic Chinese Veterinary Herbs, Tongren, China
| | - Yihua Shen
- Tongren Polytechnic College, Tongren, China
| | - Saeed El-Ashram
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Guangdong, China
| | - Cheng He
- Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Assay-A Simple, Fast and Cost-Effective Alternative to Real Time PCR for Specific Detection of Feline Herpesvirus-1. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0166903. [PMID: 28045956 PMCID: PMC5207716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1), an enveloped dsDNA virus, is one of the major pathogens of feline upper respiratory tract disease (URTD) and ocular disease. Currently, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) remains the gold standard diagnostic tool for FHV-1 infection but is relatively expensive, requires well-equipped laboratories and is not suitable for field tests. Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), an isothermal gene amplification technology, has been explored for the molecular diagnosis of infectious diseases. In this study, an exo-RPA assay for FHV-1 detection was developed and validated. Primers targeting specifically the thymidine kinase (TK) gene of FHV-1 were designed. The RPA reaction was performed successfully at 39°C and the results were obtained within 20 min. Using different copy numbers of recombinant plasmid DNA that contains the TK gene as template, we showed the detection limit of exo-RPA was 102 copies DNA/reaction, the same as that of real time PCR. The exo-RPA assay did not cross-detect feline panleukopenia virus, feline calicivirus, bovine herpesvirus-1, pseudorabies virus or chlamydia psittaci, a panel of pathogens important in feline URTD or other viruses in Alphaherpesvirinae, demonstrating high specificity. The assay was validated by testing 120 nasal and ocular conjunctival swabs of cats, and the results were compared with those obtained with real-time PCR. Both assays provided the same testing results in the clinical samples. Compared with real time PCR, the exo-RPA assay uses less-complex equipment that is portable and the reaction is completed much faster. Additionally, commercial RPA reagents in vacuum-sealed pouches can tolerate temperatures up to room temperature for days without loss of activity, suitable for shipment and storage for field tests. Taken together, the exo-RPA assay is a simple, fast and cost-effective alternative to real time PCR, suitable for use in less advanced laboratories and for field detection of FHV-1 infection.
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Abstract
This review presents recent data about avian chlamydiosis. Chlamydia psittaci has been considered to be the main causative agent of chlamydiosis in birds; however, two new Chlamydia species have been detected recently-C. gallinacea in breeding birds and C. avium in wild birds. We discuss the zoonotic potential of avian Chlamydia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Szymańska-Czerwińska
- Laboratory of Serological Diagnosis /Department of Cattle and Sheep Disease, National Veterinary Research Institute , Puławy, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Niemczuk
- Laboratory of Serological Diagnosis /Department of Cattle and Sheep Disease, National Veterinary Research Institute , Puławy, Poland
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Construction of Recombinant HVT Expressing PmpD, and Immunological Evaluation against Chlamydia psittaci and Marek's Disease Virus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124992. [PMID: 25893439 PMCID: PMC4404326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia psittaci (C. psittaci) is an obligate intracellular zoonotic pathogen that can be transmitted to humans from birds. No efficacious commercial vaccine is available for clearing chlamydial infection due to lack of potential vaccine candidates and effective delivery vehicles. Herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) is an efficacious commercially available vaccine against Marek’s Disease virus (MDV). In this study, a recombinant HVT-delivered vaccine against C. psittaci and Marek’s disease was developed and examined. The 5'-terminus of pmpD gene (pmpD-N) encoding the N-terminal fragment of polymorphic membrane protein D of C. psittaci was inserted into a nonessential region of HVT genome using reverse genetics based on an infectious bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone of HVT. The recombinant virus (rHVT-pmpD-N) was recovered from primary chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells by transfection of modified HVT BAC DNA containing the pmpD-N gene. The rHVT-pmpD-N construct was confirmed to express PmpD-N by immunoblot and immunofluorescence. The rHVT-pmpD-N was stable during 20 passages in vitro. The growth kinetics of rHVT-pmpD-N was comparable to that of parental HVT in vitro and in vivo. One-day-old SPF chickens inoculated subcutaneously with rHVT-pmpD-N displayed increased PmpD-specific antibody levels and a vigorous PmpD-specific lymphocyte proliferation response using HVT vector or CEF cells as control. Furthermore, the percentage of CD4+ cells was significantly elevated in rHVT-pmpD-N-immunized birds as compared to the parental HVT. All chickens vaccinated with rHVT-pmpD-N or parental HVT were protected completely against challenge with a very virulent strain of Marek’s Disease virus (MDV) RB-1B. Post challenge with C. psittaci CB7 strain, a significant decrease in respiratory distress, lesions and Chlamydia load was found in the rHVT-pmpD-N-vaccinated group compared to the parental HVT. In conclusion, our study suggests that the rHVT-pmpD-N live vaccine may be viable as a candidate dual vaccine that provides protection against both very virulent MDV and C. psittaci.
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De Boeck C, Kalmar I, Dumont A, Vanrompay D. Longitudinal monitoring for respiratory pathogens in broiler chickens reveals co-infection of Chlamydia psittaci and Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale. J Med Microbiol 2015; 64:565-574. [PMID: 25724936 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia psittaci is prevalent in broiler chicken production. However, the role of C. psittaci in the respiratory disease complex needs to be clarified. Our aim was to identify the time point when a C. psittaci infection appeared on a broiler farm and to examine the presence of other respiratory pathogens at that time. We focused on the 'major' respiratory pathogens occurring in Belgian broilers, namely infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), avian metapneumovirus (aMPV), Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale, Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae, and examined their co-occurrence with C. psittaci on three commercial broiler farms. For all farms, 1-day-old broilers showed high maternal antibody titres against C. psittaci in the presence of viable C. psittaci. Maternal antibodies seemed to protect against respiratory signs. Maternal antibodies declined and clinical outbreaks could be identified serologically even before maternal antibodies completely disappeared. Mixed infections with genotypes B/C and B/C/D were observed. Broilers with C. psittaci antibody increases showed conjunctivitis, signs of upper respiratory disease and dyspnoea. C. psittaci always preceded an O. rhinotracheale infection. Infections with aMPV, IBV or Mycoplasma spp. were not observed. Evidence was provided that C. psittaci could occur at an early age in broilers without a predisposing respiratory infection. Both C. psittaci and O. rhinotracheale should be considered when developing prevention strategies for respiratory disease in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy De Boeck
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Kalmar
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annelien Dumont
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daisy Vanrompay
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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12
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Ling Y, Chen H, Chen X, Yang X, Yang J, Bavoil PM, He C. Epidemiology ofChlamydia psittaciInfection in Racing Pigeons and Pigeon Fanciers in Beijing, China. Zoonoses Public Health 2014; 62:401-6. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Ling
- College of Veterinary Medicine; China Agricultural University; Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China; Beijing China
| | - H. Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine; China Agricultural University; Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China; Beijing China
| | - X. Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine; China Agricultural University; Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China; Beijing China
| | - X. Yang
- Beijing Center Station for Husbandry and Veterinary; College of Veterinary Medicine; Beijing China
| | - J. Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine; China Agricultural University; Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China; Beijing China
| | - P. M. Bavoil
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis; University of Maryland School of Dentistry; Baltimore MD USA
| | - C. He
- College of Veterinary Medicine; China Agricultural University; Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China; Beijing China
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Yin L, Lagae S, Kalmar I, Borel N, Pospischil A, Vanrompay D. Pathogenicity of low and highly virulent Chlamydia psittaci isolates for specific-pathogen-free chickens. Avian Dis 2014; 57:242-7. [PMID: 24689181 DOI: 10.1637/10439-102612-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In commercially raised poultry, chlamydiosis mostly seems to occur on turkey or duck farms, sometimes associated with zoonotic transmission and disease (psittacosis) in humans. However, Chlamydia infections are apparently emerging in chickens, and information on the virulence of Chlamydia in chickens is limited. Up-to-date Chlamydia psittaci genotypes B and D are most frequently found in broilers. We examined the pathogenicity of the well-characterized C. psittaci genotype B (CP3) and D (92/1293) strains in experimentally (aerosol) infected specific-pathogen-free chickens. Both strains caused conjunctivitis, rhinitis, and dyspnea. Pharyngeal and cloacal C. psittaci excretion was observed in all infected animals, indicative for systemic dissemination as proven by immunofluorescence staining of frozen tissue sections. Histopathologic lesions were present in all infected chickens. However, differences in pathology were observed. Genotype D led to mortality and more severe clinical signs and lesions as compared to genotype B, which showed lower virulence.
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Karpińska T, Kozaczyński W, Niemczuk K, Jasik A, Kycko A, Reichert M. Mixed infection by fowlpox virus and Chlamydophila psittaci in a commercial laying hen flock. Acta Vet Hung 2014; 62:42-51. [PMID: 23974932 DOI: 10.1556/avet.2013.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An outbreak of fowlpox occurred in a commercial laying hen flock in one of the western provinces of Poland. Clinical signs suggested fowlpox and the diagnosis was confirmed by histopathological detection of Bollinger bodies within the epithelial cells. Detailed ultrastructural examination revealed an additional concurrent infection with chlamydia-like particles. The particles were identified by PCR as fowlpox virus and Chlamydophila psittaci. It is worth noting that both pathogens can generate morphologic forms capable of prolonged survival and inducing latent and persistent infection. We suggest a possible interaction between the two pathogens on ultrastructural level and assess the clinical consequences of the mixed infection. This study also demonstrates a potential of the transmission electron microscope (TEM) for identifying a superinfection with another pathogen (in this case C. psittaci), which may remain undetected by routine techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Krzysztof Niemczuk
- 2 National Veterinary Research Institute — State Veterinary Institute Puławy Poland
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Lagae S, Kalmar I, Laroucau K, Vorimore F, Vanrompay D. Emerging Chlamydia psittaci infections in chickens and examination of transmission to humans. J Med Microbiol 2013; 63:399-407. [PMID: 24324029 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.064675-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia psittaci and atypical Chlamydiaceae infections are (re)-emerging in chickens. We therefore examined the prevalence of C. psittaci, atypical Chlamydiaceae and their zoonotic transmission on 19 Belgian chicken farms. Atypical Chlamydiaceae were not detected in chickens but 18 out of 19 farms were positive for C. psittaci by culture and PCR. C. psittaci ompA genotypes A and D were discovered. None of the examined humans (n = 31) was infected with atypical Chlamydiaceae, but 29 (93.5%) of them were positive for C. psittaci by culture and PCR. Genotypes A, D and a mixed infection with genotypes C and D were found. Humans (n = 2) working at the C. psittaci-negative farm never had respiratory complaints, while 25 out of 29 positive farmers (86.2%) reported yearly medical complaints potentially related to psittacosis. Four of them currently experienced respiratory disease and one of them was being treated with antibiotics. Four farmers (12.5%) mentioned that they had pneumonia after starting to keep chickens. Occupational physicians should be aware of emerging Chlamydiaceae infections in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karine Laroucau
- Bacterial Zoonoses Unit of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Anses, France
| | - Fabien Vorimore
- Bacterial Zoonoses Unit of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Anses, France
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Yin L, Kalmar ID, Lagae S, Vandendriessche S, Vanderhaeghen W, Butaye P, Cox E, Vanrompay D. Emerging Chlamydia psittaci infections in the chicken industry and pathology of Chlamydia psittaci genotype B and D strains in specific pathogen free chickens. Vet Microbiol 2012; 162:740-749. [PMID: 23098816 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sera of 30 Belgian and 10 Northern French chicken farms were tested by a Chlamydia (C.) psittaci major outer membrane protein (MOMP) based ELISA. Ninety-six percent, 93% and 90% of the Belgian broilers, broiler breeders and layers were seropositive. Ninety-one percent of the French broilers were seropositive. In addition, tissues of 5 Belgian and 5 French broiler farms were examined at slaughter. All French farms were culture positive while C. psittaci was cultured from the lungs of 80% of examined Belgian farms. C. psittaci infections are apparently emerging in chickens raised in Belgium and Northern France. We could proof Hill-Evans postulates for chicken-derived C. psittaci genotype B and D strains. Chicken-processing plant employees should be considered a risk group for human psittacosis. There is a need for higher awareness and for efficient risk assessment and management of C. psittaci infections in chickens as chlamydiosis in broilers seems to be underdiagnosed and infections with highly virulent strains do occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizi Yin
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Isabelle D Kalmar
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Stefanie Lagae
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stien Vandendriessche
- Department of General Bacteriology, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Groeselenbergstraat 99, B-1180 Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Wannes Vanderhaeghen
- Department of General Bacteriology, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Groeselenbergstraat 99, B-1180 Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of General Bacteriology, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Groeselenbergstraat 99, B-1180 Ukkel, Belgium; Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Eric Cox
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Daisy Vanrompay
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Yang J, Ling Y, Yuan J, Pang W, He C. Isolation and characterization of peacock Chlamydophila psittaci infection in China. Avian Dis 2011; 55:76-81. [PMID: 21500640 DOI: 10.1637/9419-060710-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to isolate and identify suspected pathogens from peacocks and peacock farmers with severe pneumonia and to investigate its potential association with peacocks' pneumonia, caused by Chlamydophila psittaci infection. A clinical examination of infected peacocks identified birds with symptoms of anorexia, weight loss, yellowish droppings, airsacculitis, sinusitis, and conjunctivitis, whereas the infected farmers showed high fever and respiratory distress. Immunofluorescence tests detected chlamydial antigens in pharyngeal swabs (12 of 20) and lung tissue samples (four of five) from peacocks. One of four swabs taken from farmers was also positive by the same test. Specific anti-chlamydia immunoglobulin G was detected in 16 of 20 peacocks and four of four peacock farmers. The isolated pathogen was able to grow in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicken embryos and McCoy cell lines and was identified as Chlamydiae by immunofluorescence assay and PCR. Avian influenza virus, Newcastle disease virus, and infectious bronchitis virus were eliminated as potential causative agents after pharyngeal swabs inoculated onto the chorioallantoic membrane of embryonate eggs failed to recover viable virus. PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism indicated the ompA gene from the isolate was similar to that of avian C. psittaci type B. Three-week-old SPF chickens challenged with the peacock isolate via intraperitoneal injection showed a typical pneumonia, airsacculitis, and splenitis. Subsequently, the inoculating strain was recovered from the lungs of challenged birds. This is the first report of C. psittaci infection in peacocks and peacock farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjing Yang
- Key Lab of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Chlamydophila psittaci zoonotic risk assessment in a chicken and turkey slaughterhouse. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:3244-50. [PMID: 20592139 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00698-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydophila psittaci causes respiratory disease in poultry and can be transmitted to humans. We conducted a C. psittaci zoonotic risk assessment study of a chicken and turkey slaughterhouse. Eighty-five percent of the slaughtered chicken flocks tested positive by PCR and culture. Genotype D was discovered. Fifty-seven percent of the slaughtered turkey flocks tested positive by PCR and culture. Genotype D was present. For the chicken slaughterhouse employees, 7.5% and 6% tested positive for C. psittaci by PCR and culture, respectively. In the turkey slaughterhouse, 87% and 61% of the employees tested positive by PCR and culture, respectively. All genotyped human samples contained genotype D. Using stationary bioaerosol monitoring by means of an MAS-100 ecosampler and ChlamyTrap collection medium, chlamydial DNA, and viable organisms were detected in both the chicken and turkey slaughterhouses. Positive air samples were most frequently found in the animal reception area and evisceration room. Zoonotic transmissions were very common, especially from processed turkeys. Accurate diagnostic monitoring and reporting of C. psittaci infections should be promoted in poultry workers.
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