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Elsayed MM, El-Basrey YFH, El-Baz AH, Dowidar HA, Shami A, Al-Saeed FA, Alsamghan A, Salem HM, Alhazmi WA, El-Tarabily KA, Khedr MHE. Ecological prevalence, genetic diversity, and multidrug resistance of Salmonella enteritidis recovered from broiler and layer chicken farms. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103320. [PMID: 38215504 PMCID: PMC10825688 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a significant foodborne pathogen that has a significant impact on public health, and different strains of multidrug resistance (MDR) have been identified in this genus. This study used a combination of phenotypic and genotypic approaches to identify distinct Salmonella species collected from poultry broiler and layer farms, and antibiotic sensitivity testing was performed on these species. A total of 56 Salmonella isolates were serotyped, and phenotypic antibiotic resistance was determined for each strain. The enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) method was also used to provide a genotypic description, from which a dendrogram was constructed and the most likely phylogenetic relationships were applied. Salmonella isolates were detected in 20 (17%) out of 117 samples collected from small-scale broiler flocks. Salmonella isolates were classified as MDR strains after showing tolerance to 4 antibiotics, but no resistance to cloxacillin, streptomycin, vancomycin, or netilmicin was observed. From a genotypic perspective, these strains lack dfrD, parC, and blasfo-1 resistant genes, while harboring blactx-M, blaDHA-L, qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, gyrA, ermA, ermB, ermC, ermTR, mefA, msrA, tet A, tet B, tet L, tet M resistance genes. The genotyping results obtained with ERIC-PCR allowed isolates to be classified based on the source of recovery. It was determined that Salmonella strains displayed MDR, and many genes associated with them. Additionally, the ERIC-PCR procedure aided in the generation of clusters with biological significance. Extensive research on Salmonella serotypes is warranted, along with the implementation of long-term surveillance programs to monitor MDR Salmonella serotypes in avian-derived foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona M Elsayed
- Department of Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Yara F H El-Basrey
- Avian and Rabbit Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Amira Hussein El-Baz
- Department of Food Hygiene, Safety and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Heba A Dowidar
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Higher Institute of Technology for Applied Health Science, Badr Institute for Science and Technology, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ashwag Shami
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah A Al-Saeed
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awad Alsamghan
- Family and Community Medicine Department, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heba M Salem
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Wafaa Ahmed Alhazmi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled A El-Tarabily
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Mariam H E Khedr
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
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Obe T, Boltz T, Kogut M, Ricke SC, Brooks LA, Macklin K, Peterson A. Controlling Salmonella: strategies for feed, the farm, and the processing plant. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103086. [PMID: 37839165 PMCID: PMC10587538 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling Salmonella in poultry is an ongoing food safety measure and while significant progress has been made, there is a need to continue to evaluate different strategies that include understanding Salmonella-poultry interaction, Salmonella-microbiota interactions, Salmonella genetics and response to adverse conditions, and preharvest and postharvest parameters that enable persistence. The purpose of this symposium is to discuss different strategies to consider from feed milling to the farm to the processing environment. This Poultry Science Association symposium paper is divided into 5 different sections that covers 1) immunological aspects of Salmonella control, 2) application of Salmonella genetics for targeted control strategies in poultry production, 3) improving poultry feed hygienics: utilizing feed manufacture techniques and equipment to improve feed hygienics, 4) practical on farm interventions for controlling Salmonella-what works and what may not work, and 5) monitoring and mitigating Salmonella in poultry. These topics elucidate the critical need to establish control strategies that will improve poultry gut health and limit conditions that exposes Salmonella to stress causing alterations to virulence and pathogenicity both at preharvest and postharvest poultry production. This information is relevant to the poultry industry's continued efforts to ensure food safety poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomi Obe
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
| | - Timothy Boltz
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Mike Kogut
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Steven C Ricke
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Ken Macklin
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
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Logue CM, De Cesare A, Tast-Lahti E, Chemaly M, Payen C, LeJeune J, Zhou K. Salmonella spp. in poultry production-A review of the role of interventions along the production continuum. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2023; 108:289-341. [PMID: 38461002 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella is a significant pathogen of human and animal health and poultry are one of the most common sources linked with foodborne illness worldwide. Global production of poultry meat and products has increased significantly over the last decade or more as a result of consumer demand and the changing demographics of the world's population, where poultry meat forms a greater part of the diet. In addition, the relatively fast growth rate of birds which is significantly higher than other meat species also plays a role in how poultry production has intensified. In an effort to meet the greater demand for poultry meat and products, modern poultry production and processing practices have changed and practices to target control and reduction of foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella have been implemented. These strategies are implemented along the continuum from parent and grandparent flocks to breeders, the farm and finished broilers to transport and processing and finally from retail to the consumer. This review focuses on common practices, interventions and strategies that have potential impact for the control of Salmonella along the poultry production continuum from farm to plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Logue
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, United States.
| | | | - Elina Tast-Lahti
- European Center for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Sweden
| | - Marianne Chemaly
- Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, ANSES, France
| | - Cyrielle Payen
- Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, ANSES, France
| | - Jeff LeJeune
- Food System and Food Safety, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Italy
| | - Kang Zhou
- Food System and Food Safety, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Italy
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Xu X, Rothrock MJ, Mishra A, Kumar GD, Mishra A. Relationship of the Poultry Microbiome to Pathogen Colonization, Farm Management, Poultry Production, and Foodborne Illness Risk Assessment. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100169. [PMID: 37774838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite the continuous progress in food science and technology, the global burden of foodborne illnesses remains substantial, with pathogens in food causing millions of infections each year. Traditional microbiological culture methods are inadequate in detecting the full spectrum of these microorganisms, highlighting the need for more comprehensive detection strategies. This review paper aims to elucidate the relationship between foodborne pathogen colonization and the composition of the poultry microbiome, and how this knowledge can be used for improved food safety. Our review highlights that the relationship between pathogen colonization varies across different sections of the poultry microbiome. Further, our review suggests that the microbiome profile of poultry litter, farm soil, and farm dust may serve as potential indicators of the farm environment's food safety issues. We also agree that the microbiome of processed chicken samples may reveal potential pathogen contamination and food quality issues. In addition, utilizing predictive modeling techniques on the collected microbiome data, we suggest establishing correlations between particular taxonomic groups and the colonization of pathogens, thus providing insights into food safety, and offering a comprehensive overview of the microbial community. In conclusion, this review underscores the potential of microbiome analysis as a powerful tool in food safety, pathogen detection, and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Xu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Michael J Rothrock
- Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Aditya Mishra
- Department of Statistics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Abhinav Mishra
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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Willson NL, Chousalkar K. Dominant Salmonella Serovars in Australian Broiler Breeder Flocks and Hatcheries: a Longitudinal Study. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0062723. [PMID: 37466445 PMCID: PMC10467335 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00627-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A longitudinal study was conducted to determine the dominance and prevalence of Salmonella enterica subsp in Australian broiler breeder flocks and hatcheries. Twenty-two flocks (n = 3339 samples) were sampled over 6 time points beginning at placement until week 40. Hatcheries (n = 274 samples) were sampled following removal of chicks hatched from eggs originating from the 22 donor parent flocks. The percent of positive flocks (36%) and frequency of positive samples (15.6%) were highest during rearing at week 7. The frequency of positive samples decreased over the 40 weeks; however, the number of positive flocks remained relatively consistent. Geographical location had a greater influence on Salmonella detection frequency than company sample origin, despite differing management and vaccination protocols within and between companies. Twelve serovars were detected in total. The predominant serovars during rearing were Salmonella Mbandaka (32%), S. Saintpaul (27%), and S. Liverpool (18%). The predominant serovars detected during production were S. Cubana (27%), S. Saintpaul (24%), and S. Havana (13%). Salmonella Typhimurium, S. Ohio, and S. Hessarek were detected in the hatcheries. Of the serovars detected, only S. Typhimurium and S. Ohio were found in both broiler breeder flocks and hatcheries. However, detection did not correspond to the status of the flock eggs feeding into the hatchery. This study provides an up-to-date capture of the current Salmonella serovars circulating in the broiler breeder industry. Continued surveillance within the Australian Chicken Meat industry is imperative to mitigate and reduce the risk of salmonellosis in the community related to chicken meat. IMPORTANCE This study identified prevalent and dominant Salmonella enterica subsp in Australian Broiler Breeder flocks, as well as in hatcheries post chick hatch and removal, from eggs originating from these donor parent flocks. The captured Salmonella data was further compared to the most common Salmonella serovars isolated from broilers, as well as human salmonellosis notification data, which is useful for consideration of the circulating serovars within the chicken meat industry and their significance in public health. As there are multiple entry points for Salmonella during the entire chicken meat production chain that can lead to carcass contamination, it is important to distinguish serovars present between the different stages of vertical integration to implement and enable Salmonella control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N.-L. Willson
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
| | - K. Chousalkar
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
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Raut R, Maharjan P, Fouladkhah AC. Practical Preventive Considerations for Reducing the Public Health Burden of Poultry-Related Salmonellosis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6654. [PMID: 37681794 PMCID: PMC10487474 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20176654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
With poultry products as one of the leading reservoirs for the pathogen, in a typical year in the United States, it is estimated that over one million individuals contract non-typhoidal Salmonella infections. Foodborne outbreaks associated with Salmonella infections in poultry, thus, continue to remain a significant risk to public health. Moreover, the further emergence of antimicrobial resistance among various serovars of Salmonella is an additional public health concern. Feeding-based strategies (such as use of prebiotics, probiotics, and/or phytobiotics as well as essential oils), non-feeding-based strategies (such as use of bacteriophages, vaccinations, and in ovo strategies), omics tools and surveillance for identifying antibiotic-resistance genes, post-harvest application of antimicrobials, and biosecurity measures at poultry facilities are practical interventions that could reduce the public health burden of salmonellosis and antibiotic resistance associated with poultry products. With the escalating consumption of poultry products around the globe, the fate, prevalence, and transmission of Salmonella in agricultural settings and various poultry-processing facilities are major public health challenges demanding integrated control measures throughout the food chain. Implementation of practical preventive measures discussed in the current study could appreciably reduce the public health burden of foodborne salmonellosis associated with poultry products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabin Raut
- Cooperative Extension Program, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA;
- Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA
| | - Pramir Maharjan
- Cooperative Extension Program, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA;
| | - Aliyar Cyrus Fouladkhah
- Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA
- Public Health Microbiology FoundationSM, Nashville, TN 37209, USA
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Ahmad AAM, Elmowalid GA, Abdelhamid AE, Mohammad AAE, Abdelwahab AMO. Nigella sativa-chitosan nanoparticles: Novel intestinal mucosal immunomodulator controls and protects against Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis infection in broilers. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:103. [PMID: 37528439 PMCID: PMC10391840 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03632-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) propagates in chickens' gastrointestinal surfaces and is transmitted to humans, causing food poisoning. Oral supplementation with natural nanoparticles can overcome the harsh gastrointestinal conditions facing oral vaccines and requires no antibiotic administration to protect against microbial infection. This study was designed to study Nigella sativa-chitosan nanoparticles (CNP-NS) prophylactic immunomodulatory efficacy against SE infection in broiler chicks. The CNP-NS was prepared and characterized, and its in vivo immunomodulatory activities against an avian virulent-MDR SE-induced challenge in chicks were investigated. RESULT To verify the immune-protective activities of the CNP-NS, colony forming units (CFU) in the liver and fecal droppings; intestinal histopathological alterations and immune cell recruitment; MUC-2, TLR-4, cecal cytokines, and specific IgA gene expression levels were assessed. On the 7th and 12th days after the SE challenge, the CNP-NS supplemented chicks showed complete clearance of SE CFU in livers and fecal droppings, as well as an improvement in food conversion rate compared to non-supplemented CNP-NS that revealed the presence of the challenge SE CFU on the same days. A prominent influx of antigen presenting cells and lymphoid aggregates into the intestinal wall, spleen, and liver was detected with improvements in the intestinal villi morphometry of the CNP-NS-supplemented chicks. The changes of INF-γ, IL-1β, and IL-4 cecal cytokines, as well as TLR-4, MUC-2, and IgA mRNA expression levels, confirm CNP-NS immunomodulatory activities and provide a mechanism(s) for its protective actions against the induced SE challenge of the tested chickens. CONCLUSION These findings suggest promising useful insights into CNP-NS supplementation as a safe food additive for poultry meat consumers' and a protective immunomodulator of the chickens' mucosal immune systems. It could be recommended for epidemiological purposes to reduce the risk of SE food poisoning and transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Attia M Ahmad
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Gamal A Elmowalid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E Abdelhamid
- Polymers and Pigments Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Buhouth St, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Ashraf M O Abdelwahab
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Shin H, La TM, Lee HJ, Kim T, Song SU, Park GH, Choi IS, Park SY, Lee JB, Lee SW. Characteristics of a Temperature-Sensitive Mutant Strain of Salmonella Enteritidis and Its Potential as a Live Vaccine Candidate. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10050313. [PMID: 37235396 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10050313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Enteritidis is a common foodborne pathogen transmitted through poultry products, which are its main carriers. Poultry are vaccinated against Salmonella Enteritidis in many countries, despite the absence of clinical symptoms, using commercially available live-attenuated vaccines. We previously constructed a highly attenuated temperature-sensitive (ts) Salmonella Enteritidis mutant, 2S-G10. In the present study, we describe the construction and attenuation-associated characteristics of 2S-G10. We infected 1-day-old chicks with 2S-G10 and the parental strains to evaluate the attenuation. One week after infection, 2S-G10 was not detected in the liver, cecum, or cecal tonsil tissues of the orally inoculated chicks, contrary to the parental strain. This indicates that 2S-G10 was highly attenuated when compared to the parental stain. In vitro experiments revealed the inability of 2S-G10 to grow at the normal body temperature of chickens and invade chicken liver epithelial cells. Moreover, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis between the complete genome sequence of 2S-G10 and its parental strain revealed SNPs in bcsE, recG, rfaF, and pepD_1 genes, which are involved in epithelial cell invasion and persistence in host systems, growth, lipopolysaccharide core biosynthesis, and cellular survival under heat stress, respectively. These potential characteristics are consistent with the findings of in vitro experiments. Conclusively, chemical treatment-induced random genetic mutations highly attenuated 2S-G10, implying its potential to be developed as a novel live-attenuated vaccine against Salmonella Enteritidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjin Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Min La
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Jae Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Taesoo Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Un Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu-Hyung Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Soo Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yong Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Bok Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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Jiang Z, Kang X, Song Y, Zhou X, Yue M. Identification and Evaluation of Novel Antigen Candidates against Salmonella Pullorum Infection Using Reverse Vaccinology. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040865. [PMID: 37112777 PMCID: PMC10143441 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pullorum disease, caused by the Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Pullorum, is a highly contagious disease in the poultry industry, leading to significant economic losses in many developing countries. Due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, immediate attention is required to prevent their endemics and global spreading. To mitigate the prevalence of MDR Salmonella Pullorum infections in poultry farms, it is urgent to develop effective vaccines. Reverse vaccinology (RV) is a promising approach using expressed genomic sequences to find new vaccine targets. The present study used the RV approach to identify new antigen candidates against Pullorum disease. Initial epidemiological investigation and virulent assays were conducted to select strain R51 for presentative and general importance. An additional complete genome sequence (4.7 Mb) for R51 was resolved using the Pacbio RS II platform. The proteome of Salmonella Pullorum was analyzed to predict outer membrane and extracellular proteins, and was further selected for evaluating transmembrane domains, protein prevalence, antigenicity, and solubility. Twenty-two high-scored proteins were identified among 4713 proteins, with 18 recombinant proteins successfully expressed and purified. The chick embryo model was used to assess protection efficacy, in which vaccine candidates were injected into 18-day-old chick embryos for in vivo immunogenicity and protective effects. The results showed that the PstS, SinH, LpfB, and SthB vaccine candidates were able to elicit a significant immune response. Particularly, PstS confers a significant protective effect, with a 75% survival rate compared to 31.25% for the PBS control group, confirming that identified antigens can be promising targets against Salmonella Pullorum infection. Thus, we offer RV to discover novel effective antigens in an important veterinary infectious agent with high priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Jiang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiamei Kang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yan Song
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Min Yue
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Chaney WE, McBride H, Girgis G. Effect of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae Postbiotic Feed Additive on Salmonella Enteritidis Colonization of Cecal and Ovarian Tissues in Directly Challenged and Horizontally Exposed Layer Pullets. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071186. [PMID: 37048442 PMCID: PMC10093213 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Determining the efficacy of feed-additive technologies utilized as pre-harvest food-safety interventions against Salmonella enterica may be influenced by factors including, but not limited to, mechanism of action, experimental design variables, Salmonella serovar(s), exposure dose, route, or duration in both controlled research and real-world field observations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the dietary inclusion of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation-derived postbiotic (SCFP) additive (Diamond V, Original XPC®) on the colonization of cecal and ovarian tissues of commercial pullets directly and indirectly exposed to Salmonella Enteritidis (SE). Four hundred and eighty commercial, day-of-age W-36 chicks were randomly allotted to 60 cages per treatment in two identical BSL-2 isolation rooms (Iowa State University) with four birds per cage and fed control (CON) or treatment (TRT) diets for the duration of study. At 16 weeks, two birds per cage were directly challenged via oral gavage with 1.1 × 109 CFU of a nalidixic-acid-resistant SE strain. The remaining two birds in each cage were thus horizontally exposed to the SE challenge. At 3, 7, and 14 days post-challenge (DPC), 20 cages per group were harvested and sampled for SE prevalence and load. No significant differences were observed between groups for SE prevalence in the ceca or ovary tissues of directly challenged birds. For the indirectly exposed cohort, SE cecal prevalence at 7 DPC was significantly lower for TRT (50.0%) vs. CON (72.5%) (p = 0.037) and, likewise, demonstrated significantly lower mean SE cecal load (1.69 Log10) vs. CON (2.83 Log10) (p = 0.005). At 14 DPC, no significant differences were detected but ~10% fewer birds remained positive in the TRT group vs. CON (p > 0.05). These findings suggest that diets supplemented with SCFP postbiotic may be a useful tool for mitigating SE colonization in horizontally exposed pullets and may support pre-harvest food-safety strategies.
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11
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Singh A, Singh M, Malik MA, Padha S. Is There a Shift in Salmonella Diversity Among Poultry in Northern India? Avian Dis 2023; 67:108-113. [PMID: 37140119 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-22-00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to determine the serotype diversity of Salmonella among poultry in northern India. A total of 101 poultry droppings from 30 farms in the Jammu and Kashmir union territory were analyzed. Nineteen isolates of Salmonella were obtained, and these belonged to four serotypes: Salmonella enterica enterica serotype Kentucky (n = 3), Salmonella enterica enterica serotype Infantis (n = 5), Salmonella enterica enterica serotype Agona (n = 4), and Salmonella enterica enterica serotype Typhimurium (n= 7). The study has isolated some Salmonella serotypes that are infrequently reported in India. Some of the isolated serotypes are reported to be endemic for human nontyphoidal salmonellosis cases in the region. Whether this indicates a shift in the serotype pattern in poultry in the region needs to be investigated further. Nevertheless, the study clearly indicates the risk of foodborne salmonellosis associated with consumption of contaminated poultry and poultry products in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvinderpal Singh
- Division of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Ranbir Singh Pura, Jammu 181102, India
| | - Maninder Singh
- Division of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Ranbir Singh Pura, Jammu 181102, India
| | - Mohd Ashraf Malik
- Division of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Ranbir Singh Pura, Jammu 181102, India
| | - Sonali Padha
- Division of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Ranbir Singh Pura, Jammu 181102, India
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Huberman YD, Caballero-García M, Rojas R, Ascanio S, Olmos LH, Malena R, Lomónaco J, Nievas P, Chero P, Lévano-Gracía J, Mendoza-Espinoza A. The Efficacy of a Trivalent Inactivated Salmonella Vaccine Combined with the Live S. Gallinarum 9R Vaccine in Young Layers after Experimental Infections with S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, and S. Infantis. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1113. [PMID: 35891276 PMCID: PMC9323758 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, poultry infections by Salmonella are the cause of significant economic losses, not only due to reduced production (due to fowl typhoid disease), but also considering the efforts and control measures that must be constantly applied, especially due to zoonotic serovars. Poultry is a common reservoir of Salmonella and its transmission into the food chain is a risk for humans. The vaccination of layers plays an important role in the overall efforts to prevent Salmonella infections. An inactivated trivalent vaccine was prepared with S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, and S. Infantis strains. Infection trials were performed to evaluate the efficacy of three vaccination schedules using inactivated and live S. Gallinarum 9R vaccines. For this purpose, at week 5 of life, one subcutaneous dose of live S. Gallinarum 9R vaccine (1-5 × 107 CFU) was given to Groups 1 and 2. At weeks 8 and 11 of life, chickens were also vaccinated with one (Group 1) or two (Groups 2 and 3) intramuscular doses of the inactivated oil-adjuvant trivalent vaccine (1 × 108 CFU/dose of each antigen). Group 4 consisted of chickens that remained unvaccinated (control). At week 14 of life, the efficacy of the vaccination plans was evaluated in three separate inoculation trials with S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, or S. Infantis. After vaccination with the inactivated vaccine, homologous antibody production was observed, and after challenge, a significant reduction in the faecal shedding, invasion, and colonization of S. Typhimurium and S. Infantis was achieved by all vaccination schedules, while the vaccination with at least one dose of the live S. Gallinarum 9R vaccine was necessary to obtain such a significant protection against S. Enteritidis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosef Daniel Huberman
- Bacteriology, INTA EEA Balcarce, RN 226 Km 73, Balcarce CP 07620, Buenos Aires, Argentina; (L.H.O.); (R.M.); (J.L.); (P.N.)
| | - Melanie Caballero-García
- Research and Development, Quimtia S.A, Centro Ind. Las Praderas de Lurín Mza. B. Lote 1. Lima 16, Lurín CP 15823, Peru; (M.C.-G.); (R.R.); (S.A.); (P.C.); (J.L.-G.); (A.M.-E.)
| | - Rober Rojas
- Research and Development, Quimtia S.A, Centro Ind. Las Praderas de Lurín Mza. B. Lote 1. Lima 16, Lurín CP 15823, Peru; (M.C.-G.); (R.R.); (S.A.); (P.C.); (J.L.-G.); (A.M.-E.)
| | - Silvia Ascanio
- Research and Development, Quimtia S.A, Centro Ind. Las Praderas de Lurín Mza. B. Lote 1. Lima 16, Lurín CP 15823, Peru; (M.C.-G.); (R.R.); (S.A.); (P.C.); (J.L.-G.); (A.M.-E.)
| | - Leandro Hipólito Olmos
- Bacteriology, INTA EEA Balcarce, RN 226 Km 73, Balcarce CP 07620, Buenos Aires, Argentina; (L.H.O.); (R.M.); (J.L.); (P.N.)
| | - Rosana Malena
- Bacteriology, INTA EEA Balcarce, RN 226 Km 73, Balcarce CP 07620, Buenos Aires, Argentina; (L.H.O.); (R.M.); (J.L.); (P.N.)
| | - Jorgelina Lomónaco
- Bacteriology, INTA EEA Balcarce, RN 226 Km 73, Balcarce CP 07620, Buenos Aires, Argentina; (L.H.O.); (R.M.); (J.L.); (P.N.)
| | - Paula Nievas
- Bacteriology, INTA EEA Balcarce, RN 226 Km 73, Balcarce CP 07620, Buenos Aires, Argentina; (L.H.O.); (R.M.); (J.L.); (P.N.)
| | - Paula Chero
- Research and Development, Quimtia S.A, Centro Ind. Las Praderas de Lurín Mza. B. Lote 1. Lima 16, Lurín CP 15823, Peru; (M.C.-G.); (R.R.); (S.A.); (P.C.); (J.L.-G.); (A.M.-E.)
| | - Julio Lévano-Gracía
- Research and Development, Quimtia S.A, Centro Ind. Las Praderas de Lurín Mza. B. Lote 1. Lima 16, Lurín CP 15823, Peru; (M.C.-G.); (R.R.); (S.A.); (P.C.); (J.L.-G.); (A.M.-E.)
| | - Alfredo Mendoza-Espinoza
- Research and Development, Quimtia S.A, Centro Ind. Las Praderas de Lurín Mza. B. Lote 1. Lima 16, Lurín CP 15823, Peru; (M.C.-G.); (R.R.); (S.A.); (P.C.); (J.L.-G.); (A.M.-E.)
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Kang X, Huang T, Shen H, Meng C, Jiao X, Pan Z. Salmonella Enteritidis Subunit Vaccine Candidate Based on SseB Protein Co-Delivered with Simvastatin as Adjuvant. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11040443. [PMID: 35456118 PMCID: PMC9027336 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) is an important zoonotic pathogen that can lead to diarrhea and systemic infections in humans and mortality in animals. This is a major public health issue worldwide. Safe and effective vaccines are urgently needed to control and prevent Salmonella infection. Subunit vaccines are safe and provide targeted protection against Salmonella spp. Here, we developed and evaluated an S. Enteritidis subunit vaccine candidate, the rHis-SseB adjuvant with simvastatin. We amplified the SseB gene from S. Enteritidis C50041 genomic DNA and expressed the recombinant proteins rHis-SseB and rGST-SseB using the Escherichia coli system. Western blotting confirmed the immunoreactivity of recombinant proteins rHis-SseB and rGST-SseB with antisera against Salmonella Enteritidis C50041. In a mouse model of intramuscular vaccination, co-immunization with rHis-SseB and simvastatin significantly enhanced both the SseB-specific antibody titer in serum (humoral immune response) and splenic lymphocyte proliferation (cellular immune response). Co-immunization with rHis-SseB and simvastatin provided 60% protection against subsequent challenge with the S. Enteritidis C50041 strain and decreased bacterial colonization in the liver and spleen. These findings provide a basis for the development of an S. Enteritidis subunit vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilong Kang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.K.); (T.H.); (H.S.); (C.M.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Tingting Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.K.); (T.H.); (H.S.); (C.M.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Huanhuan Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.K.); (T.H.); (H.S.); (C.M.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chuang Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.K.); (T.H.); (H.S.); (C.M.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.K.); (T.H.); (H.S.); (C.M.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: (X.J.); (Z.P.)
| | - Zhiming Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.K.); (T.H.); (H.S.); (C.M.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: (X.J.); (Z.P.)
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Chinivasagam HN, Estella W, Rodrigues H, Mayer DG, Tran T, Onysk A, Weyand C, Diallo I, Billington C. Re-used or New Bedding Are Not Drivers of Salmonella Levels and Serovar Emergence in Commercially Farmed Broilers in Australia. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.816181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To inform Salmonella on-farm management during broiler rearing, a 2-year study on two farms compared the Australian practices of new bedding use, partial litter re-use and an alternative, full litter re-use. Six sequential commercial cycles of ~50 days each were tested on each farm, on ~day 7 from placement (litter only), prior to first thin-out, and prior to final removal (litter and ceca). A random number sample collection occurred, defined by shed supports (33, 39), different drinkers, feeders, and shed center. Across the six cycles on both farms, Salmonella levels in ceca just prior to thin-out on full re-use litter were higher (log 3.11 MPN/g, P = 0.008) than for new bedding (log 2.04 MPN/g) and partial re-use (log 2.43 MPN/g) litter (the latter two were not significantly different). Prior to final removal across all practices the Salmonella levels in ceca from new bedding (log 1.72 MPN/g), partial re-use litter (log 1.77 MPN/g), and full re-use litter (log 2.33 MPN/g) were not statistically different, suggesting no effect of litter practice. The Salmonella levels in litter prior to the first (log 1.96–2.31 MPN/g) and second (log 2.24–2.48 MPN/g) removals were also not statistically different. The emergence of Salmonella serovars in the partitioned chicken-free grow-out end (back) of all sheds at ~day 7 did not suggest carry-over. Both the pattern of emergence of Salmonella serovars and Salmonella levels in litter ~day 7 in the brooder-end with chickens (front), suggested the Salmonella present were due to flock contribution and not practice driven. The dominant Salmonella serovar across cycles on both farms was S. Sofia (75 and 77% isolates) followed by S. Typhimurium (11 and 17%). Irrespective of initial serovars, Salmonella Sofia rapidly gained dominance and displaced 14 other serovars including S. Typhimurium on both farms. This study demonstrates that the litter practices are not the major driver of Salmonella prevalence in broiler farming, supporting the commercial re-use of bedding as a sustainable farming practice in Australia. The major contributor of Salmonella load in production is the Salmonella status of the incoming flock, indicating this is the key area to focus future control measures.
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Feng K, Li T, Ye C, Gao X, Yue X, Ding S, Dong Q, Yang M, Huang G, Zhang J. A novel electrochemical immunosensor based on Fe 3O 4@graphene nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode for rapid detection of Salmonella in milk. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:2108-2118. [PMID: 34998563 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Foods contaminated by foodborne pathogens have always been a great threat to human life. Herein, we constructed an electrochemical immunosensor for Salmonella detection by using a Fe3O4@graphene modified electrode. Because of the excellent electrical conductivity and mechanical stability of graphene and the large specific surface area of Fe3O4, the Fe3O4@graphene nanocomposite exhibits an excellent electrical signal, which greatly increased the sensitivity of the immunosensor. Gold nanoparticles were deposited on Fe3O4@graphene nanocomposite by electrochemical technology for the immobilization of the antibody. Cyclic voltammetry was selected to electrochemically characterize the construction process of immunosensors. The microstructure and morphology of related nanocomposites were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Under optimized experimental conditions, a good linear relationship was achieved in the Salmonella concentration range of 2.4 × 102 to 2.4 × 107 cfu/mL, and the limit of detection of the immunosensor was 2.4 × 102 cfu/mL. Additionally, the constructed immunosensor exhibited acceptable selectivity, reproducibility, and stability and provides a new reference for detecting pathogenic bacteria in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwen Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P. R. China
| | - Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P. R. China
| | - Cuizhu Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P. R. China
| | - Xianglin Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P. R. China
| | - Shuangyan Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P. R. China
| | - Qiuling Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P. R. China
| | - Mingqi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P. R. China
| | - Ganhui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P. R. China
| | - Jinsheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P. R. China.
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16
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Ruvalcaba-Gómez JM, Villagrán Z, Valdez-Alarcón JJ, Martínez-Núñez M, Gomez-Godínez LJ, Ruesga-Gutiérrez E, Anaya-Esparza LM, Arteaga-Garibay RI, Villarruel-López A. Non-Antibiotics Strategies to Control Salmonella Infection in Poultry. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:102. [PMID: 35011208 PMCID: PMC8749512 DOI: 10.3390/ani12010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. is a facultative intracellular pathogen causing localized or systemic infections, involving economic and public health significance, and remains the leading pathogen of food safety concern worldwide, with poultry being the primary transmission vector. Antibiotics have been the main strategy for Salmonella control for many years, which has allowed producers to improve the growth and health of food-producing animals. However, the utilization of antibiotics has been reconsidered since bacterial pathogens have established and shared a variety of antibiotic resistance mechanisms that can quickly increase within microbial communities. The use of alternatives to antibiotics has been recommended and successfully applied in many countries, leading to the core aim of this review, focused on (1) describing the importance of Salmonella infection in poultry and the effects associated with the use of antibiotics for disease control; (2) discussing the use of feeding-based (prebiotics, probiotics, bacterial subproducts, phytobiotics) and non-feeding-based (bacteriophages, in ovo injection, vaccines) strategies in poultry production for Salmonella control; and (3) exploring the use of complementary strategies, highlighting those based on -omics tools, to assess the effects of using the available antibiotic-free alternatives and their role in lowering dependency on the existing antimicrobial substances to manage bacterial infections in poultry effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Martín Ruvalcaba-Gómez
- National Center for Genetic Resources, National Institute of Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research, Boulevard de la Biodiversidad 400, Jalisco 47600, Mexico; (J.M.R.-G.); (L.J.G.-G.)
| | - Zuamí Villagrán
- Los Altos University Center, University of Guadalajara, Av. Rafael Casillas Aceves 1200, Jalisco 47600, Mexico; (Z.V.); (E.R.-G.); (L.M.A.-E.)
| | - Juan José Valdez-Alarcón
- Multidisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Studies, Centenary and Meritorious University of Michoacán of San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Michoacán 58893, Mexico;
| | | | - Lorena Jacqueline Gomez-Godínez
- National Center for Genetic Resources, National Institute of Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research, Boulevard de la Biodiversidad 400, Jalisco 47600, Mexico; (J.M.R.-G.); (L.J.G.-G.)
| | - Edmundo Ruesga-Gutiérrez
- Los Altos University Center, University of Guadalajara, Av. Rafael Casillas Aceves 1200, Jalisco 47600, Mexico; (Z.V.); (E.R.-G.); (L.M.A.-E.)
| | - Luis Miguel Anaya-Esparza
- Los Altos University Center, University of Guadalajara, Av. Rafael Casillas Aceves 1200, Jalisco 47600, Mexico; (Z.V.); (E.R.-G.); (L.M.A.-E.)
| | - Ramón Ignacio Arteaga-Garibay
- National Center for Genetic Resources, National Institute of Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research, Boulevard de la Biodiversidad 400, Jalisco 47600, Mexico; (J.M.R.-G.); (L.J.G.-G.)
| | - Angélica Villarruel-López
- University Center for Exact and Engineering Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Jalisco 44430, Mexico
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Mihajilov-Krstev T, Joković N, Tamindžija D, Tamaš I, Stanković N, Stojanović-Radić Z, Volarić A, Radnović D. Decontamination of Salmonella enterica spp. on shell eggs by Allium cepa L. dry scales extracts. KRAGUJEVAC JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.5937/kgjsci2244127m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonellae are a major global diarrheal diseases agent and are commonly found in a variety of foods. However, eggs appear to be one of the most important sources of infection ultimately leading to salmonellosis. Here we investigate a potential utilization of onion (Allium cepa L.) dry scales extracts and decoction for disinfection of eggshells contaminated with Salmonella enterica spp. Antimicrobial activity was screened by a microplate dilution method against 32 environmental and 1 reference Salmonella strains, at 106 and 103 CFU/ml starting cell concentration. Also, the efficacy of egg submersion treatment was tested. At high contamination level of 106 Salmonella cells per ml, extracts exhibited MIC and MBC values in the range of 0.08-2.50 mg/ml and 0.31-10.0 mg/ml, respectively. Ethanol extract had the most potent antibacterial activity followed by methanol, ethyl-acetate and acetone extracts. Pure decoction had MIC and MBC in the range of 250-500 mg/ml. When testing a lower level of contamination (103 CFU/ml) which is more similar to real life levels, MIC and MBCs were 8 to 14 times lower. Submersion of artificially contaminated eggs in ethanol extracts and decoctions resulted in the complete elimination of Salmonella after 8 minutes of exposure. Thus, a reduction of a minimum of 3.71 log units was achieved during the 8 minutes of treatment. Having in mind natural levels of Salmonella eggshell counts are far lower it can be implied that such treatment could be highly effective in practical application. Results show that tested onion dry scale decontamination solutions are an efficient, cost-effective and eco-friendly options for eggshell decontamination, and are especially promising for use in organic egg production.
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Dos Santos Bersot L, Carbonera NR, Rodrigues Valcanaia CD, Viana C, Nero LA. Multidrug-Resistant and Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Salmonella enterica Serotype Heidelberg Is Widespread in a Poultry Processing Facility in Southern Brazil. J Food Prot 2021; 84:2053-2058. [PMID: 34324677 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT This study was conducted to characterize the distribution of Salmonella isolates in a poultry processing facility and to identify their antibiotic resistance profiles. Salmonella enterica was detected in 146 samples (66.7%), and 125 isolates were identified as Salmonella Heidelberg (n = 123), Salmonella Abony (n = 1), and Salmonella O:4,5 (n = 1). Salmonella Heidelberg isolates were subjected to XbaI macrorestriction analysis and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The 66 pulsotypes obtained were grouped into four major clusters, indicating cross-contamination and persistence of this serotype in the processing facility. Selected S. enterica isolates were characterized by their antibiotic resistance, and most (n = 122, 97.6%) were multidrug resistant. Resistance to third-generation cephalosporins ceftazidime (84 isolates, 67.2%) and cefotaxime and ceftriaxone (91 isolates, 72.8%) was particularly prevalent. Production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) was identified in 24 isolates (19.2%), and ESBL-producing isolates were resistant to at least eight antibiotics. This study revealed the high prevalence of Salmonella Heidelberg in the poultry chain, providing insight into the ecology of this pathogen in this facility. The high prevalence of multidrug-resistant S. enterica is a concern due to the potential consequences for public health. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Dos Santos Bersot
- LACOMA - Laboratório de Inspeção e Controle de Qualidade de Alimentos e Água, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor Palotina, Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Rua Pioneiro, 2153, Jardim Dallas, 85950-000, Palotina, PR, Brazil
| | - Neila Rita Carbonera
- LACOMA - Laboratório de Inspeção e Controle de Qualidade de Alimentos e Água, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor Palotina, Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Rua Pioneiro, 2153, Jardim Dallas, 85950-000, Palotina, PR, Brazil
| | - Carolina Dias Rodrigues Valcanaia
- LACOMA - Laboratório de Inspeção e Controle de Qualidade de Alimentos e Água, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor Palotina, Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Rua Pioneiro, 2153, Jardim Dallas, 85950-000, Palotina, PR, Brazil
| | - Cibeli Viana
- InsPOA - Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Veterinária, Avenida PH Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Luís Augusto Nero
- InsPOA - Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Veterinária, Avenida PH Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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Hofacre CL, Rosales AG, Costa MD, Cookson K, Schaeffer J, Jones MK. Immunity and Protection Provided by Live Modified Vaccines Against Paratyphoid Salmonella in Poultry-An Applied Perspective. Avian Dis 2021; 65:295-302. [PMID: 34412461 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-20-00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Several serotypes of non-host-specific or paratyphoid Salmonella have been linked with contamination of poultry meat, and eggs, resulting in foodborne outbreaks in humans. Vaccination of poultry against paratyphoid Salmonella is a frequent strategy used to reduce the levels of infection and transmission, which ultimately can lead to lower rates of human infections. Live vaccines have been developed and used in poultry immediately after hatching as a result of their ability to colonize the gut, stimulate a mucosal immune response, induce a competitive inhibitory effect against homologous wild strains, and reduce colonization and excretion of Salmonella. Furthermore, vaccines can competitively exclude some heterologous strains of Salmonella from colonizing the gastrointestinal tract when young poultry are immunologically immature. In addition, various studies have suggested that booster vaccination with live vaccines a few weeks after initial vaccination is essential to increase the level of protection and achieve better cross-protective immunity. Vaccination of breeders, broilers, layers, and turkeys with modified live Salmonella vaccines is a common intervention that has become an important component in poultry companies' multistep prevention programs to meet increasingly demanding customer and regulatory food safety requirements. Both live and inactivated vaccines play a critical role in a comprehensive control program for chicken and turkey breeders and commercial layers. This review examines the response and protection conferred by live modified vaccines against non-host-specific Salmonella that can be considered for the design and implementation of vaccination strategies in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Matthew K Jones
- Southern Poultry Research Group, Inc., Watkinsville, GA 30677
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20
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Reverse vaccinology approach for the identifications of potential vaccine candidates against Salmonella. Int J Med Microbiol 2021; 311:151508. [PMID: 34182206 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a leading cause of foodborne pathogen which causes intestinal and systemic diseases across the world. Vaccination is the most effective protection against Salmonella, but the identification and design of an effective broad-spectrum vaccine is still a great challenge, because of the multi-serotypes of Salmonella. Reverse vaccinology is a new tool to discovery and design vaccine antigens combining human immunology, structural biology and computational biology with microbial genomics. In this study, reverse vaccinology, an in-silico approach was established to screen appropriate immunogen targets by calculating the immunogenicity score of 583 non-redundant outer membrane and secreted proteins of Salmonella. Herein among 100 proteins identified with top-ranked scores, 15 representative antigens were selected randomly. Applying the sequence conservation test, four proteins (FliK, BcsZ, FhuA and FepA) remained as potential vaccine candidates for in vivo evaluation of immunogenicity and immunoprotection. All four candidates were capable to trigger the immune response and stimulate the production of antiserum in mice. Furthermore, top-ranked proteins including FliK and BcsZ provided wide antigenic coverage among the multi-serotype of Salmonella. The S. Typhimurium LT2 challenge model used in mice immunized with FliK and BcsZ showed a high relative percentage survival (RPS) of 52.74 % and 64.71 % respectively. In conclusion, this study constructed an in-silico pipeline able to successfully pre-screen the vaccine targets characterized by high immunogenicity and protective immunity. We show that reverse vaccinology allowed screening of appropriate broad-spectrum vaccines for Salmonella.
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Agbaje M, Ayo-Ajayi P, Kehinde O, Omoshaba E, Dipeolu M, Fasina FO. Salmonella Characterization in Poultry Eggs Sold in Farms and Markets in Relation to Handling and Biosecurity Practices in Ogun State, Nigeria. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10070773. [PMID: 34202847 PMCID: PMC8300622 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10070773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella remains one of the notable food-borne bacterial pathogens. It is associated with poultry and poultry products including eggs. This study investigated Salmonella distribution in eggshell and content, their antimicrobial resistance pattern, and the possible risk factors driving contamination in Ogun State, Nigeria. A total of 500 eggs (5 eggs pooled into one sample) were collected and culturally examined for the presence of Salmonella serovars. Isolates were further characterized biochemically using Microbact 20E (Oxoid) and Antimicrobial susceptibility determined by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. A total of 14 Salmonella isolates spread across 10 serovars were recovered from the 100 pooled egg samples; 10 (10%) from the market and 4 (4%) farms, 13(13%) eggshell, and 1(1%) egg content. All tested serovars were susceptible to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, florfenicol, and kanamycin. Resistance was mostly observed in sulfamethoxazole 8 (80%), followed by ciprofloxacin 5 (50%) and tetracycline 3 (30%). Sales of eggs in the market appear to be a strong factor encouraging contamination in addition to poor biosecurity and unhygienic handling of eggs on the farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Agbaje
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta 110124, Nigeria; (M.A.); (E.O.)
| | - Patience Ayo-Ajayi
- Department of Veterinary and Pest Control Services, Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Abuja 900287, Nigeria;
- Nigerian Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programe, 50 Haille Selassie Str., Asokoro, Abuja 900287, Nigeria
| | - Olugbenga Kehinde
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta 110124, Nigeria; (O.K.); (M.D.)
| | - Ezekiel Omoshaba
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta 110124, Nigeria; (M.A.); (E.O.)
| | - Morenike Dipeolu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta 110124, Nigeria; (O.K.); (M.D.)
| | - Folorunso O. Fasina
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dar es Salaam 14111, Tanzania
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +255-686-132-852
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22
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Course CE, Boerlin P, Slavic D, Vaillancourt JP, Guerin MT. Factors associated with Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli during downtime in commercial broiler chicken barns in Ontario. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101065. [PMID: 33765489 PMCID: PMC8008170 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli are bacteria of concern to veterinary public health and poultry health. Our research aimed to determine the factors associated with S. enterica and E. coli in commercial broiler chicken barns during the rest period between flocks to identify the best methods of sanitation for bacterial load reduction. This involved collecting samples from September 2015 to July 2016 from the floors of 36 barns before sanitation (baseline) and at 2 time intervals after sanitation, followed by microbiological and molecular analysis. A priori variables of interest included sanitation procedure (dry cleaning, wet cleaning, disinfection), sampling point (baseline, 2 d after sanitation, 6 d after sanitation), and flooring type (concrete, wood). The odds of detecting S. enterica were higher on wooden floors that were wet-cleaned than on concrete floors that were dry-cleaned, lower in the winter and spring than in the fall, and lower when samples were collected 2 d and 6 d after sanitation than at baseline. For E. coli, the concentration was higher on wooden floors than on concrete floors and in the summer than in the fall, and it was lower in postsanitation samples from disinfected barns than in presanitation samples from dry-cleaned barns and in the winter than in the fall. Among E. coli isolates, factors associated with the presence of qacEΔ1, a gene associated with resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds, included sanitation procedure, flooring type, cycle length, and the number of times per yr the barn is disinfected. Our findings highlight the importance of cleaning after litter removal, although the sanitation procedure chosen might differ depending on which pathogen is present and causing disease issues; dry cleaning appears to be preferable for S. enterica control, especially in barns with wooden floors, whereas disinfection appears to be preferable for E. coli reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea E Course
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.
| | - Patrick Boerlin
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Durda Slavic
- Animal Health Laboratory, Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1H 6R8
| | - Jean-Pierre Vaillancourt
- Département de Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2
| | - Michele T Guerin
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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23
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Li X, Zheng T, Xie YN, Li F, Jiang X, Hou X, Wu P. Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Coupled with a Photosensitization Colorimetric Assay for Fast Salmonella spp. Testing. Anal Chem 2021; 93:6559-6566. [PMID: 33852278 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella spp. is one of the most serious foodborne pathogens causing millions of infection cases annually, especially in resource-limited areas. The standard culture method (2-3 days) and current nucleic acid amplification-based testing are not suitable for on-site testing in rural areas with heavy Salmonella spp. burden. Here, we developed a colorimetric recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) method for fast and sensitive Salmonella spp. testing in 1 h. Specifically, the invA gene from the genomic DNA of Salmonella spp. was amplified isothermally to produce double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) amplicons, which were directly quantified by a photosensitization colorimetric assay. The proposed method offered the lowest detectable concentration of 5 × 103 colony-forming units/mL (cfu/mL), which is much lower than that of ELISA (105-107 cfu/mL). The detectable limit could be further pushed down to 3 cfu/mL upon coupling with bacteria pre-enrichment for 6 h. Analysis of synthetic milk samples confirmed the high precision (90%) and specificity (95%) of the method for Salmonella spp. testing. Moreover, use of a DNA releaser could further simplify the whole testing operation. Because RPA features low-temperature amplification (25-42 °C) without the need for specific instruments and the dsDNA-based photosensitization colorimetric assay served as a simple and facile readout for RPA, our method thus allows fast and low-cost Salmonella spp. testing in food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Ting Zheng
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Ya-Ni Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Feng Li
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xia Jiang
- National Engineering Research Center for Flue Gas Desulfurization, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiandeng Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.,College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Peng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.,College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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24
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Pineda M, Kogut M, Genovese K, Farnell YZ, Zhao D, Wang X, Milby A, Farnell M. Competitive Exclusion of Intra-Genus Salmonella in Neonatal Broilers. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020446. [PMID: 33670039 PMCID: PMC7926974 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis is a zoonotic infection caused by Salmonella enterica serotypes contracted from contaminated products. We hypothesized that competitive exclusion between Salmonella serotypes in neonatal broilers would reduce colonization and affect the host immune response. Day of hatch broilers were randomly allocated to one of six treatment groups: (1) control, which received saline, (2) Salmonella Kentucky (SK) only on day 1 (D1), (3) Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) or Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) only on D1, (4) SK on D1 then ST or SE on day 2 (D2), (5) ST or SE on D1 then SK on D2, and (6) SK and ST or SE concurrently on D1. Salmonella gut colonization and incidence were measured from cecal contents. Livers and spleens were combined and macerated to determine systemic translocation. Relative mRNA levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-10, IL-18, and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) were measured in cecal tonsils and liver to investigate local and systemic immune responses. When a serotype was administered first, it was able to significantly reduce colonization of the following serotype. Significant changes were found in mRNA expression of cytokines. These results suggest competitive exclusion by Salmonella enterica serotypes affect local and systemic immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Pineda
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (M.P.); (Y.Z.F.); (D.Z.); (X.W.); (A.M.)
| | - Michael Kogut
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (M.K.); (K.G.)
| | - Kenneth Genovese
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (M.K.); (K.G.)
| | - Yuhua Z. Farnell
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (M.P.); (Y.Z.F.); (D.Z.); (X.W.); (A.M.)
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (M.P.); (Y.Z.F.); (D.Z.); (X.W.); (A.M.)
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (M.P.); (Y.Z.F.); (D.Z.); (X.W.); (A.M.)
| | - Allison Milby
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (M.P.); (Y.Z.F.); (D.Z.); (X.W.); (A.M.)
| | - Morgan Farnell
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (M.P.); (Y.Z.F.); (D.Z.); (X.W.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence:
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25
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Ljubojević Pelić D, Vidaković Knežević S, Pelić M, Živkov Baloš M, Milanov D. The epidemiological significance of duck meat as a source of Salmonella spp. a review. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2020.1866960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Ljubojević Pelić
- Department of Food Safety, Scientific Veterinary Institute “Novi Sad”, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - S. Vidaković Knežević
- Department of Food Safety, Scientific Veterinary Institute “Novi Sad”, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - M. Pelić
- Department of Food Safety, Scientific Veterinary Institute “Novi Sad”, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - M. Živkov Baloš
- Department of Food Safety, Scientific Veterinary Institute “Novi Sad”, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - D. Milanov
- Department of Food Safety, Scientific Veterinary Institute “Novi Sad”, Novi Sad, Serbia
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26
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Casanova NA, Redondo LM, Redondo EA, Joaquim PE, Dominguez JE, Fernández-Miyakawa ME, Chacana PA. Efficacy of chestnut and quebracho wood extracts to control Salmonella in poultry. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 131:135-145. [PMID: 33251637 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The study was aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity and efficacy of chestnut and quebracho wood extracts against Salmonella by in vitro assays and in vivo trials. METHODS AND RESULTS The extracts showed inhibitory activity against Salmonella determined by the minimum inhibitory concentration method as well as on the adhesion and invasion of S. Gallinarum (SG) and S. Enteritidis (SE) in Caco-2 cells. Also, transmission electron microscopy revealed that extract-treated Salmonella showed disruption of cell walls and membranes, damage of the cytoplasm and tannin-protein aggregations. In addition, efficacy of the extracts to control SG and SE was evaluated in experimental infection trials in laying hens and broilers respectively. SE excretion was significantly reduced on days 5 (P < 0·01) and 12 (P < 0·025) only in the quebracho group. In the fowl typhoid infection model, hens that received the chestnut extract showed a significantly reduced mortality (P < 0·05). CONCLUSIONS Our results evidence that these alternative natural products may be a useful tool to control Salmonella in poultry. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Salmonella is a zoonotic pathogen usually associated with poultry production. This study provides information about the mechanism of antibacterial effects of chestnut and quebracho wood extracts to control Salmonella in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Casanova
- Instituto de Patobiología - UEDD IPVet, INTA-CONICET, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolas Repetto y De Los Reseros S/N, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L M Redondo
- Instituto de Patobiología - UEDD IPVet, INTA-CONICET, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolas Repetto y De Los Reseros S/N, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - E A Redondo
- Instituto de Patobiología - UEDD IPVet, INTA-CONICET, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolas Repetto y De Los Reseros S/N, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P E Joaquim
- Instituto de Patobiología - UEDD IPVet, INTA-CONICET, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolas Repetto y De Los Reseros S/N, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J E Dominguez
- Instituto de Patobiología - UEDD IPVet, INTA-CONICET, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolas Repetto y De Los Reseros S/N, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M E Fernández-Miyakawa
- Instituto de Patobiología - UEDD IPVet, INTA-CONICET, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolas Repetto y De Los Reseros S/N, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P A Chacana
- Instituto de Patobiología - UEDD IPVet, INTA-CONICET, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolas Repetto y De Los Reseros S/N, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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27
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Chen Y, Jie K, Li B, Yu H, Ruan H, Wu J, Huang X, Liu Q. Immunization With Outer Membrane Vesicles Derived From Major Outer Membrane Protein-Deficient Salmonella Typhimurium Mutants for Cross Protection Against Salmonella Enteritidis and Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli O78 Infection in Chickens. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:588952. [PMID: 33329465 PMCID: PMC7720508 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.588952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Colibacillosis is an economically important infectious disease in poultry, caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC). Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) is a major cause of food-borne diseases in human circulated through poultry-derived products, including meat and chicken eggs. Vaccine control is the mainstream approach for combating these infections, but it is difficult to create a vaccine for the broad-spectrum protection of poultry due to multiple serotypes of these pathogens. Our previous studies have shown that outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) derived from S. enterica serovar Typhimurium mutants with a remodeled outer membrane could induce cross-protection against heteroserotypic Salmonella infection. Therefore, in this study, we further evaluated the potential of broad-spectrum vaccines based on major outer membrane protein (OMP)-deficient OMVs, including ΔompA, ΔompC, and ΔompD, and determined the protection effectiveness of these candidate vaccines in murine and chicken infection models. The results showed that ΔompA led to an increase in the production of OMVs. Notably, ΔompAΔompCΔompD OMVs showed significantly better cross-protection against S. enterica serovar Choleraesuis, S. Enteritidis, APEC O78, and Shigella flexneri 2a than did other omp-deficient OMVs, with the exception of ΔompA OMVs. Subsequently, we verified the results in the chicken model, in which ΔompAΔompCΔompD OMVs elicited significant cross-protection against S. Enteritidis and APEC O78 infections. These findings further confirmed the feasibility of improving the immunogenicity of OMVs by remodeling the outer membrane and provide a new perspective for the development of broad-spectrum vaccines based on OMVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,The First Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Kaiwen Jie
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,The First Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Biaoxian Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Haiyan Yu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Huan Ruan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaotian Huang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Prevalence and risk factors of Salmonella in commercial poultry farms in Nigeria. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238190. [PMID: 32966297 PMCID: PMC7510976 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is an important human pathogen and poultry products constitute an important source of human infections. This study investigated prevalence; identified serotypes based on whole genome sequence, described spatial distribution of Salmonella serotypes and predicted risk factors that could influence the prevalence of Salmonella infection in commercial poultry farms in Nigeria. A cross sectional approach was employed to collect 558 pooled shoe socks and dust samples from 165 commercial poultry farms in North West Nigeria. On-farm visitation questionnaires were administered to obtain information on farm management practices in order to assess risk factors for Salmonella prevalence. Salmonella was identified by culture, biotyping, serology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR confirmed isolates were paired-end Illumina- sequenced. Following de novo genome assembly, draft genomes were used to obtain serotypes by SeqSero2 and SISTR pipeline and sequence types by SISTR and Enterobase. Risk factor analysis was performed using the logit model. A farm prevalence of 47.9% (CI95 [40.3-55.5]) for Salmonella was observed, with a sample level prevalence of 15.9% (CI95 [12.9-18.9]). Twenty-three different serotypes were identified, with S. Kentucky and S. Isangi as the most prevalent (32.9% and 11%). Serotypes showed some geographic variation. Salmonella detection was strongly associated with disposal of poultry waste and with presence of other livestock on the farm. Salmonella was commonly detected on commercial poultry farms in North West Nigeria and S. Kentucky was found to be ubiquitous in the farms.
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29
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Aljumaah MR, Suliman GM, Abdullatif AA, Abudabos AM. Effects of phytobiotic feed additives on growth traits, blood biochemistry, and meat characteristics of broiler chickens exposed to Salmonella typhimurium. Poult Sci 2020; 99:5744-5751. [PMID: 33142492 PMCID: PMC7647753 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of concerns over the use of antibiotics in poultry feed, this study was designed to determine the effectiveness of phytobiotic supplementation as an alternative to antibiotic use based on growth performance and meat characteristics of broilers exposed to Salmonella typhimurium. The effects of an antibiotic and 3 phytobiotic feed additives (PFA), Mix-Oil Mint (MOmint), Mix-Oil Liquid (MOliq), and Sangrovit Extra (Sangext), were compared. At day of age, 280 Ross chicks were randomly allocated into 6 treatments. At 15 d, all chicks except negative control were exposed to S. typhimurium. The offered 6 diets were as follows: T1, negative control; T2, infected with S. typhimurium; T3, infected + avilamycin (0.1 g/kg); T4, infected + MOmint (0.2 g/kg); T5, infected + plant extract in liquid form MOliq (0.25 mL/L); and T6, infected + Sangext (0.15 g/kg). During the cumulative starter period, PFA improved performance over that of the control, and the food conversion ratio (FCR) was lower for T3 and T5 compared with T1 (P < 0.05). During the cumulative finisher period (15–35 d), a lower body weight gain (P < 0.01) was observed in T2. T1 had the best FCR and production efficiency factor, but they were not significantly different from those of T3, T4, and T6 (P < 0.001). At 35 d, T1 and T4 had a higher breast percentage as compared with those of T2 (P < 0.05). Blood glucose decreased significantly (P > 0.05) in T2 and T5 compared with that in T1 and T4. Alanine transaminase concentration decreased significantly (P < 0.01) in T4 and T5 compared with that in T1, T2, and T3. Treatments had significant effects on breast temperature and pH (P < 0.001). A significant decrease in the myofibril fragmentation index occurred in T1 and T6. Hardness and chewiness were influenced by treatments (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with PFA could effectively compare with that of antibiotic avilamycin in the maintenance of growth performance and improvement in meat characteristics of broilers challenged with S. typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mashael R Aljumaah
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamaleldin M Suliman
- Department of Animal Production, Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz A Abdullatif
- Department of Animal Production, Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaeldein M Abudabos
- Department of Animal Production, Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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30
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Gu L, Chen Q, Guo A, Liu W, Ruan Y, Zhang X, Nou X. Differential Effects of Growth Medium Salinity on Biofilm Formation of Two Salmonella enterica Strains. J Food Prot 2020; 83:196-203. [PMID: 31895006 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Salmonella enterica is a prominent foodborne pathogen, including diverse serotypes that are prolific biofilm formers. Its ability to form biofilm can be affected by multiple environmental factors. In this study, the effect of salinity on biofilm formation by S. enterica was evaluated by using two recently isolated strains of Salmonella serotypes Enteritidis and Newport. Although supplementing the growth medium with a low concentration (0.5 to 2%) of sodium chloride (NaCl) slightly enhanced biofilm formation for the strain S. enterica serovar Enteritidis 110, it sharply reduced or abolished biofilm formation by the strain S. enterica serovar Newport 193. This differential effect of salinity on S. enterica strains of different serotypes was poorly correlated with inhibition of planktonic growth but strongly correlated with cell motility. Examining genes known to affect biofilm formation showed that the expression of adrA, csgD, and fliC, which encode proteins required for surface adhesion and cell motility, was significantly downregulated with salinity increase in Salmonella Newport 193 but not in Salmonella Enteritidis 110. Therefore, it is plausible that the differential effect of salinity on biofilm formation by Salmonella Enteritidis 110 and Salmonella Newport 193 resulted from the differential regulation to genes required for cell adherence and motility. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Gu
- National Research and Development Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Chen
- National Research and Development Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ailing Guo
- National Research and Development Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Wukang Liu
- National Research and Development Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Ruan
- National Research and Development Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinshuai Zhang
- National Research and Development Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangwu Nou
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0886-460X [X.N.])
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Rothrock MJ, Gibson KE, Micciche AC, Ricke SC. Pastured Poultry Production in the United States: Strategies to Balance System Sustainability and Environmental Impact. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2019.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Harris C, Josselson LB, Bourassa D, Fairchild B, Kiepper B, Buhr R. Evaluation of Drinking Water Antimicrobial Interventions on Water Usage, Feed Consumption, and Salmonella Retention in Broilers Following Feed and Water Withdrawal. J APPL POULTRY RES 2019. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfz021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Sodagari HR, Mohammed AB, Wang P, O'Dea M, Abraham S, Robertson I, Habib I. Non-typhoidal Salmonella contamination in egg shells and contents from retail in Western Australia: Serovar diversity, multilocus sequence types, and phenotypic and genomic characterizations of antimicrobial resistance. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 308:108305. [PMID: 31476731 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the number of human salmonellosis cases in Western Australia (WA) has increased more dramatically than in any other Australian state. In 2017, the number of cases in WA was more than double the five-year average, and eggs had emerged as the key culprit for several Salmonella foodborne disease outbreaks. To better understand such an epidemiologically intriguing situation, our research goal was to investigate the prevalence, serovar diversity, multilocus sequence types, and antimicrobial resistance of non-typhoidal Salmonella contamination in retail eggs produced and sold in WA. A total of 200 visually clean and intact retail egg samples (each containing a dozen eggs) were purchased for one year (2017-2018) from supermarkets in metropolitan Perth, the capital of WA. For each sample, the contents and shells of the 12 eggs were separately pooled and cultured according to standard methods. Overall, Salmonella was detected in 11.5% (23/200) of the tested egg samples. Salmonella was isolated from 4.5% (9/200) and 3% (6/200) of eggshells and egg contents, respectively. In 4% (8/200) of the samples, Salmonella was recovered from both eggshell and egg contents. Isolates from positive retail egg samples were serotyped as either S. Typhimurium (52.2% [12/23]) or S. Infantis (39.1% [9/23]). Both serotypes were concurrently recovered from two different retail egg samples. We retained a set of both S. Typhimurium (n = 29) and S. Infantis (n = 12) isolates from all Salmonella-positive retail packs (n = 23) for further characterization. Only two (S. Typhimurium) isolates showed resistance to ampicillin, of which one carried β-lactamase resistance gene blaTEM-1b. The remaining isolates (39/41) were susceptible to all 14 antimicrobials included in the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) testing panel. Multilocus sequence typing and serotyping were perfectly mirrored, as all S. Typhimurium isolates were characterized as sequence type (ST)-19, and all S. Infantis isolates were ST-32. This study points to the noteworthy Salmonella prevalence rate in retail egg samples in WA. Our results illustrate minimal public health risks arising from antimicrobial resistance Salmonella from Australian eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Sodagari
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Arkan Baraa Mohammed
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Penghao Wang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Mark O'Dea
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Sam Abraham
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Ian Robertson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Ihab Habib
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia; Veterinary Medicine Department, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab of Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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Al-Rifai RH, Chaabna K, Denagamage T, Alali WQ. Prevalence of enteric non-typhoidal Salmonella in humans in the Middle East and North Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Zoonoses Public Health 2019; 66:701-728. [PMID: 31313525 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
To enhance efforts related to controlling foodborne pathogens in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), information on epidemiology of non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica (hereafter termed "Salmonella") is limited. We quantified the overall regional and country-specific Salmonella prevalence in different human populations and identified the most common serotypes. Published literature of Salmonella prevalence was systematically reviewed and reported following the Preferred Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Pooled Salmonella prevalence measures were estimated using a random-effects model. We identified 46 research reports that reported 84 Salmonella prevalence measures in 15 out of 24 countries in MENA. There were 252,831 tested humans with 6,356 Salmonella-positive cases. The pooled Salmonella prevalence in MENA was estimated at 6.6% (95% confidence interval (CI): 5.4%-7.9%). The highest pooled Salmonella prevalence measures were in Morocco (17.9%, 95% CI: 5.7%-34.8%, 1997-2012), Tunisia (10.2%, 95% CI: 4.3%-18.0%, 1988-2009) and Sudan (9.2%, 95% CI: 6.5%-12.2%, 2006-2008), while the lowest were in Jordan (1.1%, 95% CI: 0.1%-3.0%, 1993-2010), Oman (1.2%, 95% CI: 1.2%-1.3%, 1998-2002) and Palestine (1.2%, 95% CI: 0.4%-2.1%, 1999-2011). In MENA, Salmonella pooled prevalence in gastrointestinal symptomatic, gastrointestinal asymptomatic and food handlers population groups was 13.0% (95% CI: 7.6%-19.6%), 11.4% (95% CI: 2.2%-25.7%) and 3.8% (95% CI: 1.0%-8.0%), respectively. Salmonella prevalence was 14.5% (95% CI: 8.7%-26.1%) in studies tested <100 subjects, whereas 4.6% (95% CI: 3.6%-5.8%) in studies tested ≥100 subjects. Salmonella Enteritidis (29.8%) and Typhimurium (23.6%) were the most common serotypes. Salmonella was a common foodborne pathogen in MENA countries, particularly in North African countries. Findings inform the scientific community, the public and the decision-makers with Salmonella prevalence and gaps in evidence in MENA to support control and prevention strategies and could leverage more research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami H Al-Rifai
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Karima Chaabna
- Institute for Population Health, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Thomas Denagamage
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Walid Q Alali
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
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Alghoribi MF, Doumith M, Alrodayyan M, Al Zayer M, Köster WL, Muhanna A, Aljohani SM, Balkhy HH, Desin TS. S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium Harboring SPI-1 and SPI-2 Are the Predominant Serotypes Associated With Human Salmonellosis in Saudi Arabia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:187. [PMID: 31214517 PMCID: PMC6554431 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) strains are Gram negative bacterial pathogens that are associated with foodborne illness worldwide. During the process of infection, Salmonella uses two molecular injectisomes known as Type 3 Secretion Systems (T3SS) to secrete virulence factors that are encoded by Salmonella Pathogenicity Island-1 (SPI-1) and SPI-2 into host cells. These secretion systems play a major role in virulence, as shown in various animal models, but little is known about their role in human infections. In Saudi Arabia, NTS strains frequently cause human infections but data regarding these pathogenic strains is fairly limited. The aim of this study was to characterize Salmonella human clinical isolates in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, by determining their serotype, testing for the presence of SPI-1 and SPI-2 genes and to determine the antibiotic resistance profiles of these strains. Using the rapid Check and Trace Salmonella™ (CTS) system our results demonstrate that S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium were the predominant serovars, followed by S. Livingstone, S. Kentucky and S. Poona among a list of 36 serovars reported for the first time in the country. In addition, SPI-1 genes were detected in 99% of the isolates, while the sifA gene (SPI-2) was not detected in 13.5% of the isolates. These results suggest that both the SPI-1 and SPI-2 virulence determinants are important for human infection. Moreover, we report the presence of a Multi-Drug (MDR) carbapenem resistant S. Kentucky isolate harboring the blaOXA−48 gene not reported previously in Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majed F Alghoribi
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Infectious Diseases Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michel Doumith
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Infectious Diseases Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Alrodayyan
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Infectious Diseases Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Al Zayer
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Infectious Diseases Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wolfgang L Köster
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Center, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Abdulhai Muhanna
- John H. Stroger Junior Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sameera M Aljohani
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Infectious Diseases Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan H Balkhy
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Infectious Diseases Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taseen S Desin
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Infectious Diseases Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Cadena M, Froenicke L, Britton M, Settles ML, Durbin-Johnson B, Kumimoto E, Gallardo RA, Ferreiro A, Chylkova T, Zhou H, Pitesky M. Transcriptome Analysis of Salmonella Heidelberg after Exposure to Cetylpyridinium Chloride, Acidified Calcium Hypochlorite, and Peroxyacetic Acid. J Food Prot 2019; 82:109-119. [PMID: 30702951 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The application of RNA sequencing in commercial poultry could facilitate a novel approach toward food safety with respect to identifying conditions in food production that mitigate transcription of genes associated with virulence and survivability. In this study, we evaluated the effects of disinfectant exposure on the transcriptomes of two field isolates of Salmonella Heidelberg (SH) isolated from a commercial broiler processing plant in 1992 and 2014. The isolates were each exposed separately to the following disinfectants commonly used in poultry processing: cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), acidified calcium hypochlorite (aCH), and peroxyacetic acid (PAA). Exposure times were 8 s with CPC to simulate a poultry processing dipping station or 90 min with aCH and PAA to simulate the chiller tank in a poultry processing plant at 4°C. Based on comparison with a publicly available annotated SH reference genome with 5,088 genes, 90 genes were identified as associated with virulence, pathogenicity, and resistance (VPR). Of these 90 VPR genes, 9 (10.0%), 28 (31.1%), and 1 (1.1%) gene were upregulated in SH 2014 and 21 (23.3%), 26 (28.9%), and 2 (2.2%) genes were upregulated in SH 2014 challenged with CPC, aCH, and PAA, respectively. This information and previously reported MICs for the three disinfectants with both SH isolates allow researchers to make more accurate recommendations regarding control methods of SH and public health considerations related to SH in food production facilities where SH has been isolated. For example, the MICs revealed that aCH is ineffective for SH inhibition at regulatory levels allowed for poultry processing and that aCH was ineffective for inhibiting SH growth and caused an upregulation of VPR genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrna Cadena
- 1 Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA.,2 Cooperative Extension, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Lutz Froenicke
- 3 Genome Center, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Monica Britton
- 3 Genome Center, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Matthew L Settles
- 3 Genome Center, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Blythe Durbin-Johnson
- 4 Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Emily Kumimoto
- 3 Genome Center, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Rodrigo A Gallardo
- 1 Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Aura Ferreiro
- 1 Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA.,2 Cooperative Extension, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Tereza Chylkova
- 1 Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA.,2 Cooperative Extension, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Huaijun Zhou
- 5 Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Maurice Pitesky
- 1 Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA.,2 Cooperative Extension, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Sharma P, Caraguel C, Sexton M, McWhorter A, Underwood G, Holden K, Chousalkar K. Shedding of Salmonella Typhimurium in vaccinated and unvaccinated hens during early lay in field conditions: a randomised controlled trial. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:78. [PMID: 30029593 PMCID: PMC6053799 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1201-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonella vaccination is one of the control measure that farmers can use to reduce bacterial shedding in their flocks. This study aimed to examine the efficacy of the Vaxsafe® ST (Strain STM-1) attenuated live vaccine administered as ocular and oral doses followed by an intramuscular (IM) dose in rearing, in reducing contamination by Salmonellae of both eggs and the environment in the commercial multi-age cage layer sheds. A randomised controlled trial was conducted up to 26 weeks post last vaccine on two different multi-age caged egg farms. Results No clinical symptoms were observed following IM administration of STM-1 during rearing. Following the first two STM-1 doses, both vaccinated and unvaccinated birds exhibited antibody titres below the positive cut-off value, however after IM administration of STM-1, antibody titres in the vaccinated group were above the cut-off value. Wild type Salmonella Typhimurium was not detected during the rearing of pullets. During production, the antibody titres were significantly higher in the vaccinated group at all sampling points during this trial. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of Salmonella (detected by culture and PCR method) between the vaccinated and unvaccinated groups on the egg belt and faeces in early lay. Wild-type Salmonella spp. were consistently found in dust samples. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay was able to differentiate between the live vaccine strain and wild type Salmonella. The load of wild-type Salmonella in shed environment was relatively low (1.3 log10 ± 0.48 CFU/m2 of surface area). Conclusion Given that Salmonella Typhimurium and other serovars are able to survive/persist in the shed environment (such as in dust), regular cleaning and or removal of dust from shed is important. Use of the Vaxsafe® ST vaccine in multi-age flocks is “not an ultimate intervention” for reduction of Salmonella Typhimurium because of the complexities involved in achieving control, such as the efficacy of cleaning of sheds, the lack of resting periods between batches and the possible carry over of contamination from existing flocks. Hence implementation of more than one or several interventions strategies is essential. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-018-1201-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pardeep Sharma
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia
| | - Charles Caraguel
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia
| | - Margaret Sexton
- Biosecurity SA, Primary Industries and Regions SA, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Andrea McWhorter
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia
| | - Greg Underwood
- Bioproperties, c/RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Karen Holden
- Bioproperties, c/RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Kapil Chousalkar
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia.
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V T Nair D, Kollanoor-Johny A. Effect of Propionibacterium freudenreichii on Salmonella multiplication, motility, and association with avian epithelial cells1. Poult Sci 2018; 96:1376-1386. [PMID: 27738122 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of a probiotic bacterium, Propionibacterium freudenreichii, on Salmonella multiplication, motility, and association to and invasion of avian epithelial cells in vitro. Two subspecies of P. freudenreichii (P. freudenreichii subsp. freudenreichii and P. freudenreichii subsp. shermanii) were tested against 3 Salmonella serotypes in poultry, namely, S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, and S. Heidelberg, using co-culture-, motility, multiplication, cell association, and invasion assays. Both strains of P. freudenreichii were effective in reducing or inhibiting multiplication of all 3 Salmonella serotypes in co-culture and turkey cecal contents (P ≤ 0.05). P. freudenreichii significantly reduced Salmonella motility (P ≤ 0.05). Cell culture studies revealed that P. freudenreichii associated with the avian epithelial cells effectively and reduced S. Enteritidis, S. Heidelberg, and S. Typhimurium cell association in the range of 1.0 to 1.6 log10 CFU/mL, and invasion in the range of 1.3 to 1.5 log10 CFU/mL (P ≤ 0.05), respectively. Our current in vitro results indicate the potential of P. freudenreichii against Salmonella in poultry. Follow-up in vivo studies are underway to evaluate this possibility.
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Eguale T. Non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars in poultry farms in central Ethiopia: prevalence and antimicrobial resistance. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:217. [PMID: 29980208 PMCID: PMC6035434 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1539-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Poultry is one of the common sources of non-typhoidal Salmonella and poultry products are the major sources of human infection with non-typhoidal Salmonella. In spite of flourishing poultry industry in the country, data on prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars at farm level is not available in Ethiopia. This study investigated prevalence, serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance of non-typhoidal Salmonella in poultry farms in Addis Ababa and its surrounding districts. Results A total of 549 fresh pool of fecal droppings (n = 3 each) were collected from 48 poultry farms and cultured for Salmonella using standard laboratory technique and serotyped using slide agglutination technique. Susceptibility of Salmonella isolates to18 antimicrobials was tested according to CLSI guideline using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion assay. Salmonella was recovered in 7 (14.6%) of the farms and 26 (4.7%) of the samples. Salmonella was more common in poultry farms with larger flock size than in the smaller ones and in Ada’a district as compared to other districts. All isolates were obtained from farms containing layers. Two out of 6 (33.3%) farms that kept birds in cage were positive for Salmonella while only 5 (11.9%) of the 42 farms who used floor system were positive. Oxytetracycline was used widely in 40 (83.3%) of the farms, followed by amoxicillin 14 (29.2%) and sulfonamides 11 (22.9%). Salmonella Saintpaul was the dominant serotype detected accounting for 20 (76.9%) of all isolates. Other serovars, such as S. Typhimurium3 (11.5%), S. Kentucky 2 (7.7%) and S. Haifa 1 (3.8%) were also detected. Of all the Salmonella isolates tested, 24 (92.3%) were intermediately or fully resistant to sulfisoxazole and streptomycin, 12 (46.2%) to cephalothin, while 11 (42.3%) were resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin+clavulanic acid, kanamycin and chloramphenicol. Multidrug resistance (MDR) to several drugs was common in S. Kentucky and S. Saintpaul. Conclusion Despite low prevalence of Salmonella in poultry farms in the study area, circulation of MDR strains in some farms warrant special biosecurity measures to hinder dissemination of these pathogens to other farms and the public. Moreover, awareness creation on prudent use of antimicrobials is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadesse Eguale
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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40
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Luoma A, Markazi A, Shanmugasundaram R, Murugesan GR, Mohnl M, Selvaraj R. Effect of synbiotic supplementation on layer production and cecal Salmonella load during a Salmonella challenge. Poult Sci 2018; 96:4208-4216. [PMID: 29053828 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study analyzed the inhibitory effects of a synbiotic product (PoultryStar® me) on production parameters, intestinal microflora profile, and immune parameters in laying hens with and without a Salmonella challenge. The synbiotic product contained 4 probiotic bacterial strains (Lactobacillus reuteri, Enterococcus faecium, Bifidobacterium animalis, and Pediococcus acidilactici) and a prebiotic fructooligosaccharide. Layers were supplemented with the synbiotic from d of hatch to 28 wk of age. At 16 wk of age, birds were either vaccinated with Salmonella enterica Enteritidis (SE) vaccine or left unvaccinated. At 24 wk of age, a portion of the birds was challenged with 1 × 109 CFU of SE or left unchallenged, resulting in a 3 (vaccinated, challenged, or both vaccinated and challenged) X 2 (control and synbiotics) factorial arrangement of treatments. At 18 and 20 wk of age, birds fed synbiotics in both vaccinated and unvaccinated groups had increased (P < 0.05) BW more than those in the un-supplemented groups. Birds fed synbiotics had 0.7, 17.8, 21.7, 3, and 4.2% higher (P < 0.05) hen d egg production (HDEP) at 19, 20, 21, 22, and 23 wk of age, compared to the birds without supplementation, respectively. After administering the SE challenge, supplemented birds had 3, 6.7, 4.3, 12.5, and 14.4% higher (P < 0.05) HDEP at 24, 25, 26, 27, and 28 wk of age, compared to the birds not supplemented, respectively. Irrespective of the vaccination status, birds fed synbiotics and challenged with SE had a lower (P < 0.05) SE cecal load compared to the un-supplemented groups. At 22 d post Salmonella challenge, birds supplemented, vaccinated, and challenged had the highest bile IgA content. It can be concluded that supplementation of the synbiotic product could be beneficial to layer diets as a growth promoter, performance enhancer, and for protection against SE infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Luoma
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - A Markazi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - R Shanmugasundaram
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691
| | | | - M Mohnl
- BIOMIN Holding GmbH, Getzersdorf, Austria
| | - R Selvaraj
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691
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41
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Okamura M, Kaneko M, Ojima S, Sano H, Shindo J, Shirafuji H, Yamamoto S, Tanabe T, Yoshikawa Y, Hu DL. Differential Distribution of Salmonella Serovars and Campylobacter spp. Isolates in Free-Living Crows and Broiler Chickens in Aomori, Japan. Microbes Environ 2018; 33:77-82. [PMID: 29491247 PMCID: PMC5877346 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me17183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella and Campylobacter cause foodborne enteritis mainly via the consumption of raw/undercooked contaminated poultry meat and products. Broiler flocks are primarily colonized with these bacteria; however, the underlying etiology remains unclear. The present study was conducted in order to obtain further information on the prevalence and genotypic distribution of Salmonella and Campylobacter in free-living crows and broiler flocks in a region for 2 years, thereby facilitating estimations of the potential risk of transmission of C. jejuni from crows to broiler flocks. Salmonella serovars Bredeney and Derby were isolated from 8 and 3 out of 123 captured crows, respectively, both of which are not common in broiler chickens. Campylobacter were isolated from all 89 crows tested and C. jejuni was prevalent (85 crows). Pulsed field gel electrophoresis showed broad diversity in the crow isolates of C. jejuni. However, 3 crow isolates and 2 broiler isolates showing similar banding patterns were assigned to different sequence types in multi-locus sequence typing. These results indicate that crows do not share Salmonella serovars with broilers, and harbor various genotypes of C. jejuni that differ from those of broiler flocks. Thus, our results indicate that crows are not a potential vector of these bacteria to broiler flocks in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Okamura
- Laboratory of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary MedicineTowada, AomoriJapan
| | - Miyuki Kaneko
- Laboratory of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary MedicineTowada, AomoriJapan
| | - Shinjiro Ojima
- Laboratory of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary MedicineTowada, AomoriJapan
| | - Hiroki Sano
- Laboratory of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary MedicineTowada, AomoriJapan
| | - Junji Shindo
- Laboratory of Wildlife Science, Kitasato University School of Veterinary MedicineTowada, AomoriJapan
| | - Hiroaki Shirafuji
- Subtropical Disease Control Unit, Division of Transboundary Animal Diseases, Kyusyu Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research OrganizationChuzan, KagoshimaJapan
| | - Satomi Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Kitasato University School of Veterinary MedicineTowada, AomoriJapan
| | - Taishi Tanabe
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Kitasato University School of Veterinary MedicineTowada, AomoriJapan
| | - Yasuhiro Yoshikawa
- Faculty of Risk and Crisis Management, Chiba Institute of ScienceChoshi, ChibaJapan
| | - Dong-Liang Hu
- Laboratory of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary MedicineTowada, AomoriJapan
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42
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Chylkova T, Cadena M, Ferreiro A, Pitesky M. Susceptibility of Salmonella Biofilm and Planktonic Bacteria to Common Disinfectant Agents Used in Poultry Processing. J Food Prot 2017; 80:1072-1079. [PMID: 28561639 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Poultry contaminated with Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica are a major cause of zoonotic foodborne gastroenteritis. Salmonella Heidelberg is a common serotype of Salmonella that has been implicated as a foodborne pathogen associated with the consumption of improperly prepared chicken. To better understand the effectiveness of common antimicrobial disinfectants (i.e., peroxyacetic acid [PAA], acidified hypochlorite [aCH], and cetylpyridinium chloride [CPC]), environmental isolates of nontyphoidal Salmonella were exposed to these agents under temperature, concentration, and contact time conditions consistent with poultry processing. Under simulated processing conditions (i.e., chiller tank and dipping stations), the bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects of each disinfectant were assessed against biofilm and planktonic cultures of each organism in a disinfectant challenge. Log reductions, planktonic MICs, and mean biofilm eradication concentrations were computed. The biofilms of each Salmonella isolate were more resistant to the disinfectants than were their planktonic counterparts. Although PAA was bacteriostatic and bactericidal against the biofilm and planktonic Salmonella isolates tested at concentrations up to 64 times the concentrations commonly used in a chiller tank during poultry processing, aCH was ineffective against the same isolates under identical conditions. At the simulated 8-s dipping station, CPC was bacteriostatic against all seven and bactericidal against six of the seven Salmonella isolates in their biofilm forms at concentrations within the regulatory range. These results indicate that at the current contact times and concentrations, aCH and PAA are not effective against these Salmonella isolates in their biofilm state. The use of CPC should be considered as a tool for controlling Salmonella biofilms in poultry processing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Chylkova
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Myrna Cadena
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Aura Ferreiro
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Maurice Pitesky
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
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43
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Adhikari P, Cosby D, Cox N, Kim W. Colonization of mature laying hens with Salmonella Enteritidis by oral or intracloacal inoculation. J APPL POULTRY RES 2017. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfw072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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44
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Chousalkar KK, Sexton M, McWhorter A, Hewson K, Martin G, Shadbolt C, Goldsmith P. Salmonella typhimurium in the Australian egg industry: Multidisciplinary approach to addressing the public health challenge and future directions. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:2706-2711. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1113928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kapil K. Chousalkar
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
| | - Margaret Sexton
- Primary Industries and Regions, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Andrea McWhorter
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kylie Hewson
- Australian Egg Corporation Limited, North Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Glen Martin
- Food and Controlled Drugs Branch, SA Health, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Craig Shadbolt
- NSW Food Authority, Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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45
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Gast RK, Guraya R, Jones DR, Anderson KE, Karcher DM. Frequency and Duration of Fecal Shedding of Salmonella Enteritidis by Experimentally Infected Laying Hens Housed in Enriched Colony Cages at Different Stocking Densities. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:47. [PMID: 28443289 PMCID: PMC5385464 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Human infections with Salmonella Enteritidis are often attributed to the consumption of contaminated eggs, so the prevalence of this pathogen in egg-laying poultry is an important public health risk factor. Numerous and complex environmental influences on Salmonella persistence and transmission are exerted by management practices and housing facilities used in commercial egg production. In recent years, the animal welfare implications of poultry housing systems have guided the development of alternatives to traditional cage-based housing, but their food safety consequences are not yet fully understood. The present study assessed the effects of different bird stocking densities on the frequency and duration of fecal shedding of S. Enteritidis in groups of experimentally infected laying hens housed in colony cages enriched with perching and nesting areas. In two trials, groups of laying hens were distributed at two stocking densities (648 and 973 cm2/bird) into enriched colony cages and (along with a group housed in conventional cages at 648 cm2/bird) orally inoculated with doses of 1.0 × 108 cfu of S. Enteritidis. At 10 weekly postinoculation intervals, samples of voided feces were collected from beneath each cage and cultured to detect S. Enteritidis. Fecal shedding of S. Enteritidis was detected for up to 10 weeks postinoculation by hens in all three housing treatment groups. The overall frequency of positive fecal cultures was significantly (P < 0.05) greater from conventional cages than from enriched colony cages (at the lower stocking density) for the total of all sampling dates (45.0 vs. 33.3%) and also for samples collected at 4–9 weeks postinfection. Likewise, the frequency of S. Enteritidis isolation from feces from conventional cages was significantly greater than from enriched colony cages (at the higher hen stocking density) for the sum of all samples (45.0 vs. 36.7%) and at 6 weeks postinoculation. Moreover, the frequency of S. Enteritidis fecal recovery from enriched colony cages at the higher hen stocking was significantly greater than from similar cages at the lower stocking density for all 10 sampling dates combined (39.4 vs. 33.3%). These results suggest that stocking density can affect S. Enteritidis intestinal colonization and fecal shedding in laying hens, but some other difference between conventional and enriched colony cage systems appears to exert an additional influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Gast
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, U. S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Rupa Guraya
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, U. S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Deana R Jones
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, U. S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kenneth E Anderson
- Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Darrin M Karcher
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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46
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Dailey N, Niemeier D, Elkhoraibi C, Sentíes-Cué CG, Pitesky M. Descriptive survey and Salmonella surveillance of pastured poultry layer farms in California. Poult Sci 2017; 96:957-965. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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47
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Fagbamila IO, Barco L, Mancin M, Kwaga J, Ngulukun SS, Zavagnin P, Lettini AA, Lorenzetto M, Abdu PA, Kabir J, Umoh J, Ricci A, Muhammad M. Salmonella serovars and their distribution in Nigerian commercial chicken layer farms. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173097. [PMID: 28278292 PMCID: PMC5344354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercial poultry farms (n° 523), located in all the six regions of Nigeria were sampled with a view to generate baseline information about the distribution of Salmonella serovars in this country. Five different matrices (litter, dust, faeces, feed and water) were collected from each visited farm. Salmonella was isolated from at least one of the five matrices in 228 farms, with a farm prevalence of 43.6% (CI95[39.7-48.3%]). Altogether, 370 of 2615 samples collected (14.1%, CI95[12.8; 15.5%]) contained Salmonella. Considering the number of positive farms and the number of positive samples, it was evident that for the majority of the sampled farms, few samples were positive for Salmonella. With regard to the matrices, there was no difference in Salmonella prevalence among the five matrices considered. Of the 370 isolates serotyped, eighty-two different serotypes were identified and Salmonella Kentucky was identified as having the highest isolation rate in all the matrices sampled (16.2%), followed by S. Poona and S. Elisabethville. S. Kentucky was distributed across the country, whereas the other less frequent serovars had a more circumscribed diffusion. This is one of few comprehensive studies on the occurrence and distribution of Salmonella in commercial chicken layer farms from all the six regions of Nigeria. The relatively high prevalence rate documented in this study may be attributed to the generally poor infrastructure and low biosecurity measures in controlling stray animals, rodents and humans. Data collected could be valuable for instituting effective intervention strategies for Salmonella control in Nigeria and also in other developing countries with a similar poultry industry structure, with the final aim of reducing Salmonella spread in animals and ultimately in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Barco
- Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Marzia Mancin
- Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Jacob Kwaga
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Sati Samuel Ngulukun
- Bacterial Research Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Paola Zavagnin
- Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Antonia Anna Lettini
- Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Monica Lorenzetto
- Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Paul Ayuba Abdu
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Junaidu Kabir
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Jarlath Umoh
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Antonia Ricci
- Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Maryam Muhammad
- Bacterial Research Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
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48
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Sanchez-Ingunza R, Guard J, Morales CA, Icard AH. Reduction of Salmonella Enteritidis in the spleens of hens by bacterins that vary in fimbrial protein SefD. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2015; 12:836-43. [PMID: 26218804 PMCID: PMC4601671 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2015.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this research was to determine whether variation in the presence of fimbrial protein SefD would impact efficacy of bacterins as measured by recovery of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (Salmonella Enteritidis) from the spleens of hens. Two bacterins were prepared that varied in SefD content. Also, two adjuvants were tested, namely, water-in-oil and aluminum hydroxide gel (alum). Control groups for both adjuvant preparations included infected nonvaccinated hens and uninfected nonvaccinated hens. At 21 days postinfection, Salmonella Enteritidis was recovered from 69.7%, 53.1%, and 86.0% from the spleens of all hens vaccinated with bacterins lacking SefD, bacterins that included SefD, and infected nonvaccinated control hens, respectively. No Salmonella was recovered from uninfected nonvaccinates. Results from individual trials showed that both bacterins reduced positive spleens, but that the one with SefD was more efficacious. Alum adjuvant had fewer side effects on hens and egg production as compared to water-in-oil. However, adjuvant did not change the relative recovery of Salmonella Enteritidis from spleens. These results suggest that SefD is a promising target antigen for improving the efficacy of immunotherapy in hens, and is intended to reduce Salmonella Enteritidis in the food supply.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean Guard
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, Georgia
| | - Cesar A. Morales
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, Georgia
| | - Alan H. Icard
- Grafton Scientific Staffing Companies, Leawood, Kansas
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49
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Ghunaim H, Desin TS. Potential Impact of Food Safety Vaccines on Health Care Costs. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2015; 12:733-40. [PMID: 26111256 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2014.1924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Foodborne pathogens continue to cause several outbreaks every year in many parts of the world. Among the bacterial pathogens involved, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, Campylobacter jejuni, and nontyphoidal Salmonella species cause a significant number of human infections worldwide, resulting in a huge annual economic burden that amounts to millions of dollars in health care costs. Human infections are primarily caused by the consumption of contaminated food. Vaccination of food-producing animals is an attractive, cost-effective strategy to lower the levels of these pathogens that will ultimately result in a safer food supply and fewer human infections. However, producers are often reluctant to routinely vaccinate animals against these pathogens since they do not cause any detectable clinical symptoms. This review highlights recent approaches used to develop effective food safety vaccines and the potential impact these vaccines might have on health care costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham Ghunaim
- 1 Department of Health Sciences, College of Arts and Science, Qatar University , Doha, Qatar
| | - Taseen S Desin
- 2 Basic Sciences Department, College of Science & Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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50
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Andres VM, Davies RH. Biosecurity Measures to Control Salmonella and Other Infectious Agents in Pig Farms: A Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor M. Andres
- Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency; New Haw Addlestone Surrey KT15 3NB UK
| | - Rob H. Davies
- Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency; New Haw Addlestone Surrey KT15 3NB UK
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