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Choi YR, Kim SW, Shang K, Park JY, Zhang JF, Jang HK, Wei B, Cha SY, Kang M. Avian Reoviruses From Wild Birds Exhibit Pathogenicity to Specific Pathogen Free Chickens by Footpad Route. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:844903. [PMID: 35280152 PMCID: PMC8907544 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.844903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian reoviruses (ARVs) are ubiquitous in domestic poultry with 80% of them being non-pathogenic and they are frequently found in clinically healthy birds. ARVs have also been known to be the etiological agents of viral arthritis (VA), tenosynovitis, myocarditis, runting-stunting syndrome (RSS), and respiratory and enteric disease in chickens. Significant economic losses during the process of poultry husbandry are due, in part, to unmitigated ARV infections throughout the poultry industry. Recently, many isolates shared genetic similarities between those recovered from wild birds and those recovered from poultry. One explanation may be that there is a degree of spillover and spillback of ARVs between the two groups. However, studies on the role of wild birds in the epidemiology and pathogenicity of ARVs are insufficient. Here, we describe the pathogenicity in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens of ARV originating from wild birds. The challenge experiment was conducted in six groups including a negative control group, a positive control group (reference strain of S1133), and four groups (A15-157, A18-13, A18-205, A19-106) infected with ARVs from wild birds. The 7-day-old SPF chickens were inoculated with 106TCID50 ARV to evaluate the clinical signs, changes in weight gain, gross lesions, histological changes, virus replication, and serum antibody levels. The peak of clinical signs was from 3 to 5 days post infection (dpi). In addition, the death of one chicken was found in the group infected with the A18-13 isolate. Reduced body weight was also found in chickens infected with ARVs from wild birds compared to the negative control group. All the ARVs infection groups showed noticeable swelling of the footpad. In addition, ARVs were detected in the bursa, tendon, and hock joint by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in all infected groups at 5 and 15 dpi. Histopathological observations revealed acute inflammatory responses on the synovium covering the joint surfaces (arthritis) and tendon sheaths (tenosynovitis), as well as bursa atrophy and lymphocyte depletion. The analysis of the humoral response was performed by ELISA assay, and chickens infected with ARVs showed seroconverted. In conclusion, this study described the typical severe disease of acute VA and tenosynovitis in SPF chickens infected with ARVs derived from wild birds. This study confirmed the pathogenicity of ARVs infection in SPF chickens for the first time, and these results enrich our understanding of the pathogenicity of ARVs derived from wild birds.
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Kim SW, Choi YR, Park JY, Wei B, Shang K, Zhang JF, Jang HK, Cha SY, Kang M. Isolation and Genomic Characterization of Avian Reovirus From Wild Birds in South Korea. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:794934. [PMID: 35155656 PMCID: PMC8831841 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.794934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian reoviruses (ARVs) cause severe arthritis, tenosynovitis, pericarditis, and depressed growth in chickens, and these conditions have become increasingly frequent in recent years. Studies on the role of wild birds in the epidemiology of ARVs are insufficient. This study provides information about currently circulating ARVs in wild birds by gene detection using diagnostic RT-PCR, virus isolation, and genomic characterization. In this study, we isolated and identified 10 ARV isolates from 7,390 wild birds' fecal samples, including migratory bird species (bean goose, Eurasian teal, Indian spot-billed duck, and mallard duck) from 2015 to 2019 in South Korea. On comparing the amino acid sequences of the σC-encoding gene, most isolates, except A18-13, shared higher sequence similarity with the commercial vaccine isolate S1133 and Chinese isolates. However, the A18-13 isolate is similar to live attenuated vaccine av-S1133 and vaccine break isolates (SD09-1, LN09-1, and GX110116). For the p10- and p17-encoding genes, all isolates have identical fusion associated small transmembrane (FAST) protein and nuclear localization signal (SNL) motif to chicken-origin ARVs. Phylogenetic analysis of the amino acid sequences of the σC-encoding gene revealed that all isolates were belonged to genotypic cluster I. For the p10- and p17-encoding genes, the nucleotide sequences of all isolates indicated close relationship with commercial vaccine isolate S1133 and Chinese isolates. For the σNS-encoding gene, the nucleotide sequences of all isolates indicated close relationship with the Californian chicken-origin isolate K1600657 and belonged to chicken-origin ARV cluster. Our data indicates that wild birds ARVs were derived from the chicken farms. This finding suggests that wild birds serve as natural carriers of such viruses for domestic poultry.
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Abstract
With no limiting membrane surrounding virions, nonenveloped viruses have no need for membrane fusion to gain access to intracellular replication compartments. Consequently, nonenveloped viruses do not encode membrane fusion proteins. The only exception to this dogma is the fusogenic reoviruses that encode fusion-associated small transmembrane (FAST) proteins that induce syncytium formation. FAST proteins are the smallest viral membrane fusion proteins and, unlike their enveloped virus counterparts, are nonstructural proteins that evolved specifically to induce cell-to-cell, not virus-cell, membrane fusion. This distinct evolutionary imperative is reflected in structural and functional features that distinguish this singular family of viral fusogens from all other protein fusogens. These rudimentary fusogens comprise specific combinations of different membrane effector motifs assembled into small, modular membrane fusogens. FAST proteins offer a minimalist model to better understand the ubiquitous process of protein-mediated membrane fusion and to reveal novel mechanisms of nonenveloped virus dissemination that contribute to virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Duncan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, and Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3H 4R2;
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Complete genome sequence of a novel avian orthoreovirus isolated from gosling, China. Arch Virol 2018; 163:3463-3466. [PMID: 30209584 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-4035-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Avian orthoreovirus (ARV) has been considered as a significant pathogen causing great infectious diseases to the avian, like broiler and waterfowl. The genome of this novel ARV(Reo/SDPY/Goose) was completely sequenced by next-generation sequencing. The complete genome was found to be 23517 bp in length with 10 segments. Although the Reo/SDPY/Goose was isolated from the gosling, it shares great similarity, no matter which segment within the genome, with those published as avian-origin reovirus. Genomic analysis revealed that this virus was distinct from published ARV strains and met criteria to become a novel ARV strain.
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Kugler R, Marschang RE, Ihász K, Lengyel G, Jakab F, Bányai K, Farkas SL. Whole genome characterization of a chelonian orthoreovirus strain identifies significant genetic diversity and may classify reptile orthoreoviruses into distinct species. Virus Res 2016; 215:94-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Lu H, Tang Y, Dunn PA, Wallner-Pendleton EA, Lin L, Knoll EA. Isolation and molecular characterization of newly emerging avian reovirus variants and novel strains in Pennsylvania, USA, 2011-2014. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14727. [PMID: 26469681 PMCID: PMC4606735 DOI: 10.1038/srep14727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian reovirus (ARV) infections of broiler and turkey flocks have caused significant clinical disease and economic losses in Pennsylvania (PA) since 2011. Most of the ARV-infected birds suffered from severe arthritis, tenosynovitis, pericarditis and depressed growth or runting-stunting syndrome (RSS). A high morbidity (up to 20% to 40%) was observed in ARV-affected flocks, and the flock mortality was occasionally as high as 10%. ARV infections in turkeys were diagnosed for the first time in PA in 2011. From 2011 to 2014, a total of 301 ARV isolations were made from affected PA poultry. The molecular characterization of the Sigma C gene of 114 field isolates, representing most ARV outbreaks, revealed that only 21.93% of the 114 sequenced ARV isolates were in the same genotyping cluster (cluster 1) as the ARV vaccine strains (S1133, 1733, and 2048), whereas 78.07% of the sequenced isolates were in genotyping clusters 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 (which were distinct from the vaccine strains) and represented newly emerging ARV variants. In particular, genotyping cluster 6 was a new ARV genotype that was identified for the first time in 10 novel PA ARV variants of field isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaguang Lu
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Yi Tang
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Patricia A. Dunn
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Eva A. Wallner-Pendleton
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Lin Lin
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Eric A. Knoll
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
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Ogasawara Y, Ueda H, Kirisawa R, Kikuchi N. Isolation and genomic characterization of a novel orthoreovirus from a brown-eared bulbul (Hypsipetes amaurotis) in Japan. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:1777-86. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Palacios G, Wellehan JFX, Raverty S, Bussetti AV, Hui J, Savji N, Nollens HH, Lambourn D, Celone C, Hutchison S, Calisher CH, Nielsen O, Lipkin WI. Discovery of an orthoreovirus in the aborted fetus of a Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus). J Gen Virol 2011; 92:2558-2565. [PMID: 21795475 PMCID: PMC3352366 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.032649-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
An aborted mid-gestational male Steller sea lion fetus with an attached placenta was recovered on the floor of an open floating capture trap located off Norris Rock near Denman Island, British Columbia. Viral culture of the placenta demonstrated cytopathic effect. Although no specific signal was obtained in microarray experiments using RNA obtained from viral culture, elution and sequence analysis revealed the presence of a reovirus. Complete genome pyrosequencing led to the identification of an orthoreovirus that we have tentatively named Steller sea lion reovirus (SSRV). Phylogenetic analysis revealed similarities between SSRV and orthoreoviruses of birds, bats and other mammals that suggests potential for interspecies transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Palacios
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - James F. X. Wellehan
- Marine Animal Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Stephen Raverty
- Animal Health Center, Abbotsford Agriculture Centre, Provincial Government of British Columbia, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ana V. Bussetti
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey Hui
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nazir Savji
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hendrik H. Nollens
- Marine Animal Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Dyanna Lambourn
- Marine Mammal Investigations, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Washington, USA
| | | | | | - Charles H. Calisher
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ole Nielsen
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - W. Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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The genomic constellation of a novel avian orthoreovirus strain associated with runting-stunting syndrome in broilers. Virus Genes 2010; 42:82-9. [PMID: 21116842 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-010-0550-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Avian orthoreoviruses (ARVs) are responsible for considerable economic losses in broiler chickens; yet, the genetic characterization of most ARV strains is limited to a few genes, and the full coding region has been determined for only S1133 and 138, two ARV strains associated with tenosynovitis. Recently, in parts of the United States, ARVs with novel neutralization antigen type were isolated from chickens afflicted with runting-stunting syndrome. One such strain, AVS-B, was selected for full genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The complete genome was 23,494 bp in size and included 12 open reading frames. The lengths of the coding regions, as well as those of the 5' and 3' ends, were fairly well conserved between AVS-B and other reference strains. In pairwise comparisons to the S1133 and 138 strains, the AVS-B strain shared a wide range of sequence identities along each genome segment, i.e., a range of 54-55% for the σC coding region of S1 genome segment and 91-93% for the S2 genome segment. Phylogenetic analyses of individual genes of AVS-B did not identify any single common ancestor among more completely characterized ARV strains for which sequence data are available. One exception to this lack of identity was strain 138, which shared 90-93% nt identity with AVS-B along seven of ten genome segments; only M2, M3, and S1 segments of these strains shared lower sequence identities. Collectively, our analyses indicated that multiple reassortment events and strong divergence caused by the accumulation of point mutations could have led to the observed assortment and genetic heterogeneity of the AVS-B genome.
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Broome virus, a new fusogenic Orthoreovirus species isolated from an Australian fruit bat. Virology 2010; 402:26-40. [PMID: 20350736 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Revised: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 11/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the discovery and characterization of a new fusogenic orthoreovirus, Broome virus (BroV), isolated from a little red flying-fox (Pteropus scapulatus). The BroV genome consists of 10 dsRNA segments, each having a 3' terminal pentanucleotide sequence conserved amongst all members of the genus Orthoreovirus, and a unique 5' terminal pentanucleotide sequence. The smallest genome segment is bicistronic and encodes two small nonstructural proteins, one of which is a novel fusion associated small transmembrane (FAST) protein responsible for syncytium formation, but no cell attachment protein. The low amino acid sequence identity between BroV proteins and those of other orthoreoviruses (13-50%), combined with phylogenetic analyses of structural and nonstructural proteins provide evidence to support the classification of BroV in a new sixth species group within the genus Orthoreovirus.
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