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Pinotti F, Kohnle L, Lourenço J, Gupta S, Hoque MA, Mahmud R, Biswas P, Pfeiffer D, Fournié G. Modelling the transmission dynamics of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in a live bird market. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3494. [PMID: 38693163 PMCID: PMC11063141 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47703-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are a major concern for the poultry sector and human health in countries where this subtype is endemic. By fitting a model simulating H9N2 AIV transmission to data from a field experiment, we characterise the epidemiology of the virus in a live bird market in Bangladesh. Many supplied birds arrive already exposed to H9N2 AIVs, resulting in many broiler chickens entering the market as infected, and many indigenous backyard chickens entering with pre-existing immunity. Most susceptible chickens become infected within one day spent at the market, owing to high levels of viral transmission within market and short latent periods, as brief as 5.3 hours. Although H9N2 AIV transmission can be substantially reduced under moderate levels of cleaning and disinfection, effective risk mitigation also requires a range of additional interventions targeting markets and other nodes along the poultry production and distribution network.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Kohnle
- City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - José Lourenço
- CBR (Biomedical Research Centre), Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sunetra Gupta
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Md Ahasanul Hoque
- Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Rashed Mahmud
- Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Paritosh Biswas
- Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Dirk Pfeiffer
- City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
- Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Guillaume Fournié
- Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
- INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, Université de Lyon, Marcy l'Etoile, 69280, France
- INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, Université Clermont Auvergne, Saint Genès Champanelle, 63122, France
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2
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Yehia N, Mohamed FH, Al-Zaban MI, Amer F, Baazaoui N, Khattab MS, Abd Elhalem Mohamed A, Salem HM, El-Saadony MT, El-Tarabily KA, Omar DM. The influence of Spirulina extract on pathogenicity, immune response, and vaccine efficacy against H9N2 avian influenza virus in specific pathogen free chickens. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103194. [PMID: 38041892 PMCID: PMC10731387 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza (AI) viruses pose a risk to the worldwide poultry industry. Ultimately, improving the efficiency of the H9N2 vaccine is necessary to better control low-pathogenic avian influenza-H9N2 by using natural immunostimulant. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to examine varying doses of the cyanobacterium Spirulina extract on the effectiveness of H9N2 vaccine. Thus, a total of 150 specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens were allocated into 6 groups, 25 birds each, as follow: G1, G2, and G6 were supplemented with 200, 400, and 400 mg Spirulina extract/kg feed, respectively, whilst the feed in G3, G4, and G5 were not supplemented with Spirulina extract. At 21-days-old, only the chickens in G1, G2, and G3 were vaccinated with the H9N2 AI vaccine. After 4 wk postvaccination, the chickens in G1, G2, G3, G4, and G6 were challenged with H9N2 AI Egyptian strain. The challenged virus was selected from a recent circulating Egyptian strain during 2022, and it was related to A/quail/Hong Kong/G1/97-like virus lineage and clustered with G1-B sub-lineage EGY-2 group. It had a high amino acids identity percentage of 92.6% with the A/chicken/Iran/av1221/1998 (Boehringer Ingelheim) vaccine. The results of real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase-chain-reaction (rRT-PCR) revealed that no shedding of the virus was reported in G1, G2, G3, and G5. The supplementation of Spirulina extract in low (200 mg/kg of feed) and high (400 mg/kg of feed) concentration with the birds vaccinated with H9N2 AI vaccine (G1 and G2) induced prominent immuno-stimulatory effect in a dose dependent manner where it strongly enhanced the phagocytic activities of broilers' peripheral blood monocytes, and lysozyme at all days postvaccination (dpv) and days postchallenge (dpc) compared to other groups with significant differences at all day of experiment and 21st dpv, 28th dpv, 7th dpc, and 14th dpc, respectively. The supplementation with Spirulina extract in G1 and G2 induced the highest hemagglutination inhibition antibody titer in a dose-dependent manner at all-time intervals. The antibody titer postvaccination was significantly increased in G1 and G2 at 14th, and 21st dpv, in comparison with G3. Furthermore, G1 and G2 showed higher significant antibody titers at 7th and 14th dpc, compared to other groups. Furthermore, Spirulina extract (200 and 400 mg/kg feed) in G1 and G2 showed anti-inflammatory effect in a dose dependant manner by downregulating nitric oxide levels at all times postchallenge with a significant difference at 3 to 7 dpc compared to G3, G4, and G6, with improved histopathological alterations in the trachea, lung, kidney, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius. G6 supplied with 400 mg/kg Spirulina extract feed only without vaccination had a similar effect as vaccinated groups on innate immunity. However, it delayed the production of antibodies and did not prevent viral shedding as in vaccinated groups. In conclusion, vaccination in conjunction with either dose of Spirulina extract (G1, and G2) prevents viral shedding, increases the immune response, and reduces inflammation and histopathological change caused by H9N2 AI infection in a dose dependent manner. We recommend the use of 400 mg Spirulina extract/kg feed as a natural immunostimulant in conjunction with the H9N2 vaccine to achieve the highest possible level of protection against H9N2 AI infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahed Yehia
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Farida H Mohamed
- Department of Immunology, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Mayasar I Al-Zaban
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatma Amer
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Narjes Baazaoui
- Biology Department, College of Sciences and Arts Muhayil Assir, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwa S Khattab
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abd Elhalem Mohamed
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Heba M Salem
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Mohamed T El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Khaled A El-Tarabily
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Dalia M Omar
- The Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics (CLEVB), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza 12618, Egypt
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3
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Sun W, Zhao M, Yu Z, Li Y, Zhang X, Feng N, Wang T, Wang H, He H, Zhao Y, Yang S, Xia X, Gao Y. Cross-species infection potential of avian influenza H13 viruses isolated from wild aquatic birds to poultry and mammals. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:e2184177. [PMID: 36877121 PMCID: PMC10013326 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2184177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Wild aquatic birds are the primary hosts of H13 avian influenza viruses (AIVs). Herein, we performed a genetic analysis of two H13 AIVs isolated from wild birds in China and evaluated their infection potential in poultry to further explore the potential for transmission from wild aquatic birds to poultry. Our results showed that the two strains belong to different groups, one strain (A/mallard/Dalian/DZ-137/2013; abbreviated as DZ137) belongs to Group I, whereas the other strain (A/Eurasian Curlew/Liaoning/ZH-385/2014; abbreviated as ZH385) belongs to Group III. In vitro experiments showed that both DZ137 and ZH385 can replicate efficiently in chicken embryo fibroblast cells. We found that these H13 AIVs can also efficiently replicate in mammalian cell lines, including human embryonic kidney cells and Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. In vivo experiments showed that DZ137 and ZH385 can infect 1-day-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens, and that ZH385 has a higher replication ability in chickens than DZ137. Notably, only ZH385 can replicate efficiently in 10-day-old SPF chickens. However, neither DZ137 nor ZH385 can replicate well in turkeys and quails. Both DZ137 and ZH385 can replicate in 3-week-old mice. Serological surveillance of poultry showed a 4.6%-10.4% (15/328-34/328) antibody-positive rate against H13 AIVs in farm chickens. Our findings indicate that H13 AIVs have the replication ability in chickens and mice and may have a risk of crossing the host barrier from wild aquatic birds to poultry or mammals in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chang'chun, People's Republic of China
| | - Menglin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chang'chun, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijun Yu
- Poultry Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ji'nan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chang'chun, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinghai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chang'chun, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Feng
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chang'chun, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chang'chun, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology of Shandong, Ruminant Disease Research Center, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbin He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology of Shandong, Ruminant Disease Research Center, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongkun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chang'chun, People's Republic of China
| | - Songtao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chang'chun, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chang'chun, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yang'zhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuwei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chang'chun, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yang'zhou, People's Republic of China
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Arbani O, Ducatez MF, Mahmoudi S, Salamat F, Khayi S, Mouahid M, Selim KM, Kichou F, Ouchhour I, El Houadfi M, Fellahi S. Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza H9N2 Viruses in Morocco: Antigenic and Molecular Evolution from 2021 to 2023. Viruses 2023; 15:2355. [PMID: 38140596 PMCID: PMC10747644 DOI: 10.3390/v15122355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses pose significant threats to both the poultry industry and public health worldwide. Among them, the H9N2 subtype has gained substantial attention due to its high prevalence, especially in Asia, the Middle East, and Africa; its ability to reassort with other influenza viruses; and its potential to infect humans. This study presents a comprehensive phylogenetic and molecular analysis of H9N2 avian influenza viruses circulating in Morocco from 2021 to 2023. Through an active epidemiological survey, a total of 1140 samples (trachea and lungs) and oropharyngeal swabs pooled into 283 pools, collected from 205 farms located in 7 regions of Morocco known for having a high density of poultry farms, were analyzed. Various poultry farms were investigated (159 broiler farms, 24 layer farms, 10 breeder farms, and 12 turkey breeder farms). A total of 21 AI H9N2 strains were isolated, and in order to understand the molecular evolution of the H9N2 avian influenza virus, their genetic sequences were determined using the Sanger sequencing technique. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using a dataset comprising global H9N2 sequences to determine the genetic relatedness and evolutionary dynamics of the Moroccan strains. The results revealed the continued circulation and diversification of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in Morocco during the study period. Real-time RT-PCR showed a positivity rate of 35.6% (73/205), with cycle threshold values ranging from 19.2 to 34.9. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that all Moroccan strains belonged to a G1-like lineage and regrouped into two distinct clusters. Our newly detected isolates aggregated distinctly from the genotypes previously isolated in Morocco, North and West Africa, and the Middle East. This indicats the potential of virus evolution resulting from both national circulation and cross-border transmission. A high genetic diversity at both nucleotide and amino-acid levels was observed among all the strains isolated in this study, as compared to H9N2 strains isolated in Morocco since 2016, which suggests the co-circulation of genetically diverse H9N2 variants. Newly discovered mutations were detected in hemagglutinin positions 226, 227, and 193 (H3 numbering), which highlights the genetic evolution of the H9N2 AIVs. These findings contribute to our understanding of the evolution and epidemiology of H9N2 in the region and provide valuable insights for the development of effective prevention and control strategies against this emerging avian influenza subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oumayma Arbani
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat 10000, Morocco; (F.S.); (F.K.); (I.O.); (M.E.H.)
| | - Mariette F. Ducatez
- Laboratoire Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes (IHAP), Toulouse University, INRAE, ENVT, 31300 Toulouse, France;
| | - Salma Mahmoudi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohamed V University in Rabat, 4 Avenue Ibn Battouta, Rabat 10106, Morocco;
| | - Faiçal Salamat
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat 10000, Morocco; (F.S.); (F.K.); (I.O.); (M.E.H.)
| | - Slimane Khayi
- Biotechnology Research Unit, CRRA-Rabat, National Institute of Agricultural Research, Rabat 10101, Morocco;
| | | | - Karim M. Selim
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Agriculture Research Center, Animal Health Research Institute, Giza 12618, Egypt;
| | - Faouzi Kichou
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat 10000, Morocco; (F.S.); (F.K.); (I.O.); (M.E.H.)
| | - Ikram Ouchhour
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat 10000, Morocco; (F.S.); (F.K.); (I.O.); (M.E.H.)
| | - Mohammed El Houadfi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat 10000, Morocco; (F.S.); (F.K.); (I.O.); (M.E.H.)
| | - Siham Fellahi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat 10000, Morocco; (F.S.); (F.K.); (I.O.); (M.E.H.)
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Zhang R, Xu T, Li Z, Li L, Li C, Li X, Wang Z, Wang S, Wang X, Zhang H. Vaccination with recombinant Lactococcus lactis expressing HA1-IgY Fc fusion protein provides protective mucosal immunity against H9N2 avian influenza virus in chickens. Virol J 2023; 20:76. [PMID: 37085816 PMCID: PMC10119832 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02044-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND H9N2 virus is mainly transmitted through the respiratory mucosal pathway, so mucosal immunity is considered to play a good role in controlling avian influenza infection. It is commonly accepted that no adequate mucosal immunity is achieved by inactivated vaccines, which was widely used to prevent and control avian influenza virus infection. Thus, an improved vaccine to induce both mucosal immunity and systemic immunity is urgently required to control H9N2 avian influenza outbreaks in poultry farms. METHODS In this study, we constructed a novel Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis) strain expressing a recombinant fusion protein consisting of the HA1 proteins derived from an endemic H9N2 virus strain and chicken IgY Fc fragment. We evaluated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of this recombinant L. lactis HA1-Fc strain. RESULTS Our data demonstrated that chickens immunized with L. lactis HA1-Fc strain showed significantly increased levels of serum antibodies, mucosal secretory IgA, T cell-mediated immune responses, and lymphocyte proliferation. Furthermore, following challenge with H9N2 avian influenza virus, chickens immunized with L. lactis HA1-Fc strain showed reduced the weight loss, relieved clinical symptoms, and decreased the viral titers and the pathological damage in the lung. Moreover, oropharyngeal and cloacal shedding of the H9N2 influenza virus was detected in chicken immunized with L. lactis HA1-Fc after infection, the results showed the titer was low and reduced quickly to reach undetectable levels at 7 days after infection. CONCLUSION Our data showed that the recombinant L. lactis HA1-Fc strain could induce protective mucosal and systemic immunity, and this study provides a theoretical basis for improving immune responses to prevent and control H9N2 virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075131, Hebei, China
| | - Tong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075131, Hebei, China
| | - Ziping Li
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075131, Hebei, China
| | - Longfei Li
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075131, Hebei, China
| | - Chunhong Li
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075131, Hebei, China
| | - Xinrui Li
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075131, Hebei, China
| | - Zhiyue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075131, Hebei, China
| | - Shaohua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075131, Hebei, China
| | - Xuejing Wang
- The Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Institute of Hebei, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, China.
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Shao G, Xie Z, Liang M, Liu Y, Song C, Feng K, Zhang X, Lin W, Fu J, Xie Q. Efficacy of recombinant Newcastle disease virus expressing HA protein of H9N2 Avian influenza virus in respiratory and intestinal tract. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102078. [PMID: 36272233 PMCID: PMC9589208 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) is a low pathogenic AIV, which is widely prevalent all over the world. The infection of H9N2 AIV often leads to secondary infection with other pathogens, causing serious economic losses to poultry industry. Up to now, several recombinant Newcastle disease viruses (NDV) expressing H9N2 AIV hemagglutinin (HA) protein had been developed. However, the efficacy of recombinant virus on tracheal and intestinal injury caused by H9N2 AIV was rarely reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of recombinant NDV expressing H9N2 AIV HA protein in respiratory and intestinal tract. In this study, based on Red/ET homologous recombination technology, H9N2 AIV HA gene was embedded into the genome of NDV LaSota vaccine strain to obtain the recombinant virus rNDV-H9. The recombinant virus rNDV-H9 showed similar replication kinetic characteristics with the parent LaSota strain and had good genetic stability. The immunization result showed that rNDV-H9 induced high HI antibody titer against H9N2 AIV. In the H9N2 AIV challenge experiment, rNDV-H9 could significantly reduce the virus shedding in trachea and cloaca. In addition, rNDV-H9 protected the barrier function of chicken intestinal mucosal epithelial cells and reduced the virus-induced inflammatory response to a certain extent, so as to inhibit the abnormal proliferation of E. coli. This study suggests that rNDV-H9 is a promising vaccine candidate against H9N2 AIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanming Shao
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China
| | - Zi Xie
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China
| | - Ming Liang
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China
| | - Yaxin Liu
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China
| | - Chaoyi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-infectives, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Keyu Feng
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China
| | - Xinheng Zhang
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China
| | - Wencheng Lin
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China
| | - Jun Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-infectives, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingmei Xie
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China.
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7
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Sikht FZ, Ducatez M, Touzani CD, Rubrum A, Webby R, El Houadfi M, Tligui NS, Camus C, Fellahi S. Avian Influenza a H9N2 Viruses in Morocco, 2018–2019. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030529. [PMID: 35336936 PMCID: PMC8954086 DOI: 10.3390/v14030529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Low pathogenic H9N2 avian influenza (LPAI H9N2) is considered one of the most important diseases found in poultry (broiler, laying hens, breeding chickens, and turkeys). This infection causes considerable economic losses. The objective of this work was to monitor and assess the presence of avian influenza virus (AIV) H9N2 in eight different regions of Morocco using real-time RT-PCR, and to assess the phylogenetic and molecular evolution of the H9N2 viruses between 2016 and 2019. Field samples were collected from 108 farms suspected of being infected with LPAI H9N2 virus. Samples were analyzed using H9N2-specific real-time RT-PCR. Highly positive samples were subjected to virus isolation and seven isolates were fully sequenced. Low pathogenic H9N2 avian influenza virus was introduced in Morocco in 2016. We show that in 2018–2019, the virus was still present irrespective of vaccination status. Phylogenetic and molecular analyses showed mutations related to virulence, although our viruses were related to 2016 Moroccan viruses and grouped in the G1 lineage. Specific amino acid substitutions were identified in Moroccan H9N2 viruses that are believed to lead to increased resistance to antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima-Zohra Sikht
- Avian Pathology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat B.P. 6202, Morocco; (F.-Z.S.); (C.D.T.); (M.E.H.); (S.F.)
- IHAP, Toulouse University, INRAE, ENVT, 31300 Toulouse, France;
| | | | - Charifa Drissi Touzani
- Avian Pathology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat B.P. 6202, Morocco; (F.-Z.S.); (C.D.T.); (M.E.H.); (S.F.)
| | - Adam Rubrum
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (A.R.); (R.W.)
| | - Richard Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (A.R.); (R.W.)
| | - Mohammed El Houadfi
- Avian Pathology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat B.P. 6202, Morocco; (F.-Z.S.); (C.D.T.); (M.E.H.); (S.F.)
| | - Nour-Said Tligui
- Anatomo-Pathology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat B.P. 6202, Morocco;
| | - Christelle Camus
- IHAP, Toulouse University, INRAE, ENVT, 31300 Toulouse, France;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-5-61-19-38-80
| | - Siham Fellahi
- Avian Pathology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat B.P. 6202, Morocco; (F.-Z.S.); (C.D.T.); (M.E.H.); (S.F.)
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Spatiotemporal Dynamics, Evolutionary History and Zoonotic Potential of Moroccan H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses from 2016 to 2021. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030509. [PMID: 35336916 PMCID: PMC8951762 DOI: 10.3390/v14030509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The H9N2 virus continues to spread in wild birds and poultry worldwide. At the beginning of 2016, the H9N2 Avian influenza virus (AIV) was detected in Morocco for the first time; despite the implementation of vaccination strategies to control the disease, the virus has become endemic in poultry in the country. The present study was carried out to investigate the origins, zoonotic potential, as well as the impact of vaccination on the molecular evolution of Moroccan H9N2 viruses. Twenty-eight (28) H9N2 viruses collected from 2016 to 2021 in Moroccan poultry flocks were isolated and their whole genomes sequenced. Phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses showed that Moroccan H9N2 viruses belong to the G1-like lineage and are closely related to viruses isolated in Africa and the Middle East. A high similarity among all the 2016–2017 hemagglutinin sequences was observed, while the viruses identified in 2018–2019 and 2020–2021 were separated from their 2016–2017 ancestors by long branches. Mutations in the HA protein associated with antigenic drift and increased zoonotic potential were also found. The Bayesian phylogeographic analyses revealed the Middle East as being the region where the Moroccan H9N2 virus may have originated, before spreading to the other African countries. Our study is the first comprehensive analysis of the evolutionary history of the H9N2 viruses in the country, highlighting their zoonotic potential and pointing out the importance of implementing effective monitoring systems.
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