1
|
Beers BG, Corbee RJ, Veraa S, Hartmann A, Geiger C, Schauerte N, Sonsbeek LGRBV. CASE-CONTROL STUDY OF THE FREQUENCY AND ETIOLOGY OF ATAXIA IN ASIATIC LIONS ( PANTHERA LEO PERSICA) BETWEEN 2002 AND 2020. J Zoo Wildl Med 2024; 55:653-664. [PMID: 39255206 DOI: 10.1638/2022-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The Asiatic lion (Panthera leo persica) is an endangered species with a slowly increasing captive and wild population. Several zoos from within the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria Ex Situ Program reported Asiatic lions with neurological signs such as (progressive) ataxia, and stargazing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency (prevalence and incidence) and etiology of these clinical signs within the captive Asiatic lion population. The medical history of 74 Asiatic lions (36 healthy and 38 affected) was retrieved and reviewed for blood tests (biochemical, hematological, and retinol), diagnostic imaging (MRI and CT scans) and postmortem examinations. The data of the affected lions was compared with those of healthy lions. Between 2002 and 2020, the prevalence of ataxia ranged from 0.6% in 2004 to 13.0% in 2020. The incidence of ataxia was variable per year between 2002 and 2020 and ranged between 0 and 40%. Besides ataxia, stiffness and lameness were the most described signs in this study. Blood results showed lower total protein, ALT and creatinine, and higher phosphate in lions with neurological signs. Moreover, neurologically affected lions showed a significant lower blood retinol than the control lions (0.59-0.81 µmol/L). The most important finding in diagnostic imaging and necropsy included caudal fossa hyperostosis and cerebellar herniation. These abnormalities are similar as found in African lions (Panthera leo) with calvarial hyperostosis syndrome associated with vitamin A deficiency. Leucomyelopathy, syringomyelia (in one case combined with cerebellar herniation) and incidental mineralization of the dura mater were also described. A possible congenital/hereditary component should not be excluded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baukje G Beers
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, 3584 CM, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Rotterdam Zoo, 3041 JG, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald J Corbee
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, 3584 CM, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Stefanie Veraa
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, 3584 CM, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shi J, Caldwell J, Sheck L, Tsang B, Alekzander R, Escardo-Paton J, Vincent AL, Spooner C, Heppner P, Danesh-Meyer H, Hull S. Optic neuropathy from hypovitaminosis A in a series of children with severe dietary restrictions. J Paediatr Child Health 2024. [PMID: 39051625 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.16624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
AIM Hypovitaminosis A is a leading cause of preventable childhood blindness, especially in developing nations. Vitamin A is a fat-soluble essential micronutrient that serves vital functions in the visual system and in regulating bone resorption. We report on a series of four children with mixed nutritional and compressive optic neuropathy and provide a review of the literature. METHODS A retrospective observational study of four males (ages 9-12), three with autism spectrum disorder who presented with loss of vision and multiple vitamin deficiencies including hypovitaminosis A. RESULTS Patients presented with unexplained visual loss or a change in visual behaviour. All patients had severely restricted diet comprising of predominantly carbohydrates. Two of the four cases demonstrated optic nerve pallor at initial presentation with marked optic atrophy developing in all patients over time. Electrophysiology available in two patients demonstrated optic nerve dysfunction with preserved retinal function. Extensive investigations revealed profound deficiency in multiple vitamins including vitamin A (<0.1-0.2 μmol/L, normal = 0.9-1.7 μmol/L). Three patients also had low vitamin B12 (90-111 pmol/L, normal = 170-800 pmol/L) with normal folate. All four cases had radiological evidence of skull base thickening indicative of low vitamin A. Genetic testing did not find any relevant pathogenic variants. CONCLUSIONS Hypovitaminosis A is a crucial form of nutritional deprivation that results in significant visual loss with potential hyperostosis and optic nerve compression exacerbating nutritional optic neuropathy. Additional micronutrient deficiencies usually co-exist and may contribute. Extra vigilance in vitamin replacement is required of clinicians with patients with autism who have restricted diets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane Shi
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Ophthalmology, Greenlane Clinical Centre, Te Whatu Ora - Health New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - James Caldwell
- Radiology, Auckland City Hospital, Te Whatu Ora - Health New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Leo Sheck
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Ophthalmology, Greenlane Clinical Centre, Te Whatu Ora - Health New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Bobby Tsang
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Paediatrics, Waitemata, Te Whatu Ora - Health New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca Alekzander
- Paediatrics, Counties Manukau, Te Whatu Ora - Health New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Julia Escardo-Paton
- Ophthalmology, Greenlane Clinical Centre, Te Whatu Ora - Health New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrea L Vincent
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Ophthalmology, Greenlane Clinical Centre, Te Whatu Ora - Health New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Claire Spooner
- Paediatric Neurology, Starship Childrens Hospital, Te Whatu Ora - Health New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter Heppner
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Paediatric Neurosurgery, Starship Childrens Hospital, Te Whatu Ora - Health New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Helen Danesh-Meyer
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Ophthalmology, Greenlane Clinical Centre, Te Whatu Ora - Health New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Hull
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Ophthalmology, Greenlane Clinical Centre, Te Whatu Ora - Health New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jung JH, Park H, Kim WS, Yoon HY. Comprehensive comparative study of Chiari-like malformation in veterinary and human medicine. VET MED-CZECH 2024; 69:217-233. [PMID: 39221120 PMCID: PMC11359979 DOI: 10.17221/125/2023-vetmed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
This review aims to enrich our understanding of Chiari-like malformation (CLM) by combining human and veterinary insights, and providing a detailed cross-species overview. CLM is a developmental abnormality characterised by caudal displacement of the hindbrain into the foramen magnum due to an entire brain parenchymal shift caused by insufficient skull volume. This malformation leads to a progressive obstruction at the craniocervical junction, which disrupts the normal cerebrospinal fluid flow, leading to secondary syringomyelia. The clinical signs of CLM and syringomyelia include phantom scratching, head tilt, head tremor, ataxia, tetraparesis, pain, muscle atrophy, and scoliosis or torticollis. Magnetic resonance imaging remains the gold standard for diagnosing CLM, since it allows the visualisation of abnormal findings such as the caudal cerebellar herniation, caudal cerebellar compression from occipital dysplasia, and attenuated cerebrospinal fluid cisternae. Although various medical and surgical interventions, including foramen magnum decompression, can provide temporary symptomatic/clinical sign relief, current literature shows a lack of sustained long-term efficacy. Therefore, additional research is needed to evaluate the long-term effects of existing treatment strategies and to compare different techniques utilised in conjunction with foramen magnum decompression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hwan Jung
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwi Park
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Suk Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Veterinary Science Research Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun-Young Yoon
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- KU Center for Animal Blood Medical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Siedenburg JS, Weiß SI, Molnár V, Tünsmeier J, Shamir M, Stein VM, Tipold A. RESOLUTION OF CALVARIAL HYPEROSTOSIS IN AFRICAN LION CUBS ( PANTHERA LEO LEO) AFTER VITAMIN A SUPPLEMENTATION. J Zoo Wildl Med 2024; 55:277-284. [PMID: 38453512 DOI: 10.1638/2021-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Two female (FL 1, FL 2) and one male (ML) 11-wk-old, intact, captive African lion cubs (Panthera leo leo) were presented with a history of mild vestibular signs. Initial serum vitamin A concentrations were low (140 nmol/L) for ML. Calvarial hyperostosis was confirmed using computed tomography (CT) of the head and cervical vertebrae in each cub. CT measurements were adapted in relation to the skull width. ML showed the most pronounced thickening of the tentorium cerebelli and occipital bone, represented by a tentorium cerebelli to skull width ratio (TCR) of 0.08 (FL 1: 0.06, FL 2: 0.05) and a basisphenoid to skull width ratio (BBR) of 0.07 (FL 1: 0.06, FL 2: 0.04). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed cerebellar herniation and cervical intramedullary T2-weighted hyperintensity from C1, extending caudally for at least two cervical vertebrae in all cubs. Treatment was initiated with subcutaneous vitamin A supplementation and feeding of whole carcasses. Improvement in ataxia was noticed 3 wk later. Follow-up CT and MRI examinations were performed in ML after 3 and 8 mon. The affected bones appeared slightly less thickened and TCR and BBR had decreased to 0.05 after 3 mon. The cerebellum remained mildly herniated, accompanied by amelioration of cervical T2w hyperintensities. After 8 mon, evaluation and diagnostic imaging revealed further improvement regarding the neurologic status and measurements (TCR 0.05, BBR 0.04) despite persistence of a subtle cerebellar herniation. In conclusion, bone remodeling and improvement in clinical signs may be achievable in young lion cubs presented with calvarial hyperostosis and may be attributable to high-dose vitamin A supplementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes S Siedenburg
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany,
| | - Stefanie I Weiß
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Julia Tünsmeier
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Merav Shamir
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Veronika M Stein
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrea Tipold
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hecht S, Cushing AC, Williams-Hagler DA, Craig LE, Thomas WB, Anderson KM, Ramsay EC, Conklin GA. Magnetic Resonance Imaging in 50 Captive Non-domestic Felids - Technique and Imaging Diagnoses. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:827870. [PMID: 35211543 PMCID: PMC8861525 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.827870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the recognized gold standard for diagnostic imaging of the central nervous system in human and veterinary patients. Information on the use of this modality and possible imaging abnormalities in captive non-domestic felids is currently limited to individual case reports or small case series. This retrospective study provides information on technique and imaging findings in a cohort of cases undergoing MRI at an academic Veterinary Medical Center. The University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine MRI database was searched for non-domestic felids undergoing MRI of the brain or spine from 2008 to 2021. Medical record data were recorded, and MRI studies were reviewed. Fifty animals met the inclusion criteria. The most common brain diseases were Chiari-like malformation (n = 8) and inflammatory conditions (n = 8). Other abnormalities included pituitary lesions (n = 5), brain atrophy (n = 2), and one each of metabolic and traumatic conditions. Fourteen animals had a normal brain MRI study. The most common spinal abnormality was intervertebral disc disease (n = 7). Other disorders included vertebral dysplasia (n = 2), presumptive ischemic myelopathy (n = 1), subdural ossification causing spinal cord compression (n = 1), and multiple myeloma (n = 1). Spinal cord swelling of undetermined cause was suspected in two animals, and seven patients had a normal MRI study of the spine. MRI is a valuable tool in the diagnostic workup of non-domestic felids with presumptive neurologic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silke Hecht
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
- *Correspondence: Silke Hecht
| | - Andrew C. Cushing
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | | | - Linden E. Craig
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - William B. Thomas
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Kimberly M. Anderson
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Edward C. Ramsay
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Gordon A. Conklin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF BRAIN LESIONS IN CAPTIVE NONDOMESTIC FELIDS. J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 52:918-925. [PMID: 34687508 DOI: 10.1638/2021-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This retrospective study identified and characterized brain lesions in captive nondomestic felids from a large cat sanctuary. Necropsy reports from January 2002 through December 2018 were examined, and gross images and microscopic slides were reviewed from individual cats, where available. In total, 255 cats met the following inclusion criteria: complete necropsy report available, brain examined grossly or microscopically, and age of >1 mon. Of the 255 cats, 49 cats (19%) were determined to have brain lesions. Eleven different felid species, as well as one captive-bred hybrid (liger), were included in the study, with tigers (Panthera tigris) (55%) and lions (Panthera leo) (18%) being the most common species. Lesions were grouped into six etiologic categories: neoplastic (32%), vascular (26%), inflammatory or infectious (20%), congenital (9%), idiopathic (7%), and metabolic (6%). Not included in these categorized lesions were previously undescribed amphophilic globules in the cerebral cortex of many cats with and without other brain lesions; these were in 95% of lion and 93% of tiger brains where the cerebral cortex was available for histologic examination. These globules were not associated with clinical disease. The histopathologic and gross brain changes documented in this study provide insight into specific diseases and pathologic processes that affect the brains of captive large cat populations.
Collapse
|
7
|
Schmidt MJ, Steenkamp G, Caldwell P, Failing K, Kirberger RM. Radiographic analysis of the thickness of the cranial bones in captive compared to wild-living cheetahs and in cheetahs with hypovitaminosis A. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255924. [PMID: 34375363 PMCID: PMC8354437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Captive cheetahs often demonstrate a high incidence of diseases in which vitamin A imbalances are implicated. These can occur even under controlled and optimised feeding regimens, which is why surveillance of vitamin A status is mandatory in the successful health management of cheetahs. Serum levels of the vitamin do not reflect the true vitamin A status and liver tissue analysis is rather impractical for routine application in large felids. A biomarker for evaluating overt and subclinical vitamin A deficiency in cheetahs is needed. This study evaluates whether increased calvarial bone thickness can be detected on routine skull radiographs of vitamin A deficient cheetahs compared to unaffected animals, and secondly, evaluates whether there is increased bone thickness in clinically sound captive cheetahs in general compared to wild-living controls. Bone thickness in the neuro- and splanchnocranium was measured in 138 skull radiographs. Significant thickening of the parietal bones was found in latero-lateral radiographs of immature cheetahs (< 12 months) with vitamin A deficiency. This finding may allow a presumptive diagnosis of hypovitaminosis A in immature cheetahs. A general difference in skull thickness between free-living and captive cheetahs was not found.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin J. Schmidt
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Clinic, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Steenkamp
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Klaus Failing
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Unit for Biomathematics and Data Processing, Justus Liebig-University-Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Robert M. Kirberger
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nan W, Si H, Zhang H, Mu L, Li G, Lou Y. Effect of dietary vitamin A supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, serum parameters and liver histology of growing-furring male mink kits (Neovison vison). Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
9
|
Norton BB, Tunseth D, Holder K, Briggs M, C Hayek LA, Murray S. Causes of morbidity in captive African lions (Panthera leo) in North America, 2001-2016. Zoo Biol 2018; 37:354-359. [PMID: 30070397 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The lion (Panthera leo) is an iconic resident of zoos and wild animal parks throughout the world. Regular assessment of the morbidity of captive lions is necessary to address wellness concerns and improve the healthcare and management of this vulnerable species. In an effort to understand disease morbidity broadly and guide future inquiries into captive lion health, we distributed a questionnaire that emphasized diseases of organ systems rather than individual diagnoses. We sent the questionnaire to 108 American Zoo and Aquarium Association (AZA) institutions housing lions between 2001 and 2016. Fifty-six facilities responded of which 32 responses had usable data for 111 lions. Responses were compiled and analyzed with respect to age, class, and sex. Neoplasia, renal disease, and dental disease were the most common causes of morbidity in these captive lions. Older animals generally experienced a higher prevalence of multiple types of disease. Three cases of hypertrophic cardiomyopathies (HCM) were reported in nearly 40% (3/8) of cardiovascular diseases and 3% (3/111) of disease cases overall, which is the first report of HCM in lions, to the authors' knowledge. There is a relative paucity of literature on lion and large felid cardiovascular conditions, which suggests that this may be an understudied area of lion health. This broad assessment of morbidities present in captive lion populations aimed to identify key areas for further research and screenings. Management priorities of captive lions should include prevention strategies for dental disease and trauma, frequent screening for renal disease and neoplasia, and further research into cardiovascular health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B Norton
- National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Global Health Program, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Devin Tunseth
- National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Global Health Program, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Kali Holder
- National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Global Health Program, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Michael Briggs
- African Predator Conservation Research Organization, Las Vegas, Nevada
| | - Lee-Ann C Hayek
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Suzan Murray
- National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Global Health Program, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, District of Columbia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sprenger RJ, Tanumihardjo SA, Kurtz CC. Developing a Model of Vitamin A Deficiency in a Hibernating Mammal, the 13-Lined Ground Squirrel ( Ictidomys tridecemlineatus). Comp Med 2018; 68:196-203. [PMID: 29801522 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-17-000113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid, a bioactive metabolite of vitamin A, plays key roles in immune function and vision and adipose tissue development. Our goal was to study the effect of vitamin A deficiency in physiologic changes seen in hibernating 13-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus). In this study, we first developed a model of vitamin A deficiency that was based on published mouse models; we then examined the role of RA in the circannual cycle of and adipose accumulation in this hibernating species. Gravid female ground squirrels began consuming a deficient diet during the last 2 wk of their 4-wk gestation; pups received the diet until they were 8 wk old, when severe symptoms of hypovitaminosis were observed, requiring the animals' removal from the protocol. Body size and adipose mass were significantly lower in vitamin-deficient pups than controls. To avoid these complications, we developed a second model, in which pups started on the deficient diet after weaning. The revised model produced few symptoms of deficiency, and squirrels were able to remain on the diet through spring emergence. Liver retinol analysis showed that deficient squirrels essentially had no vitamin A stores. Our data suggest that 13-lined ground squirrels maintain higher concentrations of stored retinol than other rodent species, such that their dietary needs may differ from those of traditional laboratory rodent models. Our results indicate that ground squirrels are especially susceptible to vitamin A deficiency, and ground squirrels should not be fed a deficient diet until after weaning, to avoid severe symptoms. Interestingly, vitamin A deficiency does not seem to affect this species' ability to hibernate successfully.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Sprenger
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh, Oshkosh, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Courtney C Kurtz
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh, Oshkosh, Wisconsin, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
PROGRESSIVE SYRINGOHYDROMYELIA AND DEGENERATIVE AXONOPATHY IN A BOBCAT (LYNX RUFUS) FOLLOWING SURGICAL CORRECTION OF A CHIARI-LIKE MALFORMATION. J Zoo Wildl Med 2016; 47:329-32. [DOI: 10.1638/2014-0149.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
13
|
Wheelhouse JL, Hulst F, Beatty JA, Hogg CJ, Child G, Wade CM, Barrs VR. Congenital vestibular disease in captive Sumatran tigers (Panthera tigris ssp. sumatrae) in Australasia. Vet J 2015; 206:178-82. [PMID: 26403953 PMCID: PMC7128761 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Sumatran tiger is a critically endangered species. A congenital vestibular syndrome was identified in captive Sumatran tiger cubs. Vestibular signs included head tilt, circling, falling, ataxia, strabismus and nystagmus. Clinical signs persisted for a median of 237 days and resolved by 2 years of age. Pedigree and segregation analysis supported a genetic cause with an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance.
The Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris ssp. sumatrae) is a critically endangered species in the wild. To ensure that demographic and genetic integrity are maintained in the longer term, those Sumatran tigers held in captivity are managed as a global population under a World Association of Zoos and Aquariums Global Species Management Plan (GSMP). A retrospective study, including segregation and pedigree analysis, was conducted to investigate potential cases of congenital vestibular disease (CVD) in captive Sumatran tigers in Australasian zoos using medical and husbandry records, as well as video footage obtained from 50 tigers between 1975 and 2013. Data from the GSMP Sumatran tiger studbook were made available for pedigree and segregation analysis. Fourteen cases of CVD in 13 Sumatran tiger cubs and one hybrid cub (Panthera tigris ssp. sumatrae × Panthera tigris) were identified. Vestibular signs including head tilt, circling, ataxia, strabismus and nystagmus were observed between birth and 2 months of age. These clinical signs persisted for a median of 237 days and had resolved by 2 years of age in all cases. Pedigree analysis revealed that all affected tigers were closely related and shared a single common ancestor in the last four generations. A genetic cause for the disease is suspected and, based on pedigree and segregation analysis, an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance is likely. Further investigations to determine the world-wide prevalence and underlying pathology of this disorder are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaimee L Wheelhouse
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Frances Hulst
- Taronga Zoo, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Mosman, NSW 2008, Australia
| | - Julia A Beatty
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Carolyn J Hogg
- Zoo and Aquarium Association Australasia, Mosman, NSW 2008, Australia
| | - Georgina Child
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Claire M Wade
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Vanessa R Barrs
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Saragusty J, Shavit-Meyrav A, Yamaguchi N, Nadler R, Bdolah-Abram T, Gibeon L, Hildebrandt TB, Shamir MH. Comparative skull analysis suggests species-specific captivity-related malformation in lions (Panthera leo). PLoS One 2014; 9:e94527. [PMID: 24718586 PMCID: PMC3981823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lion (Panthera leo) populations have dramatically decreased worldwide with a surviving population estimated at 32,000 across the African savannah. Lions have been kept in captivity for centuries and, although they reproduce well, high rates of stillbirths as well as morbidity and mortality of neonate and young lions are reported. Many of these cases are associated with bone malformations, including foramen magnum (FM) stenosis and thickened tentorium cerebelli. The precise causes of these malformations and whether they are unique to captive lions remain unclear. To test whether captivity is associated with FM stenosis, we evaluated 575 lion skulls of wild (N = 512) and captive (N = 63) origin. Tiger skulls (N = 276; 56 captive, 220 wild) were measured for comparison. While no differences were found between males and females or between subadults and adults in FM height (FMH), FMH of captive lions (17.36±3.20 mm) was significantly smaller and with greater variability when compared to that in wild lions (19.77±2.11 mm). There was no difference between wild (18.47±1.26 mm) and captive (18.56±1.64 mm) tigers in FMH. Birth origin (wild vs. captive) as a factor for FMH remained significant in lions even after controlling for age and sex. Whereas only 20/473 wild lions (4.2%) had FMH equal to or smaller than the 5th percentile of the wild population (16.60 mm), this was evident in 40.4% (23/57) of captive lion skulls. Similar comparison for tigers found no differences between the captive and wild populations. Lions with FMH equal to or smaller than the 5th percentile had wider skulls with smaller cranial volume. Cranial volume remained smaller in both male and female captive lions when controlled for skull size. These findings suggest species- and captivity-related predisposition for the pathology in lions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Saragusty
- Department of Reproduction Management, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Anat Shavit-Meyrav
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nobuyuki Yamaguchi
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tubney, Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | - Rona Nadler
- Zoological Center Tel Aviv-Ramat Gan, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Tali Bdolah-Abram
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Laura Gibeon
- NYC Veterinary Specialists, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Thomas B. Hildebrandt
- Department of Reproduction Management, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Merav H. Shamir
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Guerra JM, Daniel AGT, Aloia TPA, de Siqueira A, Fukushima AR, Simões DMN, Reche-Júior A, Cogliati B. Hypervitaminosis A-induced hepatic fibrosis in a cat. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 16:243-8. [PMID: 24563496 PMCID: PMC11383085 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x13516121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The excessive intake of vitamin A in the form of vitamin concentrate, supplement or vitamin-rich liver can result in hypervitaminosis A in man and animals. Although osteopathologies resulting from chronic vitamin A intoxication in cats are well characterized, no information is available concerning feline hypervitaminosis A-induced liver disease. CLINICAL SUMMARY We report the first case of hepatic stellate cell lipidosis and hepatic fibrosis in a domestic cat that had been fed a diet based on raw beef liver. Radiographic examination revealed exostoses and ankylosis between vertebrae C1 and T7, compatible with deforming cervical spondylosis. Necropsy showed a slightly enlarged and light yellow to bronze liver. Microscopic and ultrastructural analyses of liver tissues revealed diffuse and severe liver fibrosis associated with hepatic stellate cell hyperplasia and hypertrophy. These cells showed immunopositive staining for α-smooth muscle actin and desmin markers. The necropsy findings of chronic liver disease coupled with osteopathology supported the diagnosis of hypervitaminosis A. PRACTICAL RELEVANCE As in human hepatology, if there is dietary evidence to support increased intake of vitamin A, then hypervitaminosis A should be considered in the differential diagnosis of chronic liver disease in cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana M Guerra
- 1Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Hypovitaminosis A (HA)-related skull malformations resulting in neurologic abnormalities and death have been, and still are, reported in captive lions (Panthera leo) worldwide. Liver vitamin A (VA) concentration is the most reliable indicator of animals' VA status, and its assessment is essential in prevention and treatment of HA in lions. A percutaneous needle liver biopsy using high-performance liquid chromatography ultraviolet retinoid analysis for VA concentration measurement was validated. It was first assessed in vitro using chicken liver. Later, the safety and feasibility of ultrasound-guided percutaneous needle liver biopsy was assessed in living lions. Hepatic VA concentrations in lion liver were measured using the above laboratory method. Mean chicken hepatic VA concentration in needle biopsy (NB) and wedge biopsy (WB) of the same liver lobes were 108.66 and 60.89 microg/g wet tissue, respectively, and were significantly (P = 0.03) correlated (r = 0.74). The calculated linear regression for predicting VA concentration in WB using NB VA for chicken liver was 25.194 + 0.3234x NB (microg/g). Four ultrasound-guided percutaneous needle liver biopsies were obtained from each of the four lions under general anesthesia. Mean hepatic VA concentration was 8.25 microg/g wet tissue (range 1.43-25.29 microg/g). Mean serum VA concentration, measured in these four lions was 1,011.1 nmol/L with a standard deviation of 337.91 nmol/L (range 590.26-1,077.2 nmol/L). The lions recovered uneventfully, and no complications were observed during a 4-yr follow-up period. In conclusion, the percutaneous needle liver biopsy technique is a reliable, practical, safe tool for obtaining liver tissue samples antemortem for assessment of the VA status in lions and can be used in future studies.
Collapse
|
17
|
Stargazing in Lions. FOWLER'S ZOO AND WILD ANIMAL MEDICINE 2012. [PMCID: PMC7152147 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-1986-4.00061-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
18
|
Abstract
Numerous analgesics are available for use in animals, but only a few have been used or studied in zoologic species. Tramadol is a relatively new analgesic that is available in an inexpensive, oral form, and is not controlled. Studies examining the effect of tramadol in zoologic species suggest that significant differences exist in pharmacokinetics parameters as well as analgesic dynamics. This article reviews the current literature on the use of tramadol in humans, domestic animals, and zoologic species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcy J Souza
- Department of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Scaglione FE, Schröder C, Degiorgi G, Zeira O, Bollo E. Cranial malformations in related white lions (Panthera leo krugeri). Vet Pathol 2010; 47:1095-9. [PMID: 20826844 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810382518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
White lions (Panthera leo krugeri) have never been common in the wild, and at present, the greatest population is kept in zoos where they are bred for biological and biodiversity conservation. During the years 2003 to 2008 in a zoological garden in northern Italy, 19 white lions were born to the same parents, who were in turn paternally consanguineous. Out of the 19 lions, 4 (21%) were stillborn, 13 (69%) died within 1 month, and 1 (5%) was euthanatized after 6 months because of difficulty with prehension of food. Six lions (32%) showed malformations involving the head (jaw, tongue, throat, teeth, and cranial bones). One lion (5%) still alive at 30 months revealed an Arnold-Chiari malformation upon submission for neurological evaluation of postural and gait abnormalities. Paternal consanguinity of the parents, along with inbreeding among white lions in general, could account for the high incidence of congenital malformations of the head in this pride of white lions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F E Scaglione
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via L. da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gross-Tsubery R, Chai O, Shilo Y, Miara L, Horowitz IH, Shmueli A, Aizenberg I, Hoffman C, Reifen R, Shamir MH. Computed tomographic analysis of calvarial hyperostosis in captive lions. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2010; 51:34-8. [PMID: 20166390 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2009.01617.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Osseous malformations in the skull and cervical vertebrae of lions in captivity are believed to be caused by hypovitaminosis A. These often lead to severe neurologic abnormalities and may result in death. We describe the characterization of these abnormalities based on computed tomography (CT). CT images of two affected and three healthy lions were compared with define the normal anatomy of the skull and cervical vertebrae and provide information regarding the aforementioned osseous malformations. Because bone structure is influenced by various factors other than the aforementioned disease, all values were divided by the skull width that was not affected. The calculated ratios were compared and the most pronounced abnormalities in the affected lions were, narrowing of the foramen magnum, thickening of the tentorium osseus cerebelli and thickening of the dorsal arch of the atlas. CT is useful for detection of the calvarial abnormalities in lions and may be useful in further defining this syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Gross-Tsubery
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|