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Wang X, Xu X, An F, Ren Z, Li Y, Wang K, Hua Y. Infantile hemangioma in a subadult Chinese pangolin: a case report. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:31. [PMID: 38267947 PMCID: PMC10807128 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03832-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemangiomas are a relatively common type of tumor in humans and animals. Various subtypes of hemangiomas have been described in the literature. The classification methods for hemangiomas differ between human and veterinary medicine, and the basis for tumor classification can be found in the literature. CASE PRESENTATION This study describes a tumor in the subcutaneous tissue of the right dorsum of an artificially rescued juvenile Chinese pangolin. Computed tomography (CT) examination yielded the preliminary diagnosis of a vascular malformation, and surgery was performed to resect the tumor. Histopathological examination showed that the tumor mainly was consisted of adipose tissue, capillaries, and spindle cells in the fibrous stroma. Immunohistochemistry showed the positive expression of CD31, CD34, α-SMA, GLUT1 and WT-1 in the tumor tissue, and the tumor was eventually diagnosed as an infantile haemangioma. CONCLUSION The final diagnosis of infantile hemangioma was depended on the histopathological immunohistochemical and CT examination of the neoplastic tissue. This is the first report of infantile hemangioma in a critically endangered species Chinese pangolin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghe Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510550, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Xuelin Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Fuyu An
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Zhengyu Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Yongzheng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China.
| | - Yan Hua
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China.
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Yan H, An F, Liu Q, Chi Q, Wang K, Xu X, Kuang Y, Zhang Z, Hua Y. Energy budgets of captive Chinese pangolins ( Manis pentadactyla). CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 11:coad049. [PMID: 37457902 PMCID: PMC10348091 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coad049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The Chinese pangolin is an endangered species, and ex situ conservation and captive rescue are important conservation measures. This requires reliable information on nutritional energy requirements and expenditure characteristics. However, we lack sufficient knowledge of their energy physiology to determine their energy requirements for maintenance and growth. An open-flow respirometry system was used to measure the resting metabolic rate (RMR) and the daily energy expenditure (DEE) of Chinese pangolins (Manis pentadactyla), and the dietary digestive energy was measured. The average RMR in Chinese pangolins was 3.23 ml O2 kg-1 min-1 at an ambient temperature (Ta) of 24.5-30°C, which was only 73.0% of the expected value based on body mass (BM). The average DEE values were 744.9 kJ day-1 in animals with BM >3 kg and 597.3 kJ day-1 in those with BM <3 kg, which were only 52.4% and 60.6% of the predicted values, respectively. The RMR and DEE levels of the Chinese pangolin were lower than those of similar-sized eutherian mammals and close to those of anteaters. These characteristics suggest that the Chinese pangolin has a low demand for energy in its diet. Although metabolic level data alone cannot be used to calculate the energy requirements of each Chinese pangolin, we believe they can provide a tangible reference for the relocation of Chinese pangolins. These results provide a scientific basis for future research on the physiology and ecology of endangered wildlife such as the Chinese pangolin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fuyu An
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection, and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, 233 Guang Shan Yi Road, Tian He District, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Quansheng Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 105 Xingang West Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Qingsheng Chi
- College of Biology and Agriculture, Zunyi Normal University, Ping'an Avenue, Xinpu New District, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection, and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, 233 Guang Shan Yi Road, Tian He District, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Xuelin Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection, and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, 233 Guang Shan Yi Road, Tian He District, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Yingjie Kuang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection, and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, 233 Guang Shan Yi Road, Tian He District, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Zhidong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection, and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, 233 Guang Shan Yi Road, Tian He District, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Yan Hua
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection, and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, 233 Guang Shan Yi Road, Tian He District, Guangzhou 510520, China
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An F, Wang K, Wei S, Yan H, Xu X, Xu J, Sun S, Zou J, Hou F, Hua Y. First case report of pustules associated with Escherichia fergusonii in the chinese pangolin (Manis pentadactyla aurita). BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:69. [PMID: 37147672 PMCID: PMC10163759 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03622-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Escherichia fergusonii is a common conditionally pathogenic bacterium that infects humans and animals. E. fergusonii has been reported to cause diarrhea, respiratory disease, and septicemia, but it is rarely reported to cause skin infections in animals. E. fergusonii has been isolated from the skin and muscular tissue of Chinese pangolin (Manis pentadactyla aurita). To date, there have been no reports of Chinese pangolins with clinical signs of skin diseases. CASE PRESENTATION This case report describes the clinical case of a subadult (bodyweight: 1.1 kg) female Chinese pangolin from wild rescue with pustules and subcutaneous suppurative infection due to E. fergusonii in the abdominal skin. Bacterial culture, Biochemical analysis, PCR and histopathology were utilized to identify the bacteria in the pustule puncture fluid and infected tissue. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of E. fergusonii-related pustules on a Chinese pangolin. CONCLUSION This case report presents the first observed skin infection in a Chinese pangolin. E. fergusonii infection should be considered as a possible differential diagnosis of pustules and subcutaneous suppurative skin conditions in Chinese pangolins, and we also provide several recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyu An
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Shichao Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Hongmei Yan
- College of Wildlife and Natural Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Xuelin Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Jinqian Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Song Sun
- College of Wildlife and Natural Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Jiejian Zou
- Guangdong Wildlife Rescue Monitoring Center, Guang Zhou, 510520, China
- Pangolin Conservation Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Guang Zhou, 510520, China
| | - Fanghui Hou
- Guangdong Wildlife Rescue Monitoring Center, Guang Zhou, 510520, China
- Pangolin Conservation Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Guang Zhou, 510520, China
| | - Yan Hua
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China.
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An F, Yan H, Xu X, Kuang Y, Wang X, Zhang Z, Ren Z, Zou J, Hou F, Wang K, Hua Y. Comparison of Venous Blood Gas and Biochemical Parameters in Sunda Pangolin (Manis javanica) and Chinese Pangolin (Manis pentadactyla) before and after Isoflurane Anesthesia. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071162. [PMID: 37048418 PMCID: PMC10093139 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Venous blood gas analytes are commonly examined in animals, and the results may be important when evaluating the overall health status of an animal. Pangolins are critically endangered mammals, and there is limited information on their physiological reference values in the literature. The aim of this study was to analyze venous blood gas and biochemical parameters before and during isoflurane anesthesia in wild healthy Sunda and Chinese pangolins. The results obtained showed that the blood gas index trends of the two pangolin species before and after isoflurane anesthesia were the same. After anesthesia, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), partial pressure of oxygen (pO2), total carbon dioxide (CO2), mean blood bicarbonate (HCO3−), extracellular fluid compartment (BEecf) base excess and the mean blood glucose (Glu) levels of both pangolin species showed a significant increase compared to the pre-anesthesia period. In contrast, the mean blood potassium (K+), lactate (Lac) and mean blood pH levels were significantly lower. No significant differences in the mean blood sodium (Na+) or blood ionized calcium (iCa) levels were observed during anesthesia. This study is important for future comparisons and understanding the health status of this endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyu An
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Hongmei Yan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Xuelin Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Yingjie Kuang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Xianghe Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510550, China
| | - Zhidong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Zhenyu Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Jiejian Zou
- Guangdong Wildlife Rescue Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510520, China
- Pangolin Conservation Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Fanghui Hou
- Guangdong Wildlife Rescue Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510520, China
- Pangolin Conservation Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Yan Hua
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
- Correspondence:
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CLINICOPATHOLOGIC EVALUATION OF AN EX SITU POPULATION OF ADULT AFRICAN WHITE-BELLIED PANGOLIN (PHATAGINUS TRICUSPIS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2022; 53:551-560. [DOI: 10.1638/2021-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Suwal TL, Chi MJ, Tsai CF, Chan FT, Lin KH, Pei KJC. Morphometric Relationships, Growth and Condition Factors of Critically Endangered Chinese Pangolin ( Manis pentadactyla). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12070910. [PMID: 35405898 PMCID: PMC8996938 DOI: 10.3390/ani12070910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphometric relationships and condition factors are crucial to quickly understanding the fitness and well-being of animals. Total length (cm) and bodyweight (g) of 282 (male = 167 and female = 115) pangolins were accounted for in this study which was received and rehabilitated in Pingtung Rescued Center, Pingtung and Endemic Species Research Institute, Nantou, Taiwan. The allometric equation; W = aLb was used to estimate the length-weight relationships where R2 = 0.70, a = 0.61, and b = 1.98. The ratio of total body length and tail length was between 1.1 and 2.7. Pangolins exhibited negative allometric growth (b < 3) as their length increased. The average relative condition factor (KR) was 1.04, indicating a state of good health for rescued individuals. However, Fulton condition factor (KF) and KR fluctuated in different months but was significantly heavier during the wet seasons. This study recommended to release healthy animals with KF of 0.8 or higher back into the wild in order to increase their survival rate. The study, thus will be helpful to promote standardized guidelines for conducting physical measurements and understanding health status. Additionally, it will support the recovery of this threatened species by husbandry and diet management in ex-situ and in-situ conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulshi Laxmi Suwal
- Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Small Mammals Conservation Research Foundation, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
- IUCN SSC Pangolin Specialist Group, C/o Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London NW1 4NR, UK
- Correspondence: (T.L.S.); (K.J.-C.P.); Tel.: +977-9841241458 (T.L.S.); +886-0921233949 (K.J.-C.P.)
| | - Meng-Jou Chi
- Pingtung Rescue Center for Endangered Wild Animals, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan;
| | - Chi-Feng Tsai
- Endemic Species Research Institute, 1 Minsheng East Road, Jiji Town, Nantou 226000, Taiwan; (C.-F.T.); (F.-T.C.); (K.-H.L.)
| | - Fang-Tse Chan
- Endemic Species Research Institute, 1 Minsheng East Road, Jiji Town, Nantou 226000, Taiwan; (C.-F.T.); (F.-T.C.); (K.-H.L.)
| | - Kuei-Hsien Lin
- Endemic Species Research Institute, 1 Minsheng East Road, Jiji Town, Nantou 226000, Taiwan; (C.-F.T.); (F.-T.C.); (K.-H.L.)
| | - Kurtis Jai-Chyi Pei
- Institute of Wildlife Conservation, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (T.L.S.); (K.J.-C.P.); Tel.: +977-9841241458 (T.L.S.); +886-0921233949 (K.J.-C.P.)
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Emogor CA, Ingram DJ, Coad L, Worthington TA, Dunn A, Imong I, Balmford A. The scale of Nigeria's involvement in the trans-national illegal pangolin trade: Temporal and spatial patterns and the effectiveness of wildlife trade regulations. BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION 2021; 264:109365. [PMID: 34975159 PMCID: PMC8683600 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) prohibits commercial trans-national trade in pangolin specimens. However, African pangolins are continually trafficked to Asia for traditional medicine, with Nigeria considered a key hub. Using reported Nigeria-linked pangolin seizure data and interviews with Nigerian law enforcement officials, we a) characterised Nigeria's involvement in global pangolin trafficking January 2010-September 2021, particularly observing trafficking trends after pangolin's CITES Appendix I listing; b) estimated the minimum number of pangolins whose scales are in Nigeria-linked seizures January 2010-September 2021, and; c) assessed ongoing efforts within Nigeria to curb pangolin trafficking. Nigeria-linked seizures involved 190,407 kg of pangolin derivatives (99.9% scales) from a minimum of 799,343 pangolins (95% confidence interval; 625,944-996,353) of four species (see caveats in Methods). All shipments confiscated in transit were destined for Asia, with a rapid increase in the mass of maritime shipments over time. Furthermore, stockpiling of pangolin derivatives for overseas shipment is perhaps a prominent trafficking model in Nigeria. Nigeria's law enforcement efforts improved from 2017, the same year Nigeria apparently began playing a hub role. The impact of pangolin's CITES Appendix I listing on pangolin trafficking was unclear, as the marked rise in seizures from 2017 when the listing became effective, coincided with improvements in Nigerian law enforcement efforts. COVID-19-induced travel restrictions likely reduced trafficking activities in 2020 but activities may have fully resumed in 2021. This study provides new information to inform effective enforcement and policy formulation efforts to protect African pangolins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A. Emogor
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK
- IUCN SSC Pangolin Specialist Group, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, UK
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Nigeria Program, GPO Box 796, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Daniel J. Ingram
- IUCN SSC Pangolin Specialist Group, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, UK
- African Forest Ecology Group, Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Lauren Coad
- Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor 16115, Indonesia
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Thomas A. Worthington
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK
| | - Andrew Dunn
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Nigeria Program, GPO Box 796, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Inaoyom Imong
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Nigeria Program, GPO Box 796, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Andrew Balmford
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK
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WOUND MANAGEMENT WITH AND WITHOUT MODIFIED CHOUKROUN'S PLATELET-RICH FIBRIN IN RESCUED FORMOSAN PANGOLINS ( MANIS PENTADACTYLA PENTADACTYLA). J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 52:779-786. [PMID: 34130426 DOI: 10.1638/2017-0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Trauma is a key threat to wild Formosan pangolins (Manis pentadactyla pentadactyla) and the most frequent reason for presentation to the rescue center of the Taipei Zoo from 2008 to 2017. Of the 105 cases received during this time, 72% presented for trauma. Among these 76 cases, 72% survived and were returned to the wild. Traditional wound management resulted in healing times from 45 to 410 d. Improvements in the success and duration of wound healing could increase the success rate of pangolin release back to the wild. This case series describes wound management in five cases using either traditional wound management practices (two cases) or modified Choukroun's platelet-rich fibrin (MC-PRF) in an attempt to accelerate the wound-healing process (three cases). MC-PRF is relatively easily obtainable and widely used to promote tissue healing in other species. MC-PRF was applied to the wounds of three pangolins every 1 to 2 wk with satisfactory results. The healing time with MC-PRF were 21, 45, and 51 d, shorter than the 60-98 d seen in the cases of traditional wound management in this series. Given the scarcity of literature on pangolins, these cases evaluating both traditional and MC-PRF wound management practices can serve as examples for other pangolin rescue centers in their treatment of traumatic wounds.
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Hooijberg EH, Lourens K, Meyer LCR. Reference Intervals for Selected Hematology and Clinical Chemistry Measurands in Temminck's Pangolin ( Smutsia temminckii). Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:654529. [PMID: 34307517 PMCID: PMC8295727 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.654529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pangolins are the world's most trafficked non-human mammals. A significant number of Temminck's pangolins (Smutsia temminckii) are presented for veterinary care and rehabilitation in southern Africa. Little is known about the physiology and normal health of this species, making diagnosis and medical management difficult. This study aimed to establish reference intervals (RIs) for hematology and plasma clinical chemistry in the Temminck's pangolin. RIs were generated according to international guidelines using samples from 27 healthy free-living (n = 18) and rehabilitated (n = 9) pangolins. Hematology was performed using the Abaxis VetScan HM5 analyzer with manual differentials; clinical chemistry was performed using heparin plasma on the Abaxis VetScan VS2 and Cobas Integra 400 Plus analyzers. Hematology RIs were: RBC 3.88-8.31 × 1012/L, HGB 73-150 g/L, HCT 26-51%, MCV 59-72 fL, MCH 15.6-21.4 pg, MCHC 257-325 g/L, RDW 14.3-19.1%, WBC 1.80-10.71 × 109/L. Vetscan VS2 clinical chemistry RIs were: albumin 27-41 g/L, ALP 26-100 U/L, ALT 25-307 U/L, amylase 267-826 U/L, bilirubin 4-10 μmol/L, calcium 2.1-2.2 mmol/L, globulin 21-55 g/L, glucose 3.8-10.0 mmol/L, phosphate 1.3-2.6 mmol/L, potassium 3.6-5.9 mmol/L, sodium 132-140 mmol/L total protein 52-84 g/L, and urea 5.3-11.4 mmol/L. RIs for creatinine were not calculated as analytical imprecision exceeded analytical performance goals. Cobas Integra clinical chemistry RIs were: albumin 22-33 g/L, ALP 20-104 U/L, ALT 17-291 U/L, amylase 466-1,533 U/L, bilirubin 1-14 μmol/L, calcium 2.0-2.4 mmol/L, creatinine <58 μmol/L, globulin 23-49 g/L, glucose 3.6-10.1 mmol/L, phosphate 1.0-2.2 mmol/L, potassium 3.1-5.8 mmol/L, sodium 137-150 mmol/L, total protein 47-72 g/L, and urea 6.0-12.5 mmol/L. There was significant bias between the two chemistry analyzers for several measurands. Differences were found for some analytes between free-living and rehabilitated animals, probably reflecting differences in nutrition and hydration. These are the first RIs generated for Temminck's pangolin. These results will allow veterinarians to better determine pangolin health status, formulate optimal treatment plans and increase patient survival rates in this endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma H Hooijberg
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies and Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Karin Lourens
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences and Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Johannesburg Wildlife Veterinary Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Leith C R Meyer
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences and Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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SERUM BIOCHEMISTRY AND SELECT MINERAL PARAMETERS OF PRE-RELEASE SUNDA PANGOLINS ( MANIS JAVANICA) FOLLOWING REHABILITATION IN VIETNAM. J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 52:241-252. [PMID: 33827182 DOI: 10.1638/2020-0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Native to Southeast Asia, the Sunda pangolin (Manis javanica) is critically endangered largely because of poorly regulated wildlife trade, consumptive practices, and use in traditional Chinese medicine. Efforts to rescue and rehabilitate animals confiscated from the illegal trade are complicated by a general lack of knowledge surrounding the normal health and disease processes unique to the species. To provide clinical reference intervals for normal health states of Sunda pangolins, biochemical parameters were determined from rescued individuals in Vietnam that had undergone a 14-day observation period and met a set of criteria for release back into the wild. Blood samples were collected from 42 apparently healthy Sunda pangolins while anesthetized or awake. Packed cell volume (PCV) and total solids (TS) were determined manually, and serum biochemistry values were determined in-house with a benchtop analyzer. Additional biochemical and mineral parameters not included in the primary panel were determined from a subset of 10 pangolins through an external diagnostic laboratory. Overall reference intervals were calculated for PCV and TS (n = 29) and for standard serum biochemistry parameters (n = 42). Females and males demonstrated significant variation with respect to body mass, potassium (K+), and phosphorus, whereas age was a significant source of variation in alkaline phosphatase. Seasonal variation in glucose (GLU), creatinine (CRE), total proteins, sodium, calcium, and K+ was also observed. Comparisons between anesthetized and awake pangolins demonstrated significant variation in GLU, CRE, and K+. The parameters determined in this study can serve as a clinical reference for ex situ Sunda pangolin conservation efforts. In the context of wildlife rehabilitation, serial bloodwork allows for continued monitoring of patient health and should inform decision making regarding release readiness and timing.
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Connelly E, Hywood L, Donaldson M, Pietersen DW. Haematology and biochemistry values for Temminck’s pangolins (Smutsia temminckii) from Zimbabwe. AFRICAN ZOOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15627020.2020.1739555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Darren W Pietersen
- Tikki Hywood Foundation, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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12
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Gao WH, Lin XD, Chen YM, Xie CG, Tan ZZ, Zhou JJ, Chen S, Holmes EC, Zhang YZ. Newly identified viral genomes in pangolins with fatal disease. Virus Evol 2020; 6:veaa020. [PMID: 32296543 PMCID: PMC7151644 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veaa020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epizootic pathogens pose a major threat to many wildlife species, particularly in the context of rapidly changing environments. Pangolins (order Pholidota) are highly threatened mammals, in large part due to the trade in illegal wildlife. During July to August 2018 four sick wild pangolins (three Manis javanica and one Manis pentadactyla) exhibiting a variety of clinical symptoms were rescued by the Jinhua Wildlife Protection Station in Zhejiang province, China. Although three of these animals died, fortunately one recovered after 2 weeks of symptomatic treatment. Using meta-transcriptomics combined with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), we identified two novel RNA viruses in two of the dead pangolins. Genomic analysis revealed that these viruses were most closely related to pestiviruses and coltiviruses, although still highly genetically distinct, with more than 48 and 25 per cent sequence divergence at the amino acid level, respectively. We named these Dongyang pangolin virus (DYPV) and Lishui pangolin virus (LSPV) based on the sampling site and hosts. Although coltiviruses (LSPV) are known to be transmitted by ticks, we found no evidence of LSPV in ticks sampled close to where the pangolins were collected. In addition, although DYPV was present in nymph ticks (Amblyomma javanense) collected from a diseased pangolin, they were not found in the local tick population. Epidemiological investigation revealed that both novel viruses might have been imported following the illegal international trade of pangolins. Hence, these data indicate that illegal wildlife trafficking not only threatens the status of pangolin populations, but may also spread epizootic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hua Gao
- Department of Zoonosis, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xian-Dan Lin
- Wenzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wenzhou, 325001, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan-Mei Chen
- Department of Zoonosis, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.,Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201052, China
| | - Chun-Gang Xie
- Jinhua Wildlife Protection Station, Jinhua Forestry Bureau, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhi-Zhou Tan
- Department of Zoonosis, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jia-Jun Zhou
- Zhejiang Forest Resource Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310020, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Wenzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wenzhou, 325001, Zhejiang, China
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201052, China.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Yong-Zhen Zhang
- Department of Zoonosis, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.,Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201052, China
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13
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Wang SL, Tu YC, Lee MS, Wu LH, Chen TY, Wu CH, Tsao EHS, Chin SC, Li WT. Fatal canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) infection in a rescued free-ranging Taiwanese pangolin (Manis pentadactyla pentadactyla). Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1074-1081. [PMID: 31886933 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 includes feline parvovirus (FPV), variants of canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2), mink enteritis virus, and raccoon parvovirus, important pathogens affecting both wild and domestic carnivores. In this report, we described a fatal CPV-2 infection in a rescued Taiwanese pangolin, which provides the first evidence of CPV-2 infection in a non-carnivore. Post-rescue, the Taiwanese pangolin died from complications resulting from a severe panleucocytopenia and bloody diarrhoea. A full autopsy was performed and microscopic examination of the tissues revealed ulcerative, necrotizing, and haemorrhagic glossitis, esophagitis and enteritis. The results of transmission electronic microscopy, polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization provided confirmatory evidence that the lesions in the tongue, oesophagus and intestine were associated with a protoparvovirus. Phylogenetic comparison of the whole VP2 gene from the current pangolin protoparvovirus strain showed close clustering with the CPV-2c strains from domestic dogs in Taiwan, China and Singapore. The amino acid sequence of the pangolin protoparvovirus showed 100% identity to the CPV-2c strains from domestic dogs in China, Italy, and Singapore. The current findings highlight that pangolins are susceptible to protoparvoviruses. The potential of cross-species transmission of protoparvoviruses between Carnivora and Pholidota should be considered when housing pangolins in close proximity to carnivores and adopting strict biosecurity measures to avoid cross-species transmission in rescue facilities and zoos.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yang-Chang Tu
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shiuh Lee
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Chieh-Hao Wu
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, New Taipei, Taiwan
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14
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Cabana F, Tay C. The addition of soil and chitin into Sunda pangolin (Manis javanica) diets affect digestibility, faecal scoring, mean retention time and body weight. Zoo Biol 2019; 39:29-36. [PMID: 31621114 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Pangolins (Manis spp.) are myrmecophagous mammals with a wild diet of termites and ants. Diets are not yet readily acceptable by all pangolins and lack soil and chitin compared to their wild diet. This study aimed to assess the usefulness of including soil and chitin in pangolin diets by measuring changes in digestibility, food mean retention time, faecal scoring and body weight changes. Two male and two female Sunda pangolins (Manis javanica) from Night Safari (Singapore) were fed their typical gruel-type diets, with soil and chitin added in various amounts throughout 10 different treatments. Diet intake was calculated daily and faecal boluses were collected for digestibility analysis. Chromium oxide was added to the diet to measure mean retention time four times per animal per treatment. Faecal consistency scores were recorded daily where 1 is firm and 5 is liquid. Every animal was weighed weekly. Adding soil or chitin to the diet had various effects on the apparent digestibility of organic matter, crude protein and fiber with little effects on crude fat or calcium. Soil had a general positive influence on organic matter and fiber digestion. The addition of chitin and soil together had the stronger effects. Only at 25% inclusion of soil did the faecal score begin to improve. The overall maintenance energy requirements for adult M. javanica was 79.28 Kcal/kg BW0.75 /day, similar to other myrmecophagous mammals. The usage of soil and chitin in pangolin diets may be helpful in controlling weights while preventing behaviours associated with hunger.
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15
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VENOUS BLOOD GAS AND SELECTED BIOCHEMICAL VALUES FROM AWAKE AND ANESTHETIZED WHITE-BELLIED PANGOLINS ( PHATAGINUS TRICUSPIS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2019; 49:1025-1028. [PMID: 30592925 DOI: 10.1638/2018-0052.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pangolins are one of the most-trafficked endangered species and are rare in zoologic collections. Blood gas and select biochemical analysis was performed on nine African white-bellied tree pangolins ( Phataginus tricuspis). Paired blood samples were collected from the ventral tail vasculature prior to (T1) and after 10 min (T2) of sevoflurane anesthesia, and selected blood gas and biochemical parameters were measured using a portable blood gas analyzer. Median (min-max) values for corrected venous blood were pH = 7.372 (7.207-7.529) at T1 and 7.278 (7.124-7.418) at T2. Corrected values were PCO2 = 51.7 (29.6-69.0) mmHg at T1 and 58.431 (38.1-90.8) mmHg at T2. Clinicians should be aware that this species may hypoventilate while anesthetized with sevoflurane and develop a respiratory acidosis. Concomitant administration of respiratory depressants could compound this effect in a species where oro-tracheal intubation has not been described.
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16
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Ahmad AA, Samsuddin S, Oh SJWY, Martinez-Perez P, Rasedee A. Hematological and serum biochemical parameters of rescued Sunda pangolins (Manis javanica) in Singapore. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1867-1874. [PMID: 30333379 PMCID: PMC6305505 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sunda pangolin (Manis javanica) population in Southeast Asia faces
threats such as poaching and deforestation. Health assessments of rescued individuals
including physical examination and blood work are crucial for clinicians to determine the
health status of these animals. The establishments of reference intervals of hematology
and serum biochemistry are important for identifying clinical abnormalities. The
objectives of our study were to establish blood reference intervals for Sunda pangolins,
to determine if there are age and sex related differences in hematology and serum
biochemistry, and to compare our results with those of a previous study on confiscated
Sunda pangolins in Thailand. Fifty-eight Sunda pangolins were rescued between January 2011
and December 2015. The hematology and serum biochemistry results of 51 clinically normal
Sunda pangolins were selected for the establishment of the blood reference intervals. No
sex related differences were noted in this study. Age-related differences were observed,
in which adult Sunda pangolins had a significantly higher mean corpuscular volume than
juveniles, and juvenile Sunda pangolins had significantly higher red blood cell counts and
hemoglobin levels than those of the adults (P<0.05). Age-related
differences were also noted in several serum biochemistry parameters: alkaline phosphatase
(ALP) was significantly higher in juveniles, and total protein was significantly higher in
adult Sunda pangolins. Compared to a previous study the white blood cell counts,
neutrophil counts, and ALP were higher, and the lymphocyte counts were lower in the
present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Anwar Ahmad
- Department of Veterinary Services, Wildlife Reserve Singapore, 80 Mandai Lake Road Singapore 729826, Singapore
| | - Sofeah Samsuddin
- School of Applied Science, Temasek Polytechnic, 21 Tampines Avenue 1, 529757, Singapore
| | - Serena Jocelyn Wai Yin Oh
- Department of Veterinary Services, Wildlife Reserve Singapore, 80 Mandai Lake Road Singapore 729826, Singapore
| | - Pedro Martinez-Perez
- School of Life Sciences and Chemical Technology, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, 535 Clementi Road Singapore 599489
| | - Abdullah Rasedee
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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17
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Bauer KL, Latimer E, Finnegan M. Long-term, intermittent, low-level elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus 1A viremia in a captive Asian elephant calf. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 30:917-919. [PMID: 30264667 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718803138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A 2-y-old male Asian elephant ( Elephas maximus), with an elevated platelet count (1,100 × 109/L [1,100 × 103/mm3]), tested positive for elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus 1A (EEHV-1A) on conventional PCR (cPCR) of EDTA whole blood. No clinical signs were ever reported and no treatment was administered, but low-level viremia persisted for 2.5 y based on results of cPCR and/or real-time PCR (rtPCR). Sequencing confirmed that the EEHV-1A detected was identical at the beginning through the end of the time period. No other elephants in the herd tested positive for EEHV-1 during this time period. Platelet counts remained elevated throughout the viremia and throughout the animal's life, and direct correlation between the elevated platelet counts and EEHV-1A viremia could not be confirmed. We document long-term, intermittent, low-level viremia of EEHV-1A and provide additional information to consider when determining if treatment is warranted in a case of EEHV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra L Bauer
- Smithsonian Institution National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Wildlife Health Sciences, Washington, DC (Bauer, Latimer).,Oregon Zoo, Portland, OR (Finnegan).,Houston Zoo, Houston, TX (Bauer)
| | - Erin Latimer
- Smithsonian Institution National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Wildlife Health Sciences, Washington, DC (Bauer, Latimer).,Oregon Zoo, Portland, OR (Finnegan).,Houston Zoo, Houston, TX (Bauer)
| | - Mitch Finnegan
- Smithsonian Institution National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Wildlife Health Sciences, Washington, DC (Bauer, Latimer).,Oregon Zoo, Portland, OR (Finnegan).,Houston Zoo, Houston, TX (Bauer)
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18
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Tan TK, Tan KY, Hari R, Mohamed Yusoff A, Wong GJ, Siow CC, Mutha NVR, Rayko M, Komissarov A, Dobrynin P, Krasheninnikova K, Tamazian G, Paterson IC, Warren WC, Johnson WE, O'Brien SJ, Choo SW. PGD: a pangolin genome hub for the research community. DATABASE-THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DATABASES AND CURATION 2016; 2016:baw063. [PMID: 27616775 PMCID: PMC5018392 DOI: 10.1093/database/baw063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pangolins (order Pholidota) are the only mammals covered by scales. We have recently sequenced and analyzed the genomes of two critically endangered Asian pangolin species, namely the Malayan pangolin (Manis javanica) and the Chinese pangolin (Manis pentadactyla). These complete genome sequences will serve as reference sequences for future research to address issues of species conservation and to advance knowledge in mammalian biology and evolution. To further facilitate the global research effort in pangolin biology, we developed the Pangolin Genome Database (PGD), as a future hub for hosting pangolin genomic and transcriptomic data and annotations, and with useful analysis tools for the research community. Currently, the PGD provides the reference pangolin genome and transcriptome data, gene sequences and functional information, expressed transcripts, pseudogenes, genomic variations, organ-specific expression data and other useful annotations. We anticipate that the PGD will be an invaluable platform for researchers who are interested in pangolin and mammalian research. We will continue updating this hub by including more data, annotation and analysis tools particularly from our research consortium.Database URL: http://pangolin-genome.um.edu.my.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tze King Tan
- Genome Informatics Research Laboratory, Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), High Impact Research Building, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ka Yun Tan
- Genome Informatics Research Laboratory, Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), High Impact Research Building, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Institute of Biology Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Ranjeev Hari
- Genome Informatics Research Laboratory, Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), High Impact Research Building, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Aini Mohamed Yusoff
- Genome Informatics Research Laboratory, Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), High Impact Research Building, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Guat Jah Wong
- Genome Informatics Research Laboratory, Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), High Impact Research Building, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Cheuk Chuen Siow
- Genome Informatics Research Laboratory, Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), High Impact Research Building, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Naresh V R Mutha
- Genome Informatics Research Laboratory, Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), High Impact Research Building, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mike Rayko
- Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia
| | - Aleksey Komissarov
- Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia
| | - Pavel Dobrynin
- Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia
| | - Ksenia Krasheninnikova
- Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia
| | - Gaik Tamazian
- Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia
| | - Ian C Paterson
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wesley C Warren
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Warren E Johnson
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, Virginia 22630, USA
| | - Stephen J O'Brien
- Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia Oceanographic Center, Nova Southeastern University, Ft Lauderdale, FL, 33004, USA
| | - Siew Woh Choo
- Genome Informatics Research Laboratory, Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), High Impact Research Building, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Genome Solutions Sdn Bhd, Suite 8, Innovation Incubator UM, Level 5, Research Management & Innovation Complex, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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