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Dedukh D, Lisachov A, Panthum T, Singchat W, Matsuda Y, Imai Y, Janko K, Srikulnath K. Meiotic deviations and endoreplication lead to diploid oocytes in female hybrids between bighead catfish ( Clarias macrocephalus) and North African catfish ( Clarias gariepinus). Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1465335. [PMID: 39247622 PMCID: PMC11377317 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1465335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Reproductive isolation and hybrid sterility are mechanisms that maintain the genetic integrity of species and prevent the introgression of heterospecific genes. However, crosses of closely related species can lead to complex evolution, such as the formation of all-female lineages that reproduce clonally. Bighead catfish (Clarias macrocephalus) and North African catfish (C. gariepinus) diverged 40 million years ago. They are cultivated and hybridized in Thailand for human consumption. Male hybrids are sterile due to genome-wide chromosome asynapsis during meiosis. Although female hybrids are sometimes fertile, their chromosome configuration during meiosis has not yet been studied. Methods We analyzed meiosis in the hybrid female catfish at pachytene (synaptonemal complexes) and diplotene (lampbrush chromosomes), using immunostaining to detect chromosome pairing and double-stranded break formation, and FISH with species-specific satellite DNAs to distinguish the parental chromosomes. Results More than 95% of oocytes exhibited chromosome asynapsis in female hybrid catfish; however, they were able to progress to the diplotene stage and form mature eggs. The remaining oocytes underwent premeiotic endoreplication, followed by synapsis and crossing over between sister chromosomes, similar to known clonal lineages in fish and reptiles. Discussion The occurrence of clonal reproduction in female hybrid catfish suggests a unique model for studying gametogenic alterations caused by hybridization and their potential for asexual reproduction. Our results further support the view that clonal reproduction in certain hybrid animals relies on intrinsic mechanisms of sexually reproducing parental species, given their multiple independent origins with the same mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrij Dedukh
- Laboratory of Non-Mendelian Evolution, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Liběchov, Czechia
| | - Artem Lisachov
- Animal Genomics and Bioresource Research Unit (AGB Research Unit), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Thitipong Panthum
- Animal Genomics and Bioresource Research Unit (AGB Research Unit), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Worapong Singchat
- Animal Genomics and Bioresource Research Unit (AGB Research Unit), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yoichi Matsuda
- Animal Genomics and Bioresource Research Unit (AGB Research Unit), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yukiko Imai
- Department of Gene Function and Phenomics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Karel Janko
- Laboratory of Non-Mendelian Evolution, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Liběchov, Czechia
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
| | - Kornsorn Srikulnath
- Animal Genomics and Bioresource Research Unit (AGB Research Unit), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Biodiversity Center Kasetsart University (BDCKU), Bangkok, Thailand
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2
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The Dynamic Ontogenetic Shape Patterns of Adaptive Divergence and Sexual Dimorphism. Evol Biol 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-022-09592-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe interplay between ecological diversification and sexual dimorphism has been largely overlooked in the literature. Sexually dimorphic species which are also undergoing adaptive radiations are ideal for filling this knowledge gap. The Arctic charr in lake Thingvallavatn is one such system: it is a sexually dimorphic species which has recently diverged along the benthic-limnetic ecological axis. In a long-running common-garden experiment we studied the shape variation throughout ontogeny of intra- and inter- morph crosses of benthic and limnetic charr from the lake. We found that shape differences between ecomorphs and sexes had a genetic component. Prior to the onset of sexual maturation, shape differences were attributable to cross type and were related to adaptations to benthic and limnetic niches, i.e., shorter lower jaws and rounder snouts in the benthic and evenly protruding snouts and pointier snouts in the limnetic. Reciprocal hybrids showed intermediate, transgressive and/or maternal morphologies. However, after the onset of sexual maturation larger morphological differences occurred between sexes than among cross types. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the interplay between ecological diversification and sexual dimorphism is complex and dynamic throughout ontogeny, and that long-term common garden experiments are immensely valuable for studying shape dynamics in different evolutionary scenarios.
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3
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Tamburi NE, Tiecher MJ, Burela S, Martín PR. Sexual dimorphism in shell shape: is Pomacea canaliculata an exception or an example among Neotropical apple snails? AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2023; 95:e20201519. [PMID: 37075371 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202320201519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism has often been recorded in apple snails (Caenogastropoda Ampullariidae), but reports are concentrated in a few species, either invasive or with biocontrol potential, which sugests some taxonomic bias. To find out evolutionary and ecological correlates of sexual dimorphism it is necessary to detect and quantify it but also is important to detect its absence. Our aims were to confirm or not the existence of sexual dimorphism in shell shape of Felipponea neritiniformis and Asolene platae, using Pomacea canaliculata as reference and applying the same methodology (landmark-based geometric morphometrics) and statistical power. Significant intersexual differences were only found in P. canaliculata and, in a lesser degree, in F. neritiniformis: males have larger apertures relative to body whorl and more rounded apertural outer edges than females. Female shells are larger in F. neritiniformis and P. canaliculata, but not in A. platae. Using comparable methodologies and statistical power, sexual dimorphism in shell shape is detectable in some apple snails but not in others. Interspecific variation in sexual dimorphism in the Ampullariidae is not only due to taxonomic bias and deserves more research to establish the main patterns and possible causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás E Tamburi
- GECEMAC (Grupo de Ecología, Comportamiento y Evolución de Moluscos de Aguas Continentales), INBIOSUR (UNS-CONICET), San Juan 671, (8000) Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional del Sur, Departamento de Matemática, Av. Alem 1253, (8000) Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - María J Tiecher
- GECEMAC (Grupo de Ecología, Comportamiento y Evolución de Moluscos de Aguas Continentales), INBIOSUR (UNS-CONICET), San Juan 671, (8000) Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Silvana Burela
- GECEMAC (Grupo de Ecología, Comportamiento y Evolución de Moluscos de Aguas Continentales), INBIOSUR (UNS-CONICET), San Juan 671, (8000) Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional del Sur, Laboratorio de Ecología, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, San Juan 670, (8000) Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Pablo R Martín
- GECEMAC (Grupo de Ecología, Comportamiento y Evolución de Moluscos de Aguas Continentales), INBIOSUR (UNS-CONICET), San Juan 671, (8000) Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional del Sur, Laboratorio de Ecología, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, San Juan 670, (8000) Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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4
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Tracing the Food Web of Changing Arctic Ocean: Trophic Status of Highly Abundant Fish, Gasterosteus aculeatus (L.), in the White Sea Recovered Using Stomach Content and Stable Isotope Analyses. DIVERSITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/d14110955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Studies of dietary preferences of migratory species are of great importance as these species connect food webs of habitats across the migration route and thus represent trophic relationships between the spatially disjointed communities. Here we described the dietary preferences of threespine stickleback G. aculeatus in the White Sea during the spawning season using stable isotope and stomach content analyses. The two analyses suggested that during the spawning season, when sticklebacks spend the majority of their time inshore, their diet consists mostly of benthic species, while at the beginning of the spawning season when fish migrating from the offshore were feeding on plankton. Additionally, we demonstrated that stickleback eggs contributed greatly to the diet of both male and female fish. Using Bayesian mixing modeling, we showed that dietary preferences in females were broader than in males, and more variable during the spawning season. While guarding their nests, males fed almost exclusively on eggs. Both stomach contents and isotope signatures demonstrate that by the end of the spawning season sticklebacks again increase the consumption of plankton. Isotope analysis proved to be a more reliable tool to trace this change than stomach content analysis. Our results show that stable isotope and stomach content analyses are complementary in understanding seasonal changes in the dietary composition of stickleback.
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5
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Characterizing phenotypic diversity in marine populations of the threespine stickleback. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17923. [PMID: 36289364 PMCID: PMC9606258 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22872-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) is an important model for studying the evolution of vertebrate morphology. Sticklebacks inhabit freshwater, brackish, and marine northern hemisphere waters. Anadromous and marine populations (hereafter marine) are assumed to have remained unchanged morphologically from ancestral marine sticklebacks, despite marine environments varying on regional and local scales. Recent studies suggest that genetic and phenotypic structure exists in marine populations, yet the scale of this variation, and its ecological causes remain unclear. Our goal was to assess morphological trait variation in marine stickleback populations around Southern British Columbia (BC) and determine if oceanographic and habitat characteristics were associated with this variation. Between May-July 2019, we sampled 534 sticklebacks from 15 sites around Vancouver Island, a region characterized by a large diversity of oceanographic and habitat features. We characterized trait variation using two-dimensional (2D) geometric morphometric analysis, comparing individuals between oceanographic regions and habitats. We focused on head and body shape. We found that marine sticklebacks varied morphologically among and between regions and habitats, but the variation did not appear to be related to environmental variation. Sexual dimorphism was the largest source of variation, but oceanographic and habitat variables influenced differences between sexes. We concluded that marine sticklebacks offer abundant opportunities for expanding our knowledge of drivers of morphology.
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Harrison LM, Noble DWA, Jennions MD. A meta-analysis of sex differences in animal personality: no evidence for the greater male variability hypothesis. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:679-707. [PMID: 34908228 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The notion that men are more variable than women has become embedded into scientific thinking. For mental traits like personality, greater male variability has been partly attributed to biology, underpinned by claims that there is generally greater variation among males than females in non-human animals due to stronger sexual selection on males. However, evidence for greater male variability is limited to morphological traits, and there is little information regarding sex differences in personality-like behaviours for non-human animals. Here, we meta-analysed sex differences in means and variances for over 2100 effects (204 studies) from 220 species (covering five broad taxonomic groups) across five personality traits: boldness, aggression, activity, sociality and exploration. We also tested if sexual size dimorphism, a proxy for sex-specific sexual selection, explains variation in the magnitude of sex differences in personality. We found no significant differences in personality between the sexes. In addition, sexual size dimorphism did not explain variation in the magnitude of the observed sex differences in the mean or variance in personality for any taxonomic group. In sum, we find no evidence for widespread sex differences in variability in non-human animal personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Harrison
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 46 Sullivans Creek Road, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Daniel W A Noble
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 46 Sullivans Creek Road, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Michael D Jennions
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 46 Sullivans Creek Road, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
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7
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The Snakeskin Gourami (Trichopodus pectoralis) Tends to Exhibit XX/XY Sex Determination. FISHES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes6040043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The snakeskin gourami (Trichopodus pectoralis) has a high meat yield and is one of the top five aquaculture freshwater fishes in Thailand. The species is not externally sexually dimorphic, and its sex determination system is unknown. Understanding the sex determination system of this species will contribute to its full-scale commercialization. In this study, a cytogenetic analysis did not reveal any between-sex differences in chromosomal patterns. However, we used genotyping-by-sequencing to identify 4 male-linked loci and 1 female-linked locus, indicating that the snakeskin gourami tends to exhibit an XX/XY sex determination system. However, we did not find any male-specific loci after filtering the loci for a ratio of 100:0 ratio of males:females. This suggests that the putative Y chromosome is young and that the sex determination region is cryptic. This approach provides solid information that can help identify the sex determination mechanism and potential sex determination regions in the snakeskin gourami, allowing further investigation of genetic improvements in the species.
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8
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Naftaly AS, Pau S, White MA. Long-read RNA sequencing reveals widespread sex-specific alternative splicing in threespine stickleback fish. Genome Res 2021; 31:1486-1497. [PMID: 34131005 PMCID: PMC8327910 DOI: 10.1101/gr.274282.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Alternate isoforms are important contributors to phenotypic diversity across eukaryotes. Although short-read RNA-sequencing has increased our understanding of isoform diversity, it is challenging to accurately detect full-length transcripts, preventing the identification of many alternate isoforms. Long-read sequencing technologies have made it possible to sequence full-length alternative transcripts, accurately characterizing alternative splicing events, alternate transcription start and end sites, and differences in UTR regions. Here, we use Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) long-read RNA-sequencing (Iso-Seq) to examine the transcriptomes of five organs in threespine stickleback fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus), a widely used genetic model species. The threespine stickleback fish has a refined genome assembly in which gene annotations are based on short-read RNA sequencing and predictions from coding sequence of other species. This suggests some of the existing annotations may be inaccurate or alternative transcripts may not be fully characterized. Using Iso-Seq we detected thousands of novel isoforms, indicating many isoforms are absent in the current Ensembl gene annotations. In addition, we refined many of the existing annotations within the genome. We noted many improperly positioned transcription start sites that were refined with long-read sequencing. The Iso-Seq-predicted transcription start sites were more accurate and verified through ATAC-seq. We also detected many alternative splicing events between sexes and across organs. We found a substantial number of genes in both somatic and gonadal samples that had sex-specific isoforms. Our study highlights the power of long-read sequencing to study the complexity of transcriptomes, greatly improving genomic resources for the threespine stickleback fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice S Naftaly
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Shana Pau
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - Michael A White
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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9
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Başusta N, Khan U. Sexual dimorphism in the otolith shape of shi drum, Umbrina cirrosa (L.), in the eastern Mediterranean Sea: Fish size-otolith size relationships. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 99:164-174. [PMID: 33624838 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about possible differences in sagitta otolith size and shape between sexes of the shi drum, Umbrina cirrosa, and relationships between their body and otolith size. Thus, this study aimed to fill this knowledge gap via examination of 414 sagittal otoliths from 108 male (total length 13.8-26.8 cm) and 99 female (13.5-26.7 cm) U. cirrosa caught between May 2017 and April 2018 in gillnets set at a depth of ~15 m in Mersin Bay, Eastern Mediterranean Sea. No statistical differences were observed between the shape indices of the left-sided and right-sided sagitta. However, there were significant differences in the size and shape of otoliths between males and females. The slopes of allometric power functions from otolith width × fish sizes gave significant differences between males and females (ANCOVA, P < 0.05). The relationship for length × weight of otoliths from both males and females showed isometric growth, whereas the relationship of otolith width × otolith weight showed positive allometry. Negative allometric growth was observed for the relationship otolith length × otolith width. In summary, this study revealed the presence of sexual dimorphism in the otolith shape of U. cirrosa, and the data on regression relationships of fish-otolith sizes can be used to estimate fish size from U. cirrosa otolith sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuri Başusta
- Faculty of Fisheries, Firat University, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Umar Khan
- Karadeniz Technical University, Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology, Trabzon, Turkey
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10
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Hudson CM, Lucek K, Marques DA, Alexander TJ, Moosmann M, Spaak P, Seehausen O, Matthews B. Threespine Stickleback in Lake Constance: The Ecology and Genomic Substrate of a Recent Invasion. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.611672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive species can be powerful models for studying contemporary evolution in natural environments. As invading organisms often encounter new habitats during colonization, they will experience novel selection pressures. Threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus complex) have recently colonized large parts of Switzerland and are invasive in Lake Constance. Introduced to several watersheds roughly 150 years ago, they spread across the Swiss Plateau (400–800 m a.s.l.), bringing three divergent hitherto allopatric lineages into secondary contact. As stickleback have colonized a variety of different habitat types during this recent range expansion, the Swiss system is a useful model for studying contemporary evolution with and without secondary contact. For example, in the Lake Constance region there has been rapid phenotypic and genetic divergence between a lake population and some stream populations. There is considerable phenotypic variation within the lake population, with individuals foraging in and occupying littoral, offshore pelagic, and profundal waters, the latter of which is a very unusual habitat for stickleback. Furthermore, adults from the lake population can reach up to three times the size of adults from the surrounding stream populations, and are large by comparison to populations globally. Here, we review the historical origins of the threespine stickleback in Switzerland, and the ecomorphological variation and genomic basis of its invasion in Lake Constance. We also outline the potential ecological impacts of this invasion, and highlight the interest for contemporary evolution studies.
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11
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Nguyen DHM, Panthum T, Ponjarat J, Laopichienpong N, Kraichak E, Singchat W, Ahmad SF, Muangmai N, Peyachoknagul S, Na-Nakorn U, Srikulnath K. An Investigation of ZZ/ZW and XX/XY Sex Determination Systems in North African Catfish ( Clarias gariepinus, ). Front Genet 2021; 11:562856. [PMID: 33584785 PMCID: PMC7874028 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.562856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An investigation of sex-specific loci may provide important insights into fish sex determination strategies. This may be useful for biotechnological purposes, for example, to produce all-male or all-female fish for commercial breeding. The North African catfish species, Clarias gariepinus, has been widely adopted for aquaculture because its superior growth and disease resistance render the species suitable for hybridization with other catfish to improve the productivity and quality of fish meat. This species has either a ZZ/ZW or XX/XY sex determination system. Here, we investigate and characterize these systems using high-throughput genome complexity reduction sequencing as Diversity Arrays Technology. This approach was effective in identifying moderately sex-linked loci with both single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and restriction fragment presence/absence (PA) markers in 30 perfectly sexed individuals of C. gariepinus. However, SNPs based markers were not found in this study. In total, 41 loci met the criteria for being moderately male-linked (with male vs. female ratios 80:20 and 70:30), while 25 loci were found to be moderately linked to female sex. No strictly male- or female-linked loci were detected. Seven moderately male-linked loci were partially homologous to some classes of transposable elements and three moderately male-linked loci were partially homologous to functional genes. Our data showed that the male heterogametic XX/XY sex determination system should co-exist with the ZZ/ZW system in C. gariepinus. Our finding of the co-existence of XX/XY and ZZ/ZW systems can be applied to benefit commercial breeding of this species in Thailand. This approach using moderately sex-linked loci provides a solid baseline for revealing sex determination mechanisms and identify potential sex determination regions in catfish, allowing further investigation of genetic improvements in breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dung Ho My Nguyen
- Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Comparative Genomics (ACCG), Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics (SRUWG), Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thitipong Panthum
- Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Comparative Genomics (ACCG), Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics (SRUWG), Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jatupong Ponjarat
- Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Comparative Genomics (ACCG), Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nararat Laopichienpong
- Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Comparative Genomics (ACCG), Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics (SRUWG), Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Worapong Singchat
- Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Comparative Genomics (ACCG), Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics (SRUWG), Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Syed Farhan Ahmad
- Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Comparative Genomics (ACCG), Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics (SRUWG), Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narongrit Muangmai
- Department of Fishery Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Surin Peyachoknagul
- Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Comparative Genomics (ACCG), Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Uthairat Na-Nakorn
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kornsorn Srikulnath
- Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Comparative Genomics (ACCG), Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics (SRUWG), Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center for Advanced Studies in Tropical Natural Resources, National Research University-Kasetsart University, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Excellence on Agricultural Biotechnology (AG-BIO/PERDO-CHE), Bangkok, Thailand.,Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok, Thailand.,Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
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Ahnelt H, Ramler D, Madsen MØ, Jensen LF, Windhager S. Diversity and sexual dimorphism in the head lateral line system in North Sea populations of threespine sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus (Teleostei: Gasterosteidae). ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-020-00513-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe mechanosensory lateral line of fishes is a flow sensing system and supports a number of behaviors, e.g. prey detection, schooling or position holding in water currents. Differences in the neuromast pattern of this sensory system reflect adaptation to divergent ecological constraints. The threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, is known for its ecological plasticity resulting in three major ecotypes, a marine type, a migrating anadromous type and a resident freshwater type. We provide the first comparative study of the pattern of the head lateral line system of North Sea populations representing these three ecotypes including a brackish spawning population. We found no distinct difference in the pattern of the head lateral line system between the three ecotypes but significant differences in neuromast numbers. The anadromous and the brackish populations had distinctly less neuromasts than their freshwater and marine conspecifics. This difference in neuromast number between marine and anadromous threespine stickleback points to differences in swimming behavior. We also found sexual dimorphism in neuromast number with males having more neuromasts than females in the anadromous, brackish and the freshwater populations. But no such dimorphism occurred in the marine population. Our results suggest that the head lateral line of the three ecotypes is under divergent hydrodynamic constraints. Additionally, sexual dimorphism points to divergent niche partitioning of males and females in the anadromous and freshwater but not in the marine populations. Our findings imply careful sampling as an important prerequisite to discern especially between anadromous and marine threespine sticklebacks.
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13
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Taugbøl A, Quinn TP, Østbye K, Asbjørn Vøllestad L. Allometric relationships in morphological traits associated with foraging, swimming ability, and predator defense reveal adaptations toward brackish and freshwater environments in the threespine stickleback. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:13412-13426. [PMID: 33304548 PMCID: PMC7713926 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Freshwater colonization by threespine stickleback has led to divergence in morphology between ancestral marine and derived freshwater populations, making them ideal for studying natural selection on phenotypes. In an open brackish-freshwater system, we previously discovered two genetically distinct stickleback populations that also differ in geometric shape: one mainly found in the brackish water lagoon and one throughout the freshwater system. As shape and size are not perfectly correlated, the aim of this study was to identify the morphological trait(s) that separated the populations in geometric shape. We measured 23 phenotypes likely to be important for foraging, swimming capacity, and defense against predation. The lateral plate morphs in freshwater displayed few significant changes in trait sizes, but the low plated expressed feeding traits more associated with benthic habitats. When comparing the completely plated genetically assigned populations, the freshwater, the hybrids, the migrants and the lagoon fish, many of the linear traits had different slopes and intercepts in trait-size regressions, precluding our ability to directly compare all traits simultaneously, which most likely results from low variation in body length for the lagoon and migrant population. We found the lagoon stickleback population to be more specialized toward the littoral zone, displaying benthic traits such as large, deep bodies with smaller eyes compared to the freshwater completely plated morph. Further, the lagoon and migrant fish had an overall higher body coverage of lateral plates compared to freshwater fish, and the dorsal and pelvic spines were longer. Evolutionary constraints due to allometric scaling relationships could explain the observed, overall restricted, differences in morphology between the sticklebacks in this study, as most traits have diversified in common allometric trajectories. The observed differences in foraging and antipredation traits between the fish with a lagoon and freshwater genetic signature are likely a result of genetic or plastic adaptations toward brackish and freshwater environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Taugbøl
- Department of BioscienceCentre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES)University of OsloBlindernNorway
- Human Dimension DepartmentNorwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA)LillehammerNorway
| | - Thomas P. Quinn
- School of Aquatic and Fishery SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - Kjartan Østbye
- Department of BioscienceCentre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES)University of OsloBlindernNorway
- Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and BiotechnologyDepartment of Forestry and Wildlife ManagementInland Norway University of Applied SciencesKoppangNorway
| | - Leif Asbjørn Vøllestad
- Department of BioscienceCentre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES)University of OsloBlindernNorway
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14
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Kitano J, Kakioka R, Ishikawa A, Toyoda A, Kusakabe M. Differences in the contributions of sex linkage and androgen regulation to sex-biased gene expression in juvenile and adult sticklebacks. J Evol Biol 2020; 33:1129-1138. [PMID: 32533720 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Different evolutionary interests between males and females can lead to the evolution of sexual dimorphism. However, intersex genetic correlations due to the shared genome can constrain the evolution of sexual dimorphism, resulting in intra-locus sexual conflict. One of the mechanisms resolving this conflict is sex linkage, which allows males and females to carry different alleles on sex chromosomes. Another is a regulatory mutation causing sex-biased gene expression, which is often mediated by gonadal steroids in vertebrates. How do these two mechanisms differ in the contributions to the resolution of intra-locus sexual conflict? The magnitude of sexual conflict often varies between the juvenile and adult stages. Because gonadal steroids change in titre during development, we hypothesized that gonadal steroids play a role in sexual dimorphism expression only at certain developmental stages, whereas sex linkage is more important for sexual dimorphism expressed throughout life. Our brain transcriptome analysis of juvenile and adult threespine sticklebacks showed that the majority of genes that were sex-biased in both stages were sex-linked. The relative contribution of androgen-dependent regulation to the sex-biased transcriptome increased and that of sex linkage declined in adults compared to juveniles. The magnitude of the sex differences was greater in sex-linked genes than androgen-responsive genes, suggesting that sex linkage is more effective than androgen regulation in the production of large sex differences in gene expression. Overall, our data are consistent with the hypothesis that sex linkage is effective in resolving sexual conflict throughout life, whereas androgen-dependent regulation can contribute to temporary resolution of sexual conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kitano
- Ecological Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ryo Kakioka
- Ecological Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Asano Ishikawa
- Ecological Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Comparative Genomics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Makoto Kusakabe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Surugaku, Shizuoka, Japan
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15
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Maciejewski MF, Jiang C, Stuart YE, Bolnick DI. Microhabitat contributes to microgeographic divergence in threespine stickleback. Evolution 2020; 74:749-763. [PMID: 32058582 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Since the New Synthesis, most migration-selection balance theory has predicted that there should be negligible differentiation over small spatial scales (relative to dispersal), because gene flow should erode any effect of divergent selection. Nevertheless, there are classic examples of microgeographic divergence, which theory suggests can arise under specific conditions: exceptionally strong selection, phenotypic plasticity in philopatric individuals, or nonrandom dispersal. Here, we present evidence of microgeographic morphological variation within lake and stream populations of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). It seems reasonable to assume that a given lake or stream population of fish is well-mixed. However, we found this assumption to be untenable. We examined trap-to-trap variation in 34 morphological traits measured on stickleback from 16 lakes and 16 streams. Most traits varied appreciably among traps within populations. Both between-trap distance and microhabitat characteristics such as depth and substrate explained some of the within-population morphological variance. Microhabitat was also associated with genotype at particular loci but there was no genetic isolation by distance, implying that heritable habitat preferences may contribute to microgeographic variation. Our study adds to growing evidence that microgeographic divergence can occur across small spatial scales within individuals' daily dispersal neighborhood where gene flow is expected to be strong.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan F Maciejewski
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269
| | - Cynthia Jiang
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78705.,Long School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, 78229
| | - Yoel E Stuart
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78705.,Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60660
| | - Daniel I Bolnick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269.,Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78705
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16
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Ishikawa A, Kitano J. Diversity in reproductive seasonality in the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 223:223/Suppl_1/jeb208975. [PMID: 32034046 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.208975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The annual timing of reproduction is a key life history trait with a large effect on fitness. Populations often vary in the timing and duration of reproduction to adapt to different seasonality of ecological and environmental variables between habitats. However, little is known about the molecular genetic mechanisms underlying interpopulation variation in reproductive seasonality. Here, we demonstrate that the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) is a good model for molecular genetic analysis of variations in reproductive seasonality. We first compiled data on reproductive seasons of diverse ecotypes, covering marine-anadromous, lake and stream ecotypes, of three-spined stickleback inhabiting a wide range of latitudes. Our analysis showed that both ecotype and latitude significantly contribute to variation in reproductive seasons. Stream ecotypes tend to start breeding earlier and end later than other ecotypes. Populations from lower latitudes tend to start breeding earlier than those from higher latitudes in all three ecotypes. Additionally, stream ecotypes tend to have extended breeding seasons at lower latitudes than at higher latitudes, leading to nearly year-round reproduction in the most southern stream populations. A review of recent progress in our understanding of the physiological mechanisms underlying seasonal reproduction in the three-spined stickleback indicates that photoperiod is an important external cue that stimulates and/or suppresses reproduction in this species. Taking advantage of genomic tools available for this species, the three-spined stickleback will be a good model to investigate what kinds of genes and mutations underlie variations in the physiological signalling pathways that regulate reproduction in response to photoperiod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asano Ishikawa
- Ecological Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan .,Department of Genetics, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Jun Kitano
- Ecological Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan.,Department of Genetics, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
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17
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Parvis ES, Coleman RM. Sexual Dimorphism and Size-Related Changes in Body Shape in Tule Perch (Family: Embiotocidae), a Native California Live-Bearing Fish. COPEIA 2020. [DOI: 10.1643/cg-19-229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Sarah Parvis
- California State University Sacramento, Department of Biological Sciences, 6000 J Street, Sacramento, California 95819-6077; (ESP) ; and (RMC) . Send reprint requests to ESP
| | - Ronald M. Coleman
- California State University Sacramento, Department of Biological Sciences, 6000 J Street, Sacramento, California 95819-6077; (ESP) ; and (RMC) . Send reprint requests to ESP
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18
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Ishikawa A, Kabeya N, Ikeya K, Kakioka R, Cech JN, Osada N, Leal MC, Inoue J, Kume M, Toyoda A, Tezuka A, Nagano AJ, Yamasaki YY, Suzuki Y, Kokita T, Takahashi H, Lucek K, Marques D, Takehana Y, Naruse K, Mori S, Monroig O, Ladd N, Schubert CJ, Matthews B, Peichel CL, Seehausen O, Yoshizaki G, Kitano J. A key metabolic gene for recurrent freshwater colonization and radiation in fishes. Science 2019; 364:886-889. [PMID: 31147520 DOI: 10.1126/science.aau5656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Colonization of new ecological niches has triggered large adaptive radiations. Although some lineages have made use of such opportunities, not all do so. The factors causing this variation among lineages are largely unknown. Here, we show that deficiency in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an essential ω-3 fatty acid, can constrain freshwater colonization by marine fishes. Our genomic analyses revealed multiple independent duplications of the fatty acid desaturase gene Fads2 in stickleback lineages that subsequently colonized and radiated in freshwater habitats, but not in close relatives that failed to colonize. Transgenic manipulation of Fads2 in marine stickleback increased their ability to synthesize DHA and survive on DHA-deficient diets. Multiple freshwater ray-finned fishes also show a convergent increase in Fads2 copies, indicating its key role in freshwater colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asano Ishikawa
- Ecological Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan.,Department of Genetics, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Naoki Kabeya
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Aquatic Bioscience, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koki Ikeya
- Gifu World Freshwater Aquarium, Gifu, Japan
| | - Ryo Kakioka
- Ecological Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Jennifer N Cech
- Divisions of Human Biology and Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Naoki Osada
- Graduate School of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Miguel C Leal
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Jun Inoue
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Manabu Kume
- Ecological Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Comparative Genomics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ayumi Tezuka
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | | | - Yo Y Yamasaki
- Ecological Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yuto Suzuki
- Department of Marine Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, Obama, Fukui, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kokita
- Department of Marine Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, Obama, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takahashi
- Department of Applied Aquabiology, National Fisheries University, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Kay Lucek
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland.,Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - David Marques
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland.,Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yusuke Takehana
- Laboratory of Bioresources, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Naruse
- Laboratory of Bioresources, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Seiichi Mori
- Biological Laboratory, Gifu Kyoritsu University, Ogaki, Gifu, Japan
| | - Oscar Monroig
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Nemiah Ladd
- Department of Surface Waters-Research and Management, Eawag Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland.,Department of Earth Sciences, ETH-Zurich, Zurich Switzerland
| | - Carsten J Schubert
- Department of Surface Waters-Research and Management, Eawag Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Blake Matthews
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland.,Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Catherine L Peichel
- Divisions of Human Biology and Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ole Seehausen
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland.,Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Goro Yoshizaki
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Kitano
- Ecological Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan. .,Department of Genetics, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Shizuoka, Japan
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19
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Bissegger M, Laurentino TG, Roesti M, Berner D. Widespread intersex differentiation across the stickleback genome – The signature of sexually antagonistic selection? Mol Ecol 2019; 29:262-271. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Bissegger
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology University of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Telma G. Laurentino
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology University of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Marius Roesti
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Daniel Berner
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology University of Basel Basel Switzerland
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20
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De Lisle SP. Understanding the evolution of ecological sex differences: Integrating character displacement and the Darwin-Bateman paradigm. Evol Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/evl3.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P. De Lisle
- Evolutionary Ecology Unit, Department of Biology; Lund University; Lund 22362 Sweden
- Current address: Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut; Storrs Connecticut 06269
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21
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Geladi I, De León LF, Torchin ME, Hendry AP, González R, Sharpe DM. 100-year time series reveal little morphological change following impoundment and predator invasion in two Neotropical characids. Evol Appl 2019; 12:1385-1401. [PMID: 31417622 PMCID: PMC6691216 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human activities are dramatically altering ecosystems worldwide, often resulting in shifts in selection regimes. In response, natural populations sometimes undergo rapid phenotypic changes, which, if adaptive, can increase their probability of persistence. However, in many instances, populations fail to undergo any phenotypic change, which might indicate a variety of possibilities, including maladaptation. In freshwater ecosystems, the impoundment of rivers and the introduction of exotic species are among the leading threats to native fishes. We examined how the construction of the Panama Canal, which formed Lake Gatun, and the subsequent invasion of the predatory Cichla monoculus influenced the morphology of two native fishes: Astyanax ruberrimus and Roeboides spp. Using a 100-year time series, we studied variation in overall body shape over time (before vs. after impoundment and invasion) as well as across space (between an invaded and an uninvaded reservoir). In addition, we examined variation in linear morphological traits associated with swim performance and predator detection/avoidance. Notwithstanding a few significant changes in particular traits in particular comparisons, we found only limited evidence for morphological change associated with these two stressors. Most observed changes were subtle, and tended to be site- and species-specific. The lack of a strong morphological response to these stressors, coupled with dramatic population declines in both species, suggests they may be maladapted to the anthropogenically perturbed environment of Lake Gatun, but direct measures of fitness would be needed to test this. In general, our results suggest that morphological responses to anthropogenic disturbances can be very limited and, when they do occur, are often complex and context-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilke Geladi
- Redpath Museum and Department of BiologyMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Luis Fernando De León
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Massachusetts BostonBostonMassachusetts
- Centro de Biodiversidad y Descubrimiento de DrogasInstituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT‐AIP)PanamaRepublic of Panama
| | - Mark E. Torchin
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteBalboa, Ancon, PanamaRepublic of Panama
| | - Andrew P. Hendry
- Redpath Museum and Department of BiologyMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Rigoberto González
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteBalboa, Ancon, PanamaRepublic of Panama
| | - Diana M.T. Sharpe
- Redpath Museum and Department of BiologyMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteBalboa, Ancon, PanamaRepublic of Panama
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22
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Giery ST, Layman CA. Ecological Consequences Of Sexually Selected Traits: An Eco-Evolutionary Perspective. QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1086/702341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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23
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Rico-Guevara A, Hurme KJ. Intrasexually selected weapons. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:60-101. [PMID: 29924496 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We propose a practical concept that distinguishes the particular kind of weaponry that has evolved to be used in combat between individuals of the same species and sex, which we term intrasexually selected weapons (ISWs). We present a treatise of ISWs in nature, aiming to understand their distinction and evolution from other secondary sex traits, including from 'sexually selected weapons', and from sexually dimorphic and monomorphic weaponry. We focus on the subset of secondary sex traits that are the result of same-sex combat, defined here as ISWs, provide not previously reported evolutionary patterns, and offer hypotheses to answer questions such as: why have only some species evolved weapons to fight for the opposite sex or breeding resources? We examined traits that seem to have evolved as ISWs in the entire animal phylogeny, restricting the classification of ISW to traits that are only present or enlarged in adults of one of the sexes, and are used as weapons during intrasexual fights. Because of the absence of behavioural data and, in many cases, lack of sexually discriminated series from juveniles to adults, we exclude the fossil record from this review. We merge morphological, ontogenetic, and behavioural information, and for the first time thoroughly review the tree of life to identify separate evolution of ISWs. We found that ISWs are only found in bilateral animals, appearing independently in nematodes, various groups of arthropods, and vertebrates. Our review sets a reference point to explore other taxa that we identify with potential ISWs for which behavioural or morphological studies are warranted. We establish that most ISWs come in pairs, are located in or near the head, are endo- or exoskeletal modifications, are overdeveloped structures compared with those found in females, are modified feeding structures and/or locomotor appendages, are most common in terrestrial taxa, are frequently used to guard females, territories, or both, and are also used in signalling displays to deter rivals and/or attract females. We also found that most taxa lack ISWs, that females of only a few species possess better-developed weapons than males, that the cases of independent evolution of ISWs are not evenly distributed across the phylogeny, and that animals possessing the most developed ISWs have non-hunting habits (e.g. herbivores) or are faunivores that prey on very small prey relative to their body size (e.g. insectivores). Bringing together perspectives from studies on a variety of taxa, we conceptualize that there are five ways in which a sexually dimorphic trait, apart from the primary sex traits, can be fixed: sexual selection, fecundity selection, parental role division, differential niche occupation between the sexes, and interference competition. We discuss these trends and the factors involved in the evolution of intrasexually selected weaponry in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Rico-Guevara
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 3040 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA, 94720, U.S.A.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, 75 N. Eagleville Rd, Unit 3043, Storrs, CT, 06269, U.S.A.,Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Código Postal 11001, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Kristiina J Hurme
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 3040 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA, 94720, U.S.A.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, 75 N. Eagleville Rd, Unit 3043, Storrs, CT, 06269, U.S.A
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24
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Jamniczky HA, Le A, Barry TN, Rogers SM. Freshwater influence is associated with differences in bone mineral density and armour configuration in threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Facets (Ott) 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2017-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Threespine stickleback ( Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus, 1758) exhibit a well-documented reduction in plate number associated with adaptation to freshwater environments. We tested the hypothesis that changes in plate number are accompanied by changes in plate bone mineral density and plate shape, reflecting the presence of a complex plate “armour” phenotype and a complex adaptive response to different selective pressures in changing habitats. We used traditional and novel morphometric techniques to characterize armour traits from stickleback occupying three marine habitats and one tidally influenced freshwater stream in southwestern British Columbia. Stickleback inhabiting marine environments share a conserved plate phenotype that includes a full complement of highly mineralized plates that exhibit a characteristic density profile along the plate. Stickleback inhabiting tidally influenced fresh water display an average reduction in plate number along with increased variation in number and reduced total mineralization despite maintenance of a marine-like density profile. Further, we found that although mineralization and armour shape are correlated with size, after accounting for size variation in both traits remains attributable to habitat. Our results hint at an important role for development in structuring phenotypic variation during the process of adaptive change in stickleback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A. Jamniczky
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Amie Le
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Tegan N. Barry
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Sean M. Rogers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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25
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BENZER S. NEW RECORD OF THE KIZILIRMAK KILLIFISH (Aphanius marassantensis Pfleiderer, Geiger & Herder, 2014) FROM SÜREYYABEY DAM LAKE IN YEŞİLIRMAK BASIN. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.22531/muglajsci.396426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Mokodongan DF, Montenegro J, Mochida K, Fujimoto S, Ishikawa A, Kakioka R, Yong L, Mulis, Hadiaty RK, Mandagi IF, Masengi KW, Wachi N, Hashiguchi Y, Kitano J, Yamahira K. Phylogenomics reveals habitat-associated body shape divergence in Oryzias woworae species group (Teleostei: Adrianichthyidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 118:194-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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27
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Moatt JP, Hambly C, Heap E, Kramer A, Moon F, Speakman JR, Walling CA. Body macronutrient composition is predicted by lipid and not protein content of the diet. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:10056-10065. [PMID: 29238536 PMCID: PMC5723615 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet is an important determinant of fitness-related traits including growth, reproduction, and survival. Recent work has suggested that variation in protein:lipid ratio and particularly the amount of protein in the diet is a key nutritional parameter. However, the traits that mediate the link between dietary macronutrient ratio and fitness-related traits are less well understood. An obvious candidate is body composition, given its well-known link to health. Here, we investigate the relationship between dietary and body macronutrient composition using a first-generation laboratory population of a freshwater fish, the three-spine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Carbohydrate is relatively unimportant in the diet of predatory fish, facilitating the exploration of how dietary protein-to-lipid ratio affects their relative deposition in the body. We find a significant effect of lipid intake, rather than protein, on body protein:lipid ratio. Importantly, this was not a result of absorbing macronutrients in relation to their relative abundance in the diet, as the carcass protein:lipid ratios differed from those of the diets, with ratios usually lower in the body than in the diet. This indicates that individuals can moderate their utilization, or uptake, of ingested macronutrients to reach a target balance within the body. We found no effect of diet on swimming endurance, activity, or testes size. However, there was an effect of weight on testes size, with larger males having larger testes. Our results provide evidence for the adjustment of body protein:lipid ratio away from that of the diet. As dietary lipid intake was the key determinant of body composition, we suggest this occurs via metabolism of excess protein, which conflicts with the predictions of the protein leverage hypothesis. These results could imply that the conversion and excretion of protein is one of the causes of the survival costs associated with high-protein diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P. Moatt
- School of Biological SciencesInstitute of Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Catherine Hambly
- Institute of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Elizabeth Heap
- Edinburgh GenomicsRoslin InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Anna Kramer
- School of Biological SciencesInstitute of Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Fiona Moon
- School of Biological SciencesInstitute of Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - John R. Speakman
- Institute of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou ShiChina
| | - Craig A. Walling
- School of Biological SciencesInstitute of Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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28
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Velando A, Costa MM, Kim SY. Sex-specific phenotypes and metabolism-related gene expression in juvenile sticklebacks. Behav Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arx129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Velando
- Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal, Campus As Lagoas, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - María M Costa
- Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal, Campus As Lagoas, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Sin-Yeon Kim
- Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal, Campus As Lagoas, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
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29
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Miller SE, Barrueto M, Schluter D. A comparative analysis of experimental selection on the stickleback pelvis. J Evol Biol 2017; 30:1165-1176. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. E. Miller
- Department of Zoology; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior; Cornell University; Ithaca NY USA
| | - M. Barrueto
- Department of Zoology; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - D. Schluter
- Department of Zoology; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
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30
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De Meyer J, Maes GE, Dirks RP, Adriaens D. Differential gene expression in narrow- and broad-headed European glass eels (Anguilla anguilla) points to a transcriptomic link of head shape dimorphism with growth rate and chemotaxis. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:3943-3953. [PMID: 28437580 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
One of the major challenges in evolutionary biology is to understand the mechanisms underlying morphological dimorphism and plasticity, including the genomic basis of traits and links to ecology. At the yellow eel stage of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla), two morphotypes are found: broad- and narrow-heads. This dimorphism has been linked to dietary differences, with broad-heads feeding on harder, larger prey than narrow-heads. However, recent research showed that both morphotypes could be distinguished at the glass eel stage, the nonfeeding predecessor of the yellow eel stage, implying that nondietary factors play a role in the development of this head shape dimorphism. Here, we used transcriptome profiling (RNAseq) to identify differentially expressed genes between broad- and narrow-headed glass eels. We found 260 significantly differentially expressed genes between the morphotypes, of which most were related to defence and immune responses. Interestingly, two genes involved in growth (soma and igf2) were significantly upregulated in narrow-heads, while nine genes involved in chemotaxis showed significant differential expression. Thus, we found support for the observation that head shape is associated with somatic growth, with fast-growing eels developing a narrower head. Additionally, observations in the wild have shown that slow-growers prefer freshwater, while fast-growers prefer brackish water. The differential expression of genes involved in chemotaxis seems to indicate that glass eel growth rate and habitat choice are linked. We hypothesize that two levels of segregation could take place in the European eel: first according to habitat choice and second according to feeding preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- J De Meyer
- Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates, University Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - G E Maes
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, Comparative Genomics Centre, College of Sciences and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia.,Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Human Genetics, Genomics Core, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - R P Dirks
- ZF-screens B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - D Adriaens
- Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates, University Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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31
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Lazzarotto H, Barros T, Louvise J, Caramaschi ÉP. Morphological variation among populations of Hemigrammus coeruleus (Characiformes: Characidae) in a Negro River tributary, Brazilian Amazon. NEOTROPICAL ICHTHYOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20160152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT We explored patterns of phenotypic variation in Hemigrammus coeruleus from the Unini River basin, a blackwater river in the Brazilian Amazon. Geometric morphometrics was used to evaluate variation in body shape among populations from four tributaries (UN2-UN5). We found no evidence for sexual dimorphism in body size and shape. However, morphological differences among populations were detected as the analyses recovered significant groups corresponding to each sub-basin, with some overlap among them. The populations from UN2, UN3 and UN5 had more elongate bodies than fish from UN4. The most morphologically divergent population belonged to UN4, the tributary with the most divergent environmental conditions and the only one with seasonally-muddy waters. The morphological variation found among these populations is likely due to phenotypic plasticity or local adaptation, arising as a product of divergent ecological selection pressures among sub-basins. This work constitutes one of the first to employ a population-level geometric morphometric approach to assess phenotypic variation in Amazonian fishes. This method was able to distinguish subtle differences in body morphology, and its use with additional species can bring novel perspectives on the evaluation of general patterns of phenotypic differentiation in the Amazon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José Louvise
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Faculdade de Tecnologia Intensiva, Brazil
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32
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Lackey ACR, Boughman JW. Evolution of reproductive isolation in stickleback fish. Evolution 2016; 71:357-372. [PMID: 27901265 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To understand how new species form and what causes their collapse, we examined how reproductive isolation evolves during the speciation process, considering species pairs with little to extensive divergence, including a recently collapsed pair. We estimated many reproductive barriers in each of five sets of stickleback fish species pairs using our own data and decades of previous work. We found that the types of barriers important early in the speciation process differ from those important late. Two premating barriers-habitat and sexual isolation-evolve early in divergence and remain two of the strongest barriers throughout speciation. Premating isolation evolves before postmating isolation, and extrinsic isolation is far stronger than intrinsic. Completing speciation, however, may require postmating intrinsic incompatibilities. Reverse speciation in one species pair was characterized by significant loss of sexual isolation. We present estimates of barrier strengths before and after collapse of a species pair; such detail regarding the loss of isolation has never before been documented. Additionally, despite significant asymmetries in individual barriers, which can limit speciation, total isolation was essentially symmetric between species. Our study provides important insight into the order of barrier evolution and the relative importance of isolating barriers during speciation and tests fundamental predictions of ecological speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alycia C R Lackey
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.,Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.,BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.,Department of Biological Sciences, Watershed Studies Institute, Murray State University, 2112 Biology Building, Murray, State University, Murray, Kentucky, 42071
| | - Janette W Boughman
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.,Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.,BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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33
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Toli EA, Calboli FCF, Shikano T, Merilä J. A universal and reliable assay for molecular sex identification of three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Mol Ecol Resour 2016; 16:1389-1400. [PMID: 27238091 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In heterogametic species, biological differences between the two sexes are ubiquitous, and hence, errors in sex identification can be a significant source of noise and bias in studies where sex-related sources of variation are of interest or need to be controlled for. We developed and validated a universal multimarker assay for reliable sex identification of three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). The assay makes use of genotype scores from three sex-linked loci and utilizes Bayesian probabilistic inference to identify sex of the genotyped individuals. The results, validated with 286 phenotypically sexed individuals from six populations of sticklebacks representing all major genetic lineages (cf. Pacific, Atlantic and Japan Sea), indicate that in contrast to commonly used single-marker-based sex identification assays, the developed multimarker assay should be 100% accurate. As the markers in the assay can be scored from agarose gels, it provides a quick and cost-efficient tool for universal sex identification of three-spined sticklebacks. The general principle of combining information from multiple markers to improve the reliability of sex identification is transferable and can be utilized to develop and validate similar assays for other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- E-A Toli
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland.,Molecular Ecology & Conservation Genetics Lab, Department of Biological Applications & Technology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, GR-45110, Greece
| | - F C F Calboli
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - T Shikano
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - J Merilä
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland.
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34
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Takács P, Vitál Z, Ferincz Á, Staszny Á. Repeatability, Reproducibility, Separative Power and Subjectivity of Different Fish Morphometric Analysis Methods. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157890. [PMID: 27327896 PMCID: PMC4915670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the repeatability, reproducibility (intra- and inter-measurer similarity), separative power and subjectivity (measurer effect on results) of four morphometric methods frequently used in ichthyological research, the "traditional" caliper-based (TRA) and truss-network (TRU) distance methods and two geometric methods that compare landmark coordinates on the body (GMB) and scales (GMS). In each case, measurements were performed three times by three measurers on the same specimen of three common cyprinid species (roach Rutilus rutilus (Linnaeus, 1758), bleak Alburnus alburnus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Prussian carp Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782)) collected from three closely-situated sites in the Lake Balaton catchment (Hungary) in 2014. TRA measurements were made on conserved specimens using a digital caliper, while TRU, GMB and GMS measurements were undertaken on digital images of the bodies and scales. In most cases, intra-measurer repeatability was similar. While all four methods were able to differentiate the source populations, significant differences were observed in their repeatability, reproducibility and subjectivity. GMB displayed highest overall repeatability and reproducibility and was least burdened by measurer effect. While GMS showed similar repeatability to GMB when fish scales had a characteristic shape, it showed significantly lower reproducability (compared with its repeatability) for each species than the other methods. TRU showed similar repeatability as the GMS. TRA was the least applicable method as measurements were obtained from the fish itself, resulting in poor repeatability and reproducibility. Although all four methods showed some degree of subjectivity, TRA was the only method where population-level detachment was entirely overwritten by measurer effect. Based on these results, we recommend a) avoidance of aggregating different measurer's datasets when using TRA and GMS methods; and b) use of image-based methods for morphometric surveys. Automation of the morphometric workflow would also reduce any measurer effect and eliminate measurement and data-input errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Takács
- MTA, Centre for Ecological Research, Balaton Limnological Institute, Tihany, Hungary
- * E-mail:
| | - Zoltán Vitál
- MTA, Centre for Ecological Research, Balaton Limnological Institute, Tihany, Hungary
| | - Árpád Ferincz
- Szent István University, Department of Aquaculture, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Ádám Staszny
- Szent István University, Department of Aquaculture, Gödöllő, Hungary
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35
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Age and growth of marine three-spined stickleback in the White Sea 50 years after a population collapse. Polar Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-015-1743-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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36
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Mcnair A, Lokman PM, Closs GP, Nakagawa S. ECOLOGICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY APPLICATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SEX REVERSAL OF FISH. QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2015; 90:23-44. [PMID: 26434164 DOI: 10.1086/679762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Environmental sex reversal (ESR), which results in a mismatch between genotypic and phenotypic sex, is well documented in numerous fish species and may be induced by chemical exposure. Historically, research involving piscine ESR has been carried out with a view to improving profitability in aquaculture or to elucidate the processes governing sex determination and sexual differentiation. However, recent studies in evolution and ecology suggest research on ESR now has much wider applications and ramifications. We begin with an overview of ESR in fish and a brief review of the traditional applications thereof. We then discuss ESR and its potential demographic consequences in wild populations. Theory even suggests sex-reversed fish may be purposefully released to manipulate population dynamics. We suggest new research directions that may prove fruitful in understanding how ESR at the individual level translates to population-level processes. In the latter portion of the review we focus on evolutionary applications of ESR. Sex-reversal studies from the aquaculture literature provide insight in to the evolvability of determinants of sexual phenotype. Additionally, induced sex reversal can provide information about the evolution of sex chromosomes and sex-linked traits. Recently, naturally occurring ESR has been implicated as a mechanism contributing to the evolution of sex chromosomes.
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37
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Zanella LN, DeFaveri J, Zanella D, Merilä J, Šanda R, Mrakovčić M. Does predation drive morphological differentiation among Adriatic populations of the three-spined stickleback? Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linda N. Zanella
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; University of Zagreb; Rooseveltov trg 6 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Jacquelin DeFaveri
- Ecological Genetic Research Unit; Department of Biological Sciences; University of Helsinki; PO Box 65 FI-00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Davor Zanella
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; University of Zagreb; Rooseveltov trg 6 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Juha Merilä
- Ecological Genetic Research Unit; Department of Biological Sciences; University of Helsinki; PO Box 65 FI-00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Radek Šanda
- Department of Zoology; National Museum; Václavské nám. 68 11579 Praha 1 Czech Republic
| | - Milorad Mrakovčić
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; University of Zagreb; Rooseveltov trg 6 10000 Zagreb Croatia
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38
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Petersen AM, Dillon D, Bernhardt RR, Torunsky R, Postlethwait JH, von Hippel FA, Loren Buck C, Cresko WA. Perchlorate disrupts embryonic androgen synthesis and reproductive development in threespine stickleback without changing whole-body levels of thyroid hormone. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 210:130-44. [PMID: 25448260 PMCID: PMC4280913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Perchlorate, an environmental contaminant, disrupts normal functioning of the thyroid. We previously showed that perchlorate disrupts behavior and gonad development, and induces external morphological changes in a vertebrate model organism, the threespine stickleback. Whether perchlorate alters these phenotypes via a thyroid-mediated mechanism, and the extent to which the effects depend on dose, are unknown. To address these questions, we chronically exposed stickleback to control conditions and to three concentrations of perchlorate (10, 30 and 100ppm) at various developmental stages from fertilization to reproductive maturity. Adults chronically exposed to perchlorate had increased numbers of thyroid follicles and decreased numbers of thyrocytes. Surprisingly, T4 and T3 levels in larval, juvenile, and adult whole fish chronically exposed to perchlorate did not differ from controls, except at the lowest perchlorate dose, suggesting a non-monotonic dose response curve. We found no detectable abnormalities in external phenotype at any dose of perchlorate, indicating that the increased number of thyroid follicles compensated for the disruptive effects of these doses. In contrast to external morphology, gonadal development was altered substantially, with the highest dose of perchlorate causing the largest effects. Perchlorate increased the number both of early stage ovarian follicles in females and of advanced spermatogenic stages in males. Perchlorate also disrupted embryonic androgen levels. We conclude that chronic perchlorate exposure may not result in lasting adult gross morphological changes but can produce lasting modifications to gonads when compensation of T3 and T4 levels occurs by thyroid follicle hyperplasia. Perchlorate may therefore affect vertebrate development via both thyroidal and non-thyroidal mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Petersen
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Danielle Dillon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - Richard R Bernhardt
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - Roberta Torunsky
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - John H Postlethwait
- Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Frank A von Hippel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - C Loren Buck
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - William A Cresko
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.
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39
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Aguirre WE, Walker K, Gideon S. Tinkering with the axial skeleton: vertebral number variation in ecologically divergent threespine stickleback populations. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Windsor E. Aguirre
- Department of Biological Sciences; DePaul University; Chicago IL 60614-3207 USA
| | - Kendal Walker
- Department of Biological Sciences; DePaul University; Chicago IL 60614-3207 USA
| | - Shawn Gideon
- Department of Biological Sciences; DePaul University; Chicago IL 60614-3207 USA
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40
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Miller CT, Glazer AM, Summers BR, Blackman BK, Norman AR, Shapiro MD, Cole BL, Peichel CL, Schluter D, Kingsley DM. Modular skeletal evolution in sticklebacks is controlled by additive and clustered quantitative trait Loci. Genetics 2014; 197:405-20. [PMID: 24652999 PMCID: PMC4012497 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.114.162420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the genetic architecture of evolutionary change remains a long-standing goal in biology. In vertebrates, skeletal evolution has contributed greatly to adaptation in body form and function in response to changing ecological variables like diet and predation. Here we use genome-wide linkage mapping in threespine stickleback fish to investigate the genetic architecture of evolved changes in many armor and trophic traits. We identify >100 quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling the pattern of serially repeating skeletal elements, including gill rakers, teeth, branchial bones, jaws, median fin spines, and vertebrae. We use this large collection of QTL to address long-standing questions about the anatomical specificity, genetic dominance, and genomic clustering of loci controlling skeletal differences in evolving populations. We find that most QTL (76%) that influence serially repeating skeletal elements have anatomically regional effects. In addition, most QTL (71%) have at least partially additive effects, regardless of whether the QTL controls evolved loss or gain of skeletal elements. Finally, many QTL with high LOD scores cluster on chromosomes 4, 20, and 21. These results identify a modular system that can control highly specific aspects of skeletal form. Because of the general additivity and genomic clustering of major QTL, concerted changes in both protective armor and trophic traits may occur when sticklebacks inherit either marine or freshwater alleles at linked or possible "supergene" regions of the stickleback genome. Further study of these regions will help identify the molecular basis of both modular and coordinated changes in the vertebrate skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig T. Miller
- Molecular and Cell Biology Department, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
- Department of Developmental Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Andrew M. Glazer
- Molecular and Cell Biology Department, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Brian R. Summers
- Department of Developmental Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Benjamin K. Blackman
- Department of Developmental Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Andrew R. Norman
- Department of Developmental Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Michael D. Shapiro
- Department of Developmental Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Bonnie L. Cole
- Department of Developmental Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Catherine L. Peichel
- Department of Developmental Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Dolph Schluter
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - David M. Kingsley
- Department of Developmental Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
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41
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Berner D, Moser D, Roesti M, Buescher H, Salzburger W. GENETIC ARCHITECTURE OF SKELETAL EVOLUTION IN EUROPEAN LAKE AND STREAM STICKLEBACK. Evolution 2014; 68:1792-805. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Berner
- Zoological Institute; University of Basel; Vesalgasse 1, CH-4051 Basel Switzerland
| | - Dario Moser
- Zoological Institute; University of Basel; Vesalgasse 1, CH-4051 Basel Switzerland
| | - Marius Roesti
- Zoological Institute; University of Basel; Vesalgasse 1, CH-4051 Basel Switzerland
| | - Heinz Buescher
- Zoological Institute; University of Basel; Vesalgasse 1, CH-4051 Basel Switzerland
| | - Walter Salzburger
- Zoological Institute; University of Basel; Vesalgasse 1, CH-4051 Basel Switzerland
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42
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Yoshida K, Makino T, Yamaguchi K, Shigenobu S, Hasebe M, Kawata M, Kume M, Mori S, Peichel CL, Toyoda A, Fujiyama A, Kitano J. Sex chromosome turnover contributes to genomic divergence between incipient stickleback species. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004223. [PMID: 24625862 PMCID: PMC3953013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex chromosomes turn over rapidly in some taxonomic groups, where closely related species have different sex chromosomes. Although there are many examples of sex chromosome turnover, we know little about the functional roles of sex chromosome turnover in phenotypic diversification and genomic evolution. The sympatric pair of Japanese threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) provides an excellent system to address these questions: the Japan Sea species has a neo-sex chromosome system resulting from a fusion between an ancestral Y chromosome and an autosome, while the sympatric Pacific Ocean species has a simple XY sex chromosome system. Furthermore, previous quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping demonstrated that the Japan Sea neo-X chromosome contributes to phenotypic divergence and reproductive isolation between these sympatric species. To investigate the genomic basis for the accumulation of genes important for speciation on the neo-X chromosome, we conducted whole genome sequencing of males and females of both the Japan Sea and the Pacific Ocean species. No substantial degeneration has yet occurred on the neo-Y chromosome, but the nucleotide sequence of the neo-X and the neo-Y has started to diverge, particularly at regions near the fusion. The neo-sex chromosomes also harbor an excess of genes with sex-biased expression. Furthermore, genes on the neo-X chromosome showed higher non-synonymous substitution rates than autosomal genes in the Japan Sea lineage. Genomic regions of higher sequence divergence between species, genes with divergent expression between species, and QTL for inter-species phenotypic differences were found not only at the regions near the fusion site, but also at other regions along the neo-X chromosome. Neo-sex chromosomes can therefore accumulate substitutions causing species differences even in the absence of substantial neo-Y degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohta Yoshida
- Ecological Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Makino
- Division of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Katsushi Yamaguchi
- NIBB Core Research Facilities, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Shuji Shigenobu
- NIBB Core Research Facilities, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan
- School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Mitsuyasu Hasebe
- School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Japan
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Masakado Kawata
- Division of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Manabu Kume
- Biological Laboratories, Gifu-keizai-University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Seiichi Mori
- Biological Laboratories, Gifu-keizai-University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Catherine L. Peichel
- Divisions of Human Biology and Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Comparative Genomics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Asao Fujiyama
- Comparative Genomics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Jun Kitano
- Ecological Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
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Ramler D, Mitteroecker P, Shama LNS, Wegner KM, Ahnelt H. Nonlinear effects of temperature on body form and developmental canalization in the threespine stickleback. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:497-507. [PMID: 24443968 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Theoretical models predict that nonlinear environmental effects on the phenotype also affect developmental canalization, which in turn can influence the tempo and course of organismal evolution. Here, we used an oceanic population of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) to investigate temperature-induced phenotypic plasticity of body size and shape using a paternal half-sibling, split-clutch experimental design and rearing offspring under three different temperature regimes (13, 17 and 21 °C). Body size and shape of 466 stickleback individuals were assessed by a set of 53 landmarks and analysed using geometric morphometric methods. At approximately 100 days, individuals differed significantly in both size and shape across the temperature groups. However, the temperature-induced differences between 13 and 17 °C (mainly comprising relative head and eye size) deviated considerably from those between 17 and 21 °C (involving the relative size of the ectocoracoid, the operculum and the ventral process of the pelvic girdle). Body size was largest at 17 °C. For both size and shape, phenotypic variance was significantly smaller at 17 °C than at 13 and 21 °C, indicating that development is most stable at the intermediate temperature matching the conditions encountered in the wild. Higher additive genetic variance at 13 and 21 °C indicates that the plastic response to temperature had a heritable basis. Understanding nonlinear effects of temperature on development and the underlying genetics are important for modelling evolution and for predicting outcomes of global warming, which can lead not only to shifts in average morphology but also to destabilization of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ramler
- Department of Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - P Mitteroecker
- Department of Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - L N S Shama
- Alfred Wegener Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, List, Germany
| | - K M Wegner
- Alfred Wegener Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, List, Germany
| | - H Ahnelt
- Department of Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Taugbøl A, Junge C, Quinn TP, Herland A, Vøllestad LA. Genetic and morphometric divergence in threespine stickleback in the Chignik catchment, Alaska. Ecol Evol 2013; 4:144-56. [PMID: 24558570 PMCID: PMC3925378 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Divergent selection pressures induced by different environmental conditions typically lead to variation in life history, behavior, and morphology. When populations are locally adapted to their current environment, selection may limit movement into novel sites, leading to neutral and adaptive genetic divergence in allopatric populations. Subsequently, divergence can be reinforced by development of pre-or postzygotic barriers to gene flow. The threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, is a primarily marine fish that has invaded freshwater repeatedly in postglacial times. After invasion, the established freshwater populations typically show rapid diversification of several traits as they become reproductively isolated from their ancestral marine population. In this study, we examine the genetic and morphometric differentiation between sticklebacks living in an open system comprising a brackish water lagoon, two freshwater lakes, and connecting rivers. By applying a set of microsatellite markers, we disentangled the genetic relationship of the individuals across the diverse environments and identified two genetic populations: one associated with brackish and the other with the freshwater environments. The “brackish” sticklebacks were larger and had a different body shape than those in freshwater. However, we found evidence for upstream migration from the brackish lagoon into the freshwater environments, as fish that were genetically and morphometrically similar to the lagoon fish were found in all freshwater sampling sites. Regardless, few F1-hybrids were identified, and it therefore appears that some pre-and/or postzygotic barriers to gene flow rather than geographic distance are causing the divergence in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Taugbøl
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES)Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo P.O.Box 1066, Blindern, NO-0316, Norway
| | - Claudia Junge
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES)Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo P.O.Box 1066, Blindern, NO-0316, Norway
| | - Thomas P Quinn
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington Box 355020, Seattle, Washington, 98195-5020
| | - Anders Herland
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES)Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo P.O.Box 1066, Blindern, NO-0316, Norway
| | - Leif Asbjørn Vøllestad
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES)Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo P.O.Box 1066, Blindern, NO-0316, Norway
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Voje KL, Mazzarella AB, Hansen TF, Østbye K, Klepaker T, Bass A, Herland A, Baerum KM, Gregersen F, Vøllestad LA. Adaptation and constraint in a stickleback radiation. J Evol Biol 2013; 26:2396-414. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. L. Voje
- Department of Biology; Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis; University of Oslo; Blindern Norway
| | - A. B. Mazzarella
- Department of Biology; Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis; University of Oslo; Blindern Norway
| | - T. F. Hansen
- Department of Biology; Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis; University of Oslo; Blindern Norway
| | - K. Østbye
- Department of Biology; Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis; University of Oslo; Blindern Norway
- Faculty of Applied Ecology and Agricultural Sciences; Campus Evenstad; Hedmark University College; Koppang Norway
| | - T. Klepaker
- Department of Biology; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - A. Bass
- Department of Biology; Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis; University of Oslo; Blindern Norway
| | - A. Herland
- Department of Biology; Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis; University of Oslo; Blindern Norway
| | - K. M. Baerum
- Department of Biology; Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis; University of Oslo; Blindern Norway
- Faculty of Applied Ecology and Agricultural Sciences; Campus Evenstad; Hedmark University College; Koppang Norway
| | | | - L. A. Vøllestad
- Department of Biology; Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis; University of Oslo; Blindern Norway
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He Y, Li R, Wang J, Blanchet S, Lek S. Morphological variation among wild populations of Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus): deciphering the role of evolutionary processes. Zoolog Sci 2013; 30:475-83. [PMID: 23721472 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.30.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Gobiocypris rarus Ye et Fu ( 1983 ) is an endemic cyprinid fish in China, and is considered to be an endangered species. From a conservation perspective, its population structure is interesting. In the present study, morphological variation, including morphometric and meristic traits, was assessed among wild samples collected in the upper Yangtze River basin. There were no significant meristic differences between sexes or among populations, except for scales in lateral line (LS). However, there were significant morphometric differences not only between sexes but also among populations. In discriminant function analysis, the first four discriminant functions explained 75.5% and 78% of the among-population morphometric variation for males and females, respectively. Almost all the truss network morphometric traits significantly contributed to population discrimination. By using all of the truss network morphometric traits, overall random assignments of male and female individuals into their original population were both 73.5%. In addition, the degree of differentiation in phenotypic traits (PST) significantly exceeds that in neutral molecular markers (FST). However, no significant correlation between PST and FST was found in males or females. Overall, these results suggest that two evolutionary processes, including phenotypic plasticity and natural selection, may contribute to the morphological patterns observed in G. rarus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng He
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
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Cioffi MB, Liehr T, Trifonov V, Molina WF, Bertollo LAC. Independent sex chromosome evolution in lower vertebrates: a molecular cytogenetic overview in the Erythrinidae fish family. Cytogenet Genome Res 2013; 141:186-94. [PMID: 23919986 DOI: 10.1159/000354039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Erythrinidae fish family is an excellent model for analyzing the evolution of sex chromosomes. Different stages of sex chromosome differentiation from homomorphic to highly differentiated ones can be found among the species of this family. Here, whole chromosome painting, together with the cytogenetic mapping of repetitive DNAs, highlighted the evolutionary relationships of the sex chromosomes among different erythrinid species and genera. It was demonstrated that the sex chromosomes can follow distinct evolutionary pathways inside this family. Reciprocal hybridizations with whole sex chromosome probes revealed that different autosomal pairs have evolved as the sex pair, even among closely related species. In addition, distinct origins and different patterns of differentiation were found for the same type of sex chromosome system. These features expose the high plasticity of the sex chromosome evolution in lower vertebrates, in contrast to that occurring in higher ones. A possible role of this sex chromosome turnover in the speciation processes is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Cioffi
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
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de Kermoysan G, Péry AR, Porcher JM, Beaudouin R. A non-invasive method based on head morphology to sex mature three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) in rearing conditions. Math Biosci 2013; 244:148-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Santos R, Palos-Ladeiro M, Besnard A, Reggio J, Vulliet E, Porcher JM, Bony S, Sanchez W, Devaux A. Parental exposure to methyl methane sulfonate of three-spined stickleback: contribution of DNA damage in male and female germ cells to further development impairment in progeny. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2013; 22:815-824. [PMID: 23744483 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-013-1088-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Data regarding the link between DNA integrity of germ cells and the quality of progeny in fish exposed to genotoxicant are scarce although such information is of value to understand genotoxic effects of contaminants in aquatic fauna. This work aimed at studying the consequences of a parental exposure during the breeding season on offspring quality in three-spined stickleback. After in vivo exposure of adult fish to methyl methane sulfonate, a model alkylating compound, a clear increase in DNA damage was observed in erythrocytes of both genders, here used as a biomarker of exposure. MMS exposure significantly affected sperm DNA integrity but neither female fecundity nor fertilization success. In order to understand the contribution of each sex to potential deleterious effects in progeny due to parental exposure, mating of males and females exposed or not to MMS, was carried out. Exposure of both males and females or of males alone led to a significant increase in both mortality during embryo-larval stages and abnormality rate at hatching that appeared to be sensitive stages. Thus, in accordance with recent studies carried out in other freshwater fish species, such development defects in progeny were clearly driven by male genome, known to be devoid of DNA repair capacity in spermatozoa. The next step will be to investigate the link between DNA damage in stickleback sperm and reproductive impairment in natural populations exposed to complex mixture of genotoxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Santos
- Université de Lyon, UMR 5023 LEHNA, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
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McGee MD, Wainwright PC. Sexual dimorphism in the feeding mechanism of threespine stickleback. J Exp Biol 2013; 216:835-40. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.074948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Sexual dimorphism is common in nature and has the potential to increase intraspecific variation in performance and patterns of resource use. We sought to determine whether anadromous threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, exhibit sexual dimorphism in feeding kinematics. We filmed four males and four females consuming live prey in a total of 51 sequences filmed at 500 Hz, then tested for differences in cranial kinematics using a combination of principal component analysis and linear mixed models. We document, for the first time in fishes, divergence between males and females in both the timing of key movements and the magnitude of excursions reached by the hyoid, jaws and neurocranium during prey capture. Some of the largest differences are in jaw protrusion, with males exhibiting faster time to peak jaw protrusion but females exhibiting greater maximum jaw protrusion. Measurements of morphological jaw protrusion on cleared and stained specimens significantly predict jaw protrusion in kinematics. This morphological divergence could reflect ecological divergence between the sexes, or the demands of nest building and territory defense compromising male feeding performance. Remarkably, the morphological jaw protrusion divergence in anadromous males and females is similar to jaw protrusion divergence between ecomorphs in a benthic–limnetic species pair, with limnetics exhibiting female-like patterns of protrusion and benthics exhibiting male-like patterns. These results suggest that sexual dimorphism in feeding functional morphology exists in nature and may have played an important role in the radiation of threespine stickleback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. McGee
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Peter C. Wainwright
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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