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HIF-1α-regulated MIF activation and Nox2-dependent ROS generation promote Leishmania amazonensis killing by macrophages under hypoxia. Cell Immunol 2019; 335:15-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Rostamian M, Niknam HM. Leishmania tropica: What we know from its experimental models. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2018; 104:1-38. [PMID: 31030767 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania tropica causes different forms of leishmaniasis in many parts of the world. Animal models can help to clarify the issues of pathology and immune response in L. tropica infections and can be applied to the control, prevention and treatment of the disease. The aim of this article is to summarize published data related to experimental models of this parasite, presenting an overview of the subject. We also present in brief the epidemiology, transmission and human manifestation of L. tropica infection. Mice, rats and hamsters have been used for experimental models of L. tropica infection. Main findings of the published studies show that: (1) Hamsters are the best animal model for L. tropica infection, with the drawback of being outbred hence not suitable for many studies. (2) L. tropica infection causes a non-ulcerative and chronic pathology as cutaneous form in mice and usually visceral form in hamsters. (3) L. tropica infection in mice results in a weaker immune response in comparison to Leishmania major. (4) While the Th1 responses are evoked against L. tropica, Th2 responses do not explain the outcomes of this infection, and IL-10 and TGF-β are two main suppressive cytokines. (5) The host genotype affects the immune response and disease outcome of L. tropica infection and the dose, strain, routes of inoculation, and sex of the host are among the factors affecting disease outcome of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosayeb Rostamian
- Nosocomial Infections Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hamid M Niknam
- Immunology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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Rostamian M, Bahrami F, Niknam HM. Vaccination with whole-cell killed or recombinant leishmanial protein and toll-like receptor agonists against Leishmania tropica in BALB/c mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204491. [PMID: 30248142 PMCID: PMC6152959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
One strategy to control leishmaniasis is vaccination with potent antigens alongside suitable adjuvants. The use of toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists as adjuvants is a promising approach in Leishmania vaccine research. Leishmania (L.) tropica is among the less-investigated Leishmania species and a causative agent of cutaneous and sometimes visceral leishmaniasis with no approved vaccine against it. In the present study, we assessed the adjuvant effects of a TLR4 agonist, monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and a TLR7/8 agonist, R848 beside two different types of Leishmania vaccine candidates; namely, whole-cell soluble L. tropica antigen (SLA) and recombinant L. tropica stress-inducible protein-1 (LtSTI1). BALB/c mice were vaccinated three times by the antigens (SLA or LtSTI1) with MPL or R848 and then were challenged by L. tropica. Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), parasite load, disease progression and cytokines (IL-10 and IFN-γ) responses were assessed. In general compared to SLA, application of LtSTI1 resulted in higher DTH, higher IFN-γ response and lower lymph node parasite load. Also compared to R848, MPL as an adjuvant resulted in higher DTH and lower lymph node parasite load. Although, no outstanding ability for SLA and R848 in evoking immune responses of BALB/c mice against L. tropica infection could be observed, our data suggest that LtSTI1 and MPL have a better potential to control L. tropica infection and could be pursued for the development of effective vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosayeb Rostamian
- Nosocomial Infections Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Hamid M. Niknam
- Immunology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Özbilgin A, Çulha G, Uzun S, Harman M, Topal SG, Okudan F, Zeyrek F, Gündüz C, Östan İ, Karakuş M, Töz S, Kurt Ö, Akyar I, Erat A, Güngör D, Kayabaşı Ç, Çavuş İ, Bastien P, Pratlong F, Kocagöz T, Özbel Y. Leishmaniasis in Turkey: first clinical isolation of Leishmania major from 18 autochthonous cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis in four geographical regions. Trop Med Int Health 2016; 21:783-91. [PMID: 27037747 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report isolation of Leishmania major strains obtained from 18 Turkish autochthonous cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) patients infected with L. major between 2011 and 2014. METHODS Initial diagnosis relied on microscopy and culture in enriched medium, prepared by adding specific amounts of liver extract, protein and lipid sources to NNN medium. Promastigotes were then transferred to RPMI medium including 10% of foetal calf serum for mass culture. Species-specific real-time PCR targeting ITS1 region of Leishmania spp. was performed using both lesion aspiration samples and cultured promastigotes. Two of 18 isolates were identified by isoenzyme analysis in the Leishmaniasis Reference Center in Montpellier, France. Each isolate was inoculated into the footpads of six mice to observe the pathogenicity of L. major. Developing lesions were observed, and the thickening of footpads was measured weekly. RESULTS Melting curve analyses of 18 isolates showed a peak concordant with L. major, and two of them were confirmed by isoenzyme analyses as L. major zymodeme MON103. In the mouse model, acute lesions seen on day 21 were accepted as an indication of heavy infection. Severe impairments were observed on all mouse footpads over 3 weeks, which even progressed to extremity amputation. CONCLUSION Cutaneous leishmaniasis-causing L. major was recently identified in Adana province in southern Turkey, with PCR. Our study shows that such CL cases are not limited to Adana but currently present from western to Southeastern Anatolia, and along the Mediterranean coast. The role of small mammals, the main reservoirs of L. major in Anatolia, needs to be elucidated, as do the underlying factors that cause severe clinical manifestations in L. major infections in Turkey, contrary to the infections in neighbouring countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Özbilgin
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Gülnaz Çulha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Soner Uzun
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Harman
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakɩr, Turkey
| | - Suhan Günaştı Topal
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Fulya Okudan
- Clinic of Dermatology, Atatürk State Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Fadile Zeyrek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Şanlɩurfa, Turkey
| | - Cumhur Gündüz
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - İpek Östan
- Vocational School of Health Sciences, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Karakuş
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Seray Töz
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Özgür Kurt
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Acɩbadem University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Işın Akyar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Acɩbadem University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Erat
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Dilek Güngör
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Çağla Kayabaşı
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Çavuş
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Patrick Bastien
- National Reference Center for Leishmaniases, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Francine Pratlong
- National Reference Center for Leishmaniases, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Tanıl Kocagöz
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Acɩbadem University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Özbel
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
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Development of a Murine Infection Model with Leishmania killicki, Responsible for Cutaneous Leishmaniosis in Algeria: Application in Pharmacology. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:7985104. [PMID: 26949705 PMCID: PMC4754473 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7985104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In Algeria, Leishmania infantum, Leishmania major, and Leishmania killicki (Leishmania tropica) are responsible for cutaneous leishmaniosis. We established a murine model of L. killicki infection to investigate its infective capacity, some immunophysiopathological aspects, and its suitability for pharmacological purposes. Following the injection of L. major or L. killicki metacyclic promastigotes in the ear dermis of BALB/c mice, the course of infection was followed. The infection with L. killicki caused slower lesion formation than with L. major. The presence of L. killicki or L. major DNA and parasites was detected in the ear dermis and in lymph nodes, spleen, and liver. Lesions induced by L. killicki were nonulcerative in their aspect, whereas those caused by L. major were highly ulcerative and necrotic, which matches well with the lesion phenotype reported in humans for L. killicki and L. major, respectively. The treatment of L. killicki lesions by injection of Glucantime® significantly reduced the lesion thickness and parasite burden. Ear dermal injection of BALB/c mice constitutes a model to study lesions physiopathology caused by L. killicki and presents interest for in vivo screening of new compounds against this pathogen, emerging in Algeria.
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Sohrabi Y, Havelková H, Kobets T, Šíma M, Volkova V, Grekov I, Jarošíková T, Kurey I, Vojtíšková J, Svobodová M, Demant P, Lipoldová M. Mapping the genes for susceptibility and response to Leishmania tropica in mouse. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2282. [PMID: 23875032 PMCID: PMC3708836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background L. tropica can cause both cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in humans. Although the L. tropica-induced cutaneous disease has been long known, its potential to visceralize in humans was recognized only recently. As nothing is known about the genetics of host responses to this infection and their clinical impact, we developed an informative animal model. We described previously that the recombinant congenic strain CcS-16 carrying 12.5% genes from the resistant parental strain STS/A and 87.5% genes from the susceptible strain BALB/c is more susceptible to L. tropica than BALB/c. We used these strains to map and functionally characterize the gene-loci regulating the immune responses and pathology. Methods We analyzed genetics of response to L. tropica in infected F2 hybrids between BALB/c×CcS-16. CcS-16 strain carries STS-derived segments on nine chromosomes. We genotyped these segments in the F2 hybrid mice and tested their linkage with pathological changes and systemic immune responses. Principal Findings We mapped 8 Ltr (Leishmania tropica response) loci. Four loci (Ltr2, Ltr3, Ltr6 and Ltr8) exhibit independent responses to L. tropica, while Ltr1, Ltr4, Ltr5 and Ltr7 were detected only in gene-gene interactions with other Ltr loci. Ltr3 exhibits the recently discovered phenomenon of transgenerational parental effect on parasite numbers in spleen. The most precise mapping (4.07 Mb) was achieved for Ltr1 (chr.2), which controls parasite numbers in lymph nodes. Five Ltr loci co-localize with loci controlling susceptibility to L. major, three are likely L. tropica specific. Individual Ltr loci affect different subsets of responses, exhibit organ specific effects and a separate control of parasite load and organ pathology. Conclusion We present the first identification of genetic loci controlling susceptibility to L. tropica. The different combinations of alleles controlling various symptoms of the disease likely co-determine different manifestations of disease induced by the same pathogen in individual mice. Leishmaniasis, a disease caused by Leishmania ssp. is among the most neglected infectious diseases. In humans, L. tropica causes cutaneous form of leishmaniasis, but can damage internal organs too. The reasons for this variability are not known, and its genetic basis was never investigated. Therefore, analysis of genes affecting host's responses to this infection can elucidate the characteristics of individual host-parasite interactions. Recombinant congenic strain CcS-16 carries 12.5% genes from the mouse strain STS/A on genetic background of the strain BALB/c, and it is more susceptible than BALB/c. In F2 hybrids between BALB/c and CcS-16 we detected and mapped eight gene-loci, Ltr1-8 (Leishmania tropica response 1-8) that control various manifestations of disease: skin lesions, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, parasite numbers in spleen, liver, and inguinal lymph nodes, and serum level of CCL3, CCL5, and CCL7 after L. tropica infection. These loci are functionally heterogeneous - each influences a different set of responses to the pathogen. Five loci co-localize with the previously described loci that control susceptibility to L. major, three are species-specific. Ltr2 co-localizes not only with Lmr14 (Leishmania major response 14), but also with Ir2 influencing susceptibility to L. donovani and might therefore carry a common gene controlling susceptibility to leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Sohrabi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Havelková
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tetyana Kobets
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Matyáš Šíma
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Valeriya Volkova
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Igor Grekov
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Taťána Jarošíková
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Kladno, Czech Republic
| | - Iryna Kurey
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jarmila Vojtíšková
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Peter Demant
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Marie Lipoldová
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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Genetics of host response to Leishmania tropica in mice - different control of skin pathology, chemokine reaction, and invasion into spleen and liver. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1667. [PMID: 22679519 PMCID: PMC3367980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by protozoan parasites of genus Leishmania. The frequent involvement of Leishmania tropica in human leishmaniasis has been recognized only recently. Similarly as L. major, L. tropica causes cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans, but can also visceralize and cause systemic illness. The relationship between the host genotype and disease manifestations is poorly understood because there were no suitable animal models. Methods We studied susceptibility to L. tropica, using BALB/c-c-STS/A (CcS/Dem) recombinant congenic (RC) strains, which differ greatly in susceptibility to L. major. Mice were infected with L. tropica and skin lesions, cytokine and chemokine levels in serum, and parasite numbers in organs were measured. Principal Findings Females of BALB/c and several RC strains developed skin lesions. In some strains parasites visceralized and were detected in spleen and liver. Importantly, the strain distribution pattern of symptoms caused by L. tropica was different from that observed after L. major infection. Moreover, sex differently influenced infection with L. tropica and L. major. L. major-infected males exhibited either higher or similar skin pathology as females, whereas L. tropica-infected females were more susceptible than males. The majority of L. tropica-infected strains exhibited increased levels of chemokines CCL2, CCL3 and CCL5. CcS-16 females, which developed the largest lesions, exhibited a unique systemic chemokine reaction, characterized by additional transient early peaks of CCL3 and CCL5, which were not present in CcS-16 males nor in any other strain. Conclusion Comparison of L. tropica and L. major infections indicates that the strain patterns of response are species-specific, with different sex effects and largely different host susceptibility genes. Several hundred million people are exposed to the risk of leishmaniasis, a disease caused by intracellular protozoan parasites of several Leishmania species and transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies. In humans, L. tropica causes cutaneous form of leishmaniasis with painful and long-persisting lesions in the site of the insect bite, but the parasites can also penetrate to internal organs. The relationship between the host genes and development of the disease was demonstrated for numerous infectious diseases. However, the search for susceptibility genes in the human population could be a difficult task. In such cases, animal models may help to discover the role of different genes in interactions between the parasite and the host. Unfortunately, the literature contains only a few publications about the use of animals for L. tropica studies. Here, we report an animal model suitable for genetic, pathological and drug studies in L. tropica infection. We show how the host genotype influences different disease symptoms: skin lesions, parasite dissemination to the lymph nodes, spleen and liver, and increase of levels of chemokines CCL2, CCL3 and CCL5 in serum.
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Svobodová M, Votýpka J. Experimental transmission of Leishmania tropica to hamsters and mice by the bite of Phlebotomus sergenti. Microbes Infect 2003; 5:471-4. [PMID: 12758274 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(03)00066-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Phlebotomus sergenti is a natural vector of Leishmania tropica. However, the ability of P. sergenti to transmit L. tropica by bite has not been proven experimentally yet. We have transmitted L. tropica to golden hamsters and BALB/c mice by the bite of P. sergenti. Sand flies and Leishmania both originated from an anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis focus in Urfa, Turkey. P. sergenti females from a laboratory colony were infected by feeding on lesions of needle-inoculated hamsters or mice. Gravid females were allowed to refeed on uninfected hosts 9-15 d after the infective feeding. At the second feeding, some infected females took a full blood meal, while others only a partial one; some females failed to feed at all. The ability of infected females to take a blood meal did not correlate with the parasite transmissibility. In four BALB/c mice, lesions developed after 1-6 months. In two albino hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus), lesions developed 1 month after the infective feeding, and Leishmania could be reisolated from these sites. Another hamster did not develop a lesion; however, the feeding site and the adjacent ear were PCR positive 1 year after infective feeding. Our results show that dissemination to other parts of host body occurs in L. tropica after sand fly bite. Experimental transmission of the parasite confirms that P. sergenti is a natural vector of L. tropica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Svobodová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicná 7, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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