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Beaufrère H, Barboza T, Burnett A, Stark KD, Wood RD. Effects of Atorvastatin and Rosuvastatin on Blood Lipids in Quaker Parrots ( Myiopsitta monachus). J Avian Med Surg 2023; 37:199-208. [PMID: 37962313 DOI: 10.1647/22-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Statin drugs are the most effective class of hypolipidemic and antiatherosclerotic drugs, with atorvastatin and rosuvastatin being the most effective. While the use of statins would be a tremendous asset in the treatment of dyslipidemia and lipid-accumulation disorders in birds, there are only limited data available regarding their use and effectiveness in psittacine species. Two consecutive randomized crossover trials on Quaker parrots (Myiopsitta monachus) were performed to study the effect of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin. Ten birds were used in an initial balanced crossover experiment with 5 oral treatments (control; atorvastatin 10 mg/kg q12h and q24h; rosuvastatin 10 mg/kg q12h and q24h) for 2 weeks each. Plasma lipidomics and lipoprotein profiling were performed after each treatment. Twelve birds were used in a second experiment consisting of 2 parallel crossover studies, each with 6 birds either fed their regular diet or a 0.3% cholesterol diet. In the 2 parallel crossover studies, the treatment group was administered atorvastatin 20 mg/kg orally q12h and the control group a placebo suspension orally q12h. Plasma lipidomics, lipoprotein profiles, and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase activity were subsequently measured. Results were analyzed with serial linear mixed models and trends were assessed graphically. No statistically significant effect of any statin treatment was detected on plasma lipids, lipoproteins, creatinine kinase, or HMG-CoA reductase activity. In the first trial, all the rosuvastatin treatments led to some nonsignificant decreases in several triacylglycerol species, while in the second trial this was only observed in the birds on atorvastatin 20 mg/kg q12h being fed their regular diet. Quaker parrots may require much higher doses of statin drugs to show significant and clinically useful lipid-lowering effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugues Beaufrère
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA,
| | - Trinita Barboza
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | - Alysha Burnett
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Ken D Stark
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - R Darren Wood
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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Fitzgerald BC. Cardiovascular Diseases in Pet Birds: Therapeutic Options and Challenges. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2022; 25:469-501. [PMID: 35422263 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease, including congestive heart failure, pericardial disease, and atherosclerosis, is becoming increasingly better recognized in companion birds. A wide range of medications is available to treat these conditions, including diuretics, vasodilators, positive and negative inotropes, antiarrhythmic agents, and pentoxifylline. This review systematically discusses each of these drug classes and their potential applications in avian species. Although treatment approaches remain largely empirical and extrapolated from small animal and human medicine, the management strategies presented here have the potential to both maintain quality of life and extend survival time for the avian cardiac patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenna Colleen Fitzgerald
- Avian Exclusive Veterinary Consultation (AEVC), Englewood, Colorado; Homestead Animal Hospital, Centennial, Colorado.
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Tucker S, Archibald K, Cohen EB, Sommer S, Keene BW, Minter LJ, Delk KW. What Is Your Diagnosis? J Avian Med Surg 2022. [DOI: 10.1647/21-00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Improvement of Platelet Respiration by Cell-Permeable Succinate in Diabetic Patients Treated with Statins. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11040288. [PMID: 33800630 PMCID: PMC8065590 DOI: 10.3390/life11040288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most severe metabolic disease that reached the level of a global pandemic and is associated with high cardiovascular morbidity. Statins are the first-line lipid-lowering therapy in diabetic patients with or without a history of atherosclerotic disease. Although well tolerated, chronic treatment may result in side effects that lead to treatment interruption. Mitochondrial dysfunction has emerged as a central pathomechanism in DM- and statin-induced side effects. Assessment of mitochondrial respiration in peripheral platelets has been increasingly used as a mirror of organ mitochondrial dysfunction. The present study aimed to assess the: (i) changes in mitochondrial respiration elicited by statins in patients with type 2 DM and (ii) the effects of cell-permeable succinate (NV118) on respiratory parameters in platelets harvested from these patients. No significant changes were found in global mitochondrial respiration of intact platelets isolated from diabetic patients treated with either atorvastatin or rosuvastatin. Similarly, no significant changes in mitochondrial respiration of permeabilized platelets were found between diabetic patients treated with atorvastatin and healthy controls. Acute ex vivo administration of NV118 significantly improved respiration in isolated platelets. These results prompt further research on the role of permeable succinate as a therapeutic alternative for improving mitochondrial function in metabolic pathologies and point to the role of peripheral platelets as a potential biomarker of treatment response.
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Robertson JA, Guzman DSM, Graham JL, Stanhope KL, Douglas JM, Havel PJ, Beaufrère H, Knych H, Tully TN, Paul-Murphy JR. Evaluation of Orally Administered Atorvastatin on Plasma Lipid and Biochemistry Profiles in Hypercholesterolemic Hispaniolan Amazon Parrots ( Amazona ventralis). J Avian Med Surg 2020; 34:32-40. [PMID: 32237680 DOI: 10.1647/1082-6742-34.1.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Atorvastatin is a synthetic statin administered in its active form and used for the treatment of dyslipidemias. In the current study, the effects of atorvastatin were evaluated on plasma lipid profiles and the potential for adverse effects after once daily PO dosing of atorvastatin for 30 days in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis). Sixteen adult parrots (10 female, 6 male) with hypercholesterolemia were used for this study. Birds were assigned to 2 groups (treatment and control) of 8 parrots each (3 male, 5 female) after balancing for age, sex, originating institution, and baseline plasma cholesterol values. Compounded atorvastatin oral suspension (10 mg/kg) was administered PO once daily via gavage into the crop. Equivalent volumes of placebo suspension were administered to the control group. Plasma biochemistry and plasma lipid profile analysis (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C], and triglycerides [TGs]) were analyzed on days 0, 14, and 30. Plasma samples and HDL-C fractions were evaluated for cholesterol and TG concentrations via enzymatic assays. Subtraction of HDL-C values from total cholesterol yielded the non-HDL-C concentration for each bird. Birds were routinely assessed for appetite, activity, and urofeces. Plasma atorvastatin concentrations were obtained from 7 of 8 birds in the treatment group from banked samples. Those samples were obtained on days 14 and 30, with drug administration 6 to 8 hours before collection. No significant differences were observed in total cholesterol, HDL-C, non-HDL-C, or TG between treatment and control groups at days 0, 14, and 30. Plasma atorvastatin concentrations were variable on day 14 (0.54-5.41 ng/ mL for 6 of 7 samples, with 1 outlier of 307 ng/mL) and on day 30 (0.79-6.74 ng/mL). No adverse effects were noted in any of the birds during the study period. When dosed PO at 10 mg/kg once daily, atorvastatin did not result in significant changes to plasma lipid profiles (eg, lowering of plasma total or non-HDL-C concentrations) at any time point during this study. Future studies to investigate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of atorvastatin in parrots may require increased doses and/or frequency of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Robertson
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - David Sanchez-Migallon Guzman
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA,
| | - James L Graham
- Department of Nutrition, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kimber L Stanhope
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jamie M Douglas
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Auburn University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Peter J Havel
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.,Department of Nutrition, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Hugues Beaufrère
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Heather Knych
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Thomas N Tully
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-8410, USA
| | - Joanne R Paul-Murphy
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Bercier M. Gerontology of Psittacines. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2020:S1094-9194(20)30050-5. [PMID: 32891513 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
With recent improvements in the husbandry, nutrition, and veterinary care of captive psittacines, the avian clinician must be familiar with common medical condition seen in geriatric parrots. A review of the theory of evolution and avian senescence is provided. Five clinically relevant medical conditions are described: organ failure, atherosclerosis, neoplasia, cataracts, and osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Bercier
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA.
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Fitzgerald BC, Dias S, Martorell J. Cardiovascular Drugs in Avian, Small Mammal, and Reptile Medicine. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2018; 21:399-442. [PMID: 29655477 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease, including congestive heart failure, pericardial disease, and atherosclerosis, is becoming increasingly better recognized in companion birds, small mammals, and reptiles. A wide range of medications is available to treat these conditions, including diuretics, vasodilators, positive and negative inotropes, antiarrhythmic agents, and pentoxifylline. This review systematically discusses each of these drug classes and their potential applications in exotic species. Although treatment approaches remain largely empirical and extrapolated from small animal and human medicine, the management strategies presented here have the potential to both maintain quality of life and extend survival time for the exotic cardiac patient.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Dias
- Exotic Animals Department, Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Carrer de l'Hospital, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Jaume Martorell
- Facultat de Veterinaria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hospital Clinic Veterinari, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
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