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Chernikova SB, Nguyen RB, Truong JT, Mello SS, Stafford JH, Hay MP, Olson A, Solow-Cordero DE, Wood DJ, Henry S, von Eyben R, Deng L, Gephart MH, Aroumougame A, Wiese C, Game JC, Győrffy B, Brown JM. Dynamin impacts homology-directed repair and breast cancer response to chemotherapy. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:5307-5321. [PMID: 30371505 DOI: 10.1172/jci87191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
After the initial responsiveness of triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) to chemotherapy, they often recur as chemotherapy-resistant tumors, and this has been associated with upregulated homology-directed repair (HDR). Thus, inhibitors of HDR could be a useful adjunct to chemotherapy treatment of these cancers. We performed a high-throughput chemical screen for inhibitors of HDR from which we obtained a number of hits that disrupted microtubule dynamics. We postulated that high levels of the target molecules of our screen in tumors would correlate with poor chemotherapy response. We found that inhibition or knockdown of dynamin 2 (DNM2), known for its role in endocytic cell trafficking and microtubule dynamics, impaired HDR and improved response to chemotherapy of cells and of tumors in mice. In a retrospective analysis, levels of DNM2 at the time of treatment strongly predicted chemotherapy outcome for estrogen receptor-negative and especially for TNBC patients. We propose that DNM2-associated DNA repair enzyme trafficking is important for HDR efficiency and is a powerful predictor of sensitivity to breast cancer chemotherapy and an important target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia B Chernikova
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Rochelle B Nguyen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jessica T Truong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Stephano S Mello
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jason H Stafford
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Michael P Hay
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Douglas J Wood
- Data Coordinating Center, Department of Biomedical Data Science, and
| | - Solomon Henry
- Data Coordinating Center, Department of Biomedical Data Science, and
| | - Rie von Eyben
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Lei Deng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Asaithamby Aroumougame
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Claudia Wiese
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - John C Game
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Balázs Győrffy
- MTA TTK Lendület Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Budapest, Hungary.,Semmelweis University 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - J Martin Brown
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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Hafer K, Rivina L, Schiestl RH. Cell cycle dependence of ionizing radiation-induced DNA deletions and antioxidant radioprotection in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Radiat Res 2010; 173:802-8. [PMID: 20518659 DOI: 10.1667/rr1661.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The yeast DEL assay is an effective method for measuring intrachromosomal recombination events resulting in DNA deletions that when occurring in mammalian cells are often associated with genomic instability and carcinogenesis. Here we used the DEL assay to measure gamma-ray-induced DNA deletions throughout different phases of yeast culture growth. Whereas yeast survival differed by only up to twofold throughout the yeast growth phase, proliferating cells in lag and early exponential growth phases were tenfold more sensitive to ionizing radiation-induced DNA deletions than cells in stationary phase. Radiation-induced DNA deletion potential was found to correlate directly with the fraction of cells in S/G(2) phase. The ability of the antioxidants l-ascorbic acid and DMSO to protect against radiation-induced DNA deletions was also measured within the different phases of yeast culture growth. Yeast cells in lag and early exponential growth phases were uniquely protected by antioxidant treatment, whereas nondividing cells in stationary phase could not be protected against the induction of DNA deletions. These results are compared with those from mammalian cell studies, and the implications for radiation-induced carcinogenesis and radioprotection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Hafer
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Dubner D, del Rosario Pérez M, Michelin S, Bourguignon M, Moreau P, Carosella ED, Gisone P. Pharmacological inhibition of DNA repair enzymes differentially modulates telomerase activity and apoptosis in two human leukaemia cell lines. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 80:593-605. [PMID: 15370971 DOI: 10.1080/09553000412331283506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of wortmannin and 3-aminobenzamide (3-AB) on telomerase activity and apoptosis in two human leukaemia cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS MOLT-4 (p53-wild type) and KG1a (p53-null) cells were irradiated with gamma-rays (3 Gy at 1.57 Gy min(-1)) and the effects of wortmannin and 3-AB were evaluated. Telomerase activity was measured by polymerase chain reaction and the expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase, human telomerase RNA and telomerase-associated protein 1 was assessed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Apoptosis was evaluated by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. RESULTS A radiation-induced up-regulation of telomerase activity was observed from 4 h post-irradiation in both cell lines. This up-regulation was abrogated by wortmannin and 3-AB. Telomerase activity was maximal 24 h post-irradiation, coinciding with an accumulation of human telomerase reverse transcriptase mRNA. Apoptosis and G2/M arrest were evident from 4 h post-irradiation in MOLT-4 cells. KG1a cells exhibited a G2/M block at 24 h post-irradiation and apoptosis increased between 24 and 48 h post-irradiation. 3-AB abolished G2/M blockage and enhanced radiation-induced apoptosis in both cell lines, while wortmannin increased apoptosis only in MOLT-4 cells. CONCLUSIONS 3-AB inhibits the radiation-associated telomerase activity increase and enhances apoptosis in MOLT-4 and KG1a cells. Wortmannin, which also inhibits the radiation-associated telomerase activity increase in both cell lines, does not modify radiation-induced apoptosis in KG1a cells. DNA repair enzymes might be selective targets for enhancing radiosensitivity in certain tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dubner
- Autoridad Regulatoria Nuclear, Gerencia de Apoyo Científico Laboratorio de Radiopatología, Avenida del Libertador 8250 (C1429BNP) Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Kim W, Seong J, An JH, Oh HJ. Enhancement of tumor radioresponse by wortmannin in C3H/HeJ hepatocarcinoma. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2007; 48:187-95. [PMID: 17435377 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.06077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to explore whether a specific inhibitor of PI3K, wortmannin, could potentiate the antitumor effect of radiation in vivo, particularly on radioresistant murine tumors. C3H/HeJ mice bearing syngeneic hepatocarcinoma (HCa-I) were treated with 25 Gy radiation, wortmannin, or both. Wortmannin was administered intraperitoneally (1 mg/kg) once daily for 14 days. Tumor response to treatment was determined by a tumor growth delay assay. Possible mechanisms of action were explored by examining the level of apoptosis and regulating molecules. The expression of regulating molecules was analyzed by Western blot for p53 and p21(WAF1/CIP1), and immunohistochemical staining for p21(WAF1/CIP1), CD31 and VEGF. In the tumor growth delay assay, wortmannin increased the effect of tumor radioresponse with an enhancement factor (EF) of 2.00. The level of apoptosis achieved by the combined treatments was shown to be no more than an additive effect; peak apoptotic index was 11% in radiation alone, 13% in wortmannin alone, and 19% in the combination group. Markedly increased areas of necrosis at 24 h in the combination group were noted. Western blotting showed upregulation of p21(WAF1/CIP1) in the combination treatment group, which correlated with low levels of VEGF. Microvascular density was evidently also reduced, based on low expression of CD31. In murine hepatocarcinoma, the antitumor effect of radiation was potentiated by wortmannin. The mechanism seems to involve not only the increase of induced apoptosis but also enhanced vascular injury. Wortmannin, in combination with radiation therapy, may have potential benefits in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonwoo Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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Abstract
Non-homologous DNA end-joining (NHEJ) is a major pathway of double strand break (DSB) repair in human cells. Here we show that vanillin (3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde)--a naturally occurring food component and an acknowledged antimutagen, anticlastogen and anticarcinogen--is an inhibitor of NHEJ. Vanillin blocked DNA end-joining by human cell extracts by directly inhibiting the activity of DNA-PK, a crucial NHEJ component. Inhibition was selective and vanillin had no detectable effect on other steps of the NHEJ process, on an unrelated protein kinase or on DNA mismatch repair by cell extracts. Subtoxic concentrations of vanillin did not affect the ATM/ATR-dependent phosphorylation of Chk2 or the S-phase checkpoint response after ionising radiation. They significantly potentiated the cytotoxicity of cisplatin, but did not affect sensitivity to UVC. A limited screen of structurally related compounds identified two substituted vanillin derivatives that were 100- and 50-fold more potent than vanillin as DNA-PK inhibitors. These compounds also sensitised cells to cisplatin. The inhibition of NHEJ is consistent with the antimutagenic and other biological properties of vanillin, possibly altering the balance between DSB repair by NHEJ and homologous recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Durant
- Mammalian DNA Repair, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, Clare Hall Laboratories, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts, EN6 3LD, UK.
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Oliveira NG, Castro M, Rodrigues AS, Gil OM, Toscano-Rico JM, Rueff J. DNA-PK inhibitor wortmannin enhances DNA damage induced by bleomycin in V79 Chinese hamster cells. TERATOGENESIS, CARCINOGENESIS, AND MUTAGENESIS 2002; 22:343-51. [PMID: 12210497 DOI: 10.1002/tcm.10029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The fungal metabolite wortmannin (WM) is a potent and irreversible inhibitor of the enzyme DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), a nuclear serine-threonine kinase, member of the phosphaditylinositol-3 kinase related kinase family. WM has been used in the last few years as a promising radiosensitizer mainly throughout cell survival experiments. However, few studies have addressed the role of DNA-PK inhibition in the repair of DNA lesions generated by antitumor agents. Bleomycin (BLM) is an antitumor agent used in the treatment of various neoplasia with a unique genotoxicity profile that mimics the ionizing radiation effects. In this study, we evaluated the effect of different concentrations of WM on the DNA damage induced by BLM. The cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay (CBMN) in V79 Chinese hamster cells was used as the end-point. WM significantly increased the frequency of micronucleated cells (%MNBN) by about 2.2-fold, the number of micronuclei per binucleated cell (MN/BN) by about 2.4-fold, and also changed the pattern of the distribution of micronuclei induced by BLM. The frequency of micronucleated cells with 2 MN per cell and with > or = 3 MN per cell increased, whereas the frequency of micronucleated cells with 1 MN per cell decreased. WM was not genotoxic but decreased cell proliferation as assessed by the frequency of binucleated cells. Our results show that WM clearly enhances the efficacy of BLM in terms of DNA damage inflicted and therefore reinforces its use as a chemosensitizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno G Oliveira
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, New University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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Sasaki MS, Ejima Y, Tachibana A, Yamada T, Ishizaki K, Shimizu T, Nomura T. DNA damage response pathway in radioadaptive response. Mutat Res 2002; 504:101-18. [PMID: 12106651 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(02)00084-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Radioadaptive response is a biological defense mechanism in which low-dose ionizing irradiation elicits cellular resistance to the genotoxic effects of subsequent irradiation. However, its molecular mechanism remains largely unknown. We previously demonstrated that the dose recognition and adaptive response could be mediated by a feedback signaling pathway involving protein kinase C (PKC), p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) and phospholipase C (PLC). Further, to elucidate the downstream effector pathway, we studied the X-ray-induced adaptive response in cultured mouse and human cells with different genetic background relevant to the DNA damage response pathway, such as deficiencies in TP53, DNA-PKcs, ATM and FANCA genes. The results showed that p53 protein played a key role in the adaptive response while DNA-PKcs, ATM and FANCA were not responsible. Wortmannin, a specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), mimicked the priming irradiation in that the inhibitor alone rendered the cells resistant against the induction of chromosome aberrations and apoptosis by the subsequent X-ray irradiation. The adaptive response, whether it was afforded by low-dose X-rays or wortmannin, occurred in parallel with the reduction of apoptotic cell death by challenging doses. The inhibitor of p38MAPK which blocks the adaptive response did not suppress apoptosis. These observations indicate that the adaptive response and apoptotic cell death constitute a complementary defense system via life-or-death decisions. The p53 has a pivotal role in channeling the radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) into an adaptive legitimate repair pathway, where the signals are integrated into p53 by a circuitous PKC-p38MAPK-PLC damage sensing pathway, and hence turning off the signals to an alternative pathway to illegitimate repair and apoptosis. A possible molecular mechanism of adaptive response to low-dose ionizing irradiation has been discussed in relation to the repair of DSBs and implicated to the current controversial observations on the expression of adaptive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao S Sasaki
- Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Yoshida-konoecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
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