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Salih S, Alkatheeri A, Alomaim W, Elliyanti A. Radiopharmaceutical Treatments for Cancer Therapy, Radionuclides Characteristics, Applications, and Challenges. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165231. [PMID: 36014472 PMCID: PMC9415873 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in the field of molecular biology have had an impact on biomedical applications, which provide greater hope for both imaging and therapeutics. Work has been intensified on the development of radionuclides and their application in radiopharmaceuticals (RPS) which will certainly influence and expand therapeutic approaches in the future treatment of patients. Alpha or beta particles and Auger electrons are used for therapy purposes, and each has advantages and disadvantages. The radionuclides labeled drug delivery system will deliver the particles to the specific targeting cell. Different radioligands can be chosen to uniquely target molecular receptors or intracellular components, making them suitable for personal patient-tailored therapy in modern cancer therapy management. Advances in nanotechnology have enabled nanoparticle drug delivery systems that can allow for specific multivalent attachment of targeted molecules of antibodies, peptides, or ligands to the surface of nanoparticles for therapy and imaging purposes. This review presents fundamental radionuclide properties with particular reference to tumor biology and receptor characteristic of radiopharmaceutical targeted therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suliman Salih
- Radiology and Medical Imaging Department, Fatima College of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi 3798, United Arab Emirates
- National Cancer Institute, University of Gezira, Wad Madani 2667, Sudan
| | - Ajnas Alkatheeri
- Radiology and Medical Imaging Department, Fatima College of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi 3798, United Arab Emirates
| | - Wijdan Alomaim
- Radiology and Medical Imaging Department, Fatima College of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi 3798, United Arab Emirates
| | - Aisyah Elliyanti
- Nuclear Medicine Division of Radiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Andalas, Padang 25163, Indonesia
- Correspondence:
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Recent progress of astatine-211 in endoradiotherapy: Great advances from fundamental properties to targeted radiopharmaceuticals. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Jadvar H, Colletti PM. Targeted α-therapy in non-prostate malignancies. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 49:47-53. [PMID: 33993386 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05405-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Progress in unraveling the complex biology of cancer, novel developments in radiochemistry, and availability of relevant α-emitters for targeted therapy have provided innovative approaches to precision cancer management. The approval of 223Ra dichloride for treatment of men with osseous metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer unleashed targeted α-therapy as a safe and effective cancer management strategy. While there is currently active research on new α-therapy regimens for prostate cancer based on the prostate-specific membrane antigen, there is emerging development of radiopharmaceutical therapy with a range of biological targets and α-emitting radioisotopes for malignancies other than the prostate cancer. This article provides a brief review of preclinical and first-in-human studies of targeted α-therapy in the cancers of brain, breast, lung, gastrointestinal, pancreas, ovary, and the urinary bladder. The data on leukemia, melanoma, myeloma, and neuroendocrine tumors will also be presented. It is anticipated that with further research the emerging role of targeted α-therapy in cancer management will be defined and validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Jadvar
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar St., CSC 102, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
| | - Patrick M Colletti
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar St., CSC 102, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
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Jadvar H. Targeted α-Therapy in Cancer Management: Synopsis of Preclinical and Clinical Studies. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2020; 35:475-484. [PMID: 32202923 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2019.3340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The approval of 223Ra dichloride (223RaCl2) in 2013 was a principal event in introducing targeted α-therapy as a form of safe and effective management strategy in cancer. There is an increasing interest in research and development of new targeted α-therapy agents spearheaded by advancements in cancer biology, radiochemistry, and availability of clinically relevant α particles. There are active clinical studies on sequencing or combining 223RaCl2 with other drug regimens in the setting of metastatic prostate cancer and in other cancers such as osteosarcoma and bone-dominant breast cancer. Targeted α-therapy strategy is also being actively explored through many preclinical and few early clinical studies using 225Ac, 213Bi, 211At, 227Th, and 212Pb. Investigations incorporating 225Ac are more robust and active at this time with promising results. The author provide a brief synopsis of the preclinical and clinical studies in the rapidly evolving field of targeted α-therapy in cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Jadvar
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Bäck T, Chouin N, Lindegren S, Kahu H, Jensen H, Albertsson P, Palm S. Cure of Human Ovarian Carcinoma Solid Xenografts by Fractionated α-Radioimmunotherapy with 211At-MX35-F(ab') 2: Influence of Absorbed Tumor Dose and Effect on Long-Term Survival. J Nucl Med 2016; 58:598-604. [PMID: 27688477 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.116.178327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to investigate whether targeted α-therapy can be used to successfully treat macrotumors, in addition to its established role for treating micrometastatic and minimal disease. We used an intravenous fractionated regimen of α-radioimmunotherapy in a subcutaneous tumor model in mice. We aimed to evaluate the absorbed dose levels required for tumor eradication and growth monitoring, as well as to evaluate long-term survival after treatment. Methods: Mice bearing subcutaneous tumors (50 mm3, NIH:OVCAR-3) were injected repeatedly (1-3 intravenous injections 7-10 d apart, allowing bone marrow recovery) with 211At-MX35-F(ab')2 at different activities (close to acute myelotoxicity). Mean absorbed doses to tumors and organs were estimated from biodistribution data and summed for the fractions. Tumor growth was monitored for 100 d and survival for 1 y after treatment. Toxicity analysis included body weight, white blood cell count, and hematocrit. Results: Effects on tumor growth after fractionated α-radioimmunotherapy with 211At-MX35-F(ab')2 was strong and dose-dependent. Complete remission (tumor-free fraction, 100%) was found for tumor doses of 12.4 and 16.4 Gy. The administered activities were high, and long-term toxicity effects (≤60 wk) were clear. Above 1 MBq, the median survival decreased linearly with injected activity, from 44 to 11 wk. Toxicity was also seen by reduced body weight. White blood cell count analysis after α-radioimmunotherapy indicated bone marrow recovery for the low-activity groups, whereas for high-activity groups the reduction was close to acute myelotoxicity. A decrease in hematocrit was seen at a late interval (34-59 wk after therapy). The main external indication of poor health was dehydration. Conclusion: Having observed complete eradication of solid tumor xenografts, we conclude that targeted α-therapy regimens may stretch beyond the realm of micrometastatic disease and be eradicative also for macrotumors. Our observations indicate that at least 10 Gy are required. This agrees well with the calculated tumor control probability. Considering a relative biological effectiveness of 5, this dose level seems reasonable. However, complete remission was achieved first at activity levels close to lethal and was accompanied by biologic effects that reduced long-term survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Bäck
- Department of Radiation Physics, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Sture Lindegren
- Department of Radiation Physics, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helena Kahu
- Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; and
| | - Holger Jensen
- PET and Cyclotron Unit, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Albertsson
- Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; and
| | - Stig Palm
- Department of Radiation Physics, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Zhu C, Bandekar A, Sempkowski M, Banerjee SR, Pomper MG, Bruchertseifer F, Morgenstern A, Sofou S. Nanoconjugation of PSMA-Targeting Ligands Enhances Perinuclear Localization and Improves Efficacy of Delivered Alpha-Particle Emitters against Tumor Endothelial Analogues. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 15:106-113. [PMID: 26586724 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the effect on killing efficacy of the intracellular trafficking patterns of α-particle emitters by using different radionuclide carriers in the setting of targeted antivascular α-radiotherapy. Nanocarriers (lipid vesicles) targeted to the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), which is unique to human neovasculature for a variety of solid tumors, were loaded with the α-particle generator actinium-225 and were compared with a PSMA-targeted radiolabeled antibody. Actinium-225 emits a total of four α-particles per decay, providing highly lethal and localized irradiation of targeted cells with minimal exposure to surrounding healthy tissues. Lipid vesicles were derivatized with two types of PSMA-targeting ligands: a fully human PSMA antibody (mAb) and a urea-based, low-molecular-weight agent. Target selectivity and extent of internalization were evaluated on monolayers of human endothelial cells (HUVEC) induced to express PSMA in static incubation conditions and in a flow field. Both types of radiolabeled PSMA-targeted vesicles exhibit similar killing efficacy, which is greater than the efficacy of the radiolabeled control mAb when compared on the basis of delivered radioactivity per cell. Fluorescence confocal microscopy demonstrates that targeted vesicles localize closer to the nucleus, unlike antibodies which localize near the plasma membrane. In addition, targeted vesicles cause larger numbers of dsDNAs per nucleus of treated cells compared with the radiolabeled mAb. These findings demonstrate that radionuclide carriers, such as PSMA-targeted lipid-nanocarriers, which localize close to the nucleus, increase the probability of α-particle trajectories crossing the nuclei, and, therefore, enhance the killing efficacy of α-particle emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Amey Bandekar
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Michelle Sempkowski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Sangeeta Ray Banerjee
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical School, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Martin G Pomper
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical School, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Frank Bruchertseifer
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Transuranium Elements, P.O. Box 2340, D-76125 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alfred Morgenstern
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Transuranium Elements, P.O. Box 2340, D-76125 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stavroula Sofou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
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Martin TM, Bhakta V, Al-Harbi A, Hackemack M, Tabacaru G, Tribble R, Shankar S, Akabani G. Preliminary production of 211At at the Texas A&M University Cyclotron Institute. HEALTH PHYSICS 2014; 107:1-9. [PMID: 24849899 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A feasibility study for the production of the alpha particle-emitting radionuclide At was performed at the Texas A&M University Cyclotron Institute as part of the Interdisciplinary Radioisotope Production and Radiochemistry Program. The mission of this program centers upon the production of radionuclides for use in diagnostic and therapeutic nuclear medicine with the primary focus on development of novel therapeutic strategies. As a first step in establishing this program, two goals were outlined: (i) verify production of At and compare results to published data, and (ii) evaluate shielding and radiological safety issues for large-scale implementation using an external target. The radionuclide At was produced via the Bi (α, 2n) At reaction using the K500 cyclotron. Two experiments were conducted, using beam energies of 27.8 MeV and 25.3 MeV, respectively. The resulting yields for At were found to be 36.0 MBq μA h and 12.4 MBq μA h, respectively, which fall within the range of published yield data. Strategies for increasing absolute yield and production efficiency were also evaluated, which focused chiefly on using a new target designed for use with the K150 cyclotron, which will enable the use of a higher beam current. Finally, neutron and gamma dose rates during production were evaluated by using the Monte Carlo code MCNPX. It was determined that a simple structure consisting of 4-in thick borated polyethylene will reduce the neutron dose rate within the cyclotron production vault by approximately a factor of 2, thereby decreasing activation of equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Michael Martin
- *Department of Nuclear Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843; †Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843; ‡Texas A&M Institute for Preclinical Studies, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
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McLaughlin MF, Robertson D, Pevsner PH, Wall JS, Mirzadeh S, Kennel SJ. LnPO4 nanoparticles doped with Ac-225 and sequestered daughters for targeted alpha therapy. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2013; 29:34-41. [PMID: 24102173 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2013.1546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For targeted alpha therapy (TAT) with 225Ac, daughter radioisotopes from the parent emissions should be controlled. Here, we report on a second-generation layered nanoparticle (NP) with improved daughter retention that can mediate TAT of lung tumor colonies. NPs of La3+, Gd3+, and 225Ac3+ ions were coated with additional layers of GdPO4 and then coated with gold via citrate reduction of NaAuCl4. MAb 201b, targeting thrombomodulin in lung endothelium, was added to a polyethylene glycol (dPEG)-COOH linker. The NPs:mAb ratio was quantified by labeling the mAb with 125I. NPs showed 30% injected dose/organ antibody-mediated uptake in the lung, which increased to 47% in mice pretreated with clodronate liposomes to reduce phagocytosis. Retention of daughter 213Bi in lung tissue was more than 70% at one hour and about 90% at 24 hours postinjection. Treatment of mice with lung-targeted 225Ac NP reduced EMT-6 lung colonies relative to cold antibody competition for targeting or phosphate-buffered saline injected controls. We conclude that LnPO4 NPs represent a viable solution to deliver the 225Ac as an in vivo α generator. The NPs successfully retain a large percentage of the daughter products without compromising the tumoricidal properties of the α-radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F McLaughlin
- 1 Department of Chemistry and University of Missouri Research Reactor, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
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Eriksson SE, Bäck T, Elgström E, Jensen H, Nilsson R, Lindegren S, Tennvall J. Successful radioimmunotherapy of established syngeneic rat colon carcinoma with 211At-mAb. EJNMMI Res 2013; 3:23. [PMID: 23557183 PMCID: PMC3621254 DOI: 10.1186/2191-219x-3-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Most carcinomas are prone to metastasize despite successful treatment of the primary tumor. One way to address this clinical challenge may be targeted therapy with α-emitting radionuclides such as astatine-211 (211At). Radioimmunotherapy utilizing α-particle emitting radionuclides is considered especially suitable for the treatment of small cell clusters and single cells, although lesions of different sizes may also be present in the patient. The aim of this study was primarily to evaluate the toxicity and secondarily in vivo efficacy of a 211At-labeled monoclonal antibody (mAb) directed against colon carcinoma with tumor diameters of approximately 10 mm. Methods Eighteen rats with subperitoneal syngeneic colon carcinoma were allocated to three groups of six animals together with three healthy rats in each group. The groups were injected intravenously with either 150 μg of unlabeled mAbs (controls) or 2.5 or 5 MBq 211At-mAbs directed towards the Lewis Y antigen expressed on the cell membrane of several carcinomas. Tumor volume, body weight, and blood cell counts were monitored for 100 days after treatment. Results Local tumors were non-palpable in five out of six rats after treatment with both activities of 211At-mAbs, compared to one out of six in the control group. At the study end, half of the animals in each group given 211At-BR96 and one animal in the control group were free from disease. Radioimmunotherapy resulted in dose-dependent, transient weight loss and myelotoxicity. Survival was significantly better in the groups receiving targeted alpha therapy than in those receiving unlabeled mAbs. Conclusions This study demonstrates the possibility of treating small, solid colon carcinoma tumors with α-emitting radionuclides such as 211At bound to mAbs, with tolerable toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E Eriksson
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Barngatan 2B, Lund 221 85, Sweden.
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Preclinical evaluation of 227Th-labeled and 177Lu-labeled trastuzumab in mice with HER-2-positive ovarian cancer xenografts. Nucl Med Commun 2012; 33:838-47. [PMID: 22643311 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0b013e328354df7c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to compare the biodistribution, normal tissue toxicity, and therapeutic effect of two low-dose rate radioimmunoconjugates (RICs) in mice with HER2-expressing ovarian cancer xenografts: the α-particle-emitting (227)Th-trastuzumab and the β-particle-emitting (177)Lu-trastuzumab. MATERIALS AND METHODS Trastuzumab (Herceptin), conjugated to DOTA and radiolabeled with (227)Th or (177)Lu, was injected intravenously into mice bearing SKOV-3 xenografts. The biodistribution was determined at different time points after injection. The organs were collected and measured for radioactivity content using a gamma spectrometer. Inhibition of tumor growth was measured after a single injection of (227)Th-trastuzumab, (227)Th-rituximab, (177)Lu-trastuzumab, trastuzumab alone, and NaCl. The toxicity of (227)Th-trastuzumab and (177)Lu-trastuzumab was evaluated by measurement of body weight, determination of blood cell counts, analysis of clinical chemistry parameters, and histological examination of tissue specimens. RESULTS The absorbed radiation dose to the tumor was 4 Gy after administration of 400 kBq/kg (227)Th-trastuzumab and 72 MBq/kg (177)Lu-trastuzumab. A significantly better antitumor effect of (227)Th-trastuzumab (8 and 30 days' growth delay for 400 and 600 kBq/kg, respectively) was observed as compared with untreated control, trastuzumab alone, 600 kBq/kg (227)Th-rituximab (nonspecific targeting), and 72 MBq/kg (177)Lu-trastuzumab. Mean survival of mice after treatment with (227)Th-trastuzumab (107 ± 9 and 129 ± 12 days for 400 and 600 kBq/kg (227)Th-trastuzumab, respectively) was significantly improved compared with control (88 ± 11 days) and other RICs (85 ± 8 and 66 ± 6 days for 72 MBq/kg (177)Lu-trastuzumab and 600 kBq/kg (227)Th-rituximab, respectively) (P<0.05, Kaplan-Meier). Treatment-related toxicity was not observed in any group except for a transient decrease in white blood cells between 3 and 9 weeks after treatment with 400 and 600 kBq/kg (227)Th-trastuzumab. CONCLUSION The α-particle-emitting RIC (227)Th-trastuzumab effectively delayed tumor growth and prolonged survival of mice compared with β-emitting (177)Lu-trastuzumab administered at the same absorbed radiation dose to tumor. This new therapeutic approach warrants further studies aiming at clinical testing in patients with micrometastatic ovarian cancer.
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Abstract
Targeting of radionuclides with antibodies, or radioimmunotherapy, has been an active field of research spanning nearly 50 years, evolving with advancing technologies in molecular biology and chemistry, and with many important preclinical and clinical studies illustrating the benefits, but also the challenges, which all forms of targeted therapies face. There are currently two radiolabeled antibodies approved for the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, but radioimmunotherapy of solid tumors remains a challenge. Novel antibody constructs, focusing on treatment of localized and minimal disease, and pretargeting are all promising new approaches that are currently under investigation.
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Balieu S, Halime Z, Lachkar M, Boitrel B. Bismuth insertion in functionalized porphyrins: influence of the structure delivering substituted malonic acid groups. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424608000601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A comparative study of bismuth complexation by various porphyrins which differ according to the structural scaffold – either picket(s) or strap(s) – that deliver the carboxylic acid groups close to the metal, has been performed. Unlike strapped porphyrins, and although more flexible, the picket ligands do not lead to more stable bismuth complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Balieu
- Université de Rennes1, Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR CNRS 6226 (I.C.M.V.), 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Zakaria Halime
- Université de Rennes1, Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR CNRS 6226 (I.C.M.V.), 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
- Université Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, Faculté des Sciences Dhar El Mehraz, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Matériaux Organométalliques et Moléculaires, B.P. 1796 (Atlas), 30000, Fès, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Lachkar
- Université Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, Faculté des Sciences Dhar El Mehraz, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Matériaux Organométalliques et Moléculaires, B.P. 1796 (Atlas), 30000, Fès, Morocco
| | - Bernard Boitrel
- Université de Rennes1, Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR CNRS 6226 (I.C.M.V.), 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
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Abstract
The effectiveness of targeted α-therapy (TAT) can be explained by the properties of α-particles. Alpha particles are helium nuclei and are ~8,000 times larger than β(-)-particles (electrons). When emitted from radionuclides that decay via an α-decay pathway, they release enormous amounts of energy over a very short distance. Typically, the range of α-particles in tissue is 50-100 μm and they have high linear energy transfer (LET) with a mean energy deposition of 100 keV/μm, providing a more specific tumor cell killing ability without damage to the surrounding normal tissues than β(-)-emitters. Due to these properties, the majority of pre-clinical and clinical trials have demonstrated that α-emitters such as (225)Ac, (211)At, (212)Bi, (213)Bi, (212)Pb, (223)Ra, and (227)Th are ideal for the treatment of smaller tumor burdens, micrometastatic disease, and disseminated disease. Even though these α-emitters have favorable properties, the development of TAT has been limited by high costs, unresolved chemistry, and limited availability of the radionuclides. To overcome these limitations, more potent isotopes, additional sources, and more efficient isotope production methods should be addressed. Furthermore, better chelation and labeling methods with the improvements of isotope delivery, targeting vehicles, molecular targets, and identification of appropriate clinical applications are still required.
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Abbas N, Heyerdahl H, Bruland OS, Borrebæk J, Nesland J, Dahle J. Experimental α-particle radioimmunotherapy of breast cancer using 227Th-labeled p-benzyl-DOTA-trastuzumab. EJNMMI Res 2011; 1:18. [PMID: 22214432 PMCID: PMC3250964 DOI: 10.1186/2191-219x-1-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the present study was to explore the biodistribution, normal tissue toxicity, and therapeutic efficacy of the internalizing low-dose rate alpha-particle-emitting radioimmunoconjugate 227Th-trastuzumab in mice with HER2-expressing breast cancer xenografts. Methods Biodistribution of 227Th-trastuzumab and 227Th-rituximab in nude mice bearing SKBR-3 xenografts were determined at different time points after injection. Tumor growth was measured after administration of 227Th-trastuzumab, 227Th-rituximab, cold trastuzumab, and saline. The toxicity of 227Th-trastuzumab was evaluated by measurements of body weight, blood cell, and clinical chemistry parameters, as well as histological examination of tissue specimens. Results The tumor uptake reached peak levels of 34% ID/g (4.6 kBq/g) 3 days after injection of 400 kBq/kg of 227Th-trastuzumab. The absorbed radiation dose to tumor was 2.9 Gy, while it was 2.4 Gy to femur due to uptake of the daughter nuclide 223Ra in bone; the latter already explored in clinical phases I and II trials without serious toxicity. A significant dose-dependent antitumor effect was observed for dosages of 200, 400, and 600 kBq/kg of 227Th-trastuzumab but no effect of 400 and 600 kBq/kg 227Th-rituximab (non-tumor binding). No serious delayed bone marrow or normal organ toxicity was observed, but there was a statistical significant reduction in blood cell parameters for the highest-dose group of 227Th-trastuzumab treatment. Conclusion Internalizing 227Th-trastuzumab therapy was well tolerated and resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of breast cancer xenograft growth. These results warrant further preclinical studies aiming at a clinical trial in breast cancer patients with metastases to bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasir Abbas
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0310 Oslo, Norway.
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Ruggiero A, Villa CH, Holland JP, Sprinkle SR, May C, Lewis JS, Scheinberg DA, McDevitt MR. Imaging and treating tumor vasculature with targeted radiolabeled carbon nanotubes. Int J Nanomedicine 2010; 5:783-802. [PMID: 21042424 PMCID: PMC2962274 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s13300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Single wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) constructs were covalently appended with radiometal-ion chelates (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid [DOTA] or desferrioxamine B [DFO]) and the tumor neovascular-targeting antibody E4G10. The E4G10 antibody specifically targeted the monomeric vascular endothelial-cadherin (VE-cad) epitope expressed in the tumor angiogenic vessels. The construct specific activity and blood compartment clearance kinetics were significantly improved relative to corresponding antibodyalone constructs. We performed targeted radioimmunotherapy with a SWCNT-([225Ac]DOTA) (E4G10) construct directed at the tumor vasculature in a murine xenograft model of human colon adenocarcinoma (LS174T). The specific construct reduced tumor volume and improved median survival relative to controls. We also performed positron emission tomographic (PET) radioimmunoimaging of the tumor vessels with a SWCNT-([89Zr]DFO)(E4G10) construct in the same murine LS174T xenograft model and compared the results to appropriate controls. Dynamic and longitudinal PET imaging of LS174T tumor-bearing mice demonstrated rapid blood clearance (<1 hour) and specific tumor accumulation of the specific construct. Incorporation of the SWCNT scaffold into the construct design permitted us to amplify the specific activity to improve the signal-to-noise ratio without detrimentally impacting the immunoreactivity of the targeting antibody moiety. Furthermore, we were able to exploit the SWCNT pharmacokinetic (PK) profile to favorably alter the blood clearance and provide an advantage for rapid imaging. Near-infrared three-dimensional fluorescent-mediated tomography was used to image the LS174T tumor model, collect antibody-alone PK data, and calculate the number of copies of VE-cad epitope per cell. All of these studies were performed as a single administration of construct and were found to be safe and well tolerated by the murine model. These data have implications that support further imaging and radiotherapy studies using a SWCNT-based platform and focusing on the tumor vessels as the target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Ruggiero
- Department of Medicine and Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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16
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Sgouros G, Roeske JC, McDevitt MR, Palm S, Allen BJ, Fisher DR, Brill AB, Song H, Howell RW, Akabani G, Bolch WE, Brill AB, Fisher DR, Howell RW, Meredith RF, Sgouros G, Wessels BW, Zanzonico PB. MIRD Pamphlet No. 22 (abridged): radiobiology and dosimetry of alpha-particle emitters for targeted radionuclide therapy. J Nucl Med 2010; 51:311-28. [PMID: 20080889 PMCID: PMC5680544 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.108.058651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential of alpha-particle emitters to treat cancer has been recognized since the early 1900s. Advances in the targeted delivery of radionuclides and radionuclide conjugation chemistry, and the increased availability of alpha-emitters appropriate for clinical use, have recently led to patient trials of radiopharmaceuticals labeled with alpha-particle emitters. Although alpha-emitters have been studied for many decades, their current use in humans for targeted therapy is an important milestone. The objective of this work is to review those aspects of the field that are pertinent to targeted alpha-particle emitter therapy and to provide guidance and recommendations for human alpha-particle emitter dosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Sgouros
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA.
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17
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Sgouros G. Update:Molecular Radiotherapy: Survey and Current Status. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2008; 23:531-40. [DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2008.0502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- George Sgouros
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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18
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Abstract
For the treatment of minimum residual diseases such micrometastases and residual tumor margins that remain after debulking of the primary tumor, targeted radiotherapy using radiopharmaceuticals tagged with alpha-particle-emitting radionuclides is very attractive. In addition to the their short range in tissue, which helps minimize harmful effects on adjacent normal tissues, alpha-particles, being high LET radiation, have several radiobiological advantages. The heavy halogen, astatine-211 is one of the prominent alpha-particle-emitting radionuclides in practice. Being a halogen, it can often be incorporated into biomolecules of interest by adapting radioiodination chemistry. A wide spectrum of compounds from the simple [(211)At]astatide ion to small organic molecules, peptides, and large proteins labeled with (211)At have been investigated with at least two reaching the stage of clinical evaluation. The chemistry, cytotoxic advantages, biodistribution studies, and microdosimetry/pharmacokinetic modeling of some of these agents will be reviewed. In addition, potential problems such as the harmful effect of radiolysis on the synthesis, lack of sufficient in vivo stability of astatinated compounds, and possible adverse effects when they are systemically administered will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesan Vaidyanathan
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael R. Zalutsky
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Lindegren S, Frost S, Bäck T, Haglund E, Elgqvist J, Jensen H. Direct procedure for the production of 211At-labeled antibodies with an epsilon-lysyl-3-(trimethylstannyl)benzamide immunoconjugate. J Nucl Med 2008; 49:1537-45. [PMID: 18703591 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.107.049833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED (211)At-labeled tumor-specific antibodies have long been considered for the treatment of disseminated cancer. However, the limited availability of the nuclide and the poor efficacy of labeling procedures at clinical activity levels present major obstacles to their use. This study evaluated a procedure for the direct astatination of antibodies for the production of clinical activity levels. METHODS The monoclonal antibody trastuzumab was conjugated with the reagent N-succinimidyl-3-(trimethylstannyl)benzoate, and the immunoconjugate was labeled with astatine. Before astatination of the conjugated antibody, the nuclide was activated with N-iodosuccinimide. The labeling reaction was evaluated in terms of reaction time, volume of reaction solvent, immunoconjugate concentration, and applied activity. The quality of the astatinated antibodies was determined by in vitro analysis and biodistribution studies in nude mice. RESULTS The reaction proceeded almost instantaneously, and the results indicated a low dependence on immunoconjugate concentration and applied activity. Radiochemical labeling yields were in the range of 68%-81%, and a specific radioactivity of up to 1 GBq/mg could be achieved. Stability and radiochemical purity were equal to or better than those attained with a conventional 2-step procedure. Dissociation constants for directly astatinated, conventionally astatinated, and radioiodinated trastuzumab were 1.0+/-0.06 (mean+/-SD), 0.44+/-0.06, and 0.29+/-0.02 nM, respectively. The tissue distribution in non-tumor-bearing nude mice revealed only minor differences in organ uptake relative to that obtained with the conventional method. CONCLUSION The direct astatination procedure enables the high-yield production of astatinated antibodies with radioactivity in the amounts required for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sture Lindegren
- Department of Radiation Physics, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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20
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Robinson MK, Shaller C, Garmestani K, Plascjak PS, Hodge KM, Yuan QA, Marks JD, Waldmann TA, Brechbiel MW, Adams GP. Effective treatment of established human breast tumor xenografts in immunodeficient mice with a single dose of the alpha-emitting radioisotope astatine-211 conjugated to anti-HER2/neu diabodies. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:875-82. [PMID: 18245551 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Successful radioimmunotherapy strategies depend on selecting radioisotopes with physical properties complementary to the biological properties of the targeting vehicle. Small, engineered antitumor antibody fragments are capable of rapid, highly specific tumor targeting in immunodeficient mouse models. We hypothesized that the C6.5 diabody, a noncovalent anti-HER2 single-chain Fv dimer, would be an ideal radioisotope carrier for the radioimmunotherapy of established tumors using the short-lived alpha-emitting radioisotope (211)At. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Immunodeficient nude mice bearing established HER2/neu-positive MDA-MB-361/DYT2 tumors treated with N-succinimidyl N-(4-[(211)At]astatophenethyl)succinamate ((211)At-SAPS)-C6.5 diabody. Additional cohorts of mice were treated with (211)At-SAPS T84.66 diabody targeting the carcinoembryonic antigen or (211)At-SAPS on a diabody specific for the Müllerian inhibiting substance type II receptor, which is minimally expressed on this tumor cell line. RESULTS A single i.v. injection of (211)At-SAPS C6.5 diabody led to a 30-day delay in tumor growth when a 20 muCi dose was administered and a 57-day delay in tumor growth (60% tumor-free after 1 year) when a 45 muCi dose was used. Treatment of mice bearing the same tumors with (211)At-SAPS T84.66 diabody at the same doses led to a delay in tumor growth, but no complete responses, likely due to substantially lower expression of this antigen on the MDA-MB-361/DYT2 tumors. In contrast, a dose of 20 muCi of (211)At-SAPS on the anti-Müllerian-inhibiting substance type II receptor diabody did not affect tumor growth rate, demonstrating specificity of the therapeutic effect. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that diabody molecules can be effective agents for targeted radioimmunotherapy of solid tumors using powerful, short-lived alpha-emitting radioisotopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Robinson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, USA
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21
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Jaggi JS, Henke E, Seshan SV, Kappel BJ, Chattopadhyay D, May C, McDevitt MR, Nolan D, Mittal V, Benezra R, Scheinberg DA. Selective alpha-particle mediated depletion of tumor vasculature with vascular normalization. PLoS One 2007; 2:e267. [PMID: 17342201 PMCID: PMC1801076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2006] [Accepted: 02/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Abnormal regulation of angiogenesis in tumors results in the formation of vessels that are necessary for tumor growth, but compromised in structure and function. Abnormal tumor vasculature impairs oxygen and drug delivery and results in radiotherapy and chemotherapy resistance, respectively. Alpha particles are extraordinarily potent, short-ranged radiations with geometry uniquely suitable for selectively killing neovasculature. Methodology and Principal Findings Actinium-225 (225Ac)-E4G10, an alpha-emitting antibody construct reactive with the unengaged form of vascular endothelial cadherin, is capable of potent, selective killing of tumor neovascular endothelium and late endothelial progenitors in bone-marrow and blood. No specific normal-tissue uptake of E4G10 was seen by imaging or post-mortem biodistribution studies in mice. In a mouse-model of prostatic carcinoma, 225Ac-E4G10 treatment resulted in inhibition of tumor growth, lower serum prostate specific antigen level and markedly prolonged survival, which was further enhanced by subsequent administration of paclitaxel. Immunohistochemistry revealed lower vessel density and enhanced tumor cell apoptosis in 225Ac-E4G10 treated tumors. Additionally, the residual tumor vasculature appeared normalized as evident by enhanced pericyte coverage following 225Ac-E4G10 therapy. However, no toxicity was observed in vascularized normal organs following 225Ac-E4G10 therapy. Conclusions The data suggest that alpha-particle immunotherapy to neovasculature, alone or in combination with sequential chemotherapy, is an effective approach to cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Singh Jaggi
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Erik Henke
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Surya V. Seshan
- Department of Pathology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Barry J. Kappel
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Debjit Chattopadhyay
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Chad May
- ImClone Systems Incorporated, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael R. McDevitt
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Daniel Nolan
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Woodbury, New York, United States of America
| | - Vivek Mittal
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Woodbury, New York, United States of America
| | - Robert Benezra
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David A. Scheinberg
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Kennel SJ, Lankford T, Garland M, Sundberg JP, Mirzadeh S. Biodistribution of 225Ra citrate in mice: retention of daughter radioisotopes in bone. Nucl Med Biol 2006; 32:859-67. [PMID: 16253811 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2005.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2004] [Revised: 03/16/2005] [Accepted: 05/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-particle-emitting radionuclides have potential for therapy of localized disease due to their high linear energy transformation and short pathlengths. Radiometals that home naturally to bone can be exploited for this purpose, and 223Ra (t(1/2)=11.4 days) recently has been studied for therapy of bone tumors in mice and rats. Actinium-225 (t(1/2)=10 days) is also an attractive radioisotope for endoradiotherapy. In a single decay of a 225Ac nucleus and its subsequent decay daughters, over 27 MeV ( approximately 90% of total energy) is released by sequential emission of four alpha particles, ranging in energy from 5.7 to 8.4 MeV. Although Ac3+ does not home naturally to bone, its parent radioisotope 225Ra (beta(-), t(1/2)=15 days) can be used as an in vivo source for 225Ac. Thus, injection of 225Ra takes advantage of the bone-homing properties of radium coupled with the significant amount of energy released from the 225Ac decay chain. Our data confirm that a large fraction of radium citrate injected intravenously into mice localizes rapidly in bone. Injected doses per gram (ID/g) for 225Ra range from 25% in skull to about 10% in sternum. Once deposited, the 225Ra remains in the bone with a biological half life of >40 days. Furthermore, >95% of the daughter radioisotope, 225Ac, is retained in the bone. However, a significant fraction of one of the daughter radioisotopes, 213Bi, is found in kidney. The biodistribution data indicate that 225Ra injection should be a powerful agent for killing cells associated with bone; however, the toxicity of this radioisotope which is similar to that of other alpha emitters limits the dose that can be tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Kennel
- Division of Life Sciences, Oak Ridge National Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.
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23
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Milenic DE, Garmestani K, Brady ED, Albert PS, Ma D, Abdulla A, Brechbiel MW. Alpha-particle radioimmunotherapy of disseminated peritoneal disease using a (212)Pb-labeled radioimmunoconjugate targeting HER2. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2006; 20:557-68. [PMID: 16248771 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2005.20.557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
These studies demonstrate the feasibility of targeted therapy for the treatment of disseminated peritoneal disease using (212)Pb-labeled Herceptin as an in vivo generator of (212)Bi. In vitro studies compare the potential of the bismuth radioisotopes, (213)Bi and (212)Bi, to that of (212)Pb. Overall, (212)Pb results in a higher therapeutic index than either bismuth radioisotope, requiring lower radioactivity (microCi) for effective cytotoxic response. A pilot radioimmunotherapy (RIT) experiment treating mice bearing 5 d LS-174T intraperitoneally (i.p.) xenografts determined a maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of 20-40 microCi with i.p. administration. A specific dose response was observed and 10 microCi was selected as the effective operating dose for future experiments. Median survival of tumor-bearing mice receiving 10 microCi increased from 19 to 56 days (p = 0.008). The efficacy of (212)Pb-Herceptin was also assessed in a human pancreatic carcinoma xenograft (Shaw; i.p.) animal model previously reported as unresponsive to 213Bi-Herceptin (p = 0.002). Multiple dosing of (212)Pb-Herceptin was evaluated in both animal models. The median survival of mice bearing 3 d LS-174T i.p. xenografts increased to 110 days, with up to 3 doses of (212)Pb-Herceptin given at approximately monthly intervals; however, there was no evidence of a correlation with the second and third doses (p = 0.98). No improvement in median survival was noted with a similar regimen in the Shaw xenograft model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane E Milenic
- Radioimmune and Inorganic Chemistry Section, Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, MSC-1088, Building 10, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Miao Y, Hylarides M, Fisher DR, Shelton T, Moore H, Wester DW, Fritzberg AR, Winkelmann CT, Hoffman T, Quinn TP. Melanoma therapy via peptide-targeted {alpha}-radiation. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 11:5616-21. [PMID: 16061880 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-0619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The therapeutic efficacy of a unique melanoma-targeting peptide conjugated with an in vivo generated alpha-particle-emitting radionuclide was evaluated in the B16/F1 mouse melanoma animal model. alpha-Radiation is densely ionizing, resulting in high concentrations of destructive radicals and irreparable DNA double-strand breaks. This high linear energy transfer overcomes radiation-resistant tumor cells and oxygen effects resulting in potentially high therapeutic indices in tumors such as melanoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The melanoma targeting peptide, 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclodecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA)-Re(Arg(11))CCMSH, was radiolabeled with (212)Pb, the parent of (212)Bi, which decays via alpha and beta decay. Biodistribution and therapy studies were done in the B16/F1 melanoma-bearing C57 mouse flank tumor model. RESULTS (212)Pb[DOTA]-Re(Arg(11))CCMSH exhibited rapid tumor uptake and extended retention coupled with rapid whole body disappearance. Radiation dose delivered to the tumor was estimated to be 61 cGy/muCi (212)Pb administered. Treatment of melanoma-bearing mice with 50, 100, and 200 muCi of (212)Pb[DOTA]-Re(Arg(11))CCMSH extended their mean survival to 22, 28, and 49.8 days, respectively, compared with the 14.6-day mean survival of the placebo control group. Forty-five percent of the mice receiving 200 muCi doses survived the study disease-free. CONCLUSIONS Treatment of B16/F1 murine melanoma-bearing mice with (212)Pb[DOTA]-Re(Arg(11))CCMSH significantly decreased tumor growth rates resulting in extended mean survival times, and in many cases, complete remission of disease. (212)Pb-DOTA-Re(Arg(11))CCMSH seems to be a very promising radiopharmaceutical for targeted radionuclide therapy of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubin Miao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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Abstract
It is now accepted that the growth of solid tumours is dependent on their capacity to acquire a blood supply, and much effort has been directed towards the development of agents (known as anti-angiogenics) that disrupt this process. More recently, it has become apparent that targeted destruction of the established tumour vasculature is another avenue for exciting therapeutic opportunities. In this article, we present evidence that vascular targeting is an effective antitumour strategy in animal models, describe strategies for identifying putative tumour vascular targets and discuss future prospects for vascular targeting in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Neri
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Milenic DE, Garmestani K, Brady ED, Albert PS, Ma D, Abdulla A, Brechbiel MW. Targeting of HER2 antigen for the treatment of disseminated peritoneal disease. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 10:7834-41. [PMID: 15585615 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-1226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The studies reported herein demonstrate the efficacy of alpha-particle-targeted radiation therapy of peritoneal disease with Herceptin as the targeting vehicle. Using the CHX-A-DTPA linker, Herceptin was radiolabeled with indium-111 and bismuth-213 with high efficiency without compromising immunoreactivity. A pilot radioimmunotherapy study treating mice bearing 5-day LS-174T (i.p.) xenografts, a low but uniform HER2 expressing, human colon carcinoma, with a single dose of (213)Bi-CHX-A"-Herceptin, proved disappointing. This defined the effect of tumor burden/size on tumor response to radioimmunotherapy with alpha-radiation. A more successful experiment with a lower tumor burden (3 days) in mice followed. A specific dose-response (P = 0.009) was observed, and although a maximum-tolerated dose was not determined, a dose of 500 to 750 muCi was selected as the operating dose for future experiments based on changes in animal weight. Median survival was increased from 20.5 days for the mock-treated mice to 43 and 59 days with 500 and 750 muCi, respectively. The therapeutic effectiveness of (213)Bi-CHX-A"-Herceptin was also evaluated in a second animal model for peritoneal disease with a human pancreatic carcinoma (Shaw). The results of this study were not as dramatic as with the former model, and higher doses were required to obtain an increase in survival of the mice (P = 0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane E Milenic
- Radioimmune & Inorganic Chemistry Section, Radiation Oncology Branch, and Biometric Research Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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27
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Yao Z, Zhang M, Garmestani K, Axworthy DB, Mallett RW, Fritzberg AR, Theodore LJ, Plascjak PS, Eckelman WC, Waldmann TA, Pastan I, Paik CH, Brechbiel MW, Carrasquillo JA. Pretargeted alpha emitting radioimmunotherapy using (213)Bi 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N",N"'-tetraacetic acid-biotin. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:3137-46. [PMID: 15131055 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-03-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The use of an alpha emitter for radioimmunotherapy has potential advantages compared with beta emitters. When administered systemically optimal targeting of intact antibodies requires >24 h, therefore limiting the use of short-lived alpha emitters. This study investigated the biodistribution of bismuth-labeled biotin in A431 tumor-bearing mice pretargeted with antibody B3-streptavidin (B3-SA) and examined the therapeutic efficacy of the alpha emitter, (213)Bi-labeled biotin. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Biotinidase-resistant 7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N",N"'-tetraacetic acid (DOTA)-biotin was radiolabeled with (205,206)Bi or (213)Bi. Treatment of tumor-bearing mice began by administration of B3-SA (400 micro g) to target the tumor sites for 24 h. Then, an agent containing biotin and galactose groups was used to clear the conjugate from the circulation. Four h later, bismuth-radiolabeled DOTA-biotin was given, and biodistribution or therapy was evaluated. Dose escalation treatment from 3.7-74 MBq was performed, and the effects on tumors of different sizes were investigated. Tumor growth, complete blood cell counts, toxicity, and survival were monitored. RESULTS Radiolabeled biotin cleared rapidly. Rapid tumor uptake resulted in much higher tumor:nontumor targeting ratios than achieved with the directly labeled monoclonal antibody. Dose escalation revealed that 74 MBq caused acute death of mice, whereas 0.37-37 MBq doses inhibited tumor growth and prolonged survival significantly. Evidence of mild hematological toxicity was noted. At therapeutically effective doses renal toxicity was observed. CONCLUSIONS (213)Bi-DOTA-biotin, directed by the Pretarget method to tumor-targeted B3-SA, showed a therapeutic effect, although the therapeutic index was low. The source of the toxicity was most likely related to the renal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengsheng Yao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Warren G. Magnuson Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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28
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Milenic D, Garmestani K, Dadachova E, Chappell L, Albert P, Hill D, Schlom J, Brechbiel M. Radioimmunotherapy of Human Colon Carcinoma Xenografts Using a213Bi-Labeled Domain-Deleted Humanized Monoclonal Antibody. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2004; 19:135-47. [PMID: 15186593 DOI: 10.1089/108497804323071904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The data presented within this paper is the first report of a humanized domain-deleted monoclonal antibody (HuCC49DeltaCH2) to be utilized in a radioimmunotherapeutic (RIT) application with 213Bi. An initial study indicated that 111In-HuCC49DeltaCH2 targets the subcutaneously implanted human colon carcinoma xenograft, LS-174T, when injected via a peritoneal route. The HuCC49DeltaCH2 was then radiolabeled with 213Bi, an alpha-emitting radionuclide with a half-life of 45.6 minutes, and evaluated for therapeutic efficacy. Dose titration studies indicated that a single dose of 500-1000 microCi, when injected by an intraperitoneal route, resulted in the growth inhibition or regression of the tumor xenograft. The radioimmunotherapeutic effect was found to be dose-dependent. Specificity of the therapeutic efficacy was confirmed in a subsequent experiment with athymic mice bearing TAG-72 negative MIP (human colorectal) xenografts. A preliminary study was also performed to assess a multiple-dose administration of 213Bi-HuCC49DeltaCH2. Doses (500 microCi) were administered at 14-day intervals after tumor implantation. A reduction in volume and/or delay in tumor growth was evident following the second and third injections of 213Bi-HuCC49DeltaCH2. As further validation of the use of 213Bi-HuCC49DeltaCH2 for RIT, a study using 131I was conducted. The overall survival of mice receiving 213Bi-HuCC49DeltaCH2 was greater than those that received 131I-HuCC49DeltaCH2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Milenic
- Radioimmune and Inorganic Chemistry Section, Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Chinn P, Braslawsky G, White C, Hanna N. Antibody therapy of non-Hodgkin's B-cell lymphoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2003; 52:257-80. [PMID: 12700943 PMCID: PMC11034278 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-002-0347-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2002] [Accepted: 10/03/2002] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Engineering antibodies with reduced immunogenicity and enhanced effector functions, and selecting antigen targets with the appropriate specificity, density, and/or functionality, have contributed to the recent clinical successes in using unconjugated "naked" antibody therapies of B-cell lymphoma (rituximab) and breast carcinoma (Herceptin). The non-overlapping toxicities of naked antibodies and chemotherapy, together with their potential synergy, which is based on unique and complementary mechanisms of action, have contributed to the creation of new standards of care in cancer therapy and management. Clinical trial results supporting these concepts are presented. Furthermore, the exquisite specificity of antibodies renders them ideal vehicles for selective delivery of toxic payloads such as drugs or radionuclides. Although successful in therapy of hematological cancers (Zevalin, Mylotarg), the broader application of these technologies to carcinomas still remains to be proven in clinical testing. Engineering of antibody constructs with optimal blood clearance and tumor-targeting kinetics, and selecting the radionuclide that may deliver sufficient radiation energy to kill the more radio-resistant carcinomas, are discussed. With the advent of genomics and proteomics, new membrane-associated tumor antigens are being discovered and will provide novel targets for future antibody therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Chinn
- IDEC Pharmaceuticals Corporation, 3010 Science Park Road, 92121 San Diego, California USA
| | - Gary Braslawsky
- IDEC Pharmaceuticals Corporation, 3010 Science Park Road, 92121 San Diego, California USA
| | - Christine White
- IDEC Pharmaceuticals Corporation, 3010 Science Park Road, 92121 San Diego, California USA
| | - Nabil Hanna
- IDEC Pharmaceuticals Corporation, 3010 Science Park Road, 92121 San Diego, California USA
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Abstract
Recombinant antibodies currently represent over 30% of biopharmaceuticals in clinical trials, highlighted by the recent Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals of Zevalin(TM) (ibritumomab-tiuxetan; IDEC Pharmaceuticals, San Dieago, CA, USA) for cancer radioimmunotherapy and Humira(TM) (adalimumab; Abbott Laboratories, IL, USA) for rheumatoid arthritis. Together, these FDA approvals have excited the biotechnology industry, particularly since sales of recombinant antibodies are increasing rapidly to a predicted US dollar 4 billion per annum worldwide in 2003. To date, 10 engineered therapeutic antibodies have gained FDA approval and many others are in Phase III trials. Many recent FDA-approved antibodies are simple molecular designs that have taken 10 years to be developed into effective therapeutic reagents. Emerging new technologies have created a vast range of recombinant, antibody-based reagents, which specifically target clinical biomarkers of disease. Radiolabelling of antibodies has increased their potential for cancer imaging and targeting. Recombinant antibodies have also been reduced in size and rebuilt into multivalent molecules for higher affinity. In addition, antibodies have been fused with many molecules, including toxins, enzymes, drugs and viruses, for prodrug therapy, cancer treatment and gene delivery. Recombinant antibody technology has enabled clever manipulations in the construction of complex in vitro libraries for the selection of high-affinity reagents against refractory targets. Furthermore, innovative affinity maturation methods have been developed which enable rapid selection of extremely high-affinity reagents. This review focuses on developments in the last 12 months and describes the latest developments in the design, production and clinical use of recombinant antibodies for cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Souriau
- CRC for Diagnostics and CSIRO Health Sciences and Nutrition, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville,Victoria, Australia 3052.
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Abstract
Cytotoxic chemotherapy or radiotherapy of cancer is limited by serious, sometimes life-threatening, side effects that arise from toxicities to sensitive normal cells because the therapies are not selective for malignant cells. So how can selectivity be improved? One strategy is to couple the therapeutics to antibodies or other ligands that recognize tumour-associated antigens. This increases the exposure of the malignant cells, and reduces the exposure of normal cells, to the ligand-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa M Allen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7.
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