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Verhaegen F, Dubois L, Gianolini S, Hill MA, Karger CP, Lauber K, Prise KM, Sarrut D, Thorwarth D, Vanhove C, Vojnovic B, Weersink R, Wilkens JJ, Georg D. ESTRO ACROP: Technology for precision small animal radiotherapy research: Optimal use and challenges. Radiother Oncol 2018; 126:471-478. [PMID: 29269093 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Many radiotherapy research centers have recently installed novel research platforms enabling the investigation of the radiation response of tumors and normal tissues in small animal models, possibly in combination with other treatment modalities. Many more research institutes are expected to follow in the coming years. These novel platforms are capable of mimicking human radiotherapy more closely than older technology. To facilitate the optimal use of these novel integrated precision irradiators and various small animal imaging devices, and to maximize the impact of the associated research, the ESTRO committee on coordinating guidelines ACROP (Advisory Committee in Radiation Oncology Practice) has commissioned a report to review the state of the art of the technology used in this new field of research, and to issue recommendations. This report discusses the combination of precision irradiation systems, small animal imaging (CT, MRI, PET, SPECT, bioluminescence) systems, image registration, treatment planning, and data processing. It also provides guidelines for reporting on studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Verhaegen
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Ludwig Dubois
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mark A Hill
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Gray Laboratories, UK
| | - Christian P Karger
- Department of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kirsten Lauber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Germany
| | - Kevin M Prise
- Centre for Cancer Research & Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, UK
| | - David Sarrut
- Université de Lyon, CREATIS, CNRS UMR5220, Inserm U1044, INSA-Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, France
| | - Daniela Thorwarth
- Section for Biomedical Physics, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Vanhove
- Institute Biomedical Technology (IBiTech), Medical Imaging and Signal Processing (MEDISIP), Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Boris Vojnovic
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Gray Laboratories, UK
| | - Robert Weersink
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Department of Radiation Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital, Canada
| | - Jan J Wilkens
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Technical University of Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany
| | - Dietmar Georg
- Division of Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Radiation Oncology and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Medical Radiation Research for Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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Magnetic resonance imaging for precise radiotherapy of small laboratory animals. Z Med Phys 2017; 27:6-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ford E, Deye J. Current Instrumentation and Technologies in Modern Radiobiology Research—Opportunities and Challenges. Semin Radiat Oncol 2016; 26:349-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Awan MJ, Dorth J, Mani A, Kim H, Zheng Y, Mislmani M, Welford S, Yuan J, Wessels BW, Lo SS, Letterio J, Machtay M, Sloan A, Sohn JW. Development and Validation of a Small Animal Immobilizer and Positioning System for the Study of Delivery of Intracranial and Extracranial Radiotherapy Using the Gamma Knife System. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2016; 16:203-210. [PMID: 27444980 DOI: 10.1177/1533034616658394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to establish a process of irradiating mice using the Gamma Knife as a versatile system for small animal irradiation and to validate accurate intracranial and extracranial dose delivery using this system. A stereotactic immobilization device was developed for small animals for the Gamma Knife head frame allowing for isocentric dose delivery. Intercranial positional reproducibility of a reference point from a primary reference animal was verified on an additional mouse. Extracranial positional reproducibility of the mouse aorta was verified using 3 mice. Accurate dose delivery was validated using film and thermoluminescent dosimeter measurements with a solid water phantom. Gamma Knife plans were developed to irradiate intracranial and extracranial targets. Mice were irradiated validating successful targeted radiation dose delivery. Intramouse positional variability of the right mandible reference point across 10 micro-computed tomography scans was 0.65 ± 0.48 mm. Intermouse positional reproducibility across 2 mice at the same reference point was 0.76 ± 0.46 mm. The accuracy of dose delivery was 0.67 ± 0.29 mm and 1.01 ± 0.43 mm in the coronal and sagittal planes, respectively. The planned dose delivered to a mouse phantom was 2 Gy at the 50% isodose with a measured thermoluminescent dosimeter dose of 2.9 ± 0.3 Gy. The phosphorylated form of member X of histone family H2A (γH2AX) staining of irradiated mouse brain and mouse aorta demonstrated adjacent tissue sparing. In conclusion, our system for preclinical studies of small animal irradiation using the Gamma Knife is able to accurately deliver intracranial and extracranial targeted focal radiation allowing for preclinical experiments studying focal radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musaddiq J Awan
- 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jennifer Dorth
- 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Arvind Mani
- 2 Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Haksoo Kim
- 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yiran Zheng
- 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mazen Mislmani
- 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Scott Welford
- 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jiankui Yuan
- 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Barry W Wessels
- 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Simon S Lo
- 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - John Letterio
- 3 Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mitchell Machtay
- 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Andrew Sloan
- 4 Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jason W Sohn
- 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Kim H, Fabien J, Zheng Y, Yuan J, Brindle J, Sloan A, Yao M, Lo S, Wessels B, Machtay M, Welford S, Sohn JW. Establishing a process of irradiating small animal brain using a CyberKnife and a microCT scanner. Med Phys 2014; 41:021715. [PMID: 24506606 DOI: 10.1118/1.4861713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Establish and validate a process of accurately irradiating small animals using the CyberKnife G4 System (version 8.5) with treatment plans designed to irradiate a hemisphere of a mouse brain based on microCT scanner images. METHODS These experiments consisted of four parts: (1) building a mouse phantom for intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) quality assurance (QA), (2) proving usability of a microCT for treatment planning, (3) fabricating a small animal positioning system for use with the CyberKnife's image guided radiotherapy (IGRT) system, and (4)in vivo verification of targeting accuracy. A set of solid water mouse phantoms was designed and fabricated, with radiochromic films (RCF) positioned in selected planes to measure delivered doses. After down-sampling for treatment planning compatibility, a CT image set of a phantom was imported into the CyberKnife treatment planning system--MultiPlan (ver. 3.5.2). A 0.5 cm diameter sphere was contoured within the phantom to represent a hemispherical section of a mouse brain. A nude mouse was scanned in an alpha cradle using a microCT scanner (cone-beam, 157 × 149 pixels slices, 0.2 mm longitudinal slice thickness). Based on the results of our positional accuracy study, a planning treatment volume (PTV) was created. A stereotactic body mold of the mouse was "printed" using a 3D printer laying UV curable acrylic plastic. Printer instructions were based on exported contours of the mouse's skin. Positional reproducibility in the mold was checked by measuring ten CT scans. To verify accurate dose delivery in vivo, six mice were irradiated in the mold with a 4 mm target contour and a 2 mm PTV margin to 3 Gy and sacrificed within 20 min to avoid DNA repair. The brain was sliced and stained for analysis. RESULTS For the IMRT QA using a set of phantoms, the planned dose (6 Gy to the calculation point) was compared to the delivered dose measured via film and analyzed using Gamma analysis (3% and 3 mm). A passing rate of 99% was measured in areas of above 40% of the prescription dose. The final inverse treatment plan was comprised of 43 beams ranging from 5 to 12.5 mm in diameter (2.5 mm size increments are available up to 15 mm in diameter collimation). Using the Xsight Spine Tracking module, the CyberKnife system could not reliably identify and track the tiny mouse spine; however, the CyberKnife system could identify and track the fiducial markers on the 3D mold.In vivo positional accuracy analysis using the 3D mold generated a mean error of 1.41 mm ± 0.73 mm when fiducial markers were used for position tracking. Analysis of the dissected brain confirmed the ability to target the correct brain volume. CONCLUSIONS With the use of a stereotactic body mold with fiducial markers, microCT imaging, and resolution down-sampling, the CyberKnife system can successfully perform small-animal radiotherapy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haksoo Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Jeffrey Fabien
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106 and University Hospitals of Cleveland, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Yiran Zheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106 and University Hospitals of Cleveland, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Jake Yuan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106 and University Hospitals of Cleveland, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - James Brindle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106 and University Hospitals of Cleveland, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Andrew Sloan
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Min Yao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106 and University Hospitals of Cleveland, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Simon Lo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106 and University Hospitals of Cleveland, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Barry Wessels
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106 and University Hospitals of Cleveland, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Mitchell Machtay
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106 and University Hospitals of Cleveland, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Scott Welford
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Jason W Sohn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106 and University Hospitals of Cleveland, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
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Dellinger A, Olson J, Link K, Vance S, Sandros MG, Yang J, Zhou Z, Kepley CL. Functionalization of gadolinium metallofullerenes for detecting atherosclerotic plaque lesions by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2013; 15:7. [PMID: 23324435 PMCID: PMC3562260 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-15-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hallmark of atherosclerosis is the accumulation of plaque in vessel walls. This process is initiated when monocytic cells differentiate into macrophage foam cells under conditions with high levels of atherogenic lipoproteins. Vulnerable plaque can dislodge, enter the blood stream, and result in acute myocardial infarction and stroke. Imaging techniques such as cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) provides one strategy to identify patients with plaque accumulation. METHODS We synthesized an atherosclerotic-targeting contrast agent (ATCA) in which gadolinium (Gd)-containing endohedrals were functionalized and formulated into liposomes with CD36 ligands intercalated into the lipid bilayer. In vitro assays were used to assess the specificity of the ATCA for foam cells. The ability of ATCA to detect atherosclerotic plaque lesions in vivo was assessed using CMR. RESULTS The ATCA was able to detect scavenger receptor (CD36)-expressing foam cells in vitro and were specifically internalized via the CD36 receptor as determined by focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) and Western blotting analysis of CD36 receptor-specific signaling pathways. The ATCA exhibited time-dependent accumulation in atherosclerotic plaque lesions of ApoE -/- mice as determined using CMR. No ATCA accumulation was observed in vessels of wild type (C57/b6) controls. Non-targeted control compounds, without the plaque-targeting moieties, were not taken up by foam cells in vitro and did not bind plaque in vivo. Importantly, the ATCA injection was well tolerated, did not demonstrate toxicity in vitro or in vivo, and no accumulation was observed in the major organs. CONCLUSIONS The ATCA is specifically internalized by CD36 receptors on atherosclerotic plaque providing enhanced visualization of lesions under physiological conditions. These ATCA may provide new tools for physicians to non-invasively detect atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Dellinger
- Luna Innovations Incorporated, Luna nanoWorks Division, 521 Bridge St, Danville, VA, 24541, USA
- Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, 2907 E Lee St, Greensboro, NC, 27401, USA
| | - John Olson
- Center for Biomolecular Imaging, Wake Forest University, 1 Medical Center Blvd, Winston Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Kerry Link
- Center for Biomolecular Imaging, Wake Forest University, 1 Medical Center Blvd, Winston Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Stephen Vance
- Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, 2907 E Lee St, Greensboro, NC, 27401, USA
| | - Marinella G Sandros
- Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, 2907 E Lee St, Greensboro, NC, 27401, USA
| | - Jijin Yang
- Carl Zeiss Microscopy, LLC, One Zeiss Drive, Thornwood, NY, 10594, USA
| | - Zhiguo Zhou
- Luna Innovations Incorporated, Luna nanoWorks Division, 521 Bridge St, Danville, VA, 24541, USA
| | - Christopher L Kepley
- Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, 2907 E Lee St, Greensboro, NC, 27401, USA
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Yoshizumi T, Brady SL, Robbins ME, Bourland JD. Specific issues in small animal dosimetry and irradiator calibration. Int J Radiat Biol 2011; 87:1001-10. [PMID: 21961967 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2011.556178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In response to the increased risk of radiological terrorist attack, a network of Centers for Medical Countermeasures against Radiation (CMCR) has been established in the United States, focusing on evaluating animal model responses to uniform, relatively homogenous whole- or partial-body radiation exposures at relatively high dose rates. The success of such studies is dependent not only on robust animal models but on accurate and reproducible dosimetry within and across CMCR. To address this issue, the Education and Training Core of the Duke University School of Medicine CMCR organised a one-day workshop on small animal dosimetry. Topics included accuracy in animal dosimetry accuracy, characteristics and differences of cesium-137 and X-ray irradiators, methods for dose measurement, and design of experimental irradiation geometries for uniform dose distributions. This paper summarises the information presented and discussed. CONCLUSIONS Without ensuring accurate and reproducible dosimetry the development and assessment of the efficacy of putative countermeasures will not prove successful. Radiation physics support is needed, but is often the weakest link in the small animal dosimetry chain. We recommend: (i) A user training program for new irradiator users, (ii) subsequent training updates, and (iii) the establishment of a national small animal dosimetry center for all CMCR members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Yoshizumi
- Department of Radiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27157, USA
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