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Sobhani N, Samadani AA. Implications of photodynamic cancer therapy: an overview of PDT mechanisms basically and practically. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst 2021; 33:34. [PMID: 34778919 DOI: 10.1186/s43046-021-00093-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor eradication is one of the most important challengeable categories in oncological studies. In this account, besides the molecular genetics methods including cell therapy, gene therapy, immunotherapy, and general cancer therapy procedures like surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, photodynamic adjuvant therapy is of great importance. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) as a relatively noninvasive therapeutic method utilizes the irradiation of an appropriate wavelength which is absorbed by a photosensitizing agent in the presence of oxygen. In this procedure, a series of events lead to the direct death of malignant cells such as damage to the microvasculature and also the induction of a local inflammatory function. PDT has participated with other treatment modalities especially in the early stage of malignant tumors and has resulted in decreasing morbidity besides improving survival rate and quality of life. High spatial resolution of PDT has attracted considerable attention in the field of image-guided photodynamic therapy combined with chemotherapy of multidrug resistance cancers. Although PDT outcomes vary across the different tumor types, minimal natural tissue toxicity, minor systemic effects, significant reduction in long-term disease, lack of innate or acquired resistance mechanisms, and excellent cosmetic effects, as well as limb function, make it a valuable treatment option for combination therapies. SHORT CONCLUSION In this review article, we tried to discuss the potential of PDT in the treatment of some dermatologic and solid tumors, particularly all its important mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Sobhani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Samadani
- Healthy Ageing Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran. .,Clinical Research Development Unit of Poursina Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
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2
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Cheng MHY, Cevallos A, Rajora MA, Zheng G. Fast, facile, base-free microwave-assisted metallation of bacteriochlorophylls and corresponding high yield synthesis of TOOKAD. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424621500656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Naturally-derived metallo-bacteriochlorophylls have attracted much attention since their clinical approval for cancer photodynamic therapy. Their therapeutic properties are rooted in the metal complexation of bacteriochlorophylls, which endows them with optical properties favourable for biophotonic and biomedical applications, including near-infrared light-activated reactive oxygen species generation at therapeutic levels. Despite these advantages, the utility of these chromophores has been limited by synthetic challenges associated with bacteriochlorophyll metallation; specifically, a slow reaction rate and necessity of complex purification procedures remain barriers towards metalated bacteriochlorophyll synthesis. Here, these limitations are overcome through the development of a new fast, facile, efficient, base-free microwave heating metallation method for the synthesis of a series of metallo (Pd, Cu, Zn, Cd, Sn, In, Mn, Co) bacteriopyropheophorbides. The preparation and structural and optical spectral characterization of these complexes are presented. This microwave-enabled synthetic method is then applied to generate the clinical photosensitizer agent Pd-bacteriopheophorbide (TOOKAD) effectively and efficiently, followed by validation of its metallation-enhanced ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miffy. H. Y. Cheng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 101 College Street, PMCRT 5-354, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Alberto Cevallos
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 101 College Street, PMCRT 5-354, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 101 College St., Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Maneesha A. Rajora
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 101 College Street, PMCRT 5-354, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 101 College St., Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Gang Zheng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 101 College Street, PMCRT 5-354, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 101 College St., Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 101 College St., Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 101 College St., Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
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3
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De Silva P, Saad MA, Thomsen HC, Bano S, Ashraf S, Hasan T. Photodynamic therapy, priming and optical imaging: Potential co-conspirators in treatment design and optimization - a Thomas Dougherty Award for Excellence in PDT paper. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2020; 24:1320-1360. [PMID: 37425217 PMCID: PMC10327884 DOI: 10.1142/s1088424620300098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is a photochemistry-based approach, approved for the treatment of several malignant and non-malignant pathologies. It relies on the use of a non-toxic, light activatable chemical, photosensitizer, which preferentially accumulates in tissues/cells and, upon irradiation with the appropriate wavelength of light, confers cytotoxicity by generation of reactive molecular species. The preferential accumulation however is not universal and, depending on the anatomical site, the ratio of tumor to normal tissue may be reversed in favor of normal tissue. Under such circumstances, control of the volume of light illumination provides a second handle of selectivity. Singlet oxygen is the putative favorite reactive molecular species although other entities such as nitric oxide have been credibly implicated. Typically, most photosensitizers in current clinical use have a finite quantum yield of fluorescence which is exploited for surgery guidance and can also be incorporated for monitoring and treatment design. In addition, the photodynamic process alters the cellular, stromal, and/or vascular microenvironment transiently in a process termed photodynamic priming, making it more receptive to subsequent additional therapies including chemo- and immunotherapy. Thus, photodynamic priming may be considered as an enabling technology for the more commonly used frontline treatments. Recently, there has been an increase in the exploitation of the theranostic potential of photodynamic therapy in different preclinical and clinical settings with the use of new photosensitizer formulations and combinatorial therapeutic options. The emergence of nanomedicine has further added to the repertoire of photodynamic therapy's potential and the convergence and co-evolution of these two exciting tools is expected to push the barriers of smart therapies, where such optical approaches might have a special niche. This review provides a perspective on current status of photodynamic therapy in anti-cancer and anti-microbial therapies and it suggests how evolving technologies combined with photochemically-initiated molecular processes may be exploited to become co-conspirators in optimization of treatment outcomes. We also project, at least for the short term, the direction that this modality may be taking in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpamali De Silva
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mohammad A. Saad
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Hanna C. Thomsen
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Shazia Bano
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Shoaib Ashraf
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Tayyaba Hasan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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4
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Abstract
Prostate cancer is the fifth leading cause of death worldwide. A variety of treatment options is available for localized prostate cancer and may range from active surveillance to focal therapy or whole gland treatment, that is, surgery or radiotherapy. Serum prostate-specific antigen levels are an important tool to monitor treatment success after whole gland treatment, unfortunately prostate-specific antigen is unreliable after focal therapy. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate is rapidly gaining field in the management of prostate cancer and may play a crucial role in the evaluation of recurrent prostate cancer. This article will focus on postprocedural magnetic resonance imaging after different forms of local therapy in patients with prostate cancer.
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5
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Gheewala T, Skwor T, Munirathinam G. Photosensitizers in prostate cancer therapy. Oncotarget 2018; 8:30524-30538. [PMID: 28430624 PMCID: PMC5444762 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for new therapeutics for the treatment of prostate cancer is ongoing with a focus on the balance between the harms and benefits of treatment. New therapies are being constantly developed to offer treatments similar to radical therapies, with limited side effects. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising strategy in delivering focal treatment in primary as well as post radiotherapy prostate cancer. PDT involves activation of a photosensitizer (PS) by appropriate wavelength of light, generating transient levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Several photosensitizers have been developed with a focus on treating prostate cancer like mTHPC, motexafin lutetium, padoporfin and so on. This article will review newly developed photosensitizers under clinical trials for the treatment of prostate cancer, along with the potential advantages and disadvantages in delivering focal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taher Gheewala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, Rockford, IL, USA
| | - Troy Skwor
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Rockford University, Rockford, IL, USA
| | - Gnanasekar Munirathinam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, Rockford, IL, USA
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6
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Dobson J, de Queiroz GF, Golding JP. Photodynamic therapy and diagnosis: Principles and comparative aspects. Vet J 2018; 233:8-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Fonseca-Alves CE, Kobayashi PE, Palmieri C, Laufer-Amorim R. Investigation of c-KIT and Ki67 expression in normal, preneoplastic and neoplastic canine prostate. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:380. [PMID: 29207991 PMCID: PMC5718037 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1304-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND c-KIT expression has been related to bone metastasis in human prostate cancer, but whether c-KIT expression can be similarly classified in canine prostatic tissue is unknown. This study assessed c-KIT and Ki67 expression in canine prostate cancer (PC). c-KIT gene and protein expression and Ki67 expression were evaluated in forty-four canine prostatic tissues by immunohistochemistry, RT-qPCR and western blot. Additionally, we have investigated c-KIT protein expression by immunoblotting in two primary canine prostate cancer cell lines. RESULTS Eleven normal prostates, 12 proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA) prostates, 18 PC, 3 metastatic lesions and two prostate cancer cell cultures (PC1 and PC2) were analysed. The prostatic tissue exhibited varying degrees of membranous, cytoplasmic or membranous/cytoplasmic c-KIT staining. Four normal prostates, 4 PIA and 5 prostatic carcinomas showed positive c-KIT expression. No c-KIT immunoexpression was observed in metastases. Canine prostate cancer and PIA samples contained a higher number of Ki67-positive cells compared to normal samples. The median relative quantification (RQ) for c-KIT expression in normal, PIA and prostate cancer and metastatic samples were 0.6 (0.1-2.5), 0.7 (0.09-2.1), 0.7 (0.09-5.1) and 0.1 (0.07-0.6), respectively. A positive correlation between the number of Ki67-positive cells and c-KIT transcript levels was observed in prostate cancer samples. In the cell line, PC1 was negative for c-KIT protein expression, while PC2 was weakly positive. CONCLUSION The present study identified a strong correlation between c-KIT expression and proliferative index, suggesting that c-KIT may influence cell proliferation. Therefore, c-KIT heterogeneous protein expression among the samples (five positive and thirteen negative prostate cancer samples) indicates a personalized approach for canine prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Univ. Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Rua Professor Dr Walter Maurício Correa, s/n, Unesp/Campus de Botucatu, Mail box- 560, Botucatu, SP, 18618-681, Brazil
| | - Priscilla Emiko Kobayashi
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Univ. Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Rua Professor Dr Walter Maurício Correa, s/n, Unesp/Campus de Botucatu, Mail box- 560, Botucatu, SP, 18618-681, Brazil
| | - Chiara Palmieri
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Renée Laufer-Amorim
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Univ. Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Rua Professor Dr Walter Maurício Correa, s/n, Unesp/Campus de Botucatu, Mail box- 560, Botucatu, SP, 18618-681, Brazil.
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8
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Pitzschke A, Bertholet J, Lovisa B, Zellweger M, Wagnières G. Determination of the radiance of cylindrical light diffusers: design of a one-axis charge-coupled device camera-based goniometer setup. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:35004. [PMID: 28280841 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.3.035004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A one-axis charge-coupled device camera-based goniometer setup was developed to measure the three-dimensional radiance profile (longitudinal, azimuthal, and polar) of cylindrical light diffusers in air and water. An algorithm was programmed to project the two-dimensional camera data onto the diffuser coordinates. The optical system was designed to achieve a spatial resolution on the diffuser surface in the submillimeter range. The detection threshold of the detector was well below the values of measured radiance. The radiance profiles of an exemplary cylindrical diffuser measured in air showed local deviations in radiance below 10% for wavelengths at 635 and 671 nm. At 808 nm, deviations in radiance became larger, up to 45%, most probable due to the manufacturing process of the diffuser. Radiance profiles measured in water were less Lambertian than in air due to the refractive index matching privileging the radial decoupling of photons from the optical fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Pitzschke
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jenny Bertholet
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Blaise Lovisa
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Zellweger
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Georges Wagnières
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Lausanne, Switzerland
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9
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Kawczyk-Krupka A, Wawrzyniec K, Musiol SK, Potempa M, Bugaj AM, Sieroń A. Treatment of localized prostate cancer using WST-09 and WST-11 mediated vascular targeted photodynamic therapy-A review. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2015; 12:567-74. [PMID: 26467273 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is well known for its direct cytotoxicity of the free radical-producing photochemical reaction, indirect mechanisms of action including modulation of intrinsic anti-tumour immune activity, and occlusion of pathologically altered tumour vessels leading to tumour ischaemia. The aim of this work is to critically review the evidence base for the use of vascular targeted PDT (VTP) to treat low-risk prostate cancer, and to discuss perspectives and challenges yet to be overcome. A brief general overview of focal prostate cancer therapy was provided, followed by a discussion of both basic and clinical research pertaining to prostate cancer VTP, with a focus on the palladium-based WST-09 and WST-11 photosensitisers. MATERIALS AND METHOD Literature on VTP for prostate cancer with the fallowing medical subject headings search terms: prostate cancer, photodynamic therapy, vascular targeted photodynamic therapy, bacteriopheophorbide were reviewed. The articles were selected by their relevance to the topic. RESULTS The clinical and basic research data available to date show much promise for WST-09, and WST-11 based VTP eventually joining the standard urologist's armamentarium against prostate cancer. With good reported tolerability and efficacy VTP can be proposed as an intermediate treatment for local low risk disease, halfway between watchful waiting and radical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kawczyk-Krupka
- School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Department and Clinic of Internal Diseases, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Medical University of Silesia, Batorego Street 15, 41-902 Bytom, Poland.
| | - K Wawrzyniec
- Department of Internal Diseases, 11 Listopada 48, 28-200 Staszów, Poland
| | - S K Musiol
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 OSP, United Kingdom
| | - M Potempa
- School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Department and Clinic of Internal Diseases, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Medical University of Silesia, Batorego Street 15, 41-902 Bytom, Poland
| | - A M Bugaj
- School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Department and Clinic of Internal Diseases, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Medical University of Silesia, Batorego Street 15, 41-902 Bytom, Poland; College of Health, Beauty Care and Education, Brzeźnicka 3, 60-133 Poznań, Poland
| | - A Sieroń
- School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Department and Clinic of Internal Diseases, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Medical University of Silesia, Batorego Street 15, 41-902 Bytom, Poland
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10
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Kulik M, Nedelcu C, Martin F, Lebdai S, Rousselet MC, Azzouzi AR, Aubé C. Post-treatment MRI aspects of photodynamic therapy for prostate cancer. Insights Imaging 2014; 5:697-713. [PMID: 25288529 PMCID: PMC4263801 DOI: 10.1007/s13244-014-0359-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Photodynamic therapy is a new focal therapy for prostate cancer. METHODS In this technique, a photosensitising agent is introduced intravenously, then activated by local laser illumination to induce tumour necrosis. Treatment efficacy is assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We illustrate specific post-treatment MRI aspects at early and late follow-up with pathological correlations. TEACHING POINTS • Dynamic phototherapy is a new and promising focal therapy for prostate cancer. • One-week MRI shows increased volume of the treated lobe and large, homogeneous necrosis area. • Six-month MRI shows significant changes of the prostate shape and signal. • Six-month MRI becomes "base line" appearance for further follow-up or monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kulik
- Department of Radiology, CHU Angers, 4 rue Larrey, 49100, Angers, France,
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11
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Roxin Á, MacDonald TD, Zheng G. Synthesis and characterization of a new natural product analog, 132-173-bacteriochlorophyllone a. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2014. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424613501058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Here we show the facile synthesis of 132-173-bacteriochlorophyllone a (12), with a distinct seven-membered exocyclic F-ring formed by 132-173-cyclization of bacteriopheophorbide a(16). This is the latest reported bacteriochlorin with such an exocyclic F-ring since 1975 (132-173 cyclobacteriopheophorbide a-enol, 11), and is an analog of previously described natural exocyclic F-ring-containing porphyrins (1–4) and chlorins (5–10). The structure of 12 was confirmed using a combination of 1D 1 H NMR, 2D COSY 1 H NMR, Jmod 13 C NMR and HRMS analysis. The biological activity of 12 was explored, and we found that this compound does not possess strong antioxidant activity like its natural product counterparts, but is a capable photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Áron Roxin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, UHN, 610 University Avenue, Toronto ON, M5T 2M9, Canada
| | - Thomas D. MacDonald
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, UHN, 610 University Avenue, Toronto ON, M5T 2M9, Canada
| | - Gang Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, UHN, 610 University Avenue, Toronto ON, M5T 2M9, Canada
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12
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Roxin Á, Chen J, Paton AS, Bender TP, Zheng G. Modulation of Reactive Oxygen Species Photogeneration of Bacteriopheophorbide a Derivatives by Exocyclic E-Ring Opening and Charge Modifications. J Med Chem 2013; 57:223-37. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401538h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Áron Roxin
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie L. Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
- Ontario Cancer Institute and Techna Institute, UHN, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Juan Chen
- Ontario Cancer Institute and Techna Institute, UHN, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Andrew S. Paton
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Timothy P. Bender
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Gang Zheng
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie L. Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
- Ontario Cancer Institute and Techna Institute, UHN, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
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13
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Moore CM, Emberton M, Bown SG. Photodynamic therapy for prostate cancer-an emerging approach for organ-confined disease. Lasers Surg Med 2011; 43:768-75. [DOI: 10.1002/lsm.21104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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14
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Chevalier S, Anidjar M, Scarlata E, Hamel L, Scherz A, Ficheux H, Borenstein N, Fiette L, Elhilali M. Preclinical Study of the Novel Vascular Occluding Agent, WST11, for Photodynamic Therapy of the Canine Prostate. J Urol 2011; 186:302-9. [PMID: 21600602 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2011.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Chevalier
- Urologic Oncology Research Group, Research Institute, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maurice Anidjar
- Urologic Oncology Research Group, Research Institute, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eleonora Scarlata
- Urologic Oncology Research Group, Research Institute, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lucie Hamel
- Urologic Oncology Research Group, Research Institute, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Mostafa Elhilali
- Urologic Oncology Research Group, Research Institute, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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15
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New treatments for localized prostate cancer. Urology 2009; 72:S36-43. [PMID: 19095127 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2008.08.506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Interest in focal therapy for prostate cancer has recently been renewed owing to downward stage migration, improved biopsy and imaging techniques, and the prevalence of either unifocal cancer or a dominant cancer with secondary tumors of minimal malignant potential. Several techniques have potential for focal ablation of prostate cancer. Cryotherapy has been used for some time as primary therapy for complete ablation of the prostate or local recurrence after radiotherapy. Enthusiasm for cryotherapy as the primary therapy has been tempered by the uncertainty about complete ablation of the cancer, the frequent persistence of measurable prostate-specific antigen levels after the procedure, and a high rate of erectile dysfunction. Studies have reported "focal ablation" of prostate cancer with cryotherapy, targeting 1 side of the gland to eliminate a cancer confined to that side with less risk of urinary or sexual complications. Whether cryotherapy has sufficient power to eradicate focal cancer and can be targeted with sufficient accuracy to avoid damage to surrounding structures remains to be demonstrated in prospective clinical trials. High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) has been used widely in Europe for complete ablation of the prostate, especially in elderly men who are unwilling or unable to undergo radical therapy. For low- or intermediate-risk cancer, the short- and intermediate-term oncologic results have been acceptable but need confirmation in prospective multicenter trials presently underway. Whole gland therapy with transrectal ultrasound guidance has been associated with a high risk of acute urinary symptoms, often requiring transurethral resection before or after HIFU. Adverse effects on erectile function seem likely after a therapy that depends on heat to eradicate the cancer, but erectile function after HIFU has not been adequately documented with patient-reported questionnaires. HIFU holds promise for focal ablation of prostate cancer. As with cryotherapy, focal HIFU should reduce the adverse sexual, urinary, and bowel effects of whole gland ablation. New techniques are being developed to allow HIFU treatment under real-time guidance using magnetic resonance imaging, which could improve the precision and reduce the adverse effects further. Another promising technique, currently in clinical trials, is vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy, which has been used for whole gland ablation of locally recurrent cancer after radiotherapy and, more recently, for focal ablation of previously untreated cancer. In combination with a new, systemically administered photodynamic agent, laser light is delivered through fibers introduced into the prostate under ultrasound guidance. This technique does not heat the prostate but destroys the endothelial cells and cancer by activating the photodynamic agent. Damage to surrounding structures appears to be limited and can be controlled by the duration and intensity of the light. We have reviewed the principles of focal therapy and these new therapeutic modalities.
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16
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Ramírez Backhaus M, Trassierra Villa M, Vera Donoso CD, Jiménez Cruz JF. [Photodynamic therapy in localised prostate cancer]. Actas Urol Esp 2007; 31:633-41. [PMID: 17896560 DOI: 10.1016/s0210-4806(07)73700-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is based on the administration of an energy source in form of light of a specific wavelength, on a previously photosensitized tissue by a chemical compound, in the presence of oxygen, so that the great deal of free radicals and oxygen derivatives generated (hydroxyl compounds) produces necrosis of the treated tissue. Technique improvement during the last years has allowed its recent development as a therapeutic method for localised prostate cancer. At present, several clinical trials are ongoing in patients with organ-confined prostate cancer both as a first line and salvage treatment. There is no risk either of cancer dissemination in surrounding tissues or accumulative pharmaco-toxicity. Therefore, the technique can be repeated as often as needed and can be administered on a previously irradiated tissue. The literature review shows that photodynamic treatment will become a therapeutic option for patients with prostate cancer in the very near future.
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Orthotopic animal models for oncologic photodynamic therapy and photodiagnosis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2007; 4:230-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2007] [Revised: 09/19/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Huang Z, Chen Q, Dole KC, Barqawi AB, Chen YK, Blanc D, Wilson BC, Hetzel FW. The effect of Tookad-mediated photodynamic ablation of the prostate gland on adjacent tissues--in vivo study in a canine model. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2007; 6:1318-24. [PMID: 18046488 DOI: 10.1039/b705984a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) mediated with vascular acting photosensitizer Tookad (Pd-bacteriopheophorbide) was investigated as an alternative modality for treating prostate cancer. Photodynamic effects on the prostate gland and its adjacent tissues were evaluated in a canine model. Interstitial prostate PDT was performed by irradiating individual lobes with a cylindrical diffuser fiber at various drug/light doses. The sensitivity of the adjacent tissues to Tookad PDT was determined by directly irradiating the surface of the bladder, colon, abdominal muscle and pelvic plexus with a microlens fiber at various drug/light doses. The prostate and adjacent tissues were harvested one-week after the treatment and subjected to histopathological examination. PDT-induced prostate lesions were characterized by marked hemorrhagic necrosis. The bladder, colon, abdominal muscle and pelvic plexus appeared to be sensitive to PDT although the Tookad PDT-induced responses in these tissues were minimal compared to that of the prostate gland at the same dose levels. Nevertheless, the protection of the adjacent tissues should be taken into consideration during the total prostate ablation process due to their sensitivity to PDT. The sensitivity of the prostatic urethra is worth further investigation. Direct intraurethral irradiation might provide an ideal means to determine the sensitivity of the prostatic urethra and might lead to transurethral PDT protocols for the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BHP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Huang
- AMC Cancer Research Center and Department of Radiation Oncology, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
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19
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Bryan JN, Keeler MR, Henry CJ, Bryan ME, Hahn AW, Caldwell CW. A population study of neutering status as a risk factor for canine prostate cancer. Prostate 2007; 67:1174-81. [PMID: 17516571 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer has been reported to occur more commonly in neutered than intact male dogs in several case series. This study was undertaken to evaluate risk of prostate cancer in a large population database. The hypothesis was that castration is a risk factor for prostate cancer in male companion dogs. METHODS Data were derived from recorded visits to North American veterinary teaching hospitals. The Veterinary Medical Databases (VMDB) were queried to yield male dogs with urinary bladder transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), prostate adenocarcinoma (ACA), prostate TCC, prostate carcinoma (CA), and prostate tumors. A second query yielded all male dogs over the age of 4 years without a diagnosis of urinary tract cancer. These populations were compared to determine relative risks for developing each disease, singly and collectively, associated with neutering status. Odds ratios were calculated for breed as a risk factor. RESULTS Neutered males had a significantly increased risk for each form of cancer. Neutered males had an odds ratio of 3.56 (3.02-4.21) for urinary bladder TCC, 8.00 (5.60-11.42) for prostate TCC, 2.12 (1.80-2.49) for prostate adenocarcinoma, 3.86 (3.13-4.16) for prostate carcinoma, and 2.84 (2.57-3.14) for all prostate cancers. Relative risks were highly similar when cases were limited to those with a histologically confirmed diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Breed predisposition suggests that genetic factors play a role in the development of prostate cancer. The risk associated with being neutered is highest for TCC, supporting previous work identifying the urothelium and ductular rather than acinar epithelium as the source of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey N Bryan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.
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20
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Weersink RA, Forbes J, Bisland S, Trachtenberg J, Elhilali M, Brún PH, Wilson BC. Assessment of Cutaneous Photosensitivity of TOOKAD (WST09) in Preclinical Animal Models and in Patients¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2005.tb01528.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Haider MA, Davidson SRH, Kale AV, Weersink RA, Evans AJ, Toi A, Gertner MR, Bogaards A, Wilson BC, Chin JL, Elhilali M, Trachtenberg J. Prostate gland: MR imaging appearance after vascular targeted photodynamic therapy with palladium-bacteriopheophorbide. Radiology 2007; 244:196-204. [PMID: 17507719 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2441060398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To prospectively evaluate the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging appearance of the prostate and periprostatic tissues after vascular targeted photodynamic therapy (VTP) with palladium-bacteriopheophorbide for locally recurrent carcinoma after external beam radiation therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Informed consent was obtained from all patients, and approval was obtained from the ethics review boards of all participating institutions. Nonenhanced T2-weighted and dynamic gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted MR imaging examinations were performed at baseline and 1 week, 4 weeks, and 6 months after VTP in 25 men (age range, 58-83 years; mean age, 73 years) as part of a prospective phase I/II trial. Percentage of MR-depicted necrosis was defined as the volume of nonenhancing prostatic tissue 1 week after VTP divided by the volume of the prostate. Patterns of intra- and extraprostatic necrosis were recorded. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to test correlations between necrosis and prostate-specific antigen level. RESULTS Contrast material-enhanced T1-weighted MR images obtained 1 week after therapy showed necrosis in all patients. Treatment margins were irregular in 21 of 25 patients. T2-weighted images showed no clear treatment boundaries in any patient. Extraprostatic necrosis involved the puborectalis or levator ani muscles in 22, obturator internus muscle in 12, periprostatic veins in three, pubic bone marrow in four, and anterior rectal wall in nine of the 25 patients. The neurovascular bundle appeared to be spared in all patients. Percentage of MR-depicted intraprostatic necrosis was correlated with percentage decrease in prostate-specific antigen level (from baseline) at 4 weeks (r=0.41, P=.04) and 12 weeks (r=0.45, P=.02). CONCLUSION Contrast-enhanced MR imaging depicts irregular margins of intraprostatic treatment effect. This finding suggests varied tissue sensitivities to VTP with palladium-bacteriopheophorbide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoom A Haider
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network and Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, 610 University Ave, Toronto, ON, Canada
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22
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Brandis A, Mazor O, Neumark E, Rosenbach-Belkin V, Salomon Y, Scherz A. Novel Water-soluble Bacteriochlorophyll Derivatives for Vascular-targeted Photodynamic Therapy: Synthesis, Solubility, Phototoxicity and the Effect of Serum Proteins¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2005.tb01473.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Moore CM, Nathan TR, Lees WR, Mosse CA, Freeman A, Emberton M, Bown SG. Photodynamic therapy using meso tetra hydroxy phenyl chlorin (mTHPC) in early prostate cancer. Lasers Surg Med 2007; 38:356-63. [PMID: 16392142 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.20275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Prostate cancer is increasing in incidence, but current treatments including surgery and radiotherapy have significant side effects. This pilot study was designed to assess the potential of photodynamic therapy (PDT) using meso tetra hydroxy phenyl chlorin (mTHPC) for organ confined prostate cancer. STUDY DESIGN/PATIENTS AND METHODS Six men with organ confined prostate cancer were photosensitised with mTHPC (0.15 mg/kg). Between 2 and 5 days later, red light (652 nm) was delivered to areas of biopsy proven cancer via fibres inserted through transperineal needles (50-100 J per site). RESULTS After 8 of 10 PDT sessions, the prostate specific antigen (PSA) fell by up to 67%. Early MRI scans showed oedema and patchy necrosis, which resolved over 2 months. Biopsies of treated areas revealed necrosis and fibrosis at 1-2 months. CONCLUSIONS PDT for primary prostate cancer appears safe and can reduce PSA levels. As this was a phase I study, no attempt was made to treat the whole prostate; this or targeted tumour ablation could be attempted in a phase II study with an increased number of fibres. This technique merits further investigation in early prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Moore
- National Medical Laser Centre, University College London, London W1W 7EJ, England.
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OHMORI S, HAKOMORI S, TSUKAHARA T, ARAI T. A Comparative Study between Pulsed and Continuous Wave Irradiation for Talaporfin Sodium Mediated Photosensitization in Solution, In-Vitro and In-Vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.2184/lsj.35.3_180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka OHMORI
- School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University
| | - Shiho HAKOMORI
- School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University
| | - Tsubasa TSUKAHARA
- School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University
| | - Tsunenori ARAI
- School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University
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25
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Photodynamic therapy for prostate cancer: One urologist's perspective. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2006; 4:26-30. [PMID: 25047187 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2006.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2006] [Revised: 09/29/2006] [Accepted: 10/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has slowly found its place in the treatment of human disease. Currently, photodynamic therapy is being explored as a treatment option for localized prostate cancer. PDT for the treatment of prostate cancer will require ablation of both malignant and non-malignant glandular epithelium. Ablation of both malignant and normal epithelium adds a new treatment dimension since traditionally PDT has not targeted normal epithelial tissue. PDT for prostate cancer as currently envisioned will present challenges in terms of in situ monitoring of light, drug concentration, [Formula: see text] levels and biologic endpoints. The introduction of vascular-targeted photosensitizers fundamentally alters the traditional axioms for successful PDT treatment by obviating the need for "selective" tumor localization. Should clinical trials demonstrate the utility of this approach, patients with organ-confined disease will benefit.
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26
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Ohmori S, Arai T. In vitro behavior of Porfimer sodium and Talaporfin sodium with high intensity pulsed irradiation. Lasers Med Sci 2006; 21:213-23. [PMID: 17024319 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-006-0403-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2006] [Revised: 06/14/2006] [Accepted: 08/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We studied pulse energy density dependence of two distinctive clinical photosensitizers, Porfimer sodium and Talaporfin sodium, in terms of oxygen consumption, photodegradation in these photosensitizer solutions, and rat prostate cancer cell line photocytotoxicity. The transient transmittances during the pulsed irradiation to these photosensitizer solutions were measured with the pulse energy densities ranging from 0.31 to 31 mJ/cm2. We revealed that Talaporfin sodium was easier to produce absorption saturation than Porfimer sodium. The significant suppression of Talaporfin sodium mediated oxygen consumption, photodegradation, and photocytotoxicity which were observed with pulse energy densities increasing from 0.5 to 10 mJ/cm2. This result could be mainly attributed to absorption saturation. On the other hand, Porfimer sodium did not display significant absorption saturation with the pulse energy densities ranging from 0.31 to 31 mJ/cm2. The photodegradation mechanism for Porfimer sodium changed at high pulse energy density. This phenomenon might accelerate the photodegradation and cause the photocytotoxicity suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Ohmori
- School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kouhoku-ku, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan.
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Huang Z, Haider MA, Kraft S, Chen Q, Blanc D, Wilson BC, Hetzel FW. Magnetic resonance imaging correlated with the histopathological effect of Pd-bacteriopheophorbide (Tookad) photodynamic therapy on the normal canine prostate gland. Lasers Surg Med 2006; 38:672-81. [PMID: 16799982 PMCID: PMC1850616 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.20375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE To determine the optimal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methodology to assess photodynamic therapy (PDT)-induced histopathological responses in the prostate. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS Laparotomy was performed in five healthy dogs. Cylindrical diffuser was placed in the prostates to deliver light of 50-300 J/cm at 150 mW/cm and 763 nm to activate IV-injected Tookad (1 mg/kg b.w.). Fast spin echo (FSE) T2-weighted, post-contrast-enhanced T1-(CE-T1) and diffusion weighted images (DWI) were obtained pre- and 2 days, 7 days, and 1 month post-PDT. Radiological-histopathological correlation was performed at 7 days (n = 4) and 1 month (n = 1) after PDT. A qualitative assessment of signal changes and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) mapping was performed. RESULTS At 2 or 7 days post-PDT, there was good spatial correlation between PDT-induced hemorrhagic necrosis and unenhanced regions on CE-T1 images. There was a rapidly and persistently enhancing rim corresponding to edema and inflammation. FSE T2 and DWI showed altered signal but did not clearly define necrosis in all cases. At 1 month, it was hard to correlate MR images to histopathologic changes as they represented a mixture of necrosis and developing fibrosis, which led to a mixed signal intensity and less demarcated contrast enhancement. CONCLUSIONS At 7 days after PDT, gadolinium DTPA contrast-enhanced MRI is superior to DWI and T2 imaging in assessing the boundary of Tookad PDT-induced tissue necrosis in the normal canine prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Huang
- Radiation Oncology Department, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA.
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28
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Huang Z, Chen Q, Luck D, Beckers J, Wilson BC, Trncic N, Larue SM, Blanc D, Hetzel FW. Studies of a vascular-acting photosensitizer, Pd-bacteriopheophorbide (Tookad), in normal canine prostate and spontaneous canine prostate cancer. Lasers Surg Med 2006; 36:390-7. [PMID: 15856509 PMCID: PMC1201403 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.20177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Photodynamic therapy (PDT) mediated with Tookad (Pd-bacteriopheophorbide, WST09) was investigated pre-clinically as part of a program to develop an alternative modality for treating prostate cancer. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS Spontaneous canine prostate cancer and normal canine prostate were used as the animal models. Interstitial PDT was performed by IV infusion of the photosensitizer and irradiating the prostates with a diode laser (763 nm). The prostates were harvested 1-week post-PDT and subjected to histopathologic examinations. The effects of the drug doses and light doses were studied for one- and two-session PDT. Pharmacokinetics were studied using HPLC assay. The feasibility of using perfusing CT scans for assessing PDT lesions was also evaluated. RESULTS Tookad is a vascular-acting drug and clears rapidly from the circulation. Tookad-PDT-induced lesions, in both normal and cancerous prostates, were characterized by marked hemorrhagic necrosis. CONCLUSIONS Tookad-PDT is very effective in ablating prostatic tissue through its vascular effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Huang
- HealthONE Alliance, Denver, Colorado 80203, USA.
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29
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Moore CM, Hoh IM, Bown SG, Emberton M. Does photodynamic therapy have the necessary attributes to become a future treatment for organ-confined prostate cancer? BJU Int 2005; 96:754-8. [PMID: 16153193 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2005.05709.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Dole KC, Chen Q, Hetzel FW, Whalen LR, Blanc D, Huang Z. Effects of photodynamic therapy on peripheral nerve: in situ compound-action potentials study in a canine model. Photomed Laser Surg 2005; 23:172-6. [PMID: 15910181 PMCID: PMC1365047 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2005.23.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our aim is to investigate the effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on peripheral nerve conductivity. BACKGROUND DATA Interstitial PDT has been demonstrated as a promising treatment modality for prostate cancer. However, the sensitivity of nerves, in the immediate vicinity of the prostate gland, to PDT procedures has not been studied. This study attempts to establish an in situ canine model to evaluate direct PDT effect on peripheral nerves. METHODS PDT was performed by irradiating the cutaneous branches of the saphenous nerve at 763 nm with light doses of 50-200 J/cm2 after i.v. infusion of the photosensitizer Tookad (0-2 mg/kg). Evoked compound-action potentials (CAP) were recorded directly from the surface of the saphenous nerve. The latencies to onset and conduction velocities were determined during PDT and 1-week post-PDT. RESULTS Nerve and surrounding tissue damage corresponded well with drug/light doses. With Tookad doses of 2 mg/kg, treatment with 50 J/cm2 induced little change in saphenous nerve conduction properties. However, treatment with 100 J/cm2 resulted in localized nerve injury and decreases in nerve conduction velocities, and treatment with 200 J/cm2 severely damaged the nerve. CONCLUSIONS This canine model adequately demonstrates effects of Tookad PDT on peripheral nerves. Direct irradiation of 100-200 J/cm2 can alter nerve conduction and induce nerve damage. Therefore, possible side effects of interstitial PDT on the pelvic plexus need to be investigated in future studies.
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Jankun J, Keck RW, Skrzypczak-Jankun E, Lilge L, Selman SH. Diverse optical characteristic of the prostate and light delivery system: implications for computer modelling of prostatic photodynamic therapy. BJU Int 2005; 95:1237-44. [PMID: 15892808 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2005.05512.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) as a minimally invasive form of treatment for organ-confined prostate cancer, for although there are several therapies, ablative treatments are associated with significant morbidity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using the photosensitizer tin etiopurpurin, dogs were treated with interstitially placed laser fibres in an effort to validate PDT for treating prostate cancer. Earlier models assumed a uniform distribution of light output from a cylindrical fibre and a uniform attenuation coefficient throughout the prostate. Subsequent observations show that this model was too simple and that light radiance is not linear. To overcome under-treatment, a computer program to complement real-time fibre placement was developed. RESULTS As light radiance from interstitially placed laser fibres varies significantly from the commonly assumed ideal cylindrical emission, a predictive mathematical model of prostate PDT needs to consider the real emission. Also, the optical properties of the prostate, e.g. absorption and scattering of light, are anisotropic. Differences in the attenuation coefficient (combining absorption and scattering of light) also varied among different animals. Incorporating all these variables into a computer program produced a virtual model of the photo-ablated zone within +/- 2 mm of that observed in animals. CONCLUSION PDT of the prostate is not trivial and should benefit from computer-aided methods as it is developed for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Jankun
- Urology Research Center, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
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Berg K, Selbo PK, Weyergang A, Dietze A, Prasmickaite L, Bonsted A, Engesaeter BØ, Angell-Petersen E, Warloe T, Frandsen N, Høgset A. Porphyrin-related photosensitizers for cancer imaging and therapeutic applications. J Microsc 2005; 218:133-47. [PMID: 15857375 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2005.01471.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A photosensitizer is defined as a chemical entity, which upon absorption of light induces a chemical or physical alteration of another chemical entity. Some photosensitizers are utilized therapeutically such as in photodynamic therapy (PDT) and for diagnosis of cancer (fluorescence diagnosis, FD). PDT is approved for several cancer indications and FD has recently been approved for diagnosis of bladder cancer. The photosensitizers used are in most cases based on the porphyrin structure. These photosensitizers generally accumulate in cancer tissues to a higher extent than in the surrounding tissues and their fluorescing properties may be utilized for cancer detection. The photosensitizers may be chemically synthesized or induced endogenously by an intermediate in heme synthesis, 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) or 5-ALA esters. The therapeutic effect is based on the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon activation of the photosensitizer by light. Singlet oxygen is assumed to be the most important ROS for the therapeutic outcome. The fluorescing properties of the photosensitizers can be used to evaluate their intracellular localization and treatment effects. Some photosensitizers localize intracellularly in endocytic vesicles and upon light exposure induce a release of the contents of these vesicles, including externally added macromolecules, into the cytosol. This is the basis for a novel method for macromolecule activation, named photochemical internalization (PCI). PCI has been shown to potentiate the biological activity of a large variety of macromolecules and other molecules that do not readily penetrate the plasma membrane, including type I ribosome-inactivating proteins, immunotoxins, gene-encoding plasmids, adenovirus, peptide-nucleic acids and the chemotherapeutic drug bleomycin. The background and present status of PDT, FD and PCI are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Berg
- Department of Radiation Biology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has received increased attention since the regulatory approvals have been granted to several photosensitizing drugs and light applicators worldwide. Much progress has been seen in basic sciences and clinical photodynamics in recent years. This review will focus on new developments of clinical investigation and discuss the usefulness of various forms of PDT techniques for curative or palliative treatment of malignant and non-malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Huang
- HealthONE Alliance, 899 Logan Street, Suite 203, Denver, CO 80203, USA.
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Lilge L, Vesselov L, Whittington W. Thin cylindrical diffusers in multimode Ge-doped silica fibers. Lasers Surg Med 2005; 36:245-51. [PMID: 15704158 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.20150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Cylindrical fiber diffusers are common tools in photodynamic therapy (PDT). However, large outer diameter and short length limit the indications to which they can be applied. Here a diffuser with an outer diameter of 250 microm and an active length exceeding 5 cm was developed. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS Diffusers based on photosensitive quartz optical fibers with a cladding diameter of 140 microm were developed using a structured beam from an excimer laser. A complete set of photometric characteristics, including longitudinal, polar, and azimuth radiance emission diagrams were collected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The longitudinal radiance emission is homogenous to within +/-10%. The ability to create custom designed longitudinal emission profiles was demonstrated. The variations of the polar and azimuth radiance emission diagrams were within +/- 15% from an ideal Lambertian emitter. The polar uniformity can be improved with a slight increase of the outer diameter using a diffusing recoating compound. The residual light leakage at the distal end of the fiber diffuser was suppressed to 2%. The minimal bending radius after recoating is approximately 5 mm. Maximum power distribution is > 0.5 W cm(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lothar Lilge
- University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 2M9.
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Brandis A, Mazor O, Neumark E, Rosenbach-Belkin V, Salomon Y, Scherz A. Novel Water-soluble Bacteriochlorophyll Derivatives for Vascular-targeted Photodynamic Therapy: Synthesis, Solubility, Phototoxicity and the Effect of Serum Proteins¶. Photochem Photobiol 2005. [DOI: 10.1562/2004-12-01-ra-389r1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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36
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Weersink RA, Forbes J, Bisland S, Trachtenberg J, Elhilali M, Brún PH, Wilson BC. Assessment of Cutaneous Photosensitivity of TOOKAD (WST09) in Preclinical Animal Models and in Patients¶. Photochem Photobiol 2005. [DOI: 10.1562/2004-05-31-ra-182.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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