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Wang W, Zhao F, Torres S, Harris PLR, Wang X, Peng L, Siedlak SL, Zhu X. Space-Like Irradiation Exacerbated Cognitive Deficits and Amyloid Pathology in CRND8 Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 100:S327-S339. [PMID: 39058444 DOI: 10.3233/jad-240570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Background Space radiation was linked to neurological damage and behavioral deficits which raised concerns of increased degenerative risk on the brain and development of Alzheimer's disease following space travel. Objective In this study, we investigated the effects of irradiation by 56Fe and 28Si in CRND8 mice, an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Methods Six-month-old CRND8 mice were exposed to whole body irradiation by 56Fe and 28Si at 0.5 Gy and 2 Gy doses. Behavior tests were administered 1-month to 3-months post-irradiation. Amyloid deposition and other pathological changes were analyzed 3-months and/or 6-months post-irradiation. Results The Novel Object Recognition test showed some decline in 8-month-old mice compared to non-irradiated CRND8 mice. Male mice also showed a loss of freezing behavior in the fear conditioning contextual test following irradiation. Golgi staining revealed a loss of spines in hippocampal neurons after irradiation. Total amyloid immunohistochemistry showed a robust increase in 3-months post-irradiation 56Fe groups which became normalized to non-irradiated group by 6-months post-irradiation. However, 2 Gy 28Si caused a trend towards increased plaque load at 3-months post-irradiation which became significant at 6-months post irradiation only in male CRND8 mice. While 0.5 Gy Fe did not induce obvious changes in the total number of iba-1 positive microglia, more hippocampal microglia were found to express PCNA after 0.5 Gy Fe treatment, suggesting potential involvement of microglial dysfunction. Conclusions Overall, our study provides new evidence of gender-specific and ion-dependent effects of space radiation on cognition and amyloid pathology in AD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhang Wang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Fanpeng Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sandy Torres
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Peggy L R Harris
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Xinglong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Lihua Peng
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sandra L Siedlak
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Xiongwei Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Britten RA, Limoli CL. New Radiobiological Principles for the CNS Arising from Space Radiation Research. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1293. [PMID: 37374076 DOI: 10.3390/life13061293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, the brain has been regarded as a relatively insensitive late-reacting tissue, with radiologically detectable damage not being reported at doses < 60 Gy. When NASA proposed interplanetary exploration missions, it was required to conduct an intensive health and safety evaluation of cancer, cardiovascular, and cognitive risks associated with exposure to deep space radiation (SR). The SR dose that astronauts on a mission to Mars are predicted to receive is ~300 mGy. Even after correcting for the higher RBE of the SR particles, the biologically effective SR dose (<1 Gy) would still be 60-fold lower than the threshold dose for clinically detectable neurological damage. Unexpectedly, the NASA-funded research program has consistently reported that low (<250 mGy) doses of SR induce deficits in multiple cognitive functions. This review will discuss these findings and the radical paradigm shifts in radiobiological principles for the brain that were required in light of these findings. These included a shift from cell killing to loss of function models, an expansion of the critical brain regions for radiation-induced cognitive impediments, and the concept that the neuron may not be the sole critical target for neurocognitive impairment. The accrued information on how SR exposure impacts neurocognitive performance may provide new opportunities to reduce neurocognitive impairment in brain cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Britten
- EVMS Radiation Oncology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Charles L Limoli
- Department Radiation Oncology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Lebedeva-Georgievskaya KB, Perevezentsev AA, Kuznetsova OS, Kudrin VS, Masanova AA, Stemberg AS. Long-Term Neurobiological Effects of Combined Exposure to Anti-Orthostatic Hanging and Ionizing Radiation. BIOL BULL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359022120081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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4
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Soler I, Yun S, Reynolds RP, Whoolery CW, Tran FH, Kumar PL, Rong Y, DeSalle MJ, Gibson AD, Stowe AM, Kiffer FC, Eisch AJ. Multi-Domain Touchscreen-Based Cognitive Assessment of C57BL/6J Female Mice Shows Whole-Body Exposure to 56Fe Particle Space Radiation in Maturity Improves Discrimination Learning Yet Impairs Stimulus-Response Rule-Based Habit Learning. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:722780. [PMID: 34707486 PMCID: PMC8543003 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.722780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Astronauts during interplanetary missions will be exposed to galactic cosmic radiation, including charged particles like 56Fe. Most preclinical studies with mature, "astronaut-aged" rodents suggest space radiation diminishes performance in classical hippocampal- and prefrontal cortex-dependent tasks. However, a rodent cognitive touchscreen battery unexpectedly revealed 56Fe radiation improves the performance of C57BL/6J male mice in a hippocampal-dependent task (discrimination learning) without changing performance in a striatal-dependent task (rule-based learning). As there are conflicting results on whether the female rodent brain is preferentially injured by or resistant to charged particle exposure, and as the proportion of female vs. male astronauts is increasing, further study on how charged particles influence the touchscreen cognitive performance of female mice is warranted. We hypothesized that, similar to mature male mice, mature female C57BL/6J mice exposed to fractionated whole-body 56Fe irradiation (3 × 6.7cGy 56Fe over 5 days, 600 MeV/n) would improve performance vs. Sham conditions in touchscreen tasks relevant to hippocampal and prefrontal cortical function [e.g., location discrimination reversal (LDR) and extinction, respectively]. In LDR, 56Fe female mice more accurately discriminated two discrete conditioned stimuli relative to Sham mice, suggesting improved hippocampal function. However, 56Fe and Sham female mice acquired a new simple stimulus-response behavior and extinguished this acquired behavior at similar rates, suggesting similar prefrontal cortical function. Based on prior work on multiple memory systems, we next tested whether improved hippocampal-dependent function (discrimination learning) came at the expense of striatal stimulus-response rule-based habit learning (visuomotor conditional learning). Interestingly, 56Fe female mice took more days to reach criteria in this striatal-dependent rule-based test relative to Sham mice. Together, our data support the idea of competition between memory systems, as an 56Fe-induced decrease in striatal-based learning is associated with enhanced hippocampal-based learning. These data emphasize the power of using a touchscreen-based battery to advance our understanding of the effects of space radiation on mission critical cognitive function in females, and underscore the importance of preclinical space radiation risk studies measuring multiple cognitive processes, thereby preventing NASA's risk assessments from being based on a single cognitive domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Soler
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sanghee Yun
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ryan P. Reynolds
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Cody W. Whoolery
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Fionya H. Tran
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Priya L. Kumar
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yuying Rong
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Matthew J. DeSalle
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Adam D. Gibson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ann M. Stowe
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Therapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Frederico C. Kiffer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Amelia J. Eisch
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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5
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Matar M, Gokoglu SA, Prelich MT, Gallo CA, Iqbal AK, Britten RA, Prabhu RK, Myers JG. Machine Learning Models to Predict Cognitive Impairment of Rodents Subjected to Space Radiation. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:713131. [PMID: 34588962 PMCID: PMC8473791 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.713131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This research uses machine-learned computational analyses to predict the cognitive performance impairment of rats induced by irradiation. The experimental data in the analyses is from a rodent model exposed to ≤15 cGy of individual galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) ions: 4He, 16O, 28Si, 48Ti, or 56Fe, expected for a Lunar or Mars mission. This work investigates rats at a subject-based level and uses performance scores taken before irradiation to predict impairment in attentional set-shifting (ATSET) data post-irradiation. Here, the worst performing rats of the control group define the impairment thresholds based on population analyses via cumulative distribution functions, leading to the labeling of impairment for each subject. A significant finding is the exhibition of a dose-dependent increasing probability of impairment for 1 to 10 cGy of 28Si or 56Fe in the simple discrimination (SD) stage of the ATSET, and for 1 to 10 cGy of 56Fe in the compound discrimination (CD) stage. On a subject-based level, implementing machine learning (ML) classifiers such as the Gaussian naïve Bayes, support vector machine, and artificial neural networks identifies rats that have a higher tendency for impairment after GCR exposure. The algorithms employ the experimental prescreen performance scores as multidimensional input features to predict each rodent's susceptibility to cognitive impairment due to space radiation exposure. The receiver operating characteristic and the precision-recall curves of the ML models show a better prediction of impairment when 56Fe is the ion in question in both SD and CD stages. They, however, do not depict impairment due to 4He in SD and 28Si in CD, suggesting no dose-dependent impairment response in these cases. One key finding of our study is that prescreen performance scores can be used to predict the ATSET performance impairments. This result is significant to crewed space missions as it supports the potential of predicting an astronaut's impairment in a specific task before spaceflight through the implementation of appropriately trained ML tools. Future research can focus on constructing ML ensemble methods to integrate the findings from the methodologies implemented in this study for more robust predictions of cognitive decrements due to space radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Matar
- NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | | | | | | | - Asad K. Iqbal
- ZIN Technologies, Inc., Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Richard A. Britten
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - R. K. Prabhu
- Universities Space Research Association, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jerry G. Myers
- NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
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6
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Belyaeva AG, Kudrin VS, Koshlan IV, Koshlan NA, Isakova MD, Bogdanova YV, Timoshenko GN, Krasavin EA, Blokhina TM, Yashkina EI, Osipov AN, Nosovsky AN, Perevezentsev AA, Shtemberg AS. Effects of combined exposure to modeled radiation and gravitation factors of the interplanetary flight: Monkeys' cognitive functions and the content of monoamines and their metabolites; cytogenetic changes in peripheral blood lymphocytes. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2021; 30:45-54. [PMID: 34281664 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In a study on primates (Macaca mulatta), neurobiological and radiobiological effects have been studied of the synchronous combined action of 7-day antiorthostatic hypokinesia and exposure of the monkeys' head first to γ-rays during 24 h and then to accelerated 12C ions. The neurobiological effects were evaluated by the cognitive functions which model the basic elements of operator activity and the concentration of monoamines and their metabolites in peripheral blood. The radiobiological effects were evaluated by the chromosomal aberration and DNA double-strand break (DSB) yield in peripheral blood lymphocytes. The results of the cognitive function research show that the typological features of the animals' higher nervous activity are the prevailing factor that determines changes in these functions. The monkey of the strong balanced type effectively retained its cognitive functions after the exposures, while in the weak unbalanced type animals these functions were impaired. These changes went along with a decrease in the concentration of monoamines and their metabolites and an increase in the DNA DSB and chromosomal aberration yield in lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra G Belyaeva
- Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), 123007, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Vladimir S Kudrin
- Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), 123007, Moscow, Russian Federation; Zakusov Institute of Pharmacology, 125315, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Igor V Koshlan
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research 141980, Dubna, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation; Dubna State University, 141982, Dubna, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation.
| | - Nataliya A Koshlan
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research 141980, Dubna, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation.
| | - Mariya D Isakova
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research 141980, Dubna, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation; Dubna State University, 141982, Dubna, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation.
| | - Yulia V Bogdanova
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research 141980, Dubna, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation.
| | - Gennady N Timoshenko
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research 141980, Dubna, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation; Dubna State University, 141982, Dubna, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation.
| | - Evgeny A Krasavin
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research 141980, Dubna, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation; Dubna State University, 141982, Dubna, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation.
| | - Taisia M Blokhina
- State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency (SRC-FMBC), 123098, Moscow, Russian Federation; Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation; School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russian Federation.
| | - Elizaveta I Yashkina
- State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency (SRC-FMBC), 123098, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Andreyan N Osipov
- State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency (SRC-FMBC), 123098, Moscow, Russian Federation; Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation; School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russian Federation.
| | - Andrey N Nosovsky
- Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), 123007, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Alexandr A Perevezentsev
- Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), 123007, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Andrey S Shtemberg
- Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), 123007, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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7
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Oluwafemi FA, Abdelbaki R, Lai JCY, Mora-Almanza JG, Afolayan EM. A review of astronaut mental health in manned missions: Potential interventions for cognitive and mental health challenges. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2021; 28:26-31. [PMID: 33612177 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Space is an isolated, confined environment for humans. These conditions can have numerous effects on astronaut mental health and safety. Psychological and social issues affect space crew due to the isolation, confinement, and prolonged separation from family and friends. This area of research is particularly crucial given the space sector's plans for Martian colonies and space tourism, as well as to aid astronauts when under high stress. Therefore, this paper reviews the effects of isolation/confinement on psychological and cognitive health; impact of radiation and microgravity on cognitive health; and implications of disturbances to the circadian rhythm and sleep in space. Possible solutions to relevant mentioned cognitive and mental health challenges are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Funmilola A Oluwafemi
- Space Generation Advisory Council (SGAC) c/o European Space Policy Institute, Schwarzenbergplatz 6, 1030 Vienna, Austria; Astrobiology Unit, Space Life Sciences Division, Engineering and Space-Systems Department, National Space Research and Development Agency, P.M.B. 437, Abuja, Nigeria.
| | - Rayan Abdelbaki
- Space Generation Advisory Council (SGAC) c/o European Space Policy Institute, Schwarzenbergplatz 6, 1030 Vienna, Austria; Department of Psychology, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
| | - James C-Y Lai
- Space Generation Advisory Council (SGAC) c/o European Space Policy Institute, Schwarzenbergplatz 6, 1030 Vienna, Austria; Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, 500 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1V7, Canada
| | - Jose G Mora-Almanza
- Space Generation Advisory Council (SGAC) c/o European Space Policy Institute, Schwarzenbergplatz 6, 1030 Vienna, Austria; Department of Medicine, University of Guadalajara, 950 Sierra Mojada Street, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico 44340
| | - Esther M Afolayan
- Space Generation Advisory Council (SGAC) c/o European Space Policy Institute, Schwarzenbergplatz 6, 1030 Vienna, Austria; Department of Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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Girgis M, Li Y, Jayatilake M, Gill K, Wang S, Makambi K, Sridharan V, Cheema AK. Short-term metabolic disruptions in urine of mouse models following exposure to low doses of oxygen ion radiation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, TOXICOLOGY AND CARCINOGENESIS 2021; 39:234-249. [PMID: 33902388 PMCID: PMC9757021 DOI: 10.1080/26896583.2020.1868866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Molecular alterations as a result of exposure to low doses of high linear energy transfer (LET) radiation can have deleterious short- and long-term consequences on crew members embarking on long distance space missions. Oxygen ions (16O) are among the high LET charged particles that make up the radiation environment inside a vehicle in deep space. We used mass spectrometry-based metabolomics to characterize urinary metabolic profiles of male C57BL/6J mice exposed to a single dose of 0.1, 0.25 and 1.0 Gy of 16O (600 MeV/n) at 10 and 30 days post-exposure to delineate radiation-induced metabolic alterations. We recognized a significant down regulation of several classes of metabolites including cresols and tryptophan metabolites, ketoacids and their derivatives upon exposure to 0.1 and 0.25 Gy after 10 days. While some of these changes reverted to near normal by 30 days, some metabolites including p-Cresol sulfate, oxalosuccinic acid, and indoxylsulfate remained dysregulated at 30 days, suggesting long term prognosis on metabolism. Pathway analysis revealed a long-term dysregulation in multiple pathways including tryptophan and porphyrin metabolism. These results suggest that low doses of high-LET charged particle irradiation may have long-term implications on metabolic imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Girgis
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yaoxiang Li
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Meth Jayatilake
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kirandeep Gill
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sirao Wang
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kepher Makambi
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Biomathematics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Vijayalakshmi Sridharan
- Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Amrita K Cheema
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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Lebedeva-Georgievskaya KB, Kokhan VS, Shurtakova AK, Perevezentsev AA, Kudrin VS, Shtemberg AS, Bazyan AS. The Neurobiological Effects of the Combined Impact of Anti-Orthostatic Hanging and Different Ionizing Irradiations. NEUROCHEM J+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712419030103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Rabin BM, Miller MG, Larsen A, Spadafora C, Zolnerowich NN, Dell'Acqua LA, Shukitt-Hale B. Effects of exposure to 12C and 4He particles on cognitive performance of intact and ovariectomized female rats. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2019; 22:47-54. [PMID: 31421848 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to the types of radiation encountered outside the magnetic field of the earth can disrupt cognitive performance. Exploratory class missions to other planets will include both male and female astronauts. Because estrogen can function as a neuroprotectant, it is possible that female astronauts may be less affected by exposure to space radiation than male astronauts. To evaluate the effectiveness of estrogen to protect against the disruption of cognitive performance by exposure to space radiation intact and ovariectomized female rats with estradiol or vehicle implants were tested on novel object performance and operant responding on an ascending fixed-ratio reinforcement schedule following exposure to 12C (290 MeV/n) or 4He (300 MeV/n) particles. The results indicated that exposure to carbon or helium particles did not disrupt cognitive performance in the intact rats. Estradiol implants in the ovariectomized subjects exacerbated the disruptive effects of space radiation on operant performance. Although estrogen does not appear to function as a neuroprotectant following exposure to space radiation, the present data suggest that intact females may be less responsive to the deleterious effects of exposure to space radiation on cognitive performance, possibly due to the effects of estrogen on cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard M Rabin
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, United States.
| | - Marshall G Miller
- USDA-ARS, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts Univ., Boston, MA 02111, United States
| | - Alison Larsen
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, United States
| | - Christina Spadafora
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, United States
| | - Nicholas N Zolnerowich
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, United States
| | - Lorraine A Dell'Acqua
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, United States
| | - Barbara Shukitt-Hale
- USDA-ARS, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts Univ., Boston, MA 02111, United States
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11
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Rabin BM, Poulose SM, Bielinski DF, Shukitt-Hale B. Effects of head-only or whole-body exposure to very low doses of 4He (1000 MeV/n) particles on neuronal function and cognitive performance. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2019; 20:85-92. [PMID: 30797437 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
On exploratory class missions, astronauts will be exposed to a range of heavy particles which vary in linear energy transfer (LET). Previous research has shown a direct relationship between particle LET and cognitive performance such that, as particle LET decreases the dose needed to affect cognitive performance also decreases. Because a significant portion of the total dose experienced by astronauts may be expected to come from exposure to low LET 4He particles, it would be important to establish the threshold dose of 4He particles that can produce changes in cognitive performance. The results indicated that changes in neuronal function and cognitive performance could be observed following both head-only and whole-body exposures to 4He particles at doses as low as 0.01-0.025 cGy. These results, therefore, suggest the possibility that astronauts on exploratory class missions may be at a greater risk for HZE-induced deficits than previously anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard M Rabin
- Department of Psychology, UMBC, Baltimore, MD 21250, United States.
| | - Shibu M Poulose
- USDA-ARS, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts Univ., Boston, MA 02111, United States
| | - Donna F Bielinski
- USDA-ARS, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts Univ., Boston, MA 02111, United States
| | - Barbara Shukitt-Hale
- USDA-ARS, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts Univ., Boston, MA 02111, United States
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12
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Central Nervous System Responses to Simulated Galactic Cosmic Rays. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113669. [PMID: 30463349 PMCID: PMC6275046 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In preparation for lunar and Mars missions it is essential to consider the challenges to human health that are posed by long-duration deep space habitation via multiple stressors, including ionizing radiation, gravitational changes during flight and in orbit, other aspects of the space environment such as high level of carbon dioxide, and psychological stress from confined environment and social isolation. It remains unclear how these stressors individually or in combination impact the central nervous system (CNS), presenting potential obstacles for astronauts engaged in deep space travel. Although human spaceflight research only within the last decade has started to include the effects of radiation transmitted by galactic cosmic rays to the CNS, radiation is currently considered to be one of the main stressors for prolonged spaceflight and deep space exploration. Here we will review the current knowledge of CNS damage caused by simulated space radiation with an emphasis on neuronal and glial responses along with cognitive functions. Furthermore, we will present novel experimental approaches to integrate the knowledge into more comprehensive studies, including multiple stressors at once and potential translation to human functions. Finally, we will discuss the need for developing biomarkers as predictors for cognitive decline and therapeutic countermeasures to prevent CNS damage and the loss of cognitive abilities.
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Whole-Body 12C Irradiation Transiently Decreases Mouse Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus Proliferation and Immature Neuron Number, but Does Not Change New Neuron Survival Rate. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103078. [PMID: 30304778 PMCID: PMC6213859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
High-charge and -energy (HZE) particles comprise space radiation and they pose a challenge to astronauts on deep space missions. While exposure to most HZE particles decreases neurogenesis in the hippocampus—a brain structure important in memory—prior work suggests that 12C does not. However, much about 12C’s influence on neurogenesis remains unknown, including the time course of its impact on neurogenesis. To address this knowledge gap, male mice (9–11 weeks of age) were exposed to whole-body 12C irradiation 100 cGy (IRR; 1000 MeV/n; 8 kEV/µm) or Sham treatment. To birthdate dividing cells, mice received BrdU i.p. 22 h post-irradiation and brains were harvested 2 h (Short-Term) or three months (Long-Term) later for stereological analysis indices of dentate gyrus neurogenesis. For the Short-Term time point, IRR mice had fewer Ki67, BrdU, and doublecortin (DCX) immunoreactive (+) cells versus Sham mice, indicating decreased proliferation (Ki67, BrdU) and immature neurons (DCX). For the Long-Term time point, IRR and Sham mice had similar Ki67+ and DCX+ cell numbers, suggesting restoration of proliferation and immature neurons 3 months post-12C irradiation. IRR mice had fewer surviving BrdU+ cells versus Sham mice, suggesting decreased cell survival, but there was no difference in BrdU+ cell survival rate when compared within treatment and across time point. These data underscore the ability of neurogenesis in the mouse brain to recover from the detrimental effect of 12C exposure.
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Rabin BM, Carrihill-Knoll KL, Miller MG, Shukitt-Hale B. Age as a factor in the responsiveness of the organism to the disruption of cognitive performance by exposure to HZE particles differing in linear energy transfer. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2018; 16:84-92. [PMID: 29475524 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to particles of high energy and charge (HZE particles) can produce decrements in cognitive performance. A series of experiments exposing rats to different HZE particles was run to evaluate whether the performance decrement was dependent on the age of the subject at the time of irradiation. Fischer 344 rats that were 2-, 11- and 15/16-months of age were exposed to 16O, 48Ti, or 4He particles at the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory at Brookhaven National Laboratory. As previously observed following exposure to 56Fe particles, exposure to the higher LET 48Ti particles produced a disruption of cognitive performance at a lower dose in the older subjects compared to the dose needed to disrupt performance in the younger subjects. There were no age related changes in the dose needed to produce a disruption of cognitive performance following exposure to lower LET 16O or 4He particles. The threshold for the rats exposed to either 16O or 4He particles was similar at all ages. Because the 11- and 15-month old rats are more representative of the age of astronauts (45-55 years old) the present results indicate that particle LET may be a critical factor in estimating the risk of developing a cognitive deficit following exposure to space radiation on exploratory class missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard M Rabin
- Department of Psychology, UMBC, Baltimore, MD 21250, United States.
| | | | - Marshall G Miller
- USDA-ARS, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, United States
| | - Barbara Shukitt-Hale
- USDA-ARS, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, United States
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Belyaeva AG, Shtemberg AS, Nosovskii AM, Vasil’eva ON, Gordeev YV, Kudrin VS, Narkevich VB, Krasavin EA, Timoshenko GN, Lapin BA, Bazyan AS. The effects of high-energy protons and carbon ions (12C) on the cognitive function and the content of monoamines and their metabolites in peripheral blood in monkeys. NEUROCHEM J+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712417010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Wyrobek AJ, Britten RA. Individual variations in dose response for spatial memory learning among outbred wistar rats exposed from 5 to 20 cGy of (56) Fe particles. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2016; 57:331-340. [PMID: 27237589 DOI: 10.1002/em.22018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Exposures of brain tissue to ionizing radiation can lead to persistent deficits in cognitive functions and behaviors. However, little is known about the quantitative relationships between exposure dose and neurological risks, especially for lower doses and among genetically diverse individuals. We investigated the dose relationship for spatial memory learning among genetically outbred male Wistar rats exposed to graded doses of (56) Fe particles (sham, 5, 10, 15, and 20 cGy; 1 GeV/n). Spatial memory learning was assessed on a Barnes maze using REL3 ratios measured at three months after exposure. Irradiated animals showed dose-dependent declines in spatial memory learning that were fit by a linear regression (P for slope <0.0002). The irradiated animals showed significantly impaired learning at 10 cGy exposures, no detectable learning between 10 and 15 cGy, and worsened performances between 15 and 20 cGy. The proportions of poor learners and the magnitude of their impairment were fit by linear regressions with doubling doses of ∼10 cGy. In contrast, there were no detectable deficits in learning among the good learners in this dose range. Our findings suggest that genetically diverse individuals can vary substantially in their spatial memory learning, and that exposures at low doses appear to preferentially impact poor learners. This hypothesis invites future investigations of the genetic and physiological mechanisms of inter-individual variations in brain function related to spatial memory learning after low-dose HZE radiation exposures and to determine whether it also applies to physical trauma to brain tissue and exposures to chemical neurotoxicants. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 57:331-340, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Wyrobek
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Richard A Britten
- Department of Radiation Oncology, and the Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
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Hadley MM, Davis LK, Jewell JS, Miller VD, Britten RA. Exposure to Mission-Relevant Doses of 1 GeV/n48Ti Particles Impairs Attentional Set-Shifting Performance in Retired Breeder Rats. Radiat Res 2016; 185:13-9. [DOI: 10.1667/rr14086.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Deficits in Sustained Attention and Changes in Dopaminergic Protein Levels following Exposure to Proton Radiation Are Related to Basal Dopaminergic Function. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144556. [PMID: 26658810 PMCID: PMC4684339 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The current report assessed the effects of low-level proton irradiation in inbred adult male Fischer 344 and Lewis rats performing an analog of the human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT), commonly utilized as an object risk assessment tool to quantify fatigue and sustained attention in laboratory, clinical, and operational settings. These strains were used to determine if genetic differences in dopaminergic function would impact radiation-induced deficits in sustained attention. Exposure to head-only proton irradiation (25 or 100 cGy) disrupted rPVT performance in a strain-specific manner, with 25 cGy-exposed Fischer 344 rats displaying the most severe deficits in sustained attention (i.e., decreased accuracy and increased premature responding); Lewis rats did not display behavioral deficits following radiation. Fischer 344 rats displayed greater tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporter levels in the frontal cortex compared to the Lewis rats, even though radiation exposure increased both of these proteins in the Lewis rats only. Tyrosine hydroxylase was decreased in the parietal cortex of both rat strains following radiation exposure, regardless of proton dose. Strain-specific cytokine changes were also found in the frontal cortex, with the Lewis rats displaying increased levels of putative neurotrophic cytokines (e.g., CNTF). These data support the hypothesis that basal dopaminergic function impacts the severity of radiation-induced deficits in sustained attention.
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Rabin BM, Carrihill-Knoll KL, Shukitt-Hale B. Comparison of the Effectiveness of Exposure to Low-LET Helium Particles (4He) and Gamma Rays (137Cs) on the Disruption of Cognitive Performance. Radiat Res 2015; 184:266-72. [DOI: 10.1667/rr14001.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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20
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Shtemberg AS, Kokhan VS, Kudrin VS, Matveeva MI, Lebedeva-Georgievskaya KD, Timoshenko GN, Molokanov AG, Krasavin EA, Narkevich VB, Klodt PM, Bazyan AS. The effect of high-energy protons in the Bragg Peak on the behavior of rats and the exchange of monoamines in some brain structures. NEUROCHEM J+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712415010109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Davis CM, Roma PG, Armour E, Gooden VL, Brady JV, Weed MR, Hienz RD. Effects of X-ray radiation on complex visual discrimination learning and social recognition memory in rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104393. [PMID: 25099152 PMCID: PMC4123910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present report describes an animal model for examining the effects of radiation on a range of neurocognitive functions in rodents that are similar to a number of basic human cognitive functions. Fourteen male Long-Evans rats were trained to perform an automated intra-dimensional set shifting task that consisted of their learning a basic discrimination between two stimulus shapes followed by more complex discrimination stages (e.g., a discrimination reversal, a compound discrimination, a compound reversal, a new shape discrimination, and an intra-dimensional stimulus discrimination reversal). One group of rats was exposed to head-only X-ray radiation (2.3 Gy at a dose rate of 1.9 Gy/min), while a second group received a sham-radiation exposure using the same anesthesia protocol. The irradiated group responded less, had elevated numbers of omitted trials, increased errors, and greater response latencies compared to the sham-irradiated control group. Additionally, social odor recognition memory was tested after radiation exposure by assessing the degree to which rats explored wooden beads impregnated with either their own odors or with the odors of novel, unfamiliar rats; however, no significant effects of radiation on social odor recognition memory were observed. These data suggest that rodent tasks assessing higher-level human cognitive domains are useful in examining the effects of radiation on the CNS, and may be applicable in approximating CNS risks from radiation exposure in clinical populations receiving whole brain irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M. Davis
- Division of Behavioral Biology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Peter G. Roma
- Division of Behavioral Biology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Institutes for Behavior Resources, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elwood Armour
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Virginia L. Gooden
- Division of Behavioral Biology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joseph V. Brady
- Division of Behavioral Biology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Institutes for Behavior Resources, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Weed
- Division of Behavioral Biology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert D. Hienz
- Division of Behavioral Biology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Institutes for Behavior Resources, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Rabin BM, Shukitt-Hale B, Carrihill-Knoll KL, Gomes SM. Comparison of the Effects of Partial- or Whole-Body Exposures to16O Particles on Cognitive Performance in Rats. Radiat Res 2014; 181:251-7. [DOI: 10.1667/rr13469.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Therapeutic and space radiation exposure of mouse brain causes impaired DNA repair response and premature senescence by chronic oxidant production. Aging (Albany NY) 2014; 5:607-22. [PMID: 23928451 PMCID: PMC3796214 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent epidemiological evidences linking radiation exposure and a number of human ailments including cancer, mechanistic understanding of how radiation inflicts long-term changes in cerebral cortex, which regulates important neuronal functions, remains obscure. The current study dissects molecular events relevant to pathology in cerebral cortex of 6 to 8 weeks old female C57BL/6J mice two and twelve months after exposure to a γ radiation dose (2 Gy) commonly employed in fractionated radiotherapy. For a comparative study, effects of 1.6 Gy heavy ion 56Fe radiation on cerebral cortex were also investigated, which has implications for space exploration. Radiation exposure was associated with increased chronic oxidative stress, oxidative DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, and apoptosis. These results when considered with decreased cortical thickness, activation of cell-cycle arrest pathway, and inhibition of DNA double strand break repair factors led us to conclude to our knowledge for the first time that radiation caused aging-like pathology in cerebral cortical cells and changes after heavy ion radiation were more pronounced than γ radiation.
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Rabin BM, Shukitt-Hale B, Carrihill-Knoll KL. Effects of Age on the Disruption of Cognitive Performance by Exposure to Space Radiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/jbbs.2014.47031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Effects of (56)Fe radiation on hippocampal function in mice deficient in chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2). Behav Brain Res 2013; 246:69-75. [PMID: 23500678 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
(56)Fe irradiation affects hippocampus-dependent cognition. The underlying mechanisms may involve alterations in neurogenesis, expression of the plasticity-related immediate early gene Arc, and inflammation. Chemokine receptor-2 (CCR2), which mediates the recruitment of infiltrating and resident microglia to sites of CNS inflammation, is upregulated by (56)Fe irradiation. CCR2 KO and wild-type mice were used to compare effects of (56)Fe radiation (600MeV, 0.25Gy) on hippocampal function using contextual fear conditioning involving tone shock pairing during training (+/+) and exposure to the same environment without tone shock pairings (-/-). In the -/- condition, irradiation enhanced habituation in WT mice, but not CCR2 KO mice, suggesting that a lack of CCR2 was associated with reduced cognitive performance. In the +/+ condition, irradiation reduced freezing but there was no genotype differences. There were no significant correlations between the number of Arc-positive cells in the dentate gyrus and freezing in either genotype. While measures of neurogenesis and gliogenesis appeared to be modulated by CCR2, there were no effects of genotype on the total numbers of newly born activated microglia before or after irradiation, indicating that other mechanisms are involved in the genotype-dependent radiation response.
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Rabin BM, Carrihill-Knoll KL, Long LV, Pitts SC, Hale BS. Effects of 17<i>β</i>-Estradiol on Cognitive Performance of Ovariectomized Female Rats Exposed to Space Radiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/jbbs.2013.31007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Haerich P, Eggers C, Pecaut MJ. Investigation of the Effects of Head Irradiation with Gamma Rays and Protons on Startle and Pre-Pulse Inhibition Behavior in Mice. Radiat Res 2012; 177:685-92. [DOI: 10.1667/rr2712.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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28
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Rabin BM, Joseph JA, Shukitt-Hale B, Carrihill-Knoll KL. Interaction between age of irradiation and age of testing in the disruption of operant performance using a ground-based model for exposure to cosmic rays. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 34:121-31. [PMID: 21424788 PMCID: PMC3260355 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-011-9226-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has shown a progressive deterioration in cognitive performance in rats exposed to (56)Fe particles as a function of age. The present experiment was designed to evaluate the effects of age of irradiation independently of the age of testing. Male Fischer-344 rats, 2, 7, 12, and 16 months of age, were exposed to 25-200 cGy of (56)Fe particles (1,000 MeV/n). Following irradiation, the rats were trained to make an operant response on an ascending fixed-ratio reinforcement schedule. When performance was evaluated as a function of both age of irradiation and testing, the results showed a significant effect of age on the dose needed to produce a performance decrement, such that older rats exposed to lower doses of (56)Fe particles showed a performance decrement compared to younger rats. When performance was evaluated as a function of age of irradiation with the age of testing held constant, the results indicated that age of irradiation was a significant factor influencing operant responding, such that older rats tested at similar ages and exposed to similar doses of (56)Fe particles showed similar performance decrements. The results are interpreted as indicating that the performance decrement is not a function of age per se, but instead is dependent upon an interaction between the age of irradiation, the age of testing, and exposure to HZE particles. The nature of these effects and how age of irradiation affects cognitive performance after an interval of 15 to 16 months remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard M Rabin
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
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Poulose SM, Bielinski DF, Carrihill-Knoll K, Rabin BM, Shukitt-Hale B. Exposure to 16O-particle radiation causes aging-like decrements in rats through increased oxidative stress, inflammation and loss of autophagy. Radiat Res 2011; 176:761-9. [PMID: 21962006 DOI: 10.1667/rr2605.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Exposing young rats to particles of high energy and charge (HZE particles), a ground-based model for exposure to cosmic rays, enhances indices of oxidative stress and inflammation, disrupts the functioning of neuronal communication, and alters cognitive behaviors. Even though exposure to HZE particles occurs at low fluence rates, the cumulative effects of long-term exposure result in molecular changes similar to those seen in aged animals. In the present study, we assessed markers of autophagy, a dynamic process for intracellular degradation and recycling of toxic proteins and organelles, as well as stress and inflammatory responses, in the brains of Sprague-Dawley rats irradiated at 2 months of age with 5 and 50 cGy and 1 Gy of ionizing oxygen particles ((16)O) (1000 MeV/n). Compared to nonirradiated controls, exposure to (16)O particles significantly inhibited autophagy function in the hippocampus as measured by accumulation of ubiquitin inclusion bodies such as P62/SQSTM1, autophagosome marker microtubule-associated protein 1 beta light chain 3 (MAP1B-LC3), beclin1 and proteins such as mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). The molecular changes measured at short (36 h) and long (75 days) intervals after (16)O-particle exposure indicate that the loss of autophagy function occurred shortly after exposure but was recovered via inhibition of mTOR. However, HZE-particle radiation caused significant sustained loss of protein kinase C alpha (PKC-α), a key G protein modulator involved in neuronal survival and functions of neuronal trophic factors. Exposure to (16)O particles also caused substantial increases in the levels of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), indicating glial cell activation 75 days after exposure. This is the first report to show the molecular effects of (16)O-particle radiation on oxidative stress, inflammation and loss of autophagy in the brain of young rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibu M Poulose
- USDA-ARS, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
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Villasana LE, Benice TS, Raber J. Long-Term Effects of 56Fe Irradiation on Spatial Memory of Mice: Role of Sex and Apolipoprotein E Isoform. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011; 80:567-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Yamamoto ML, Hafer K, Reliene R, Fleming S, Kelly O, Hacke K, Schiestl RH. Effects of 1 GeV/nucleon56Fe Particles on Longevity, Carcinogenesis and Neuromotor Ability inAtm-Deficient Mice. Radiat Res 2011; 175:231-9. [DOI: 10.1667/rr2312.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Britten RA, Mitchell S, Johnson AM, Singletary SJ, Keeney SK, Nyalwidhe JO, Karbassi ID, Lonart G, Sanford LD, Drake RR. The identification of serum biomarkers of high-let radiation exposure and biological sequelae. HEALTH PHYSICS 2010; 98:196-203. [PMID: 20065683 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0b013e3181acff7c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In the event of a nuclear detonation, thousands of people will be exposed to non-lethal radiation doses. There are multiple long-term health concerns for exposed individuals who receive non-lethal radiation exposures. Low doses of radiation, especially of high linear energy transfer (LET) radiation, can lead to the development of neurocognitive defects. The identification of serum biomarkers that can be used to monitor the emergence of the long-term biological sequelae of radiation exposure, such as neurocognitive defects, would greatly help the post-exposure health monitoring of the affected population. The authors have determined the impact that cranial irradiation with 2 Gy of high LET (150 keV um) has on the ability of rats to perform spatial memory tasks, and identified serum protein changes that are biomarkers of radiation exposure and of radiation-induced neurocognitive impairment. Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectroscopy (MALDI TOF-TOF) analysis of weak cation exchange (WCX) enriched serum protein preparations identified 23 proteins of interest: 10 were biomarkers of physical radiation dose, with six showing increased expression and four being undetectable in the irradiated rat serum. Four proteins were uniquely expressed in those rats that had good spatial memory and nine proteins were markers of bad spatial memory. This study provides proof of the concept that serum protein profiling can be used to identify biomarkers of radiation exposure and the emergence of radiation-sequelae in this rat model, and this approach could be easily applied to other systems to identify radiation biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Britten
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA.
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Rice OV, Grande AV, Dehktyar N, Bruneus M, Robinson JK, Gatley SJ. Long-term effects of irradiation with iron-56 particles on the nigrostriatal dopamine system. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2009; 48:215-225. [PMID: 19259693 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-009-0220-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 02/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to heavy ions during a Mars mission might damage the brain, thus compromising mission success and the quality of life of returning astronauts. Several workers have suggested that the dopamine system is particularly sensitive to heavy ion radiation, but direct evidence for this notion is lacking. We examined measures of brain dopamine viability at times up to 15 months after acute exposure of rats to (56)Fe (1.2-2.4 Gy). No effects were seen in brain sections stained for tyrosine hydroxylase, the classical marker for dopamine cells and nerve terminals. Locomotion stimulated by cocaine, which directly activates the dopamine system, was reduced at 6 months but not at 12 months. Furthermore, in a visually cued lever-pressing test, reaction times, which are prolonged by dopamine system damage, were identical in irradiated and control animals. However, learning times were increased by irradiation. Our data suggest that the midbrain dopamine system is not especially sensitive to damage by (56)Fe particles at doses much higher than would be associated with travel to and from Mars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onarae V Rice
- Center for Translational Neuroimaging, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
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Hienz RD, Brady JV, Gooden VL, Vazquez ME, Weed MR. Neurobehavioral effects of head-only gamma-radiation exposure in rats. Radiat Res 2008; 170:292-8. [PMID: 18763858 DOI: 10.1667/rr1222.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The present report describes initial steps in the development of an animal model for assessing the effects of low levels of radiation encountered in the space environment on human cognitive function by examining the effects of radiation on a range of neurobehavioral functions in rodents that are similar to a number of basic human cognitive functions. The present report presents baseline data on the effects of gamma radiation on neurobehavioral functions in rodents (psychomotor speed, discrimination accuracy and inhibitory control) that are similar to those in humans. Two groups of eight Long-Evans rats were trained to perform a reaction-time task that required them to depress a lever for 1-3 s and to release the lever within 1.5 s of a release stimulus (correct trial) to receive a reward. Releasing the lever prior to the release stimulus (error) terminated the trial. One group was exposed to head-only gamma radiation (5 Gy at a dose rate of 1 Gy/min), while the second group was sham-irradiated using the same anesthesia protocol. The irradiated group showed significant deficits in both performance accuracy (percentage correct scores) and performance reliability (false alarm scores) from 1 to 4 months after irradiation, indicating clear performance impairments. The increase in false alarm scores is consistent with reduced inhibitory control and a shift toward increased anticipatory responses at the cost of decreased accuracy. The nonirradiated group showed no such changes over the same period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Hienz
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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Vlkolinský R, Krucker T, Nelson GA, Obenaus A. 56Fe-Particle Radiation Reduces Neuronal Output and Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inhibition of Long-Term Potentiation in the Mouse Hippocampus. Radiat Res 2008; 169:523-30. [DOI: 10.1667/rr1228.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Carrihill-Knoll KL, Rabin BM, Shukitt-Hale B, Joseph JA, Carey A. Amphetamine-induced taste aversion learning in young and old F-344 rats following exposure to 56Fe particles. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2007; 29:69-76. [PMID: 19424832 PMCID: PMC2267659 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-007-9032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to (56)Fe particles produces changes in dopaminergic function and in dopamine-dependent behaviors, including amphetamine-induced conditioned taste aversion (CTA) learning. Because many of these changes are characteristic of the changes that accompany the aging process, the present study was designed to determine whether or not there would be an interaction between age and exposure to (56)Fe particles in the disruption of an amphetamine-induced CTA. One hundred and forty F-344 male rats 2-, 7-, 12-, and 16-months old, were radiated with (56)Fe particles (0.25-2.00 Gy, 1 GeV/n) at Brookhaven National Laboratory. Three days following irradiation, the rats were tested for the effects of radiation on the acquisition of a CTA produced by injection of amphetamine (3 mg/kg, i.p.). The main effect of age was to produce a significant decrease in conditioning day sucrose intake; there was no affect of age on the acquisition of the amphetamine-induced CTA. Exposing rats to (56)Fe particles disrupted the acquisition of the CTA produced by injection of amphetamine only in the 2-month-old rats. These results do not support the hypothesis of an interaction between age and exposure to (56)Fe particles in producing a disruption of amphetamine-induced CTA learning. As such, these results suggest that the aging produced by exposure to (56)Fe particles may be endpoint specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. L. Carrihill-Knoll
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA
| | - B. M. Rabin
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA
| | - B. Shukitt-Hale
- Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, USDA-ARS, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111 USA
| | - J. A. Joseph
- Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, USDA-ARS, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111 USA
| | - A. Carey
- Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, USDA-ARS, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111 USA
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Shukitt-Hale B, Carey AN, Jenkins D, Rabin BM, Joseph JA. Beneficial effects of fruit extracts on neuronal function and behavior in a rodent model of accelerated aging. Neurobiol Aging 2007; 28:1187-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2005] [Revised: 05/09/2006] [Accepted: 05/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Rice O, Saintvictor S, Michaelides M, Thanos P, Gatley SJ. MicroPET investigation of chronic long-term neurotoxicity from heavy ion irradiation. AAPS JOURNAL 2006; 8:E508-14. [PMID: 17025269 PMCID: PMC2761058 DOI: 10.1208/aapsj080360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) permits imaging of the regional biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of compounds labeled with short-lived positron-emitting isotopes. It has enabled evaluation of neurochemical systems in the living human brain, including effects of toxic substances. MicroPET devices allow studies of the rat brain with a spatial resolution of approximately 2 mm. This is much poorer resolution than obtained using ex vivo autoradiography. However, animals need not be euthanized before imaging, so repeat studies are possible. This in principle allows the effects of toxic insults to be followed over the lifetime of an individual animal. We used microPET to evaluate brain metabolic effects of irradiation with high-energy heavy ions (HZE radiation), a component of the space radiation environment, on regional glucose metabolism. A significant fraction of neurons would be traversed by these densely ionizing particles during a Mars mission, and there is a need to estimate human neurological risks of prolonged voyages beyond the geomagnetosphere. Rats were irradiated with 56Fe (600 MeV/n) ions at doses up to 240 cGy. At 9 months post-irradiation we did not detect alterations in regional accumulation of the glucose analog [18F]2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose. This may indicate that damage to the brain from HZE particles is less severe than feared. However, because radiation-induced alterations in some behaviors have been documented, it may reflect insensitivity of baseline cerebral glucose metabolism to HZE radiation. These studies will facilitate design of future studies of chronic, long-term exposure to both therapeutic and abused drugs using microPET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onarae Rice
- />Center for Translational Neuroimaging, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY
| | - Sandra Saintvictor
- />Center for Translational Neuroimaging, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY
| | - Michael Michaelides
- />Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Lab, Laboratory for Neuroimaging, NIAAA, Intramural NIAAA Program, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY
| | - Panayotis Thanos
- />Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Lab, Laboratory for Neuroimaging, NIAAA, Intramural NIAAA Program, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY
| | - Samuel John Gatley
- />Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 02115 Boston, MA
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