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Liu Y, Su L, Wang R, Dai X, Li X, Chang Y, Zhao S, Chen H, Yin Z, Wu G, Zhou H, Zheng L, Zhai Y. Comparative 4D Label-Free Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Bombus terrestris Provides Insights into Proteins and Processes Associated with Diapause. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:326. [PMID: 38203496 PMCID: PMC10778897 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Diapause, an adaptative strategy for survival under harsh conditions, is a dynamic multi-stage process. Bombus terrestris, an important agricultural pollinator, is declining in the wild, but artificial breeding is possible by imitating natural conditions. Mated queen bees enter reproductive diapause in winter and recover in spring, but the regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. Herein, we conducted a comparative 4D label-free proteomic analysis of queen bees during artificial breeding at seven timepoints, including pre-diapause, diapause, and post-diapause stages. Through bioinformatics analysis of proteomic and detection of substance content changes, our results found that, during pre-diapause stages, queen bees had active mitochondria with high levels of oxidative phosphorylation, high body weight, and glycogen and TAG content, all of which support energy consumption during subsequent diapause. During diapause stages, body weight and water content were decreased but glycerol increased, contributing to cold resistance. Dopamine content, immune defense, and protein phosphorylation were elevated, while fat metabolism, protein export, cell communication, signal transduction, and hydrolase activity decreased. Following diapause termination, JH titer, water, fatty acid, and pyruvate levels increased, catabolism, synaptic transmission, and insulin signaling were stimulated, ribosome and cell cycle proteins were upregulated, and cell proliferation was accelerated. Meanwhile, TAG and glycogen content decreased, and ovaries gradually developed. These findings illuminate changes occurring in queen bees at different diapause stages during commercial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 23788 Gongye North Road, Jinan 250100, China; (Y.L.); (L.S.); (R.W.); (X.D.); (X.L.); (Y.C.); (S.Z.); (H.C.); (Z.Y.); (L.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Natural Enemies Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jinan 250100, China; (G.W.); (H.Z.)
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center on Biocontrol of Crops Pests, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Long Su
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 23788 Gongye North Road, Jinan 250100, China; (Y.L.); (L.S.); (R.W.); (X.D.); (X.L.); (Y.C.); (S.Z.); (H.C.); (Z.Y.); (L.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Natural Enemies Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jinan 250100, China; (G.W.); (H.Z.)
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center on Biocontrol of Crops Pests, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Ruijuan Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 23788 Gongye North Road, Jinan 250100, China; (Y.L.); (L.S.); (R.W.); (X.D.); (X.L.); (Y.C.); (S.Z.); (H.C.); (Z.Y.); (L.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Natural Enemies Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jinan 250100, China; (G.W.); (H.Z.)
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center on Biocontrol of Crops Pests, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiaoyan Dai
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 23788 Gongye North Road, Jinan 250100, China; (Y.L.); (L.S.); (R.W.); (X.D.); (X.L.); (Y.C.); (S.Z.); (H.C.); (Z.Y.); (L.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Natural Enemies Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jinan 250100, China; (G.W.); (H.Z.)
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center on Biocontrol of Crops Pests, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiuxue Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 23788 Gongye North Road, Jinan 250100, China; (Y.L.); (L.S.); (R.W.); (X.D.); (X.L.); (Y.C.); (S.Z.); (H.C.); (Z.Y.); (L.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Natural Enemies Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jinan 250100, China; (G.W.); (H.Z.)
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center on Biocontrol of Crops Pests, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yuqing Chang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 23788 Gongye North Road, Jinan 250100, China; (Y.L.); (L.S.); (R.W.); (X.D.); (X.L.); (Y.C.); (S.Z.); (H.C.); (Z.Y.); (L.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Natural Enemies Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jinan 250100, China; (G.W.); (H.Z.)
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center on Biocontrol of Crops Pests, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shan Zhao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 23788 Gongye North Road, Jinan 250100, China; (Y.L.); (L.S.); (R.W.); (X.D.); (X.L.); (Y.C.); (S.Z.); (H.C.); (Z.Y.); (L.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Natural Enemies Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jinan 250100, China; (G.W.); (H.Z.)
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center on Biocontrol of Crops Pests, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 23788 Gongye North Road, Jinan 250100, China; (Y.L.); (L.S.); (R.W.); (X.D.); (X.L.); (Y.C.); (S.Z.); (H.C.); (Z.Y.); (L.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Natural Enemies Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jinan 250100, China; (G.W.); (H.Z.)
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center on Biocontrol of Crops Pests, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Zhenjuan Yin
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 23788 Gongye North Road, Jinan 250100, China; (Y.L.); (L.S.); (R.W.); (X.D.); (X.L.); (Y.C.); (S.Z.); (H.C.); (Z.Y.); (L.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Natural Enemies Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jinan 250100, China; (G.W.); (H.Z.)
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center on Biocontrol of Crops Pests, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Guang’an Wu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Enemies Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jinan 250100, China; (G.W.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Natural Enemies Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jinan 250100, China; (G.W.); (H.Z.)
| | - Li Zheng
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 23788 Gongye North Road, Jinan 250100, China; (Y.L.); (L.S.); (R.W.); (X.D.); (X.L.); (Y.C.); (S.Z.); (H.C.); (Z.Y.); (L.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Natural Enemies Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jinan 250100, China; (G.W.); (H.Z.)
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center on Biocontrol of Crops Pests, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yifan Zhai
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 23788 Gongye North Road, Jinan 250100, China; (Y.L.); (L.S.); (R.W.); (X.D.); (X.L.); (Y.C.); (S.Z.); (H.C.); (Z.Y.); (L.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Natural Enemies Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jinan 250100, China; (G.W.); (H.Z.)
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center on Biocontrol of Crops Pests, Jinan 250100, China
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Zhang X, Jin L, Li G. RNAi-Mediated Functional Analysis Reveals the Regulation of Oocyte Vitellogenesis by Ecdysone Signaling in Two Coleoptera Species. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1284. [PMID: 37886994 PMCID: PMC10604093 DOI: 10.3390/biology12101284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Coleoptera is the largest taxa of animals by far. The robust reproductive capacity is one of the main reasons for such domination. Successful female reproduction partially relies on effective vitellogenesis. However, the hormone regulation of vitellogenesis remains to be explored. In the present paper, in vitro culture of Leptinotarsa decemlineata 1-day-old adult fat bodies in the 20E-contained median did not activate juvenile hormone production and insulin-like peptide pathways, but significantly stimulated the expression of two LdVg genes, in a cycloheximide-dependent pattern. In vivo RNA interference (RNAi) of either ecdysone receptor (LdEcR) or ultraspiracle (Ldusp) by injection of corresponding dsRNA into 1-day-old female adults inhibited oocyte development, dramatically repressed the transcription of LdVg genes in fat bodies and of LdVgR in ovaries; application of JH into the LdEcR or Ldusp RNAi L. decemlineata females did not restore the oocyte development, partially rescued the decreased LdVg mRNA levels but over-compensated LdVgR expression levels. The same RNAi experiments were performed in another Coleoptera species, Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata. Little yolk substances were seen in the misshapen oocytes in the HvEcR or Hvusp RNAi ovaries, in contrast to larger amounts of yolk granules in the normal oocytes. Correspondingly, the transcript levels of HvVg in the fat bodies and ovaries decreased significantly in the HvEcR and Hvusp RNAi samples. Our results here show that 20E signaling is indispensable in the activation of vitellogenesis in the developing oocytes of the two beetle species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guoqing Li
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.Z.); (L.J.)
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Llorente-Bousquets J, Nieves-Uribe S, Flores-Gallardo A. Exochorion in the tribe Nymphalini (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): the genus Hypanartia Hbner, [1821] and comparison with related genera. Zootaxa 2023; 5330:151-200. [PMID: 38221141 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5330.2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
We describe and compare the exochorion of six species of Hypanartia (H. paullus, H. bella, H. lethe, H. godmanii, H. dione disjuncta, and H. trimaculata autumna) using specimens collected in the field and deposited in entomological collections. We used a standard staining technique and scanning electron microscopy to visualize and describe the main exochorionic characters, especially the ridges and the differentiation in the micropylar, perimicropylar, and transition zones in the apical region. We included plates with photographs, drawings, and schemes for clearer visualization of these structures, which are tabulated for comparison. For our characterization, we considered the ridges in colonnade as the main exochorionic feature in the Nymphalini. Thus, we made brief comparisons of these features among several species of the tribe, particularly with the genus Antanartia. The exochorionic characters agree with the separation of groups (paullus group and dione group). By examining the characteristics of H. paullus, the basal species of the paullus group, we found that ridges with conspicuous columns (e.g., in one section only) appears to be the plesiomorphic state, while those with elongated shafts and walls only in the intercolumn represent the apomorphic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Llorente-Bousquets
- Museo de Zoologa (Entomologa); Departamento de Biologa Evolutiva; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico; Mxico; 04510; CDMX; Mxico.
| | - Sandra Nieves-Uribe
- Museo de Zoologa (Entomologa); Departamento de Biologa Evolutiva; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico; Mxico; 04510; CDMX; Mxico; Posgrado en Ciencias Biolgicas; Unidad de Posgrado de la Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico; Edificio D; 1 Piso; Circuito de Posgrados; Ciudad Universitaria; 04510; CDMX; Mxico.
| | - Adrin Flores-Gallardo
- Museo de Zoologa (Entomologa); Departamento de Biologa Evolutiva; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico; Mxico; 04510; CDMX; Mxico; Posgrado en Filosofa de la Ciencia; Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico; Mxico.
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Monell KJ, Roncalli V, Hopcroft RR, Hartline DK, Lenz PH. Post-Diapause DNA Replication during Oogenesis in a Capital-Breeding Copepod. Integr Org Biol 2023; 5:obad020. [PMID: 37361914 PMCID: PMC10290532 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obad020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In high-latitude environments where seasonal changes include periods of harsh conditions, many arthropods enter diapause, a period of dormancy that is hormonally regulated. Diapause is characterized by very low metabolism, resistance to environmental stress, and developmental arrest. It allows an organism to optimize the timing of reproduction by synchronizing offspring growth and development with periods of high food availability. In species that enter dormancy as pre-adults or adults, termination of diapause is marked by the resumption of physiological processes, an increase in metabolic rates and once transitioned into adulthood for females, the initiation of oogenesis. In many cases, individuals start feeding again and newly acquired resources become available to fuel egg production. However, in the subarctic capital-breeding copepod Neocalanus flemingeri, feeding is decoupled from oogenesis. Thus, optimizing reproduction limited by fixed resources such that all eggs are of high quality and fully-provisioned, requires regulation of the number of oocytes. However, it is unknown if and how this copepod limits oocyte formation. In this study, the phase in oocyte production by post-diapause females that involved DNA replication in the ovary and oviducts was examined using incubation in 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU). Both oogonia and oocytes incorporated EdU, with the number of EdU-labeled cells peaking at 72 hours following diapause termination. Cell labeling with EdU remained high for two weeks, decreasing thereafter with no labeling detected by four weeks post diapause, and three to four weeks before spawning of the first clutch of eggs. The results suggest that oogenesis is sequential in N. flemingeri with formation of new oocytes starting within 24 hours of diapause termination and limited to the first few weeks. Lipid consumption during diapause was minimal and relatively modest initially. This early phase in the reproductive program precedes mid-oogenesis and vitellogenesis 2, when oocytes increase in size and accumulate yolk and lipid reserves. By limiting DNA replication to the initial phase, the females effectively separate oocyte production from oocyte provisioning. A sequential oogenesis is unlike the income-breeder strategy of most copepods in which oocytes at all stages of maturation are found concurrently in the reproductive structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - V Roncalli
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Integrative Marine Ecology, Campania 80121, Napoli, Italy
| | - R R Hopcroft
- Department of Oceanography, University of Alaska, Institute of Marine Science, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-7220, USA
| | - D K Hartline
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu 96822, USA
| | - P H Lenz
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu 96822, USA
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Urbán-Duarte D, Tomita S, Sakai H, Sezutsu H, De La Torre-Sánchez JF, Kainoh Y, Furukawa S, Uchino K. An Effective Chemical Permeabilization of Silkworm Embryos. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10050563. [PMID: 37237633 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10050563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The lipid layer surrounding the vitelline membrane of insect eggs has a critical role in the waterproofing and desiccation resistance of embryos. However, this lipid layer also prevents the flux of chemicals into the embryos, such as cryoprotectants, which are required for successful cryopreservation. The permeabilization studies of silkworm embryos remain insufficient. Therefore, in this study, we developed a permeabilization method to remove the lipid layer in the silkworm, Bombyx mori, and examined factors affecting the viability of dechorionated embryos, including the types and exposure times of chemicals and embryonic stages. Among the chemicals used, hexane and heptane were effective for permeabilization, whereas Triton X-100 and Tween-80 were less effective. Regarding the embryonic stages, there were significant differences between 160 and 166 h after egg laying (AEL) at 25 °C. Consequently, we found that the treatment of 160 AEL embryos with hexane for 30 s was the best condition for the permeability and viability of embryos, in which over 62% of the permeabilized embryos grew up to the second larval instar and their moths could lay fertilized eggs. Our method can be used for various purposes, including permeability investigations using other chemicals and embryonic cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Urbán-Duarte
- Centro Nacional de Recursos Genéticos, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Tepatitlán de Morelos 47600, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Shuichiro Tomita
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba 305-8634, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sakai
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba 305-8634, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hideki Sezutsu
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba 305-8634, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - José Fernando De La Torre-Sánchez
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Agricultura Familiar, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Ojuelos 47540, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Yooichi Kainoh
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Seiichi Furukawa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Keiro Uchino
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba 305-8634, Ibaraki, Japan
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Bunn DC, Miller N. Natural Occurrence and Analysis of Nosema sp. Infection in the Adult Population of Western Bean Cutworm in Michigan. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 52:39-46. [PMID: 36469425 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvac102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
An understanding of population dynamics and insect biology is important for effective crop management strategies. Biotic factors such as pathogens play a large role on the fitness and dynamics of insect populations. Microsporidia are obligate intracellular parasites that infect more than 150 insect species and range from sublethal and chronic to fast acting and deadly. The western bean cutworm, Striacosta albicosta (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a pest of both corn (Zea maize L. [Poales: Poaceae]) and dry beans (Phaseolus sp L. [Fabales: Fabaceae]) that is infected by a microsporidian parasite from the genus Nosema (Microsporidia: Nosematidae). Unfortunately, little is known about the interactions between the Nosema sp. (Microsporidia: Nosematidae) infecting the western bean cutworm and its prevalence and effects on the host population. This is especially true for the western bean cutworm population that has settled in the Great Lakes region over the last two decades. Using field caught samples and phase contrast microscopy, no consistent trends in pathogen load were observed over the course of the western bean cutworm flight season. A weak, but statistically significant relationship was observed between male body weight and pathogen load. Overall, we found a 100% prevalence of infection in the adult western bean cutworm population in Michigan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakota C Bunn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
| | - Nicholas Miller
- Department of Biological Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
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Quan G, Duan J, Fick W, Candau JN. Expression of the gonad-specific small heat shock protein, CfHSP20.2, in the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.). J Therm Biol 2023; 112:103463. [PMID: 36796908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) play important roles in insect development and stress resistance. However, the in vivo functions and mechanisms of action remain largely unknown or unclear for most members of the sHSPs in insects. This study investigated the expression of CfHSP20.2 in the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) under normal and heat-stress conditions. Under normal conditions, CfHSP20.2 transcript and protein were highly and constantly expressed in the testes of male larvae, pupae and young adults and in the ovaries of female late-stage pupae and adults. After adult eclosion, CfHSP20.2 remained highly and almost constantly expressed in the ovaries, but in contrast, was downregulated in the testes. Upon heat stress, CfHSP20.2 was upregulated in the gonads and non-gonadal tissues in both sexes. These results indicate that CfHSP20.2 expression is gonad-specific and heat-inducible. This provides evidence that the CfHSP20.2 protein plays important roles during reproductive development under normal environmental conditions, while under heat-stress conditions, it may also enhance the thermal tolerance of the gonads and non-gonadal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxing Quan
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, 1219 Queen Street East, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, P6A 2E5, Canada.
| | - Jun Duan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - William Fick
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, 1219 Queen Street East, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, P6A 2E5, Canada
| | - Jean-Noël Candau
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, 1219 Queen Street East, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, P6A 2E5, Canada
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Fallon AM. From Mosquito Ovaries to Ecdysone; from Ecdysone to Wolbachia: One Woman's Career in Insect Biology. INSECTS 2022; 13:756. [PMID: 36005381 PMCID: PMC9409236 DOI: 10.3390/insects13080756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In anautogenous mosquitoes, synchronous development of terminal ovarian follicles after a blood meal provides an important model for studies on insect reproduction. Removal and implantation of ovaries, in vitro culture of dissected tissues and immunological assays for vitellogenin synthesis by the fat body showed that the Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera, Culicidae) mosquito ovary produces a factor essential for egg production. The discovery that the ovarian factor was the insect steroid hormone, ecdysone, provided a model for co-option of the larval hormones as reproductive hormones in adult insects. In later work on cultured mosquito cells, ecdysone was shown to arrest the cell cycle, resulting in an accumulation of diploid cells in G1, prior to initiation of DNA synthesis. Some mosquito species, such as Culex pipiens L. (Diptera, Culicidae), harbor the obligate intracellular bacterium, Wolbachia pipientis Hertig (Rickettsiales, Anaplasmataceae), in their reproductive tissues. When maintained in mosquito cell lines, Wolbachia abundance increases in ecdysone-arrested cells. This observation facilitated the recovery of high levels of Wolbachia from cultured cells for microinjection and genetic manipulation. In female Culex pipiens, it will be of interest to explore how hormonal cues that support initiation and progression of the vitellogenic cycle influence Wolbachia replication and transmission to subsequent generations via infected eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Fallon
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 1980 Folwell Ave., St Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Li J, Zhu Z, Bi J, Feng Q, Beerntsen BT, Song Q. Neuropeptide Bursicon Influences Reproductive Physiology in Tribolium Castaneum. Front Physiol 2021; 12:717437. [PMID: 34744761 PMCID: PMC8567023 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.717437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bursicon is a neuropeptide belonging to the cystine knot family and is composed of burs and partner of burs (pburs) subunits. It can form heterodimers or homodimers to execute different biological functions. Bursicon heterodimers regulate cuticle sclerotization and wing maturation, whereas bursicon homodimers mediate innate immunity and midgut stem cell proliferation. A recent study has shown that bursicon potentially induces the expression of vitellogenin (Vg) in the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon; however, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of bursicon in the reproductive physiology of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. The knockdown of burs, pburs, or its receptor T. castaneum rickets (Tcrk) in 2-day pupae significantly downregulated the expression levels of Vg1, Vg2, and Vg receptor (VgR) genes in females 3- and 5-day post-adult emergence, leading to abnormal oocytes with limited Vg content. The silencing of burs repressed the number of eggs laid and completely inhibited egg hatch, whereas the silencing of pburs dramatically decreased the number of eggs laid, hatch rate, and offspring larval size, and this RNA interference (RNAi) effects persisted to the next generation. Furthermore, the knockdown of burs or pburs downregulated the expression of the insulin/insulin-like signaling/target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling genes encoding insulin receptor (InR), protein kinase B (Akt), TOR, and ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K). Most importantly, the injection of recombinant pburs (r-pburs) protein was able to upregulate the expression of Vg, VgR, InR, Akt, TOR, S6K, JH synthesis (JHAMT), Methoprene-tolerant (Met), and Taiman (Tai) in normal females and rescue the expression of Vg and VgR in pburs RNAi females but failed to rescue Vg and VgR in Tcrk knockdown females. We infer that bursicon homodimers influence Vg expression via the receptor Tcrk, possibly by mediating the expression of the juvenile hormone (JH) and IIS/TOR pathway genes, thereby regulating reproduction in T. castaneum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Li
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Zidan Zhu
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology and School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingxiu Bi
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Institution of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Product, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan, China
| | - Qili Feng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology and School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Brenda T Beerntsen
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Qisheng Song
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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10
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Daquila BV, Dossi FC, Moi DA, Moreira DR, Caleffe RR, Pamphile JA, Conte H. Bioactivity of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bacillales: Bacillaceae) on Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) eggs. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:2019-2028. [PMID: 33342024 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a Gram-positive bacterium that synthesizes specific protein toxins, which can be exploited for control of various insect pests, including Diatraea saccharalis, a lepidopteran that severely damages sugarcane crops. Although studies have described the effects of Bt in the larval phases of D. saccharalis, few have examined its effect on insect eggs. Herein, we studied the entomopathogenic potential of Bacillus thuringiensis serovar Aizawai GC-91 (Bta) during D. saccharalis embryo development with the aim of understanding the entomopathogenic mechanism and developing new biological control techniques for target insects. RESULTS Bta concentrations of 5, 10 and 20 g L-1 demonstrated the strongest bioactivity, reducing D. saccharalis egg viability by 28.69%, 33.91% and 34.98%, respectively. The lethal concentrations (LCs) were estimated as: LC50 = 28.07 g L-1 (CI 95% = 1.89-2.38) and LC90 = 65.36 g L-1 (CI 95% = 4.19-5.26). Alterations in egg coloration, melanization and granule accumulation were observed at 24 h, persisting until 144 h. The embryo digestive systems were severely damaged, including narrowing of the intestinal lumen, vesiculations and degenerated cells, causing embryonic death. CONCLUSION The toxicity caused by Bta in D. saccharalis embryos demonstrated its potential as a biological control agent and as a sustainable alternative for integrated management of D. saccharalis infestation. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno V Daquila
- Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá - UEM, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Fábio Ca Dossi
- Institute of Technology and Research - ITP, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Dieison A Moi
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Maringá - UEM, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Daiani R Moreira
- Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá - UEM, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Rt Caleffe
- Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá - UEM, Maringá, Brazil
| | - João A Pamphile
- Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá - UEM, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Helio Conte
- Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá - UEM, Maringá, Brazil
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11
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Murad NF, Silva-Brandão KL, Brandão MM. Mechanisms behind polyphagia in a pest insect: Responses of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) strains to preferential and alternative larval host plants assessed with gene regulatory networks. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2021; 1864:194687. [PMID: 33561559 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2021.194687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A dataset of gene expression from Spodoptera frugiperda, a highly generalist pest moth, was used to understand how gene regulation is related to larval host plant preference. Transcriptomic data of corn and rice strains of S. frugiperda larvae, reared on different diets, were analysed with three different approaches of gene network inference, namely co-expression, weighted co-expression and Bayesian networks, since each methodology provides a different visualization of the data. Using these approaches, it was possible to identify two loosely interconnected co-expression networks, one of them responsible for fast response to herbivory and anti-herbivory mechanisms and the other related to housekeeping genes, which present slower response to environmental variations. Integrating different levels of information such as gene expression patterns, gene assembly, transcriptomics, relationship among genes and phenotypes, functional relationships, among other information, enabled a wider visualization of S. frugiperda response to diet stimuli. The biological properties in the proposed networks are here described and discussed, as well as patterns of gene expression related to larval performance attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Faraj Murad
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética (CBMEG), Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP). Av. Cândido Rondon, 400. CEP 13083-875 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Karina Lucas Silva-Brandão
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética (CBMEG), Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP). Av. Cândido Rondon, 400. CEP 13083-875 Campinas, SP, Brazil; Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Av. dos Estados, 5001. CEP 09210-580 Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Mendes Brandão
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética (CBMEG), Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP). Av. Cândido Rondon, 400. CEP 13083-875 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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12
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Wu Z, Yang L, He Q, Zhou S. Regulatory Mechanisms of Vitellogenesis in Insects. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:593613. [PMID: 33634094 PMCID: PMC7901893 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.593613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitellogenesis is pre-requisite to insect egg production and embryonic development after oviposition. During insect vitellogenesis, the yolk protein precursor vitellogenin (Vg) is mainly synthesized in the fat body, transported by the hemolymph through the intercellular spaces (known as patency) in the follicular epithelium to reach the membrane of maturing oocytes, and sequestered into the maturing oocytes via receptor-mediated endocytosis. Insect vitellogenesis is governed by two critical hormones, the sesquiterpenoid juvenile hormone (JH) and the ecdysteriod 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). JH acts as the principal gonadotropic hormone to stimulate vitellogenesis in basal hemimetabolous and most holometabolous insects. 20E is critical for vitellogenesis in some hymenopterans, lepidopterans and dipterans. Furthermore, microRNA (miRNA) and nutritional (amino acid/Target of Rapamycin and insulin) pathways interplay with JH and 20E signaling cascades to control insect vitellogenesis. Revealing the regulatory mechanisms underlying insect vitellogenesis is critical for understanding insect reproduction and helpful for developing new strategies of insect pest control. Here, we outline the recent research progress in the molecular action of gonadotropic JH and 20E along with the role of miRNA and nutritional sensor in regulating insect vitellogenesis. We highlight the advancements in the regulatory mechanisms of insect vitellogenesis by the coordination of hormone, miRNA and nutritional signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Libin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Qiongjie He
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Shutang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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13
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Luo M, Cao HM, Fan YY, Zhou XC, Chen JX, Chung H, Wei HY. Bioaccumulation of Cadmium Affects Development, Mating Behavior, and Fecundity in the Asian Corn Borer, Ostrinia furnacalis. INSECTS 2019; 11:insects11010007. [PMID: 31861761 PMCID: PMC7022320 DOI: 10.3390/insects11010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution is becoming an increasingly serious problem in agricultural ecosystems. Heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd) accumulate in the food chain and may lead to detrimental effects on the physiological functions of living organisms, including herbivorous insects. One such example is the Asian Corn Borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). However, how Cd can affect the development and reproduction of O. furnacalis is largely unknown. In this study, we exposed larvae of O. furnacalis to a diet containing Cd and investigated the effects of Cd on the development, mating behavior, and fecundity of the insect. We showed that Cd accumulates in the larvae and inhibits development by extending larval and pupal duration and decreasing the survival rate. The excretion of Cd through multiple routes during the larval and pupal stages resulted in low levels of residual Cd in the adult insects, which were not fed with Cd. However, the mating behavior and fecundity of these insects were significantly affected, compared to control insects. This suggests that the bioaccumulation of heavy metals such as Cd has long lasting and detrimental effects on O. furnacalis over the entire life cycle, affecting fecundity, even when specimens are only exposed at an early life stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Luo
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (M.L.); (X.-C.Z.); (J.-X.C.)
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48864, USA;
| | - Hong-Mei Cao
- Jiangxi Sericulture and Tea Research Institute, Nanchang 330202, China;
| | - Ying-Ying Fan
- Geological Survey of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330030, China;
| | - Xiao-Cao Zhou
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (M.L.); (X.-C.Z.); (J.-X.C.)
| | - Jun-Xian Chen
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (M.L.); (X.-C.Z.); (J.-X.C.)
| | - Henry Chung
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48864, USA;
| | - Hong-Yi Wei
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (M.L.); (X.-C.Z.); (J.-X.C.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Mazurkiewicz-Kania M, Simiczyjew B, Jędrzejowska I. Differentiation of follicular epithelium in polytrophic ovaries of Pieris napi (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)-how far to Drosophila model. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:1433-1447. [PMID: 31134405 PMCID: PMC6713685 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01391-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lepidoptera together with its sister group Trichoptera belongs to the superorder Amphiesmenoptera, which is closely related to the Antliophora, comprising Diptera, Siphonaptera, and Mecoptera. In the lepidopteran Pieris napi, a representative of the family Pieridae, the ovaries typical of butterflies are polytrophic and consist of structural ovarian units termed ovarioles. Each ovariole is composed of a terminal filament, germarium, vitellarium, and ovariole stalk. The germarium houses developing germ cell clusters and somatic prefollicular and follicular cells. The significantly elongated vitellarium contains linearly arranged ovarian follicles in successive stages of oogenesis (previtellogenesis, vitellogenesis, and choriogenesis). Each follicle consists of an oocyte and seven nurse cells surrounded by follicular epithelium. During oogenesis, follicular cells diversify into five morphologically and functionally distinct subpopulations: (1) main body follicular cells (mbFC), (2) stretched cells (stFC), (3) posterior terminal cells (pFC), (4) centripetal cells (cpFC), and (5) interfollicular stalk cells (IFS). Centripetal cells are migratorily active and finally form the micropyle. Interfollicular stalk cells derive from mbFC as a result of mbFC intercalation. Differentiation and diversification of follicular cells in Pieris significantly differ from those described in Drosophila in the number of subpopulations and their origin and function during oogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Mazurkiewicz-Kania
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Bożena Simiczyjew
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Izabela Jędrzejowska
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335, Wrocław, Poland
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15
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Janelt K, Jezierska M, Poprawa I. The female reproductive system and oogenesis in Thulinius ruffoi (Tardigrada, Eutardigrada, Isohypsibiidae). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2019; 50:53-63. [PMID: 31004762 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we describe the female reproductive system organization and oogenesis in the eutardigrade Thulinius ruffoi. Light, confocal and electron microscopy was used in this study. During oogenesis, three phases can be distinguished: previtellogenesis, vitellogenesis, and choriogenesis. Germ-line cells form cell clusters in which the cells are connected by intercellular (cytoplasmic) bridges. These structures are crucial for delivering the yolk materials, macromolecules, ribosomes, and organelles to the developing oocyte. Vitellogenesis is of a mixed type. Autosynthesis and heterosynthesis of the yolk material occur. Yolk precursors that have been synthesized outside the ovary are delivered to the oocyte via endocytosis. We also present data on cortical granules, and moreover, we describe the cortical reaction in tardigrades, possibly for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Janelt
- University of Silesia in Katowice, Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Marta Jezierska
- University of Silesia in Katowice, Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Izabela Poprawa
- University of Silesia in Katowice, Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.
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16
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Bezerra Da Silva CS, Price BE, Walton VM. Water-Deprived Parasitic Wasps (Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae) Kill More Pupae of a Pest (Drosophila suzukii) as a Water-Intake Strategy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3592. [PMID: 30837618 PMCID: PMC6400901 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40256-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Most organisms must ingest water to compensate for dehydration. In parasitic wasps, the importance of water and the behaviors driving its consumption are poorly understood. Here, we describe a water-intake strategy of Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae, a parasitoid of spotted-wing drosophila (SWD, Drosophila suzukii). Longevity measurements indicated that P. vindemmiae benefits from drinking water and from host-feeding on the water-rich hemolymph of SWD pupae. After exposing wasps to different water regimens, we observed increased host-feeding in water-deprived wasps despite honey availability. This resulted in greater SWD mortality because the host-feeding process killed the pupae, and because wasps that engaged in greater host-feeding parasitized more hosts. Behavioral observations showed that the host-feeding time of water-deprived wasps doubled compared to water-fed individuals. Host-feeding did not affect parasitoid offspring mortality. We conclude that P. vindemmiae benefits from ingesting water and that it host-feeds on SWD pupae as a water-intake strategy. These are interesting findings not only because water has rarely been reported as a critical nutrient for adult parasitoids, but especially because preying for the purpose of hydration is not a common strategy in nature. This strategy enhances parasitoid survival and reproduction, with positive consequences for its host-killing capacity and potential as a biocontrol agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherre Sade Bezerra Da Silva
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, 4017 Agricultural and Life Sciences Building, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
- Embrapa Algodão, Rua Oswaldo Cruz 1143, Campina Grande, PB, 58428-095, Brazil.
| | - Briana Elizabeth Price
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, 4017 Agricultural and Life Sciences Building, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Vaughn M Walton
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, 4017 Agricultural and Life Sciences Building, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
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17
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Rost-Roszkowska M, Janelt K, Poprawa I. Fine structure of the midgut epithelium of Thulinius ruffoi (Tardigrada, Eutardigrada, Parachela) in relation to oogenesis and simplex stage. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2019; 49:128-136. [PMID: 30557624 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Thulinius ruffoi is a small freshwater tardigrade that lives in both non-polluted and polluted freshwater environments. As a result of tardigradan body miniaturization, the digestive system is reduced and simplified. It consists of a short fore- and hindgut, and the midgut in the shape of a short tube is lined with a simple epithelium. The midgut epithelium is formed by the digestive cells and two rings of crescent-shaped cells were also detected. The anterior ring is located at the border between the fore- and midgut, while the posterior ring is situated between the mid- and hindgut. The precise ultrastructure of the digestive and crescent-shaped cells was examined using transmission electron microscopy, serial block face scanning electron microscopy and histochemical methods. We analyzed the changes that occurred in the midgut epithelial cells according to oogenesis (the species is parthenogenetic and there were only females in the laboratory culture). We focused on the accumulation of reserve material and the relationship between this and the intensity of autophagy. We concluded that autophagy supplies energy during a natural period of starvation (the simplex stage) and delivers the energy and probably the substances that are required during oogenesis. Apoptosis was not detected in the midgut epithelium of T. ruffoi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Rost-Roszkowska
- University of Silesia in Katowice, Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Kamil Janelt
- University of Silesia in Katowice, Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Izabela Poprawa
- University of Silesia in Katowice, Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.
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18
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Shaurub ESH, Zohdy NZ, Abdel-Aal AE, Emara SA. Effect of chlorfluazuron and flufenoxuron on development and reproductive performance of the black cutworm,Agrotis ipsilon(Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2017.1384407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nawal Z. Zohdy
- Faculty of Science, Department of Entomology, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Aziza E. Abdel-Aal
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Said A. Emara
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Dokki, Egypt
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19
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Transcriptome Characterization of Dendrolimus punctatus and Expression Profiles at Different Developmental Stages. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161667. [PMID: 27560151 PMCID: PMC4999207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pine moth Dendrolimus punctatus (Walker) is a common insect pest that confers serious damage to conifer forests in south of China. Extensive physiology and ecology studies on D. punctatus have been carried out, but the lack of genetic information has limited our understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind its development and resistance. Using RNA-seq approach, we characterized the transcriptome of this pine moth and investigated its developmental expression profiles during egg, larval, pupal, and adult stages. A total of 107.6 million raw reads were generated that were assembled into 70,664 unigenes. More than 30% unigenes were annotated by searching for homology in protein databases. To better understand the process of metamorphosis, we pairwise compared four developmental phases and obtained 17,624 differential expression genes. Functional enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes showed positive correlation with specific physiological activities of each stage, and these results were confirmed by qRT-PCR experiments. This study provides a valuable genomic resource of D. punctatus covering all its developmental stages, and will promote future studies on biological processes at the molecular level.
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20
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Cabrera G, Lundberg U, Rodríguez-Ulloa A, Herrera M, Machado W, Portela M, Palomares S, Espinosa LA, Ramos Y, Durán R, Besada V, Vonasek E, González LJ. Protein content of the Hylesia metabus egg nest setae (Cramer [1775]) (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) and its association with the parental investment for the reproductive success and lepidopterism. J Proteomics 2016; 150:183-200. [PMID: 27568362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Hylesia metabus is a neotropical moth possessing toxic setae, which once in contact with the skin cause a severe dermatitis to humans known as lepidopterism. The only known function of the setae in the life cycle is to provide protection during the mating and egg-hatching stages. Approximately 65% of the protein content of the setae is a cluster of five proteases (28-45kDa) showing sequence homology to other S1A serine proteases. The N-glycans of a 40kDa protease are a mixture of neutral and sulfated G0F structures. The sulfated N-glycans have an important role in triggering the inflammatory response typical of lepidopterism while the proteolytic activity may promote the erosion of blood vessels and tissues causing focal hemorrhages. The presence of Chitinase and a 30kDa lipoprotein is probably related to the antifungal defense. In addition, chitin digestion of the setae may potentiate the inflammatory reaction caused by the toxins due to the formation of chitin adjuvants fragments. The combined effect of proteases and a chitinase may dissuade predating arthropods, by damaging their exoskeletons. Vitellogenin, a bacteriostatic protein, is able to recognize pathogen-associated patterns, which suggests its possible role in protecting the embryonated eggs from pathogenic microorganisms. SIGNIFICANCE The present study is the first report describing the different protein species present in the urticating egg nest setae of the neotropical moth Hylesia metabus - the most harmful of the Hylesia moths - causing a severe urticating dermatitis in humans known as lepidopterism. A distinctive feature of the venom is the presence of five different S1A serine proteases probably used to guarantee a more efficient degradation of a wider number of protein substrates. This work confirms that the presence of sulfated N-glycans is not an isolated finding since its presence has been demonstrated in two different proteases affirming that this PTM is of importance for the activation of the inflammatory response typical of lepidopterism. Additionally, this study gives useful information on the defense mechanisms used for protection of its progeny vs. vertebrate predators, fungus, bacteria or other arthropods such as ants. The proteins detected in the egg nest should be seen as an extended parental effort made by the females in order to achieve an optimal reproductive success, thus compensating for the considerable loss of progeny during the larval stages that seriously limits the number of sexually mature adults reaching the reproductive phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleysin Cabrera
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory and GlycoLab, Department of Proteomics, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, PO Box 6162, Havana, Cuba
| | - Ulf Lundberg
- Unit for Invertebrate Toxins, Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research, PO Box 20632, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela
| | - Arielis Rodríguez-Ulloa
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory and GlycoLab, Department of Proteomics, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, PO Box 6162, Havana, Cuba
| | - Melfran Herrera
- Coordinación de Vigilancia Entomológica, Gerencia de Saneamiento Ambiental y Control de Endemias, FUNDASALUD, Carúpano, Estado Sucre, Venezuela
| | - Wendy Machado
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory and GlycoLab, Department of Proteomics, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, PO Box 6162, Havana, Cuba
| | - Madelón Portela
- IIBCE y Unidad de Bioquímica y Proteómica Analíticas, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sucel Palomares
- Bioinformatic Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, PO Box 6162, Havana, Cuba
| | - Luis Ariel Espinosa
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory and GlycoLab, Department of Proteomics, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, PO Box 6162, Havana, Cuba
| | - Yassel Ramos
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory and GlycoLab, Department of Proteomics, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, PO Box 6162, Havana, Cuba
| | - Rosario Durán
- IIBCE y Unidad de Bioquímica y Proteómica Analíticas, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Vladimir Besada
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory and GlycoLab, Department of Proteomics, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, PO Box 6162, Havana, Cuba
| | - Eva Vonasek
- Proteomics Unit, Center of Structural Biology, Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research, PO Box 20632, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela
| | - Luis Javier González
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory and GlycoLab, Department of Proteomics, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, PO Box 6162, Havana, Cuba.
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21
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Garbiec A, Kubrakiewicz J, Mazurkiewicz-Kania M, Simiczyjew B, Jędrzejowska I. Asymmetry in structure of the eggshell in Osmylus fulvicephalus (Neuroptera: Osmylidae): an exceptional case of breaking symmetry during neuropteran oogenesis. PROTOPLASMA 2016; 253:1033-1042. [PMID: 26224214 PMCID: PMC4947476 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0860-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ovaries of neuropterans are of meroistic-polytrophic type. The ovarian tubes, the ovarioles, are divided into two major parts: a germarium, comprised of newly formed germ cell clusters; and a vitellarium, housing linearly arranged ovarian follicles. Each ovarian follicle consists of the germ cell cluster diversified into different number of nurse cells, and the oocyte enclosed by follicular epithelium. In Osmylus fulvicephalus, a representative of Neuroptera, during consecutive stages of oogenesis, the follicular cells undergo a multistep process of diversification which leads to the appearance of several follicular cell subpopulations i.e., the main-body follicular cells, the stretched cells, the anterior centripetal cells, and posterior centripetal cells. The anterior centripetal cells occupy the anterior pole of the oocyte and in advanced oogenesis due to hypertrophy that transform into anterior fold cells. Initially, the anterior fold cells form a symmetric fold, but in advanced oogenesis, quite different from other neuropterans studied so far, they undergo uneven hypertrophic growth which results in breaking symmetry of the anterior fold that becomes shifted to the ventral side of the oocyte. Since the anterior fold cells participate in the production of the specialized chorion structure, the micropyle, asymmetric structure of the anterior fold, is reflected both in its asymmetric position and in the asymmetric construction of the micropyle. As a consequence of breaking symmetry of the anterior fold, Osmylus eggshell gains dorso-ventral polarity, which is unusual for neuropterans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Garbiec
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Janusz Kubrakiewicz
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marta Mazurkiewicz-Kania
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Bożena Simiczyjew
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Izabela Jędrzejowska
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335, Wrocław, Poland
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Seidelmann K, Helbing C, Göbeler N, Weinert H. Sequential oogenesis is controlled by an oviduct factor in the locusts Locusta migratoria and Schistocerca gregaria: Overcoming the doctrine that patency in follicle cells is induced by juvenile hormone. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 90:1-7. [PMID: 27040271 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In insects that lay eggs in large clutches, yolk accumulation in each of the many ovarioles is restricted to the basal (terminal) oocyte, the one closest to the lateral oviduct. All succeeding (subterminal) oocytes remain small until the terminal oocytes finished their development and were ovulated into the oviduct. The major step regulating yolk uptake by terminal oocytes is the formation of gaps between cells of the follicle layer, a process termed patency. In the migratory as well as in the desert locust, patency is induced by a Patency Inducing Factor (PIF) produced by the lateral oviducts. PIF is secreted in all regions of the lateral oviducts and interacts with the basal follicle cells via the pedicel, a fine duct that connects an ovariole with the oviduct. By this mechanism, patency is triggered in the follicle cells of the terminal oocyte only, restricting yolk accumulation to the oocytes next to ovulation. In contrast to the previous hypothesis, juvenile hormone (JH) is not necessary to induce patency, rather JH amplifies the effect of PIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Seidelmann
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Institut für Biologie/Zoologie, Abteilung Tierphysiologie, Hoher Weg 8, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Cornelia Helbing
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Institut für Biologie/Zoologie, Abteilung Tierphysiologie, Hoher Weg 8, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Norman Göbeler
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Institut für Biologie/Zoologie, Abteilung Tierphysiologie, Hoher Weg 8, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Heike Weinert
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Institut für Biologie/Zoologie, Abteilung Tierphysiologie, Hoher Weg 8, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
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De Loof A, Schoofs L, Huybrechts R. The endocrine system controlling sexual reproduction in animals: Part of the evolutionary ancient but well conserved immune system? Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 226:56-71. [PMID: 26707056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Drastic changes in hormone titers, in particular of steroid hormones, are intuitively interpreted as necessary and beneficial for optimal functioning of animals. Peaks in progesterone- and estradiol titers that accompany the estrus cycle in female vertebrates as well as in ecdysteroids at each molt and during metamorphosis of holometabolous insects are prominent examples. A recent analysis of insect metamorphosis yielded the view that, in general, a sharp rise in sex steroid hormone titer signals that somewhere in the body some tissue(s) is undergoing programmed cell death/apoptosis. Increased steroid production is part of this process. Typical examples are ovarian follicle cells in female vertebrates and invertebrates and the prothoracic gland cells, the main production site of ecdysteroids in larval insects. A duality emerges: programmed cell death-apoptosis is deleterious at the cellular level, but it may yield beneficial effects at the organismal level. Reconciling both opposites requires reevaluating the probable evolutionary origin and role of peptidic brain hormones that direct steroid hormone synthesis. Do e.g. Luteinizing Hormone in vertebrates and Prothoracicotropic Hormone (PTTH: acting through the Torso receptor) in insects still retain an ancient role as toxins in the early immune system? Does the functional link of some neuropeptides with Ca(2+)-induced apoptosis make sense in endocrine archeology? The endocrine system as a remnant of the ancient immune system is undoubtedly counterintuitive. Yet, we will argue that such paradigm enables the logical framing of many aspects, the endocrine one inclusive of both male and female reproductive physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold De Loof
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Liliane Schoofs
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Roger Huybrechts
- Insect Physiology and Molecular Ethology Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Belgium
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Carter JM, Gibbs M, Breuker CJ. Divergent RNA Localisation Patterns of Maternal Genes Regulating Embryonic Patterning in the Butterfly Pararge aegeria. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144471. [PMID: 26633019 PMCID: PMC4669120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The maternal effect genes responsible for patterning the embryo along the antero-posterior (AP) axis are broadly conserved in insects. The precise function of these maternal effect genes is the result of the localisation of their mRNA in the oocyte. The main developmental mechanisms involved have been elucidated in Drosophila melanogaster, but recent studies have shown that other insect orders often diverge in RNA localisation patterns. A recent study has shown that in the butterfly Pararge aegeria the distinction between blastodermal embryonic (i.e. germ band) and extra-embryonic tissue (i.e. serosa) is already specified in the oocyte during oogenesis in the ovariole, long before blastoderm cellularisation. To examine the extent by which a female butterfly specifies and patterns the AP axis within the region fated to be the germ band, and whether she specifies a germ plasm, we performed in situ hybridisation experiments on oocytes in P. aegeria ovarioles and on early embryos. RNA localisation of the following key maternal effect genes were investigated: caudal (cad), orthodenticle (otd), hunchback (hb) and four nanos (nos) paralogs, as well as TDRD7 a gene containing a key functional domain (OST-HTH/LOTUS) shared with oskar. TDRD7 was mainly confined to the follicle cells, whilst hb was exclusively zygotically transcribed. RNA of some of the nos paralogs, otd and cad revealed complex localisation patterns within the cortical region prefiguring the germ band (i.e. germ cortex). Rather interestingly, otd was localised within and outside the anterior of the germ cortex. Transcripts of nos-O formed a distinct granular ring in the middle of the germ cortex possibly prefiguring the region where germline stem cells form. These butterfly RNA localisation patterns are highly divergent with respect to other insects, highlighting the diverse ways in which different insect orders maternally regulate early embryogenesis of their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Carter
- Evolutionary Developmental Biology Research Group, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford, OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie Gibbs
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, United Kingdom
| | - Casper J. Breuker
- Evolutionary Developmental Biology Research Group, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford, OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Maruyama M, Kambara K, Naka H, Azuma M. Insect water-specific aquaporins in developing ovarian follicles of the silk moth Bombyx mori: role in hydration during egg maturation. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2015; 229:58-69. [PMID: 26338870 DOI: 10.1086/bblv229n1p58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Egg formation in terrestrial insects is an absorptive process, accommodated not only by packing proteins and lipids into yolk but also by filling chorions with water. An osmotic swelling of ovarian follicles takes place during oocyte maturation. This study investigated the role of the aquaporin (AQP) water channel in the osmotic uptake of water during oogenesis in the silk moth Bombyx mori Linnaeus, 1758. Using the antibodies that specifically recognize previously characterized AQPs, two water-specific subtypes-AQP-Bom1 and AQP-Bom3-belonging to the Drosophila integral protein (DRIP) and Pyrocoelia rufa integral protein (PRIP) subfamilies of the insect AQP clade, respectively, were identified in the developing ovaries of B. mori. During oocyte growth, Bombyx PRIP was distributed at the oocyte plasma membrane, where it likely plays a role in water uptake and oocyte swelling, and may be responsible for oocyte hydration during fluid absorption by ovarian follicles. During the transition from vitellogenesis to choriogenesis during oocyte maturation, Bombyx DRIP expression became abundant in peripheral yolk granules underlying the oocyte plasma membrane. The restricted DRIP localization was not observed in non-diapause-destined follicles, where DRIP was evenly distributed in medullary yolk granules. There was no difference in PRIP distribution between diapause- and non-diapause-destined follicles. The diapause-destined oocytes encase DRIP protein in the peripheral yolk granules, where DRIP might be inert. This would be reflected in the metabolic arrest associated with diapause after fertilization and egg oviposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Maruyama
- Laboratory of Insect Physiology, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University; and
| | - Kohei Kambara
- Laboratory of Insect Physiology, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University; and
| | - Hideshi Naka
- Laboratory of Insect Physiology, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University; and Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Koyama-cho, Minami 4-101, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Masaaki Azuma
- Laboratory of Insect Physiology, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University; and Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Koyama-cho, Minami 4-101, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
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An efficient strategy for producing a stable, replaceable, highly efficient transgene expression system in silkworm, Bombyx mori. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8802. [PMID: 25739894 DOI: 10.1038/srep08802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed an efficient strategy that combines a method for the post-integration elimination of all transposon sequences, a site-specific recombination system, and an optimized fibroin H-chain expression system to produce a stable, replaceable, highly efficient transgene expression system in the silkworm (Bombyx mori) that overcomes the disadvantages of random insertion and post-integration instability of transposons. Here, we generated four different transgenic silkworm strains, and of one the transgenic strains, designated TS1-RgG2, with up to 16% (w/w) of the target protein in the cocoons, was selected. The subsequent elimination of all the transposon sequences from TS1-RgG2 was completed by the heat-shock-induced expression of the transposase in vivo. The resulting transgenic silkworm strain was designated TS3-g2 and contained only the attP-flanked optimized fibroin H-chain expression cassette in its genome. A phiC31/att-system-based recombinase-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE) method could be used to integrate other genes of interest into the same genome locus between the attP sites in TS3-g2. Controlling for position effects with phiC31-mediated RMCE will also allow the optimization of exogenous protein expression and fine gene function analyses in the silkworm. The strategy developed here is also applicable to other lepidopteran insects, to improve the ecological safety of transgenic strains in biocontrol programs.
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Foster SP, Anderson KG. Sex pheromones in mate assessment: analysis of nutrient cost of sex pheromone production by females of the moth Heliothis virescens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 218:1252-8. [PMID: 25722008 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.119883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
It has been postulated that sex pheromones, in addition to their role in mate recognition and/or finding, may also serve a role in assessment of mate quality. For this, a sex pheromone must give honest information about a signaler's quality, with honesty ensured by a direct metabolic or indirect fitness cost to the signaler. Using a stable isotope tracer-tracee method, we characterized the nutrient pools that fuel sex pheromone production in females of the moth Heliothis virescens, as well as the relative importance of larval- and adult-acquired nutrients to this process. Females used three pools for de novo biosynthesis of sex pheromone, hemolymph trehalose, glycogen (via trehalose) and fat, and produced ca. 25% of pheromone directly from stored (previously synthesized) precursor fatty acids. Pheromone was produced roughly equally from carbohydrate and fat. Adult feeding was very important for pheromone biosynthesis, with a maximum of 65% of de novo biosynthesized pheromone produced from a single adult feed (carbohydrate). Although these nutrient pools are shared with other reproductive physiologies, notably oocyte production, it is unlikely that pheromone production imposes a significant metabolic cost on females, because (i) the amount of nutrients used for pheromone production is negligible compared with that available, (ii) the hemolymph trehalose pool is readily replaceable throughout the adult life, and (iii) in mated females, carbohydrate shortages result in reduced allocation to pheromone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Foster
- Entomology Department, North Dakota State University, PO Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - Karin G Anderson
- Entomology Department, North Dakota State University, PO Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
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28
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De Loof A. The essence of female-male physiological dimorphism: differential Ca2+-homeostasis enabled by the interplay between farnesol-like endogenous sesquiterpenoids and sex-steroids? The Calcigender paradigm. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 211:131-46. [PMID: 25540913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ca(2+) is the most omnipresent pollutant on earth, in higher concentrations a real threat to all living cells. When [Ca(2+)]i rises above 100 nM (=resting level), excess Ca(2+) needs to be confined in the SER and mitochondria, or extruded by the different Ca(2+)-ATPases. The evolutionary origin of eggs and sperm cells has a crucial, yet often overlooked link with Ca(2+)-homeostasis. Because there is no goal whatsoever in evolution, gametes did neither originate "with the purpose" of generating a progeny nor of increasing fitness by introducing meiosis. The explanation may simply be that females "invented the trick" to extrude eggs from their body as an escape strategy for getting rid of toxic excess Ca(2+) resulting from a sex-hormone driven increased influx into particular cells and tissues. The production of Ca(2+)-rich milk, seminal fluid in males and all secreted proteins by eukaryotic cells may be similarly explained. This view necessitates an upgrade of the role of the RER-Golgi system in extruding Ca(2+). In the context of insect metamorphosis, it has recently been (re)discovered that (some isoforms of) Ca(2+)-ATPases act as membrane receptors for some types of lipophilic ligands, in particular for endogenous farnesol-like sesquiterpenoids (FLS) and, perhaps, for some steroid hormones as well. A novel paradigm, tentatively named "Calcigender" emerges. Its essence is: gender-specific physiotypes ensue from differential Ca(2+)-homeostasis enabled by genetic differences, farnesol/FLS and sex hormones. Apparently the body of reproducing females gets temporarily more poisoned by Ca(2+) than the male one, a selective benefit rather than a disadvantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold De Loof
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Belgium.
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29
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Papantonis A, Swevers L, Iatrou K. Chorion genes: a landscape of their evolution, structure, and regulation. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 60:177-194. [PMID: 25341099 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-010814-020810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Differential regulation at the level of transcription provides a means for controlling gene expression in eukaryotes, especially during development. Insect model systems have been extensively used to decipher the molecular basis of such regulatory cascades, and one of the oldest such model systems is the regulation of chorion gene expression during ovarian follicle maturation. Recent experimental and technological advances have shed new light onto the system, allowing us to revisit it. Thus, in this review we try to summarize almost 40 years' worth of studies on chorion gene regulation while-by comparing Bombyx mori and Drosophila melanogaster models-attempting to present a comprehensive, unified model of the various regulatory aspects of choriogenesis that takes into account the evolutionary conservation and divergence of the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyris Papantonis
- Research Group for Systems Biology of Chromatin, Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany;
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30
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Yang C, Lin Y, Liu H, Shen G, Luo J, Zhang H, Peng Z, Chen E, Xing R, Han C, Xia Q. The Broad Complex isoform 2 (BrC-Z2) transcriptional factor plays a critical role in vitellogenin transcription in the silkworm Bombyx mori. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:2674-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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31
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De Nardin J, Missaggia B, Araújo A. An experimental approach to test the source of information on kinship in butterfly immatures. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2014.946539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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32
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Zhang WN, Xiao HJ, Liang GM, Guo YY, Wu KM. Tradeoff between reproduction and resistance evolution to Bt-toxin in Helicoverpa armigera: regulated by vitellogenin gene expression. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2014; 104:444-452. [PMID: 24555504 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485314000066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Evolution of resistance to insecticides usually has fitness tradeoffs associated with adaptation to the stress. The basic regulation mechanism of tradeoff between reproduction and resistance evolution to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Ha), based on the vitellogenin (Vg) gene expression was analyzed here. The full-length cDNA of the Vg gene HaVg (JX504706) was cloned and identified. HaVg has 5704 base pairs (bp) with an open reading frame (ORF) of 5265 bp, which encoded 1756 amino acid protein with a predicted molecular mass of 197.28 kDa and a proposed isoelectric point of 8.74. Sequence alignment analysis indicated that the amino acid sequence of HaVg contained all of the conserved domains detected in the Vgs of the other insects and had a high similarity with the Vgs of the Lepidoptera insects, especially Noctuidae. The resistance level to Cry1Ac Bt toxin and relative HaVg mRNA expression levels among the following four groups: Cry1Ac-susceptible strain (96S), Cry1Ac-resistant strain fed on artificial diet with Bt toxin for 135 generations (BtR stands for the Cry1Ac Bt resistance), progeny of the Cry1Ac-resistant strain with a non-Bt-toxin artificial diet for 38 generations (CK1) and the direct descendants of the 135th-generation resistant larvae which were fed on an artificial diet without the Cry1Ac protein (CK2) were analyzed. Compared with the 96S strain, the resistance ratios of the BtR strain, the CK1 strain and the CK2 strain were 2917.15-, 2.15- and 2037.67-fold, respectively. The maximum relative HaVg mRNA expression levels of the BtR strain were approximately 50% less than that of the 96S strain, and the coming of maximum expression was delayed for approximately 4 days. The overall trend of the HaVg mRNA expression levels in the CK1 strain was similar to that in the 96S strain, and the overall trend of the HaVg mRNA expression levels in the CK2 strain was similar to that in the BtR strain. Our results suggest that the changes in reproduction due to the Bt-toxin resistance evolution in the BtR strain may be regulated by the Vg gene expression. The down-regulation of HaVg at the early stages resulted in a period of delayed reproduction and decreased fecundity in the BtR strain. This performance disappeared when the Bt-toxin selection pressure was lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- W N Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests,Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing 100193,China
| | - H J Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests,Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing 100193,China
| | - G M Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests,Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing 100193,China
| | - Y Y Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests,Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing 100193,China
| | - K M Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests,Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing 100193,China
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De Loof A, De Haes W, Janssen T, Schoofs L. The essence of insect metamorphosis and aging: electrical rewiring of cells driven by the principles of juvenile hormone-dependent Ca(2+)-homeostasis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 199:70-85. [PMID: 24480635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In holometabolous insects the fall to zero of the titer of Juvenile Hormone ends its still poorly understood "status quo" mode of action in larvae. Concurrently it initiates metamorphosis of which the programmed cell death of all internal tissues that actively secrete proteins, such as the fat body, midgut, salivary glands, prothoracic glands, etc. is the most drastic aspect. These tissues have a very well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, a known storage site of intracellular Ca(2+). A persistent high [Ca(2+)]i is toxic, lethal and causal to apoptosis. Metamorphosis becomes a logical phenomenon if analyzed from: (1) the causal link between calcium toxicity and apoptosis; (2) the largely overlooked fact that at least some isoforms of Ca(2+)-ATPases have a binding site for farnesol-like endogenous sesquiterpenoids (FRS). The Ca(2+)-ATPase blocker thapsigargin, like JH a sesquiterpenoid derivative, illustrates how absence of JH might work. The Ca(2+)-homeostasis system is concurrently extremely well conserved in evolution and highly variable, enabling tissue-, developmental-, and species specificity. As long as JH succeeds in keeping [Ca(2+)]i low by keeping the Ca(2+)-ATPases pumping, it acts as "the status quo" hormone. When it disappears, its various inhibitory effects are lifted. The electrical wiring system of cells, in particular in the regenerating tissues, is subject to change during metamorphosis. The possibility is discussed that in vertebrates an endogenous farnesol-like sesquiterpenoid, probably farnesol itself, acts as a functional, but hitherto completely overlooked Juvenile anti-aging "Inbrome", a novel concept in signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold De Loof
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Wouter De Haes
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tom Janssen
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liliane Schoofs
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Belgium
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Freitak D, Schmidtberg H, Dickel F, Lochnit G, Vogel H, Vilcinskas A. The maternal transfer of bacteria can mediate trans-generational immune priming in insects. Virulence 2014; 5:547-54. [PMID: 24603099 DOI: 10.4161/viru.28367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parents invest in their offspring by preparing them for defense against pathogens and parasites that only the parents have encountered, a phenomenon known as trans-generational immune priming. We investigated the underlying mechanism using the established lepidopteran model host Galleria mellonella. When larvae were fed with non-pathogenic bacteria, or the entomopathogenic species Pseudomonas entomophila and Serratia entomophila, the activity of lysozyme and phenoloxidase increased in the hemolymph, and immunity-related genes encoding antibacterial proteins such as gloverin were induced. Remarkably, the ingestion of bacteria by female larvae resulted in the differential expression of immunity-related genes in the eggs subsequently laid by the same females, providing evidence for trans-generational immune priming in G. mellonella. To determine the fate of these ingested microbes, the larval diet was supplemented with bacteria carrying a fluorescent label. We observed these bacteria crossing the midgut epithelium, their entrapment within nodules in the hemocoel, their accumulation within the ovary, and ultimately their deposition in the eggs. Therefore, we propose that trans-generational immune priming in Lepidoptera can be mediated by the maternal transfer of bacteria or bacterial fragments to the developing eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalial Freitak
- Department of Applied Entomology; Institute for Phytopathology and Applied Entomology; Justus Liebig University; Giessen, Germany
| | - Henrike Schmidtberg
- Department of Applied Entomology; Institute for Phytopathology and Applied Entomology; Justus Liebig University; Giessen, Germany
| | - Franziska Dickel
- Department of Applied Entomology; Institute for Phytopathology and Applied Entomology; Justus Liebig University; Giessen, Germany
| | - Günther Lochnit
- Institute of Biochemistry; Justus Liebig University; Giessen, Germany
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Entomology; Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology; Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Department of Applied Entomology; Institute for Phytopathology and Applied Entomology; Justus Liebig University; Giessen, Germany
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Sridhara S, Lee VH. Tebufenozide disrupts ovarian development and function in silkmoths. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 43:1087-1099. [PMID: 24121094 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Adult development and production of up to 400 eggs within the pupal case of female silkmoths are both dependent on 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), the steroid hormone of insects. When adult development was initiated with tebufenozide, the non-steroidal ecdysteroid agonist, instead of 20E, full development of all epidermal tissues like the wing was witnessed, but ovarian growth and egg formation was minimal. Administration of tebufenozide to female pharate adults caused disruption of the follicular epithelium, produced nurse cell damage, and inhibited oogenesis. Reduced ability to synthesize RNA and protein accompanied these tebufenozide induced morphological disturbances of the follicles. In vivo accumulation of vitellogenin (Vg) from the hemolymph was reduced in tebufenozide treated female ovaries as well as their ability to accumulate Vg in vitro. Determination of protein staining intensity and antibody reactivity of Vg pointed out that hemolymph Vg level remained fairly constant all through adult development whether induced by 20E or tebufenozide. Measurement of hemolymph volumes and hemolymph Vg levels of control and experimental animals allowed us to conclude that egg development involves the uptake of all the hemolymph proteins and not Vg alone. The loss of hemolymph that accompanies egg maturation was considerably reduced in tebufenozide initiated female pharate adults. 20E could not overcome ovarian growth inhibitory effects of tebufenozide. Dual mechanisms, one involving ecdysteroid antagonist action at the beginning of development, and the other unrelated to that function during heightened egg formation, are needed explain the biphasic inhibitory actions of tebufenozide on silkmoth ovaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sridhara
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
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36
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Foster SP, Anderson KG, Harmon JP. Increased allocation of adult-acquired carbohydrate to egg production results in its decreased allocation to sex pheromone production in mated females of the moth Heliothis virescens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 217:499-506. [PMID: 24198254 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.095406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Females of most species of moths produce a volatile sex pheromone that attracts conspecific males over distance. In females of the polyandrous moth Heliothis virescens, feeding on carbohydrate (e.g. nectar) supplies precursor, via hemolymph trehalose, for both sex pheromone and egg production. With limited carbohydrate acquisition these two reproductive physiologies might compete for hemolymph trehalose, resulting in an allocation deficit to either sex pheromone or egg production. Using virgin and mated females, which have low and high egg maturation rates, respectively, we fed females a limited diet of (13)C-labeled glucose daily and, using mass isotopomer distribution analysis, determined allocations of adult-acquired carbohydrate (AAC) to newly synthesized pheromone and ovarian and egg fats, our proxies for allocation to egg production. With increased number of feeds, AAC enrichment of hemolymph trehalose increased, as expected. This led to mated females increasing their proportional allocation of AAC to ovarian and egg fats, but decreasing their proportional allocation of AAC to pheromone production. By contrast, virgins increased their proportional allocation of AAC to pheromone production with increased feeds, consistent with increasing AAC enrichment of hemolymph trehalose. These results show that with limited AAC intake, enhanced egg maturation in mated females results in reduced AAC allocation to pheromone production; this does not occur in virgins because of their lower egg maturation rate. This physiological competition for AAC corresponded with decreased pheromone production in mated moths to levels unlikely to attract mates. Therefore, the availability and/or allocation of AAC may be a proximate mechanism underlying the incidence of polyandry in this and other species of moths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Foster
- Entomology Department, North Dakota State University, PO Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
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Song J, Guo W, Jiang F, Kang L, Zhou S. Argonaute 1 is indispensable for juvenile hormone mediated oogenesis in the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 43:879-887. [PMID: 23792802 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile hormone (JH) is the primary hormone controlling vitellogenesis and oocyte maturation in the migratory locust Locusta migratoria, an evolutionarily primitive insect species with panoistic ovaries. However, molecular mechanisms of locust oogenesis remain unclear and the role of microRNA (miRNA) in JH mediated locust vitellogenesis and oocyte maturation has not been explored. Using miRNA sequencing and quantification with small RNA libraries derived from fat bodies of JH-deprived versus JH analog-exposed female adult locusts, we have identified 83 JH up-regulated and 60 JH down-regulated miRNAs. QRT-PCR validation has confirmed that transcription of selected miRNAs responded to JH administration and correlated with changes in endogenous hemolymph JH titers. Depletion of Argonaute 1 (Ago1), a key regulator of miRNA biogenesis and function by RNAi in female adult locusts dramatically decreased the expression of vitellogenin (Vg) and severely impaired follicular epithelium development, terminal oocyte maturation and ovarian growth. Our data indicate that Ago1 and Ago1-dependent miRNAs play a crucial role in locust vitellogenesis and egg production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiasheng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
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Carter JM, Baker SC, Pink R, Carter DRF, Collins A, Tomlin J, Gibbs M, Breuker CJ. Unscrambling butterfly oogenesis. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:283. [PMID: 23622113 PMCID: PMC3654919 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Butterflies are popular model organisms to study physiological mechanisms
underlying variability in oogenesis and egg provisioning in response to
environmental conditions. Nothing is known, however, about; the
developmental mechanisms governing butterfly oogenesis, how polarity in the
oocyte is established, or which particular maternal effect genes regulate
early embryogenesis. To gain insights into these developmental mechanisms
and to identify the conserved and divergent aspects of butterfly oogenesis,
we analysed a de novo ovarian transcriptome of the Speckled Wood
butterfly Pararge aegeria (L.), and compared the results with known
model organisms such as Drosophila melanogaster and Bombyx
mori. Results A total of 17306 contigs were annotated, with 30% possibly novel or highly
divergent sequences observed. Pararge aegeria females expressed
74.5% of the genes that are known to be essential for D.
melanogaster oogenesis. We discuss the genes involved in all
aspects of oogenesis, including vitellogenesis and choriogenesis, plus those
implicated in hormonal control of oogenesis and transgenerational hormonal
effects in great detail. Compared to other insects, a number of significant
differences were observed in; the genes involved in stem cell maintenance
and differentiation in the germarium, establishment of oocyte polarity, and
in several aspects of maternal regulation of zygotic development. Conclusions This study provides valuable resources to investigate a number of divergent
aspects of butterfly oogenesis requiring further research. In order to fully
unscramble butterfly oogenesis, we also now also have the resources to
investigate expression patterns of oogenesis genes under a range of
environmental conditions, and to establish their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Carter
- Evolutionary Developmental Biology Research Group, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
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Totten DC, Vuong M, Litvinova OV, Jinwal UK, Gulia-Nuss M, Harrell RA, Beneš H. Targeting gene expression to the female larval fat body of transgenic Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 22:18-30. [PMID: 23241066 PMCID: PMC4101173 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
As the fat body is a critical tissue for mosquito development, metamorphosis, immune and reproductive system function, the characterization of regulatory modules targeting gene expression to the female mosquito fat body at distinct life stages is much needed for multiple, varied strategies for controlling vector-borne diseases such as dengue and malaria. The hexameric storage protein, Hexamerin-1.2, of the mosquito Aedes atropalpus is female-specific and uniquely expressed in the fat body of fourth instar larvae and young adults. We have identified in the Hex-1.2 gene, a short regulatory module that directs female-, tissue-, and stage-specific lacZ reporter gene expression using a heterologous promoter in transgenic lines of the dengue vector Aedes aegypti. Male transgenic larvae and pupae of one line expressed no Escherichia coli β-galactosidase or transgene product; in two other lines reporter gene activity was highly female-biased. All transgenic lines expressed the reporter only in the fat body; however, lacZ mRNA levels were no different in males and females at any stage examined, suggesting that the gene regulatory module drives female-specific expression by post-transcriptional regulation in the heterologous mosquito. This regulatory element from the Hex-1.2 gene thus provides a new molecular tool for transgenic mosquito control as well as functional genetic analysis in aedine mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Totten
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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Zhang Y, Zhao P, Liu H, Dong Z, Yang Q, Wang D, Xia Q. The synthesis, transportation and degradation of BmLP3 and BmLP7, two highly homologous Bombyx mori 30K proteins. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 42:827-834. [PMID: 23213653 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The 30K proteins comprise about 35% of the total embryo yolk proteins and function as storage proteins during embryonic development of the domesticated silkworm Bombyx mori. The most abundant components of hemolymph are 30K proteins in the early and middle pupal stages. In the present study, the 30K protein BmLP7 was purified from larval hemolymph by chromatography. We prepared the antibody of this protein and found that it could bind to both BmLP3 and BmLP7. We used western blotting to analyze the dynamic change of BmLP3 and BmLP7 proteins in the hemolymph during development and found their concentration decreased dramatically from day 4 pupae, which appears to be linked to their accumulation in the oocyte for forming yolk granule since then. We found BmLP3 and BmLP7 proteins reduced significantly in day 10 eggs (the day before hatching). The crude extract of the newly hatched larvae showed proteolytic activity against BmLP3 and BmLP7 and immunohistochemistry showed BmLP3 and BmLP7 were degraded in the embryonic gut lumen in day 10 eggs. These systematic studies of BmLP3 and BmLP7 reveal their synthesis, transportation and degradation, which could represent the experience of all 30K proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
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Soltani-Mazouni N, Hami M, Gramdi H. Sublethal effects of methoxyfenozide on reproduction of the Mediterranean flour moth,Ephestia KuehniellaZeller. INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2011.582695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Aller MA, Arias N, Fuentes-Julian S, Blazquez-Martinez A, Argudo S, Miguel MPD, Arias JL, Arias J. Coupling inflammation with evo-devo. Med Hypotheses 2012; 78:721-31. [PMID: 22405850 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation integrates diverse mechanisms that are associated not only with pathological conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, obesity, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer, but also with physiological processes like reproduction i.e. oogenesis and embryogenesis as well as aging. In the current review we firstly propose that the inflammatory response could recapitulate the phylogenia. In this way, highly conserved inflammatory mechanisms that play a main role in the evolutive development of different animal species, both invertebrates as well as vertebrates, are identified. Therefore, we also hypothesize that inflammation could represent a key tool used by nature to modulate organisms according to the environmental conditions in which these develop. Thus, inflammation could be the pathway by which the environmental factors could be related to the evolutionary development. If so, the diverse human chronic inflammatory diseases that nowadays the Western society suffer would represent the way for adapting to the abrupt changes in their lifestyle. Nonetheless, the distribution of the different pathological conditions varies in terms of intensity and magnitude among Western country populations depending on their genetic polymorphism. In this case, it should be considered that this set of diseases, distributed between all the individuals that constitute the Westernized society, would represent a true Social Inflammatory Syndrome whose final result is its remodeling. In this context, the use of inflammation by the Western society could represent the camouflaged expression of efficient mechanisms of evolution and development. In addition, if the different types of the inflammatory response involved in these diverse chronic pathological conditions could trace the biochemical origins of life, perhaps inflammation could represent an archaeological tool of unsuspected usefulness for understanding our own origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Angeles Aller
- Surgery I Department, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
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Pakkianathan BC, Singh NK, Krishnan M, König S. A proteomic view on the developmental transfer of homologous 30 kDa lipoproteins from peripheral fat body to perivisceral fat body via hemolymph in silkworm, Bombyx mori. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2012; 13:5. [PMID: 22369700 PMCID: PMC3306753 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-13-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A group of abundant proteins of ~30 kDa is synthesized in silkworm larval peripheral fat body (PPFB) tissues and transported into the open circulatory system (hemolymph) in a time-depended fashion to be eventually stored as granules in the pupal perivisceral fat body (PVFB) tissues for adult development during the non-feeding stage. These proteins have been shown to act anti-apoptotic besides being assigned roles in embryogenesis and defense. However, detailed protein structural information for individual PPFB and PVFB tissues during larval and pupal developmental stages is still missing. Gel electrophoresis and chromatography were used to separate the 30 kDa proteins from both PPFB and PVFB as well as hemolymph total proteomes. Mass spectrometry (MS) was employed to elucidate individual protein sequences. Furthermore, 30 kDa proteins were purified and biochemically characterized. RESULTS One- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (1/2D-PAGE) was used to visualize the relative changes of abundance of the 30 kDa proteins in PPFB and PVFB as well as hemolymph from day 1 of V instar larval stage to day 6 of pupal stage. Their concentrations were markedly increased in hemolymph and PVFB up to the first two days of pupal development and these proteins were consumed during development of the adult insect. Typically, three protein bands were observed (~29, 30, 31 kDa) in 1D-PAGE, which were subjected to MS-based protein identification along with spots excised from 2D-gels run for those proteomes. Gas phase fragmentation was used to generate peptide sequence information, which was matched to the available nucleotide data pool of more than ten highly homologous insect 30 kDa lipoproteins. Phylogenetic and similarity analyses of those sequences were performed to assist in the assignment of experimentally identified peptides to known sequences. Lipoproteins LP1 to LP5 and L301/302 could be matched to peptides extracted from all bands suggesting the presence of full length and truncated or modified protein forms in all of them. The individual variants could not be easily separated by classical means of purification such as 2D-PAGE because of their high similarity. They even seemed to aggregate as was indicated by native gel electrophoresis. Multistep chromatographic procedures eventually allowed purification of an LP3-like protein. The protein responded to lipoprotein-specific staining. CONCLUSIONS In B. mori larvae and pupae, 30 kDa lipoproteins LP1 to LP5 and L301/302 were detected in PPFB and PVFB tissue as well as in hemolymph. The concentration of these proteins changed progressively during development from their synthesis in PPFB, transport in hemolymph to storage in PVFB. While the 30 kDa proteins could be reproducibly separated in three bands electrophoretically, the exact nature of the individual protein forms present in those bands remained partially ambiguous. The amino acid sequences of all known 30 kDa proteins showed very high homology. High-resolution separation techniques will be necessary before MS and other structural analysis can shed more light on the complexity of the 30 kDa subproteome in B. mori. A first attempt to that end allowed isolation of a B. mori LP3-like protein, the complete structure, properties and function of which will now be elucidated in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britto Cathrin Pakkianathan
- Integrated Functional Genomics, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University of Münster, Röntgenstr, 21, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Herraiz A, Chauvigné F, Cerdà J, Bellés X, Piulachs MD. Identification and functional characterization of an ovarian aquaporin from the cockroach Blattella germanica L. (Dictyoptera, Blattellidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 214:3630-8. [PMID: 21993792 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.057406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are membrane proteins that form water channels, allowing rapid movement of water across cell membranes. AQPs have been reported in species of all life kingdoms and in almost all tissues, but little is known about them in insects. Our purpose was to explore the occurrence of AQPs in the ovary of the phylogenetically basal insect Blattella germanica (L.) and to study their possible role in fluid homeostasis during oogenesis. We isolated an ovarian AQP from B. germanica (BgAQP) that has a deduced amino acid sequence showing six potential transmembrane domains, two NPA motifs and an ar/R constriction region, which are typical features of the AQP family. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that BgAQP belongs to the PRIP group of insect AQPs, previously suggested to be water specific. However, ectopic expression of BgAQP in Xenopus laevis oocytes demonstrated that this AQP transports water and modest amounts of urea, but not glycerol, which suggests that the PRIP group of insect AQPs may have heterogeneous solute preferences. BgAQP was shown to be highly expressed in the ovary, followed by the fat body and muscle tissues, but water stress did not significantly modify the ovarian expression levels. RNA interference (RNAi) reduced BgAQP mRNA levels in the ovary but the oocytes developed normally. The absence of an apparent ovarian phenotype after BgAQP RNAi suggests that other functionally redundant AQPs that were not silenced in our experiments might exist in the ovary of B. germanica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Herraiz
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF) and LINC-Global, Passeig Maryítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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Luna JC, Robinson VA, Martínez AM, Schneider MI, Figueroa JI, Smagghe G, Viñuela E, Budia F, Pineda S. Long-term effects of methoxyfenozide on the adult reproductive processes and longevity of Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 104:1229-1235. [PMID: 21882687 DOI: 10.1603/ec10450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The long-term effects of methoxyfenozide on the longevity and reproductive processes of beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), adults were assessed after exposure by ingestion. Methoxyfenozide significantly reduced adult male longevity compared with females by 1.1 and 1.5 d at 75 and 150 mg (AI)/liter, respectively. Fecundity decreased by >60% with both concentrations at 72 and 96 h after treatment, but at 48 h, no significant effect was observed. The carbohydrate, protein, and lipid content in the eggs were determined as representatives of the biochemical effects of methoxyfenozide associated with the disruption of reproductive processes. The content of carbohydrates in the eggs laid 48 h at treatment was similar to that of controls, but it increased by approximately 1.5 and 2-fold in eggs laid after 72 and 96 h, respectively, compared with controls (15 microg per egg). Protein content was reduced approximately 2.5 and approximately 3-fold for each treatment concentration, respectively, compared with the controls (25 and 23 microg per egg for 75 and 150 mg [AI]/liter, respectively) in eggs collected 72 and 96 h after treatment. Lipid content significantly decreased by approximately 1.6-fold in both treatment concentrations in eggs collected at 48 and 96 h after treatment compared with the controls (24 and 21 microg per egg for 48 and 96, respectively), but it was similar to controls (approximately 19 microg per egg) at 72 h (approximately 15 microg per egg) for both concentrations. The biochemical effects of methoxyfenozide on S. exigua egg formation detected in this work are consistent with the reduction in fertility observed, as reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Carlos Luna
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales, Univerdad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 Carr, Morelia-Zinapécuaro, 58880 Tarímbaro, Michoacán, Mexico
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