1
|
Zhu Z, Song J, Zhang C, Zhang J, Shan Z. Rapamycin alleviates irradiation-induced parotid injury by enhancing the whole gland homeostasis. Oral Dis 2024. [PMID: 38569076 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Salivary gland injury is one of the most common complications of radiotherapy in head-and-neck cancers. This study investigated the mechanism by which rapamycin prevents irradiation (IR)-induced injury in the parotid glands. MATERIALS AND METHODS Miniature pigs either received (a) no treatment (NT), (b) IR in the right parotid gland for 5 consecutive days (IR), or intraperitoneal administration of rapamycin (Rap) 1 h prior to IR (IR + Rap). Tissues were collected at three distinct time points (24 h, 4 weeks, and 16 weeks) after IR. Histological analyses, western blot, and real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction were performed to explore the mechanisms of IR-induced injury in the parotid gland. RESULTS Rapamycin treatment maintained parotid salivary flow 16 weeks post-IR, preserved the number of acinar cells, and reduced parotid tissue fibrosis, as well as reduced apoptosis levels, decreased cleaved caspase-3 expression, and increased the Bcl-2/Bax ratio in the parotid glands. Autophagy marker LC3B was upregulated by rapamycin after IR, while P62 expression was downregulated. Rapamycin reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory factors and the mesenchymal tissue fibrosis following IR. CONCLUSIONS Rapamycin maintains gland homeostasis after IR by decreasing apoptosis, reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory factors, and enhancing autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhu
- Outpatient Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxin Song
- Outpatient Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunmei Zhang
- Salivary Gland Disease Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health and Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Outpatient Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaochen Shan
- Outpatient Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li Y, Chen S, Tan J, Zhou Y, Ren M, Zhang Q, Zhao M, Yuan G, Zhang W, Yang F. Combination therapy with DHA and BMSCs suppressed podocyte injury and attenuated renal fibrosis by modulating the TGF- β1/Smad pathway in MN mice. Ren Fail 2023; 45:2120821. [PMID: 36648018 PMCID: PMC9848254 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2022.2120821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Artemisinin has immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic effects. Some studies have demonstrated that artemisinins have a protective effect on the kidney. DHA is a derivative of artemisinin and has effects similar to those of artemisinin. Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) accelerate renal repair following acute injury. In the study, we investigated the effects of combination therapy with DHA and BMSCs on membranous nephropathy (MN) mice. The 24-h urinary protein, serum total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels, and renal histopathology, were measured to evaluate kidney damage. Anti-PLA2R, IgG, and complement 3 (C3) were detected by ELISA. The expression levels of the podocyte injury-related proteins were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The protein expression levels of α-SMA, ED-1, TGF-β1, p-Smad2, and p-Smad3 were detected by western blot to analyze renal fibrosis and its regulatory mechanism. Results showed that combination therapy with DHA and BMSCs significantly ameliorated kidney damage in MN model mice by decreasing the levels of 24 h urinary protein, TC and TG. This combination therapy also improved renal histology and reduced the expression of IgG and C3 in the glomerulus. In addition, this combination therapy decreased the expression of podocin and nephrin and relieved renal fibrosis by downregulating α-SMA and ED-1. Furthermore, this combination therapy suppressed TGF-β1 expression and Smad2/3 phosphorylation. This result (i.e., this combination therapy inhibited the TGF-β1/Smad pathway) was also supported in vitro. Taken together, combination therapy with DHA and BMSCs ameliorated podocyte injury and renal fibrosis in MN mice by downregulating the TGFβ1/Smad pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhang Li
- Department of Urology, Hebei Province of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, China
| | - Suzhi Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Hebei Province of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jinchuan Tan
- Department of Nephrology, Hebei Province of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Urology, Hebei Province of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, China
| | - Meifang Ren
- Department of Nephrology, Hebei Province of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Hebei Province of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, China
| | - Meijiao Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Hebei Province of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, China
| | - Guodong Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, Hebei Province of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, China
| | - Wenxi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei Province of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, China
| | - Fengwen Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Hebei Province of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, China,CONTACT Fengwen Yang Department of Nephrology, Hebei Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 368 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province050011, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Prosseda PP, Dannewitz Prosseda S, Tran M, Liton PB, Sun Y. Crosstalk between the mTOR pathway and primary cilia in human diseases. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 155:1-37. [PMID: 38043949 PMCID: PMC11227733 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a fundamental catabolic process whereby excessive or damaged cytoplasmic components are degraded through lysosomes to maintain cellular homeostasis. Studies of mTOR signaling have revealed that mTOR controls biomass generation and metabolism by modulating key cellular processes, including protein synthesis and autophagy. Primary cilia, the assembly of which depends on kinesin molecular motors, serve as sensory organelles and signaling platforms. Given these pathways' central role in maintaining cellular and physiological homeostasis, a connection between mTOR and primary cilia signaling is starting to emerge in a variety of diseases. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of the complex crosstalk between the mTOR pathway and cilia and discuss its function in the context of related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp P Prosseda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | | | - Matthew Tran
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Paloma B Liton
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Palo Alto Veterans Administration Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang X, Song X, Li W, Chen C, Wusiman M, Zhang L, Zhang J, Lu J, Lu C, Lv X. Rapid diagnosis of membranous nephropathy based on serum and urine Raman spectroscopy combined with deep learning methods. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3418. [PMID: 36854769 PMCID: PMC9974944 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22204-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Membranous nephropathy is the main cause of nephrotic syndrome, which has an insidious onset and may progress to end-stage renal disease with a high mortality rate, such as renal failure and uremia. At present, the diagnosis of membranous nephropathy mainly relies on the clinical manifestations of patients and pathological examination of kidney biopsy, which are expensive, time-consuming, and have certain chance and other disadvantages. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find a rapid, accurate and non-invasive diagnostic technique for the diagnosis of membranous nephropathy. In this study, Raman spectra of serum and urine were combined with deep learning methods to diagnose membranous nephropathy. After baseline correction and smoothing of the data, Gaussian white noise of different decibels was added to the training set for data amplification, and the amplified data were imported into ResNet, AlexNet and GoogleNet models to obtain the evaluation results of the models for membranous nephropathy. The experimental results showed that the three deep learning models achieved an accuracy of 1 for the classification of serum data of patients with membranous nephropathy and control group, and the discrimination of urine data was above 0.85, among which AlexNet was the best classification model for both samples. The above experimental results illustrate the great potential of serum- and urine-based Raman spectroscopy combined with deep learning methods for rapid and accurate identification of patients with membranous nephropathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueqin Zhang
- grid.410644.3People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830001 China
| | - Xue Song
- grid.410644.3People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830001 China
| | - Wenjing Li
- grid.413254.50000 0000 9544 7024College of Software, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046 China
| | - Cheng Chen
- grid.413254.50000 0000 9544 7024College of Software, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046 China
| | - Miriban Wusiman
- grid.13394.3c0000 0004 1799 3993Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 China
| | - Li Zhang
- grid.412631.3The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011 China
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- grid.13394.3c0000 0004 1799 3993Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 China
| | - Jinyu Lu
- grid.410644.3People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830001 China
| | - Chen Lu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, China.
| | - Xiaoyi Lv
- College of Software, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang PN, Tang JY, Yang KZ, Zheng QY, Dong ZC, Geng YL, Liu YN, Liu WJ. Integrated Network Pharmacology Analysis and Experimental Validation to Investigate the Molecular Mechanism of Triptolide in the Treatment of Membranous Nephropathy. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:4061-4076. [PMID: 36448035 PMCID: PMC9701458 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s386031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triptolide, a major active ingredient isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook f., is effective in the treatment of membranous nephropathy (MN); however, its pharmacological mechanism of action has not yet been clarified. We applied an approach that integrated network pharmacology and experimental validation to systemically reveal the molecular mechanism of triptolide in the treatment of MN. METHODS First, potential targets of triptolide and the MN-related targets were collected from publicly available database. Then, based on a protein-protein interaction network as well as GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses, we constructed target-pathway networks to unravel therapeutic targets and pathways. Moreover, molecular docking was applied to validate the interactions between the triptolide and hub targets. Finally, we induced passive Heymann nephritis (PHN) rat models and validated the possible molecular mechanisms of triptolide against MN. RESULTS The network pharmacology results showed that 118 intersected targets were identified for triptolide against MN, including mTOR, STAT3, CASP3, EGFR and AKT1. Based on enrichment analysis, signaling pathways such as PI3K/AKT, MAKP, Ras and Rap1 were involved in triptolide treatment of MN. Furthermore, molecular docking confirmed that triptolide could bind with high affinity to the PIK3R1, AKT1 and mTOR, respectively. Then, in vivo experiments indicated that triptolide can reduce 24 h urine protein (P < 0.01) and protect against renal damage in PHN. Serum albumin level was significantly increased and total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein levels were decreased by triptolide (P < 0.05). Compared with PHN group, triptolide treatment regulated the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway according to Western blot analyses. CONCLUSION Triptolide could exert antiproteinuric and renoprotective effects in PHN. The therapeutic mechanism of triptolide may be associated with the regulation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. This study demonstrates the pharmacological mechanism of triptolide in the treatment of MN and provides scientific evidence for basic and clinical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Na Zhang
- Renal Research Institution of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Yi Tang
- Renal Research Institution of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke Zhen Yang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Yan Zheng
- Renal Research Institution of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhao Cheng Dong
- Renal Research Institution of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun Ling Geng
- Renal Research Institution of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Ning Liu
- Renal Research Institution of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Jing Liu
- Renal Research Institution of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sirolimus plus prednisolone vs sirolimus monotherapy for kaposiform hemangioendothelioma: a randomized clinical trial. Blood 2022; 139:1619-1630. [PMID: 35030255 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021014027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon (KMP) in kaposiform hemangioendothelioma (KHE) is characterized by life-threatening thrombocytopenia and consumptive coagulopathy. This study compared the efficacy and safety of sirolimus plus prednisolone versus sirolimus monotherapy as treatment strategies for KHE with KMP in the largest cohort to date. Participants were randomized to receive either sirolimus in combination with a short course of prednisolone or sirolimus monotherapy for at least 12 months. The primary outcome was defined as achievement of a durable platelet response (platelet count >100×109/L) at week 4. Participants completed efficacy assessments 2 years after the initial treatment. At week 4, a durable platelet response was achieved by 35 of 37 patients given sirolimus and prednisolone compared with 24 of 36 patients given sirolimus monotherapy (difference 27.9%; 95% CI, 10.0% to 44.7%). Compared with the sirolimus monotherapy group, the combination treatment group showed improvements in terms of measures of durable platelet responses at all points during the initial 3-week treatment period, median platelet counts during weeks 1 to 4, increased numbers of patients achieving fibrinogen stabilization at week 4, and objective lesion responses at month 12. Patients receiving combination therapy had fewer blood transfusions and a lower total incidence of disease sequelae than patients receiving sirolimus alone. The frequencies of total adverse events and grade 3-4 adverse events during treatment were similar in both groups. The responses seen in patients with KHE with KMP were profound and encouraging, suggesting that sirolimus plus prednisolone should be considered a valid treatment for KHE with KMP. ClinicalTrial.gov, number NCT03188068.
Collapse
|
7
|
Rapamycin attenuates PLA2R activation-mediated podocyte apoptosis via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 144:112349. [PMID: 34700229 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Membranous nephropathy (MN) is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults without diabetes. Primary MN has been associated with circulating antibodies against native podocyte antigens, including phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R); however, precision therapy targeting the signaling cascade of PLA2R activation is lacking. Both PLA2R and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) exist in podocytes, but the interplay between these two proteins and their roles in MN warrants further exploration. This study aimed to investigate the crosstalk between PLA2R activation and mTOR signaling in a human podocyte cell line. We demonstrated that podocyte apoptosis was induced by Group IB secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2IB) in a concentration- and time-dependent manner via upregulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT), and mTOR, and inhibited by rapamycin or LY294002. Furthermore, aberrant activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway triggers both extrinsic (caspase-8 and caspase-3) and intrinsic (Bcl-2-associated X protein [BAX], B-cell lymphoma 2 [BCL-2], cytochrome c, caspase-9, and caspase-3) apoptotic cascades in podocytes. The therapeutic implications of our findings are that strategies to reduce PLA2R activation and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibition in PLA2R-activated podocytes help protect podocytes from apoptosis. The therapeutic potential of rapamycin shown in this study provides cellular evidence supporting the repurposing of rapamycin for MN treatment.
Collapse
|
8
|
Lu Z, Liu H, Song N, Liang Y, Zhu J, Chen J, Ning Y, Hu J, Fang Y, Teng J, Zou J, Dai Y, Ding X. METTL14 aggravates podocyte injury and glomerulopathy progression through N 6-methyladenosine-dependent downregulating of Sirt1. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:881. [PMID: 34580283 PMCID: PMC8476597 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04156-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Podocytes are known to play a determining role in the progression of proteinuric kidney disease. N6-methyladenosine (m6A), as the most abundant chemical modification in eukaryotic mRNA, has been reported to participate in various pathological processes. However, its role in podocyte injury remains unclear. In this study, we observed the elevated m6A RNA levels and the most upregulated METTL14 expression in kidneys of mice with adriamycin (ADR) and diabetic nephropathy. METTL14 was also evidently increased in renal biopsy samples from patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and diabetic nephropathy and in cultured human podocytes with ADR or advanced glycation end product (AGE) treatment in vitro. Functionally, we generated mice with podocyte-specific METTL14 deletion, and identified METTL14 knockout in podocytes improved glomerular function and alleviated podocyte injury, characterized by activation of autophagy and inhibition of apoptosis and inflammation, in mice with ADR nephropathy. Similar to the results in vivo, knockdown of METTL14 facilitated autophagy and alleviated apoptosis and inflammation in podocytes under ADR or AGE condition in vitro. Mechanically, we identified METTL14 knockdown upregulated the level of Sirt1, a well-known protective deacetylase in proteinuric kidney diseases, in podocytes with ADR or AGE treatment. The results of MeRIP-qPCR and dual-luciferase reporter assay indicated METTL14 promoted Sirt1 mRNA m6A modification and degradation in injured podocytes. Our findings suggest METTL14-dependent RNA m6A modification contributes to podocyte injury through posttranscriptional regulation of Sirt1 mRNA, which provide a potential approach for the diagnosis and treatment of podocytopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Lu
- Division of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hong Liu
- Division of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Medical Center of Kidney, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Institute of Kidney and Dialysis, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification, Shanghai, China
- Hemodialysis Quality Control Center of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Nana Song
- Division of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Medical Center of Kidney, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Institute of Kidney and Dialysis, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification, Shanghai, China
- Hemodialysis Quality Control Center of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiran Liang
- Division of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jiaming Zhu
- Division of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Medical Center of Kidney, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Institute of Kidney and Dialysis, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification, Shanghai, China
- Hemodialysis Quality Control Center of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Medical Center of Kidney, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Institute of Kidney and Dialysis, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification, Shanghai, China
- Hemodialysis Quality Control Center of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Yichun Ning
- Division of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Medical Center of Kidney, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Institute of Kidney and Dialysis, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification, Shanghai, China
- Hemodialysis Quality Control Center of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiachang Hu
- Division of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Medical Center of Kidney, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Institute of Kidney and Dialysis, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification, Shanghai, China
- Hemodialysis Quality Control Center of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Fang
- Division of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Medical Center of Kidney, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Institute of Kidney and Dialysis, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification, Shanghai, China
- Hemodialysis Quality Control Center of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Teng
- Division of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Medical Center of Kidney, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Institute of Kidney and Dialysis, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification, Shanghai, China
- Hemodialysis Quality Control Center of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianzhou Zou
- Division of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Medical Center of Kidney, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Institute of Kidney and Dialysis, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification, Shanghai, China
- Hemodialysis Quality Control Center of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Dai
- Division of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.
- Shanghai Medical Center of Kidney, Shanghai, PR China.
- Shanghai Institute of Kidney and Dialysis, Shanghai, PR China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification, Shanghai, China.
- Hemodialysis Quality Control Center of Shanghai, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaoqiang Ding
- Division of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.
- Shanghai Medical Center of Kidney, Shanghai, PR China.
- Shanghai Institute of Kidney and Dialysis, Shanghai, PR China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Kidney and Blood Purification, Shanghai, China.
- Hemodialysis Quality Control Center of Shanghai, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
High glucose-stimulated enhancer of zeste homolog-2 (EZH2) forces suppression of deptor to cause glomerular mesangial cell pathology. Cell Signal 2021; 86:110072. [PMID: 34224844 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Function of mTORC1 and mTORC2 has emerged as a driver of mesangial cell pathologies in diabetic nephropathy. The mechanism of mTOR activation is poorly understood in this disease. Deptor is a constitutive subunit and a negative regulator of both mTOR complexes. Mechanistic investigation in mesangial cells revealed that high glucose decreased the expression of deptor concomitant with increased mTORC1 and mTORC2 activities, induction of hypertrophy and, expression of fibronectin and PAI-1. shRNAs against deptor mimicked these pathologic outcomes of high glucose. Conversely, overexpression of deptor significantly inhibited all effects of high glucose. To determine the mechanism of deptor suppression, we found that high glucose significantly increased the expression of EZH2, resulting in lysine-27 tri-methylation of histone H3 (H3K27Me3). Employing approaches including pharmacological inhibition, shRNA-mediated downregulation and overexpression of EZH2, we found that EZH2 regulates high glucose-induced deptor suppression along with activation of mTOR, mesangial cell hypertrophy and fibronectin/PAI-1 expression. Moreover, expression of hyperactive mTORC1 reversed shEZH2-mediated inhibition of hypertrophy and expression of fibronectin and PAI-1 by high glucose. Finally, in renal cortex of diabetic mice, we found that enhanced expression of EZH2 is associated with decreased deptor levels and increased mTOR activity and, expression of fibronectin and PAI-1. Together, our findings provide a novel mechanism for mTOR activation via EZH2 to induce mesangial cell hypertrophy and matrix expansion during early progression of diabetic nephropathy. These results suggest a strategy for leveraging the intrinsic effect of deptor to suppress mTOR activity via reducing EZH2 as a novel therapy for diabetic nephropathy.
Collapse
|
10
|
Ji Y, Chen S, Yang K, Zhou J, Zhang X, Jiang X, Xu X, Lu G, Qiu L, Kong F, Zhang Y. A prospective multicenter study of sirolimus for complicated vascular anomalies. J Vasc Surg 2021; 74:1673-1681.e3. [PMID: 34082006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2021.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Complicated vascular anomalies (VAs) can be intractable and uncontrollable using conventional treatment and can result in lethal outcomes. We undertook a prospective, multicenter phase II trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of sirolimus in pediatric patients with complicated VAs. METHODS Eligible patients were required to be aged 0 to 14 years and to have a complicated VA. The patients were treated with daily oral sirolimus for 12 months. The primary endpoint was the response, which was measured using sequential volumetric magnetic resonance imaging. The secondary endpoints were the disease severity score and quality of life. RESULTS Of 126 patients enrolled on an intention-to-treat basis, 98 (77.8%) had had an objective response to sirolimus, with a ≥20% decrease in lesion volume. Compared with those with arteriovenous malformations, the response rates were higher (>80%) for patients with common lymphatic malformations, venous malformations, kaposiform hemangioendothelioma, and combined malformations with a prominent venous and/or lymphatic component (P < .05). Improvements in the disease severity score and quality of life were obtained in 83.3% and 79.4% of patients, respectively. The most common adverse event was mucositis in 47 patients. More serious adverse events included reversible grade 4 pneumonitis in 3 patients and grade 4 upper respiratory infection in 1 patient. All these adverse events were considered at least possibly related to the treatment. CONCLUSIONS Sirolimus is an apparently effective option for pediatric patients with various types of complicated VAs. Close monitoring of possible adverse events is required. The results from the present trial are the basis for future prospective studies using new therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ji
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kaiying Yang
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiangyuan Zhou
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuepeng Zhang
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xian Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuewen Xu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guoyan Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liqing Qiu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chengdu Shangjin Nanfu Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Feiteng Kong
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Sichuan Women and Children's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongbo Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chengdu Women and Children's Central Hospital, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Optimized rapamycin-loaded PEGylated PLGA nanoparticles: Preparation, characterization and pharmacokinetics study. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
12
|
Xu J, Zhou L, Liu Y. Cellular Senescence in Kidney Fibrosis: Pathologic Significance and Therapeutic Strategies. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:601325. [PMID: 33362554 PMCID: PMC7759549 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.601325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related disorders such as chronic kidney disease (CKD) are increasingly prevalent globally and pose unprecedented challenges. In many aspects, CKD can be viewed as a state of accelerated and premature aging. Aging kidney and CKD share many common characteristic features with increased cellular senescence, a conserved program characterized by an irreversible cell cycle arrest with altered transcriptome and secretome. While developmental senescence and acute senescence may positively contribute to the fine-tuning of embryogenesis and injury repair, chronic senescence, when unresolved promptly, plays a crucial role in kidney fibrogenesis and CKD progression. Senescent cells elicit their fibrogenic actions primarily by secreting an assortment of inflammatory and profibrotic factors known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Increasing evidence indicates that senescent cells could be a promising new target for therapeutic intervention known as senotherapy, which includes depleting senescent cells, modulating SASP and restoration of senescence inhibitors. In this review, we discuss current understanding of the role and mechanism of cellular senescence in kidney fibrosis. We also highlight potential options of targeting senescent cells for the treatment of CKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lili Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youhua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gui Y, Dai C. mTOR Signaling in Kidney Diseases. KIDNEY360 2020; 1:1319-1327. [PMID: 35372878 PMCID: PMC8815517 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0003782020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a serine/threonine protein kinase, is crucial in regulating cell growth, metabolism, proliferation, and survival. Under physiologic conditions, mTOR signaling maintains podocyte and tubular cell homeostasis. In AKI, activation of mTOR signaling in tubular cells and interstitial fibroblasts promotes renal regeneration and repair. However, constitutive activation of mTOR signaling in kidneys results in the initiation and progression of glomerular hypertrophy, interstitial fibrosis, polycystic kidney disease, and renal cell carcinoma. Here, we summarize the recent studies about mTOR signaling in renal physiology and injury, and discuss the possibility of its use as a therapeutic target for kidney diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gui
- Department of Nephrology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Chunsun Dai
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zheng HJ, Zhang X, Guo J, Zhang W, Ai S, Zhang F, Wang Y, Liu WJ. Lysosomal dysfunction-induced autophagic stress in diabetic kidney disease. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:8276-8290. [PMID: 32583573 PMCID: PMC7412686 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The catabolic process that delivers cytoplasmic constituents to the lysosome for degradation, known as autophagy, is thought to act as a cytoprotective mechanism in response to stress or as a pathogenic process contributing towards cell death. Animal and human studies have shown that autophagy is substantially dysregulated in renal cells in diabetes, suggesting that activating autophagy could be a therapeutic intervention. However, under prolonged hyperglycaemia with impaired lysosome function, increased autophagy induction that exceeds the degradative capacity in cells could contribute toward autophagic stress or even the stagnation of autophagy, leading to renal cytotoxicity. Since lysosomal function is likely key to linking the dual cytoprotective and cytotoxic actions of autophagy, it is important to develop novel pharmacological agents that improve lysosomal function and restore autophagic flux. In this review, we first provide an overview of the autophagic-lysosomal pathway, particularly focusing on stages of lysosomal degradation during autophagy. Then, we discuss the role of adaptive autophagy and autophagic stress based on lysosomal function. More importantly, we focus on the role of autophagic stress induced by lysosomal dysfunction according to the pathogenic factors (including high glucose, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), urinary protein, excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid overload) in diabetic kidney disease (DKD), respectively. Finally, therapeutic possibilities aimed at lysosomal restoration in DKD are introduced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Juan Zheng
- Renal Research Institution of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xueqin Zhang
- Renal Research Institution of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Renal Research Institution of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wenting Zhang
- Renal Research Institution of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Sinan Ai
- Renal Research Institution of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Renal Research Institution of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yaoxian Wang
- Renal Research Institution of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Jing Liu
- Renal Research Institution of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Institute of Nephrology, and Zhanjiang Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ai ZZ, Zhou SS, Wu ST, Hong ZC, Zhang Y, Wang MF, Yang YF, Wu HZ. Justicidin B Inhibits PDGF-BB-Induced Proliferation and ECM Accumulation in Mesangial Cells via Nrf2/HO-1 and Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway. Nat Prod Commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x20923821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (MsPGN) is characterized by mesangial cell proliferation, inflammation, and extracellular matrix deposition in the mesangial area, which develops into glomerulosclerosis and contributes to end-stage renal disease. Justicidin B is a bioactive compound isolated from Justicia procumbens L., a traditional herbal remedy that reduces proteinuria in nephritis. However, the mechanism of Justicidin B’s therapeutic effect on MsPGN remains unclear. This study was aimed to explore the positive effect of Justicidin B on MsPGN. The results showed that Justicidin B attenuated the proliferation induced by platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) in MCs and blocked cell cycle progression. Likewise, inflammatory factors, including monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), in MCs were decreased after treatment with Justicidin B. In addition, Justicidin B exhibited antioxidant activity in PDGF-BB-induced MCs, shown by the decreased production of malondialdehyde and T-AOC, and increased the expression of superoxide dismutase. Besides, Justicidin B suppressed extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition by reducing the protein levels of collagen IV and fibronectin. Furthermore, we found that Justicidin B significantly inhibited activation of the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway in MCs induced by PDGF-BB, but enhanced the levels of proteins in the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) pathway. Taken together, Justicidin B prevented PDGF-BB-induced proliferation, inflammation, oxidative stress, and ECM accumulation via regulating the activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-zhu Ai
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, PR China
| | | | - Song-tao Wu
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, PR China
| | | | - Yu Zhang
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Meng-fan Wang
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yan-fang Yang
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, PR China
- Key Lab Tradit Chinese Med Resources & Chem Hubei, Wuhan, PR China
| | - He-zhen Wu
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, PR China
- Key Lab Tradit Chinese Med Resources & Chem Hubei, Wuhan, PR China
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of TCM Resource & Compound, Wuhan, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bhatia D, Choi ME. Autophagy in kidney disease: Advances and therapeutic potential. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 172:107-133. [PMID: 32620239 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved intracellular catabolic process for the degradation of cytoplasmic components that has recently gained increasing attention for its importance in kidney diseases. It is indispensable for the maintenance of kidney homeostasis both in physiological and pathological conditions. Investigations utilizing various kidney cell-specific conditional autophagy-related gene knockouts have facilitated the advancement in understanding of the role of autophagy in the kidney. Recent findings are raising the possibility that defective autophagy exerts a critical role in different pathological conditions of the kidney. An emerging body of evidence reveals that autophagy exhibits cytoprotective functions in both glomerular and tubular compartments of the kidney, suggesting the upregulation of autophagy as an attractive therapeutic strategy. However, there is also accumulating evidence that autophagy could be deleterious, which presents a formidable challenge in developing therapeutic strategies targeting autophagy. Here, we review the recent advances in research on the role of autophagy during different pathological conditions, including acute kidney injury (AKI), focusing on sepsis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, cisplatin, and heavy metal-induced AKI. We also discuss the role of autophagy in chronic kidney disease (CKD) focusing on the pathogenesis of tubulointerstitial fibrosis, podocytopathies including focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy, IgA nephropathy, membranous nephropathy, HIV-associated nephropathy, and polycystic kidney disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Divya Bhatia
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mary E Choi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Luo P, Jiang C, Ji P, Wang M, Xu J. Exosomes of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth as an anti-inflammatory agent in temporomandibular joint chondrocytes via miR-100-5p/mTOR. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:216. [PMID: 31358056 PMCID: PMC6664713 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1341-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA) is an inflammatory joint disease. This study investigated whether exosomes (Exos) of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs) have a therapeutic effect on TMJ inflammation and elucidated the underlying mechanisms. Materials and methods SHEDs were verified by flow cytometry. SHED-Exos were identified by western blotting, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and transmission electron microscopy. Western blot and RT-qPCR were performed to verify the anti-inflammatory effects of SHED-Exos. MicroRNA (miRNA) array analysis was conducted to determine the miRNA expression profiles of SHED-Exos, and the key pathways were analyzed. After chondrocytes were treated with an miR-100-5p mimic or rapamycin, relative expression of genes was measured by RT-qPCR and western blotting. A luciferase reporter assay was performed to reveal the molecular role of the exosomal miR-100 target, mTOR. Results MiR-100-5p was enriched in the SHED-Exos. Treatment with SHED-Exos suppressed the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1), MMP3, MMP9, MMP13, and disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 5 (ADAMTS5). Chondrocytes treated with the miR-100 mimic showed lower expression of MMP1, MMP9, MMP13, ADAMTS5, and mTOR. In contrast, miR-100 downregulation upregulated the MMPs and mTOR. Rapamycin treatment upregulated miR-100 and downregulated MMPs and ADAMTS5. Furthermore, the luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that miR-100-5p directly targeted the mTOR 3′ untranslated region and that SHED-Exos miR-100-5p repressed mTOR expression. Conclusions This study demonstrated that SHED-Exos suppress inflammation in TMJ chondrocytes and may thus be a novel therapeutic agent for TMJ inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Luo
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Ji
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Menghong Wang
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China. .,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China. .,Pediatric Dentistry Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, No. 426, North Songshi Road, Yubei District, Chongqing, 401147, China.
| | - Jie Xu
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China. .,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China. .,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, No. 426, North Songshi Road, Yubei District, Chongqing, 401147, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Unno R, Kawabata T, Taguchi K, Sugino T, Hamamoto S, Ando R, Okada A, Kohri K, Yoshimori T, Yasui T. Deregulated MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase) is responsible for autophagy defects exacerbating kidney stone development. Autophagy 2019; 16:709-723. [PMID: 31257986 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1635382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney stone disease is a lifestyle-related disease prevalent in developed countries; however, effective medical treatment for the disease is not yet well established. As cellular damage in renal tubular cells (RTCs) is responsible for the disease, here, we focused on the role of macroautophagy/autophagy in RTCs. We found that autophagic activity was significantly decreased in mouse RTCs exposed to calcium oxalate (CaOx) monohydrate crystals and in the kidneys of GFP-conjugated MAP1LC3B (microtubule- associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta) transgenic mice with CaOx nephrocalcinosis induced by glyoxylate. This caused accumulation of damaged intracellular organelles, such as mitochondria and lysosomes, the normal functioning of which is mediated by functional autophagy. An impairment of autophagy was also observed in the mucosa with plaques of CaOx kidney stone formers. We determined that the decrease in autophagy was caused by an upregulation of MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase), which consequently resulted in the suppression of the upstream autophagy regulator TFEB (transcription factor EB). Furthermore, we showed that an MTOR inhibitor could recover a decrease in autophagy and alleviate crystal-cell interactions and the formation of crystals associated with increased inflammatory responses. Taken together, we conclude that autophagy compromised by MTOR deregulation is a fundamental feature in the pathology of kidney stone formation, and propose that chemical inhibition of MTOR could be a prospective strategy for disease suppression.Abbreviations: ACTB: actin, beta; CaOx: calcium oxalate; CKD: chronic kidney disease; COM: calcium oxalate monohydrate; LGALS3/galectin-3: lectin, galactose binding, soluble 3; GFP: green fluorescent protein; GOX: glyoxylate; HE: hematoxylin and eosin; MAPLC3B: microtubule- associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NAC: N-acetyl-L-cysteine; ROS: reactive oxygen species; RTC: renal tubular cell; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TFEB: transcription factor EB; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; tfLC3: tandem fluorescent-tagged LC3; 3-MA: 3-methyladenine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rei Unno
- Department of Nephro-urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kawabata
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kazumi Taguchi
- Department of Nephro-urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - Teruaki Sugino
- Department of Nephro-urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shuzo Hamamoto
- Department of Nephro-urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Ando
- Department of Nephro-urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - Atsushi Okada
- Department of Nephro-urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Kohri
- Department of Nephro-urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Yoshimori
- Department of Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yasui
- Department of Nephro-urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Guo N, Liu S, Bow LM, Cui X, Zhang L, Xu S, Lu S, Tian J. The protective effect and mechanism of rapamycin in the rat model of IgA nephropathy. Ren Fail 2019; 41:334-339. [PMID: 31057050 PMCID: PMC6507862 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2019.1577257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The pathogenesis of the development of IgA nephropathy has not been clear up to now. At present, some studies revealed that the mTOR pathway may participate in IgA nephropathy; however, the mechanism has not been systematically studied. In this study, we established an IgAN rat model to investigate the protective effects of rapamycin as a new type of immunosuppressant, as well as its therapeutic mechanisms. Methods: After the establishment of IgA nephropathy model, rats were treated with different concentrations of rapamycin, and the protective effect of different concentrations of rapamycin on renal function of the rats was observed. The deposition of IgA was observed by immunofluorescence. The kidney expression of Akt and p70S6k proteins in mTOR pathway was examined using the western blot assay after rapamycin treatment. Results: Morphology and immunofluorescence confirmed that the rat model of IgA nephropathy was successfully established. In particular, the level of proteinuria decreased with the increase of the dose of rapamycin, as well as the deposition of IgA in glomeruli. Moreover, the western blot analysis indicated that the expression of p70S6K in the downstream of mTOR pathway decreased and the upstream protein AKT of the mTOR pathway was overexpressed in the rats model. Conclusion: We found that rapamycin has protective effects in the IgA nephropathy rat model in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the result of western blot assay suggested that rapamycin may display its therapeutic effects through interfering the AKT-mTOR-p70S6K signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Guo
- a Department of Organ Transplantation, Qilu Hospital , Shandong University , Jinan , China
| | - Shengli Liu
- a Department of Organ Transplantation, Qilu Hospital , Shandong University , Jinan , China
| | - Laurine M Bow
- b Transplant Immunology Laboratory , Hartford Hospital , Hartford , CT , USA.,c Department of Transplantation Surgery , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Xianquan Cui
- a Department of Organ Transplantation, Qilu Hospital , Shandong University , Jinan , China
| | - Luwei Zhang
- a Department of Organ Transplantation, Qilu Hospital , Shandong University , Jinan , China
| | - Shihao Xu
- a Department of Organ Transplantation, Qilu Hospital , Shandong University , Jinan , China
| | - Sai Lu
- a Department of Organ Transplantation, Qilu Hospital , Shandong University , Jinan , China
| | - Jun Tian
- a Department of Organ Transplantation, Qilu Hospital , Shandong University , Jinan , China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Paoletti E, Citterio F, Corsini A, Potena L, Rigotti P, Sandrini S, Bussalino E, Stallone G. Everolimus in kidney transplant recipients at high cardiovascular risk: a narrative review. J Nephrol 2019; 33:69-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s40620-019-00609-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
21
|
Gogulamudi VR, Mani I, Subramanian U, Pandey KN. Genetic disruption of Npr1 depletes regulatory T cells and provokes high levels of proinflammatory cytokines and fibrosis in the kidneys of female mutant mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 316:F1254-F1272. [PMID: 30943067 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00621.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to determine the effects of gene knockout of guanylyl cyclase/natriuretic peptide receptor-A (GC-A/NPRA) on immunogenic responses affecting kidney function and blood pressure (BP) in Npr1 (coding for GC-A/NPRA)-null mutant mice. We used female Npr1 gene-disrupted (Npr1-/-, 0 copy), heterozygous (Npr1+/-, 1 copy), wild-type (Npr1+/+, 2 copy), and gene-duplicated (Npr1++/++, 4 copy) mice. Expression levels of Toll-like receptor (TLR)2/TLR4 mRNA were increased 4- to 5-fold in 1-copy mice and 6- to 10-fold in 0-copy mice; protein levels were increased 2.5- to 3-fold in 1-copy mice and 4- to 5-fold in 0-copy mice. Expression of proinflammatory cytokines and BP was significantly elevated in 1-copy and 0-copy mice compared with 2-copy and 4-copy mice. In addition, 0-copy and 1-copy mice exhibited drastic reductions in regulatory T cells (Tregs). After rapamycin treatment, Tregs were increased by 17% (P < 0.001) in 0-copy mice and 8% (P < 0.001) in 1-copy mice. Renal mRNA and protein levels of TLR2 and TLR4 were decreased by 70% in 0-copy mice and 50% in 1-copy mice. There were significantly higher levels of Tregs and very low levels of TLR2/TLR4 expression in 4-copy mice (P < 0.001). These findings indicate that the disruption of Npr1 in female mice triggers renal immunogenic pathways, which transactivate the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and renal fibrosis with elevated BP in mutant animals. The data suggest that rapamycin treatment attenuates proinflammatory cytokine expression, dramatically increases anti-inflammatory cytokines, and substantially reduces BP and renal fibrosis in mutant animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Indra Mani
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Umadevi Subramanian
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Kailash N Pandey
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine , New Orleans, Louisiana
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Eriksson P, Wallin P, Sjöwall C. Clinical Experience of Sirolimus Regarding Efficacy and Safety in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:82. [PMID: 30787878 PMCID: PMC6372521 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
New treatment options constitute unmet needs for patients diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway by sirolimus, a drug approved and in clinical use to prevent transplant rejection, has shown promising effects in lupus animal models as well as in patients with both antiphospholipid syndrome and SLE. Sirolimus inhibits antigen-induced T cell proliferation and increases the number of circulating regulatory T cells. Recently, sirolimus was tested in an open label phase 1/2 trial, including 43 patients with active SLE, resistant or intolerant to conventional medications. The results were encouraging showing a progressive improvement, including mucocutaneous and musculoskeletal manifestations. At our university unit, we have more than 16 years' experience of sirolimus as treatment for non-renal manifestations of SLE. Herein, we retrospectively evaluated data on tolerance, dosage, affected organ systems, disease activity measures, corticosteroid reduction, concomitant immunosuppressive therapies, and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) such as pain intensity, fatigue, well-being and quality-of-life (QoL) in 27 Caucasian patients with mildly active SLE. Musculoskeletal manifestation was the main reason for sirolimus treatment followed by skin involvement and leukocytopenia. Mean time on sirolimus was 47.1 (range 2-140) months. Decreasing global disease activity was observed, as measured by the clinical SLE disease activity index-2000, with a mean reduction of 2.5 points (range -10 to 0) and a corresponding mean reduction of the physician's global assessment (0-4) of 0.64 (range -2 to 0). The mean daily dose of corticosteroids (prednisolone) was reduced by 3.3 mg (-12.5 to 0). Non-significant trends toward improvements of QoL and pain intensity were found. Serious side-effects were not seen during sirolimus treatment, but early withdrawal due to nausea (n = 4) and non-serious infections (n = 2) appeared. This observational study, including longtime real-life use of sirolimus in SLE, is the largest to date and it essentially confirms the results of the recent phase 1/2 trial. Our data indicate that sirolimus is efficient in patients with musculoskeletal SLE manifestations, particularly arthritis and tendinitis. Further randomized controlled trials evaluating the potential benefits of sirolimus in SLE are warranted, but should aim to enroll patients with shorter disease duration, less accrued damage, and more diverse ethnicities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Per Eriksson
- Rheumatology/Division of Neuro and Inflammation Sciences, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Philip Wallin
- Rheumatology/Division of Neuro and Inflammation Sciences, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Christopher Sjöwall
- Rheumatology/Division of Neuro and Inflammation Sciences, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Siligato R, Cernaro V, Nardi C, De Gregorio F, Gembillo G, Costantino G, Conti G, Buemi M, Santoro D. Emerging therapeutic strategies for minimal change disease and focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2018; 27:839-879. [PMID: 30360670 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2018.1540587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Minimal change disease (MCD) and Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) are two of the major causes of nephrotic syndrome (NS) in children and adults. According to KDIGO (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes) guidelines, the treatment of adult primary MCD and FSGS should be based on immunosuppressants and antiproteinuric drugs. Recently, Rituximab, a humanized monoclonal antibody (mAb) has emerged as a potential treatment for steroid or calcineurin inhibitor-dependent patients; it has however demonstrated lower efficacy in those with nephrotic syndrome that is resistant to the above indicated drugs. AREAS COVERED Analysis of ongoing and already completed clinical trials, retrieved from clinicaltrials.gov, clinicaltrialsregister.eu and PubMed involving new therapies for nephrotic syndrome secondary to MCD and FSGS. EXPERT OPINION The most promising drugs under investigation for MCD and FSGS are mAbs. We are hopeful that new therapeutic options to treat multi-drug resistant MCD and FSGS will emerge from currently ongoing studies. What appears certain is the difficulty in enrolling patients affected by orphan renal diseases and the selection of valid endpoints in clinical trials, such as kidney failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Siligato
- a Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Internal Medicine , Messina , Italy
| | - Valeria Cernaro
- a Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Internal Medicine , Messina , Italy
| | - Chiara Nardi
- a Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Internal Medicine , Messina , Italy
| | - Francesca De Gregorio
- a Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Internal Medicine , Messina , Italy
| | - Guido Gembillo
- a Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Internal Medicine , Messina , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Costantino
- a Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Internal Medicine , Messina , Italy
| | - Giovanni Conti
- b Unit of Pediatric Nephrology and Rheumatology , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Michele Buemi
- a Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Internal Medicine , Messina , Italy
| | - Domenico Santoro
- a Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Internal Medicine , Messina , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ji Y, Yang K, Chen S, Peng S, Lu G, Liu X. Musculoskeletal complication in kaposiform hemangioendothelioma without Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon: clinical characteristics and management. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:3325-3331. [PMID: 30233248 PMCID: PMC6135070 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s171223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Musculoskeletal complications have been associated with kaposiform hemangioendothelioma (KHE) and can lead to disability and reduced quality of life. We aimed to determine the clinical characteristics of musculoskeletal complication in patients with KHE without Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon (KMP) in order to identify features that may aid clinicians in KHE treatment. Patients and methods We conducted a cohort study of KHE without KMP associated with musculoskeletal complication between January 2006 and February 2017 at three tertiary medical centers in China. The study included 29 nonthrombocytopenic patients with KHE and musculoskeletal complication. Results The mean age at diagnosis of KHE was 4.5 years (range, 0.3-50.0 years). The mean follow-up was 4.1 years (range, 0.5-9.0 years). In most cases (72.4%), decreased range of motion (ROM) appeared within 2 years of KHE onset. Associated chronic pain was reported in 12 patients. Bone-joint changes were common in patients with decreased ROM (75.9%). All the patients received at least one medical therapy including corticosteroids, vincristine, propranolol, and sirolimus. Sirolimus demonstrated the highest efficacy rate, with 94.7% of patients showing improvements in ROM and chronic pain. Conclusion Musculoskeletal complication can occur early in the disease course of KHE without KMP. Although no uniformly effective treatment modality was found, sirolimus demonstrated the best response in patients with KHE with decreased ROM and chronic pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ji
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,
| | - Kaiying Yang
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,
| | - Suhua Peng
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,
| | - Guoyan Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xingtao Liu
- Department of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Chengdu Women and Children's Central Hospital, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Vizza D, Perri A, Toteda G, Lupinacci S, Perrotta I, Lofaro D, Leone F, Gigliotti P, La Russa A, Bonofiglio R. Rapamycin-induced autophagy protects proximal tubular renal cells against proteinuric damage through the transcriptional activation of the nerve growth factor receptor NGFR. Autophagy 2018; 14:1028-1042. [PMID: 29749806 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1448740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental evidence demonstrated that macroautophagy/autophagy exerts a crucial role in maintain renal cellular homeostasis and represents a protective mechanism against renal injuries. Interestingly, it has been demonstrated that in the human proximal tubular renal cell line, HK-2, the MTOR inhibitor rapamycin enhanced autophagy and mitigated the apoptosis damage induced by urinary protein overload. However, the underlying molecular mechanism has not yet been elucidated. In our study we demonstrated, for the first time, that in HK-2 cells, the exposure to low doses of rapamycin transactivated the NGFR promoter, leading to autophagic activation. Indeed, we observed that in HK-2 cells silenced for the NGFR gene, the rapamycin-induced autophagic process was prevented, as the upregulation of the proautophagic markers, BECN1, as well as LC3-II, and the autophagic vacuoles evaluated by transmission electron microscopy, were not found. Concomitantly, using a series of deletion constructs of the NGFR promoter we found that the EGR1 transcription factor was responsible for the rapamycin-mediated transactivation of the NGFR promoter. Finally, our results provided evidence that the cotreatment with rapamycin plus albumin further enhanced autophagy via NGFR activation, reducing the proapoptotic events promoted by albumin alone. This effect was prevented in HK-2 cells silenced for the NGFR gene or pretreated with the MTOR activator, MHY1485. Taken together, our results describe a novel molecular mechanism by which rapamycin-induced autophagy, mitigates the tubular renal damage caused by proteinuria, suggesting that the use of low doses of rapamycin could represent a new therapeutic strategy to counteract the tubule-interstitial injury observed in patients affected by proteinuric nephropathies, avoiding the side effects of high doses of rapamycin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Vizza
- a Kidney and Transplantation Research Center , UOC Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation , Annunziata Hospital, F. Migliori, Cosenza , CS , Italy
| | - A Perri
- a Kidney and Transplantation Research Center , UOC Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation , Annunziata Hospital, F. Migliori, Cosenza , CS , Italy
| | - G Toteda
- a Kidney and Transplantation Research Center , UOC Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation , Annunziata Hospital, F. Migliori, Cosenza , CS , Italy
| | - S Lupinacci
- a Kidney and Transplantation Research Center , UOC Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation , Annunziata Hospital, F. Migliori, Cosenza , CS , Italy
| | - I Perrotta
- b Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, Transmission Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis , University of Calabria , Rende , Italy
| | - D Lofaro
- a Kidney and Transplantation Research Center , UOC Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation , Annunziata Hospital, F. Migliori, Cosenza , CS , Italy
| | - F Leone
- a Kidney and Transplantation Research Center , UOC Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation , Annunziata Hospital, F. Migliori, Cosenza , CS , Italy
| | - P Gigliotti
- a Kidney and Transplantation Research Center , UOC Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation , Annunziata Hospital, F. Migliori, Cosenza , CS , Italy
| | - A La Russa
- a Kidney and Transplantation Research Center , UOC Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation , Annunziata Hospital, F. Migliori, Cosenza , CS , Italy
| | - R Bonofiglio
- a Kidney and Transplantation Research Center , UOC Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation , Annunziata Hospital, F. Migliori, Cosenza , CS , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Gholizadeh S, Visweswaran GRR, Storm G, Hennink WE, Kamps JAAM, Kok RJ. E-selectin targeted immunoliposomes for rapamycin delivery to activated endothelial cells. Int J Pharm 2017; 548:759-770. [PMID: 29038064 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Activated endothelial cells play a pivotal role in the pathology of inflammatory disorders and thus present a target for therapeutic intervention by drugs that intervene in inflammatory signaling cascades, such as rapamycin (mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor). In this study we developed anti-E-selectin immunoliposomes for targeted delivery to E-selectin over-expressing tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) activated endothelial cells. Liposomes composed of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3.;hosphocholine (DPPC), Cholesterol, and 1,2-Distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethyleneglycol)-2000]-maleimide (DSPE-PEG-Mal) were loaded with rapamycin via lipid film hydration, after which they were further functionalized by coupling N-succinimidyl-S-acetylthioacetate (SATA)-modified mouse anti human E-selectin antibodies to the distal ends of the maleimidyl (Mal)-PEG groups. In cell binding assays, these immunoliposomes bound specifically to TNF-α activated endothelial cells. Upon internalization, rapamycin loaded immunoliposomes inhibited proliferation and migration of endothelial cells, as well as expression of inflammatory mediators. Our findings demonstrate that rapamycin-loaded immunoliposomes can specifically inhibit inflammatory responses in inflamed endothelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shima Gholizadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ganesh Ram R Visweswaran
- Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, Medical Biology Section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Storm
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wim E Hennink
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A A M Kamps
- Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, Medical Biology Section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robbert J Kok
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Shingarev R, Jaimes EA. Renal cell carcinoma: new insights and challenges for a clinician scientist. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 313:F145-F154. [PMID: 28381462 PMCID: PMC5582896 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00480.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing recognition of the complex interplay between renal cell cancer (RCC), kidney function, mechanical reduction of nephron mass, and systemic agents targeting the cancer. Earlier detection of RCC and rising life expectancy of cancer survivors places a greater emphasis on preservation of renal function after cancer resection and during systemic therapy. Unique adverse effects associated with RCC drugs not only help reveal cancer pathophysiology but also expand our knowledge of normal cell signaling and metabolism. In this review, we outline our current understanding of RCC biology and treatment, their bidirectional relationship with kidney function, and unmet research needs in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Shingarev
- Renal Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Edgar A Jaimes
- Renal Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kuczkowski A, Brinkkoetter PT. Metabolism and homeostasis in the kidney: metabolic regulation through insulin signaling in the kidney. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 369:199-210. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2619-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
29
|
Liu D, Liu Y, Chen G, He L, Tang C, Wang C, Yang D, Li H, Dong Z, Liu H. Rapamycin Enhances Repressed Autophagy and Attenuates Aggressive Progression in a Rat Model of IgA Nephropathy. Am J Nephrol 2017; 45:293-300. [PMID: 28237991 DOI: 10.1159/000456039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IgA nephropathy (IgAN) has been considered to be the most frequent form of primary glomerulonephritis that occurs worldwide with a variety of factors involved in its occurrence and development. The impact of autophagy in IgAN, however, remains partially unclear. This study was designed to investigate the effects of rapamycin in an IgAN model. METHOD After establishing an IgAN rat model, SD rats were divided into 4 groups: control, control + rapamycin, IgAN, IgAN + rapamycin. Proteinuria and the pathological changes and the level of autophagy of kidney were texted. Identify the expression of phosphorylation and total mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and s6k1 as well as cyclin D1 in the kidney of rats through Western blot and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS With rapamycin treatment, we observed a significant reduction in the progression of proteinuria as well as alleviation of pathological lesions in IgAN rats. Besides, autophagy was inhibited, while the mTOR/S6k1 pathway was activated and expression of cyclin D1 was increased in IgAN. Rapamycin treatment increased autophagy and decreased the expression of cyclin D1. CONCLUSION These results may suggest that mTOR-mediated autophagy inhibition may result in mesangial cell proliferation in IgAN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Liu
- Nephrology Department, 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Blood Purification Center in 2nd Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification in Hunan, Changsha, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sutariya B, Jhonsa D, Saraf MN. TGF-β: the connecting link between nephropathy and fibrosis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2016; 38:39-49. [PMID: 26849902 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2015.1127382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is the usual outcome of an excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) that frequently occurs in membranous and diabetic nephropathy. The result of renal fibrosis would be end-stage renal failure, which requires costly dialysis or kidney transplantation. Renal fibrosis typically results from chronic inflammation via production of several molecules, such as growth factors, angiogenic factors, fibrogenic cytokines, and proteinase. All of these factors can stimulate excessive accumulation of ECM components through epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), which results in renal fibrosis. Among these, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is proposed to be the major regulator in inducing EMT. Besides ECM protein synthesis, TGF-β is involved in hypertrophy, proliferation, and apoptosis in renal cells. In particular, TGF-β is likely to be most potent and ubiquitous profibrotic factor acting through several intracellular signaling pathways including protein kinases and transcription factors. Factors that regulate TGF-β expression in renal cell include hyperglycemia, angiotensin II, advance glycation end products, complement activation (C5b-9), and oxidative stress. Over the past several years, the common understanding of the pathogenic factors that lead to renal fibrosis in nephropathy has improved considerably. This review will discuss the recent findings on the mechanisms and role of TGF-β in membranous and diabetic nephropathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brijesh Sutariya
- a Department of Pharmacology , Bombay College of Pharmacy , Mumbai , Maharashtra , India
| | - Dimple Jhonsa
- a Department of Pharmacology , Bombay College of Pharmacy , Mumbai , Maharashtra , India
| | - Madhusudan N Saraf
- a Department of Pharmacology , Bombay College of Pharmacy , Mumbai , Maharashtra , India
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ta MHT, Schwensen KG, Foster S, Korgaonkar M, Ozimek-Kulik JE, Phillips JK, Peduto A, Rangan GK. Effects of TORC1 Inhibition during the Early and Established Phases of Polycystic Kidney Disease. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164193. [PMID: 27723777 PMCID: PMC5056751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The disease-modifying effects of target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) inhibitors during different stages of polycystic kidney disease (PKD) are not well defined. In this study, male Lewis Polycystic Kidney Disease (LPK) rats (a genetic ortholog of human NPHP9, phenotypically characterised by diffuse distal nephron cystic growth) and Lewis controls received either vehicle (V) or sirolimus (S, 0.2 mg/kg by intraperitoneal injection 5 days per week) during the early (postnatal weeks 3 to 10) or late stages of disease (weeks 10 to 20). In early-stage disease, sirolimus reduced kidney enlargement (by 63%), slowed the rate of increase in total kidney volume (TKV) in serial MRI by 78.2% (LPK+V: 132.3±59.7 vs. LPK+S: 28.8±12.0% per week) but only partly reduced the percentage renal cyst area (by 19%) and did not affect the decline in endogenous creatinine clearance (CrCl) in LPK rats. In late-stage disease, sirolimus reduced kidney enlargement (by 22%) and the rate of increase in TKV by 71.8% (LPK+V: 13.1±6.6 vs. LPK+S: 3.7±3.7% per week) but the percentage renal cyst area was unaltered, and the CrCl only marginally better. Sirolimus reduced renal TORC1 activation but not TORC2, NF-κB DNA binding activity, CCL2 or TNFα expression, and abnormalities in cilia ultrastructure, hypertension and cardiac disease were also not improved. Thus, the relative treatment efficacy of TORC1 inhibition on kidney enlargement was consistent at all disease stages, but the absolute effect was determined by the timing of drug initiation. Furthermore, cystic microarchitecture, renal function and cardiac disease remain abnormal with TORC1 inhibition, indicating that additional approaches to normalise cellular dedifferentiation, inflammation and hypertension are required to completely arrest the progression of PKDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle H. T. Ta
- Michael Stern Translational Laboratory for Polycystic Kidney Disease, Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kristina G. Schwensen
- Michael Stern Translational Laboratory for Polycystic Kidney Disease, Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sheryl Foster
- Department of Radiology, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mayuresh Korgaonkar
- Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Justyna E. Ozimek-Kulik
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jacqueline K. Phillips
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anthony Peduto
- Department of Radiology, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gopala K. Rangan
- Michael Stern Translational Laboratory for Polycystic Kidney Disease, Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Renal Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Western Sydney Local Heath District, Westmead, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
McKenna GJ. Is It Time to Use De Novo mTOR Inhibitors Posttransplant? CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40472-016-0111-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
33
|
Roles of mTOR complexes in the kidney: implications for renal disease and transplantation. Nat Rev Nephrol 2016; 12:587-609. [PMID: 27477490 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2016.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mTOR pathway has a central role in the regulation of cell metabolism, growth and proliferation. Studies involving selective gene targeting of mTOR complexes (mTORC1 and mTORC2) in renal cell populations and/or pharmacologic mTOR inhibition have revealed important roles of mTOR in podocyte homeostasis and tubular transport. Important advances have also been made in understanding the role of mTOR in renal injury, polycystic kidney disease and glomerular diseases, including diabetic nephropathy. Novel insights into the roles of mTORC1 and mTORC2 in the regulation of immune cell homeostasis and function are helping to improve understanding of the complex effects of mTOR targeting on immune responses, including those that impact both de novo renal disease and renal allograft outcomes. Extensive experience in clinical renal transplantation has resulted in successful conversion of patients from calcineurin inhibitors to mTOR inhibitors at various times post-transplantation, with excellent long-term graft function. Widespread use of this practice has, however, been limited owing to mTOR-inhibitor- related toxicities. Unique attributes of mTOR inhibitors include reduced rates of squamous cell carcinoma and cytomegalovirus infection compared to other regimens. As understanding of the mechanisms by which mTORC1 and mTORC2 drive the pathogenesis of renal disease progresses, clinical studies of mTOR pathway targeting will enable testing of evolving hypotheses.
Collapse
|
34
|
Rejuvenating immunity: "anti-aging drug today" eight years later. Oncotarget 2016; 6:19405-12. [PMID: 25844603 PMCID: PMC4637294 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2014 year ended with celebration: Everolimus, a rapamycin analog, was shown to improve immunity in old humans, heralding ‘a turning point’ in research and new era in human quest for immortality. Yet, this turning point was predicted a decade ago. But what will cause human death, when aging will be abolished?
Collapse
|
35
|
DA-1229, a dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor, protects against renal injury by preventing podocyte damage in an animal model of progressive renal injury. J Transl Med 2016; 96:547-60. [PMID: 26878135 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2016.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) inhibitors are known to have renoprotective effects, the mechanism underlying these effects has remained elusive. Here we investigated the effects of DA-1229, a novel DPPIV inhibitor, in two animal models of renal injury including db/db mice and the adriamycin nephropathy rodent model of chronic renal disease characterized by podocyte injury. For both models, DA-1229 was administered at 300 mg/kg/day. DPPIV activity in the kidney was significantly higher in diabetic mice compared with their nondiabetic controls. Although DA-1229 did not affect glycemic control or insulin resistance, DA-1229 did improve lipid profiles, albuminuria and renal fibrosis. Moreover, DA-1229 treatment resulted in decreased urinary excretion of nephrin, decreased circulating and kidney DPPIV activity, and decreased macrophage infiltration in the kidney. In adriamycin-treated mice, DPPIV activity in the kidney and urinary nephrin loss were both increased, whereas glucagon-like peptide-1 concentrations were unchanged. Moreover, DA-1229 treatment significantly improved proteinuria, renal fibrosis and inflammation associated with decreased urinary nephrin loss, and kidney DPP4 activity. In cultured podocytes, DA-1229 restored the high glucose/angiotensin II-induced increase of DPPIV activity and preserved the nephrin levels in podocytes. These findings suggest that activation of DPPIV in the kidney has a role in the progression of renal disease, and that DA-1229 may exert its renoprotective effects by preventing podocyte injury.
Collapse
|
36
|
Yao Y, Wang J, Yoshida S, Nada S, Okada M, Inoki K. Role of Ragulator in the Regulation of Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Signaling in Podocytes and Glomerular Function. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 27:3653-3665. [PMID: 27032892 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) in glomerular podocytes leads to glomerular insufficiency and may contribute to the development of glomerular diseases, including diabetic nephropathy. Thus, an approach for preventing mTORC1 activation may allow circumvention of the onset and progression of mTORC1-dependent podocyte injury and glomerular diseases. mTORC1 activation requires inputs from both growth factors and nutrients that inactivate the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), a key suppressor of mTORC1, on the lysosome. Previous studies in mice revealed that the growth factor-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway and mTORC1 are essential for maintaining normal podocyte function, suggesting that direct inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway or mTORC1 may not be an ideal approach to sustaining physiologic podocyte functions under certain disease conditions. Here, we report the role of the Ragulator complex, which recruits mTORC1 to lysosomes in response to nutrient availability in podocytes. Notably, podocytes lacking Ragulator maintain basal mTORC1 activity. Unlike podocyte-specific mTORC1-knockout mice, mice lacking functional Ragulator in podocytes did not show abnormalities in podocyte or glomerular function. However, aberrant mTORC1 activation induced by active Rheb in podocyte-specific TSC1-knockout (podo-TSC1 KO) mice did require Ragulator. Moreover, ablation of Ragulator in the podocytes of podo-TSC1 KO mice or streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice significantly blocked the development of pathologic renal phenotypes. These observations suggest that the blockade of mTORC1 recruitment to lysosomes may be a useful clinical approach to attenuate aberrant mTORC1 activation under certain disease conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sei Yoshida
- Life Sciences Institute.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology
| | - Shigeyuki Nada
- Department of Oncogene Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masato Okada
- Department of Oncogene Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ken Inoki
- Life Sciences Institute, .,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Das R, Xu S, Nguyen TT, Quan X, Choi SK, Kim SJ, Lee EY, Cha SK, Park KS. Transforming Growth Factor β1-induced Apoptosis in Podocytes via the Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase-Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 1-NADPH Oxidase 4 Axis. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:30830-42. [PMID: 26565025 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.703116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
TGF-β is a pleiotropic cytokine that accumulates during kidney injuries, resulting in various renal diseases. We have reported previously that TGF-β1 induces the selective up-regulation of mitochondrial Nox4, playing critical roles in podocyte apoptosis. Here we investigated the regulatory mechanism of Nox4 up-regulation by mTORC1 activation on TGF-β1-induced apoptosis in immortalized podocytes. TGF-β1 treatment markedly increased the phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and its downstream targets p70S6K and 4EBP1. Blocking TGF-β receptor I with SB431542 completely blunted the phosphorylation of mTOR, p70S6K, and 4EBP1. Transient adenoviral overexpression of mTOR-WT and constitutively active mTORΔ augmented TGF-β1-treated Nox4 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and apoptosis, whereas mTOR kinase-dead suppressed the above changes. In addition, knockdown of mTOR mimicked the effect of mTOR-KD. Inhibition of mTORC1 by low-dose rapamycin or knockdown of p70S6K protected podocytes through attenuation of Nox4 expression and subsequent oxidative stress-induced apoptosis by TGF-β1. Pharmacological inhibition of the MEK-ERK cascade, but not the PI3K-Akt-TSC2 pathway, abolished TGF-β1-induced mTOR activation. Inhibition of either ERK1/2 or mTORC1 did not reduce the TGF-β1-stimulated increase in Nox4 mRNA level but significantly inhibited total Nox4 expression, ROS generation, and apoptosis induced by TGF-β1. Moreover, double knockdown of Smad2 and 3 or only Smad4 completely suppressed TGF-β1-induced ERK1/2-mTORactivation. Our data suggest that TGF-β1 increases translation of Nox4 through the Smad-ERK1/2-mTORC1 axis, which is independent of transcriptional regulation. Activation of this pathway plays a crucial role in ROS generation and mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to podocyte apoptosis. Therefore, inhibition of the ERK1/2-mTORC1 pathway could be a potential therapeutic and preventive target in proteinuric and chronic kidney diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan Das
- From the Department of Physiology, Institute of Lifestyle Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Gangwon-Do 220-701, Republic of Korea and
| | - Shanhua Xu
- From the Department of Physiology, Institute of Lifestyle Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Gangwon-Do 220-701, Republic of Korea and
| | - Tuyet Thi Nguyen
- From the Department of Physiology, Institute of Lifestyle Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Gangwon-Do 220-701, Republic of Korea and
| | - Xianglan Quan
- From the Department of Physiology, Institute of Lifestyle Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Gangwon-Do 220-701, Republic of Korea and
| | - Seong-Kyung Choi
- From the Department of Physiology, Institute of Lifestyle Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Gangwon-Do 220-701, Republic of Korea and
| | - Soo-Jin Kim
- From the Department of Physiology, Institute of Lifestyle Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Gangwon-Do 220-701, Republic of Korea and
| | - Eun Young Lee
- the Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan 330-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Kuy Cha
- From the Department of Physiology, Institute of Lifestyle Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Gangwon-Do 220-701, Republic of Korea and
| | - Kyu-Sang Park
- From the Department of Physiology, Institute of Lifestyle Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Gangwon-Do 220-701, Republic of Korea and
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Shao X, Li M, Luo C, Wang YY, Lu YY, Feng S, Li H, Lang XB, Wang YC, Lin C, Shen XJ, Zhou Q, Jiang H, Chen JH. Effects of rapamycin against paraquat-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2015; 16:52-61. [PMID: 25559956 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1400229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Ingestion of paraquat (PQ), a widely used herbicide, can cause severe toxicity in humans, leading to a poor survival rate and prognosis. One of the main causes of death by PQ is PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis, for which there are no effective therapies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of rapamycin (RAPA) on inhibiting PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice and to explore its possible mechanisms. METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice were exposed to either saline (control group) or PQ (10 mg/kg body weight, intraperitoneally; test group). The test group was divided into four subgroups: a PQ group (PQ-exposed, non-treated), a PQ+RAPA group (PQ-exposed, treated with RAPA at 1 mg/kg intragastrically), a PQ+MP group (PQ-exposed, treated with methylprednisolone (MP) at 30 mg/kg intraperitoneally), and a PQ+MP+RAPA group (PQ-exposed, treated with MP at 30 mg/kg intraperitoneally and with RAPA at 1 mg/kg intragastrically). The survival rate and body weight of all the mice were recorded every day. Three mice in each group were sacrificed at 14 d and the rest at 28 d after intoxication. Lung tissues were excised and stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and Masson's trichrome stain for histopathological analysis. The hydroxyproline (HYP) content in lung tissues was detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. The expression of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in lung tissues was detected by immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting. RESULTS A mice model of PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis was established. Histological examination of lung tissues showed that RAPA treatment moderated the pathological changes of pulmonary fibrosis, including alveolar collapse and interstitial collagen deposition. HYP content in lung tissues increased soon after PQ intoxication but had decreased significantly by the 28th day after RAPA treatment. Immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting showed that RAPA treatment significantly down-regulated the enhanced levels of TGF-β1 and α-SMA in lung tissues caused by PQ exposure. However, RAPA treatment alone could not significantly ameliorate the lower survival rate and weight loss of treated mice. MP treatment enhanced the survival rate, but had no significant effects on attenuating PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis or reducing the expression of TGF-β1 and α-SMA. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that RAPA treatment effectively suppresses PQ-induced alveolar collapse and collagen deposition in lung tissues through reducing the expression of TGF-β1 and α-SMA. Thus, RAPA has potential value in the treatment of PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Shao
- Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
The Akt/mTOR/p70S6K pathway is activated in IgA nephropathy and rapamycin may represent a viable treatment option. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 99:435-40. [PMID: 26297427 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is one of the most frequent forms of glomerulonephritis, and 20 to 40% of patients progress to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) within 20 years of disease onset. However, little is known about the molecular pathways involved in the altered physiology of mesangial cells during IgAN progression. This study was designed to explore the role of mTOR signaling and the potential of targeted rapamycin therapy in a rat model of IgAN. After establishing an IgA nephropathy model, the rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, control+rapamycin, IgAN and IgA+rapamycin. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were performed to determine phospho-Akt, p70S6K and S6 protein levels. Coomassie Brilliant Blue was utilized to measure 24-h urinary protein levels. The biochemical parameters of the rats were analyzed with an autoanalyzer. To evaluate IgA deposition in the glomeruli, FITC-conjugated goat anti-rat IgA antibody was used for direct immunofluorescence. Cellular proliferation and the mesangial matrix in glomeruli were assayed via histological and morphometric procedures. Our results showed that p70S6K, S6 and Akt phosphorylation were significantly upregulated in IgAN rats, and rapamycin effectively inhibited p70S6K and S6 phosphorylation. A low dose of the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin reduced proteinuria, inhibited IgA deposition, and protected kidney function in an IgAN rat model. Low-dose rapamycin treatment corresponded to significantly lower cellular proliferation rates and a decreased mesangial matrix in the glomeruli. In conclusion, the Akt/mTOR/p70S6K pathway was activated in IgAN, and our findings suggested that rapamycin may represent a viable option for the treatment of IgAN.
Collapse
|
40
|
Soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibition ameliorates proteinuria-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition by regulating the PI3K-Akt-GSK-3β signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 463:70-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
41
|
Ortiz A, Sanchez-Niño MD, Izquierdo MC, Martin-Cleary C, Garcia-Bermejo L, Moreno JA, Ruiz-Ortega M, Draibe J, Cruzado JM, Garcia-Gonzalez MA, Lopez-Novoa JM, Soler MJ, Sanz AB. Translational value of animal models of kidney failure. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 759:205-20. [PMID: 25814248 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are associated with decreased renal function and increased mortality risk, while the therapeutic armamentarium is unsatisfactory. The availability of adequate animal models may speed up the discovery of biomarkers for disease staging and therapy individualization as well as design and testing of novel therapeutic strategies. Some longstanding animal models have failed to result in therapeutic advances in the clinical setting, such as kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury and diabetic nephropathy models. In this regard, most models for diabetic nephropathy are unsatisfactory in that they do not evolve to renal failure. Satisfactory models for additional nephropathies are needed. These include anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis, IgA nephropathy, anti-phospholipase-A2-receptor (PLA2R) membranous nephropathy and Fabry nephropathy. However, recent novel models hold promise for clinical translation. Thus, the AKI to CKD translation has been modeled, in some cases with toxins of interest for human CKD such as aristolochic acid. Genetically modified mice provide models for Alport syndrome evolving to renal failure that have resulted in clinical recommendations, polycystic kidney disease models that have provided clues for the development of tolvaptan, that was recently approved for the human disease in Japan; and animal models also contributed to target C5 with eculizumab in hemolytic uremic syndrome. Some ongoing trials explore novel concepts derived from models, such TWEAK targeting as tissue protection for lupus nephritis. We now review animal models reproducing diverse, genetic and acquired, causes of AKI and CKD evolving to kidney failure and discuss the contribution to clinical translation and prospects for the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Ortiz
- Nephrology, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain; REDinREN, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; IRSIN, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Maria C Izquierdo
- Nephrology, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain; REDinREN, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Laura Garcia-Bermejo
- REDinREN, Madrid, Spain; Dpt. of Pathology, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A Moreno
- Nephrology, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz-Ortega
- Nephrology, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain; REDinREN, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juliana Draibe
- REDinREN, Madrid, Spain; Nephrology Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, L׳Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep M Cruzado
- REDinREN, Madrid, Spain; Nephrology Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, L׳Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel A Garcia-Gonzalez
- REDinREN, Madrid, Spain; Laboratorio de Nefrología, Complexo Hospitalario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jose M Lopez-Novoa
- REDinREN, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamnca, Spain
| | - Maria J Soler
- REDinREN, Madrid, Spain; Nephrology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana B Sanz
- Nephrology, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain; REDinREN, Madrid, Spain.
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Shah M, Shankar A, Gee I, Nash K, Hoare M, Gibbs P, Davies S, Alexander GJM. A retrospective 15-year review: survival advantage after switching to sirolimus in hepatitis C virus infected liver graft recipients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2015; 41:379-92. [PMID: 25496225 DOI: 10.1111/apt.13049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of sirolimus-based immune suppression in liver transplantation, particularly in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected recipients, remains contentious. There is some evidence that sirolimus retards hepatic fibrosis, is renal sparing and may be of benefit in preventing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence. Sirolimus has not been adopted by many transplant centres because of persistent concerns regarding an increased risk of hepatic artery thrombosis, graft loss and death with de novo sirolimus. AIM To review the impact of switching to sirolimus monotherapy in HCV-infected liver recipients with respect to survival, graft loss and hepatic fibrosis. METHODS A retrospective review of 190 patients from a single centre undergoing first liver transplantation for HCV over 15 years. 113 patients were switched from calcineurin inhibitor (CNI)-based therapy to low-dose sirolimus monotherapy at a median of 15 months after transplantation for HCV-related fibrosis (72%), renal impairment (14%) or high-risk HCC (5%). RESULTS Patients switched to sirolimus had improved survival (P < 0.001) and slower progression to cirrhosis (P = 0.001). In patients with HCC (n = 91), sirolimus duration rather than strategy was an independent predictor of survival (P = 0.001) and extended time to HCC recurrence (33 vs. 16 months). Patients switched for renal dysfunction showed improvement in serum creatinine (140-108 μmol/L, P = 0.001). Those remaining on CNI-therapy were more likely to develop post-transplant diabetes (P = 0.03). CONCLUSION These data suggest selective switching to low-dose sirolimus monotherapy in HCV-positive liver recipients improves clinical outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Shah
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Li TT, Zhang XH, Jing JF, Li X, Yang XQ, Zhu FH, Tang W, Zuo JP. Artemisinin analogue SM934 ameliorates the proteinuria and renal fibrosis in rat experimental membranous nephropathy. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2015; 36:188-99. [PMID: 25619396 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM SM934 is a novel water-soluble artemisinin derivative with immunoregulatory activities that has been used to treat murine lupus nephritis. In the current study, we investigated the effects of SM934 on rat experimental membranous nephropathy. METHODS Passive Heymann nephritis (PHN) was induced in SD rats by intraperitoneal injection of anti-Fx1A serum. The rats were orally administered SM934 (12.5 and 25 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1)) or prednisolone (5 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1)) for 28 d. Blood and urine sample, and kidney tissue were collected for analyses. Human complement C3a-induced injury of HK-2 cells was used for in vitro experiments. RESULTS Treatment of PHN rats with SM934 or prednisolone attenuated the progression of glomerulonephritis and renal fibrosis, as evidenced by the reduced level of proteinuria and circulating antibodies, as well as by the reduced immune complex deposition, reversed podocyte injuries, and attenuated tubulointerstitial fibrosis in the kidneys. Furthermore, the two drugs suppressed TGF-β1 expression and Smad2/3 phosphorylation, and increased Smad7 expression in the kidneys. The two doses of SM934 produced almost identical therapeutic effects on PHN rats. Pretreatment with SM934 or a C3a receptor antagonist blocked the C3a-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in HK-2 cells in vitro. CONCLUSION SM934 ameliorates kidney injury and attenuates the tubulointerstitial fibrosis in PHN rats by down-regulation of the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway.
Collapse
|
44
|
Local therapeutic efficacy with reduced systemic side effects by rapamycin-loaded subcapsular microspheres. Biomaterials 2014; 42:151-60. [PMID: 25542803 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Kidney injury triggers fibrosis, the final common pathway of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The increase of CKD prevalence worldwide urgently calls for new therapies. Available systemic treatment such as rapamycin are associated with serious side effects. To study the potential of local antifibrotic therapy, we administered rapamycin-loaded microspheres under the kidney capsule of ureter-obstructed rats and assessed the local antifibrotic effects and systemic side effects of rapamycin. After 7 days, microsphere depots were easily identifiable under the kidney capsule. Both systemic and local rapamycin treatment reduced intrarenal mTOR activity, myofibroblast accumulation, expression of fibrotic genes, and T-lymphocyte infiltration. Upon local treatment, inhibition of mTOR activity and reduction of myofibroblast accumulation were limited to the immediate vicinity of the subcapsular pocket, while reduction of T-cell infiltration was widespread. In contrast to systemically administered rapamycin, local treatment did not induce off target effects such as weight loss. Thus subcapsular delivery of rapamycin-loaded microspheres successfully inhibited local fibrotic response in UUO with less systemic effects. Therapeutic effect of released rapamycin was most prominent in close vicinity to the implanted microspheres.
Collapse
|
45
|
Richardson A, Galvan V, Lin AL, Oddo S. How longevity research can lead to therapies for Alzheimer's disease: The rapamycin story. Exp Gerontol 2014; 68:51-8. [PMID: 25481271 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The discovery that rapamycin increases lifespan in mice and restores/delays many aging phenotypes has led to the speculation that rapamycin has 'anti-aging' properties. The major question discussed in this review is whether a manipulation that has anti-aging properties can alter the onset and/or progression of Alzheimer's disease, a disease in which age is the major risk factor. Rapamycin has been shown to prevent (and possibly restore in some cases) the deficit in memory observed in the mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD-Tg) as well as reduce Aβ and tau aggregation, restore cerebral blood flow and vascularization, and reduce microglia activation. All of these parameters are widely recognized as symptoms central to the development of AD. Furthermore, rapamycin has also been shown to improve memory and reduce anxiety and depression in several other mouse models that show cognitive deficits as well as in 'normal' mice. The current research shows the feasibility of using pharmacological agents that increase lifespan, such as those identified by the National Institute on Aging Intervention Testing Program, to treat Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arlan Richardson
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| | - Veronica Galvan
- Department of Physiology and Barshop Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - Ai-Ling Lin
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Salvatore Oddo
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Grahammer F, Wanner N, Huber TB. mTOR controls kidney epithelia in health and disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014; 29 Suppl 1:i9-i18. [PMID: 24493874 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gft491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal epithelial function is the cornerstone of key excretory processes performed by our kidneys. Most of these tasks need to be tightly controlled to keep our internal environment in balance. Recently, the mTOR signalling network emerged as a key pathway controlling renal epithelial cells from the glomerular tuft along the entire nephron. Both mTOR complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, regulate such diverse processes as glomerular filtration and the fine tuning of tubular electrolyte balance. Most importantly, dysregulation of mTOR signalling contributes to prevalent kidney diseases like diabetic nephropathy and cystic kidney disease. The following review shall summarize our current knowledge of the renal epithelial mTOR signalling system under physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Grahammer
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Lin HYH, Chang KT, Hung CC, Kuo CH, Hwang SJ, Chen HC, Hung CH, Lin SF. Effects of the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin on monocyte-secreted chemokines. BMC Immunol 2014; 15:37. [PMID: 25257976 PMCID: PMC4189728 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-014-0037-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors, such as sirolimus and its derivative, everolimus, are potent immunosuppressive and antiproliferative drugs. Inflammatory diseases are characterized by immunological dysfunction, and monocyte recruitment underlies the mechanism of cell damage. Chemokines attract inflammatory cells to sites of inflammation. Interleukin-8 (IL-8/CXCL8); the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2); the regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed, presumably secreted protein (RANTES/CCL5); the macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α (CCL3); and MIP-1β (CCL4) are involved in the pathogenesis of inflammation. However, whether mTOR inhibitors moderate the production of chemokines in monocytes remains unclear. Methods A human monocyte cell line, THP-1, and primary monocytes obtained from human volunteers, were stimulated using lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and then treated with sirolimus. The expression of the MCP-1, RANTES, IL-8, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and TNF-α proteins was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and intracellular signalling was examined using western blotting. Results Sirolimus significantly suppressed the LPS-induced expression of MCP-1, IL-8, RANTES, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β in the THP-1 cells and human primary monocytes. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors that were examined suppressed the LPS-induced expression of MCP-1, IL-8, RANTES, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β. In addition, sirolimus suppressed the LPS-induced phosphorylation of p38 and p65 in the THP-1 and human primary monocytes. Conclusion Sirolimus downregulates the expression of chemokines in monocytes, including MCP-1, RANTES, IL-8, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β, by inhibiting the NF-κB-p65 and MAPK-p38 signalling pathways.
Collapse
|
48
|
Smeets B, Huber TB. Sestrin 2: a regulator of the glomerular parietal epithelial cell phenotype. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 307:F798-9. [PMID: 25143460 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00435.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bart Smeets
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany;
| | - Tobias B Huber
- Renal Division, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Succar L, Lai-Kwon J, Nikolic-Paterson DJ, Rangan GK. Induction monotherapy with sirolimus has selected beneficial effects on glomerular and tubulointersititial injury in nephrotoxic serum nephritis. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis 2014; 7:303-13. [PMID: 25071375 PMCID: PMC4111659 DOI: 10.2147/ijnrd.s64202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The study aimed to test the hypothesis that therapeutic treatment with a mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 inhibitor reduces renal cell proliferation and attenuates glomerular and tubulointerstitial injury in the early phase of nephrotoxic serum nephritis (NSN) in rats. Methods Male Wistar-Kyoto rats received a single tail-vein injection of sheep anti-rat glomerular basement membrane serum (day 0) and were treated with vehicle or sirolimus (0.25 mg/kg/day by subcutaneous injection) from day 1 until day 14. Results Treatment with sirolimus attenuated kidney enlargement by 41% (P<0.05), improved endogenous creatinine clearance by 50% (P<0.05), and reduced glomerular and tubulointerstitial cell proliferation by 53% and 70%, respectively, (P<0.05 compared to vehicle) in rats with NSN. In glomeruli, sirolimus reduced segmental fibrinoid necrosis by 69%, autologous rat immunoglobulin G deposition, glomerular capillary tuft enlargement, and periglomerular myofibroblast (α-smooth muscle actin-positive cells) accumulation (all P<0.05) but did not significantly affect glomerular crescent formation (P=0.15), macrophage accumulation (P=0.25), or the progression of proteinuria. In contrast, sirolimus preserved tubulointerstitial structure and attenuated all markers of injury (interstitial ED-1- and α-smooth muscle actin-positive cells and tubular vimentin expression; all P<0.05). By immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis, sirolimus reduced the glomerular and tubulointerstitial expression of phosphorylated (Ser 235/236) S6-ribosomal protein (P<0.05). Conclusion Induction monotherapy with sirolimus suppressed target of rapamycin complex 1 activation, renal cell proliferation, and injury during the early stages of rodent NSN, but the degree of histological protection was more consistent in the tubulointerstitium than the glomerular compartment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Succar
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Julia Lai-Kwon
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David J Nikolic-Paterson
- Department of Nephrology and Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Gopala K Rangan
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Min HS, Kim JE, Lee MH, Song HK, Kang YS, Lee MJ, Lee JE, Kim HW, Cha JJ, Chung YY, Hyun YY, Han JY, Cha DR. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor protects against renal interstitial fibrosis in a mouse model of ureteral obstruction. J Transl Med 2014; 94:598-607. [PMID: 24687121 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) is an exopeptidase that modulates the function of several substrates, among which insulin-releasing incretin hormones are the most well known. DPPIV also modulate substrates involved in inflammation, cell migration, and cell differentiation. Although DPPIV is highly expressed in proximal renal tubular cells, the role of DPPIV inhibition in renal disease is not fully understood. For this reason, we investigated the effects of LC15-0444, a DPPIV inhibitor, on renal function in a mouse model of renal fibrosis. Eight-week-old C57/BL6 mice were subjected to unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and were treated with LC15-0444 (a DPPIV inhibitor) at a dose of 150 mg/kg per day in food or vehicle for 14 days. DPPIV activity was significantly increased in obstructed kidneys, and reduced after treatment with LC15-0444. Administration of LC15-0444 resulted in a significant decrease in albuminuria, urinary excretion of 8-isoprostane, and renal fibrosis. DPPIV inhibition also substantially decreased the synthesis of several proinflammatory and profibrotic molecules, as well as the infiltration of macrophages. UUO significantly increased, and LC15-0444 markedly suppressed, levels of phosphorylated Smad2/3, TGFβ1, toll-like receptor 4, high-mobility group box-1, NADPH oxidase 4, and NF-κB. These results suggest that activation of DPPIV in the kidney has a role in the progression of renal disease and that targeted therapy inhibiting DPPIV may prove to be a useful new approach in the management of progressive renal disease, independent of mechanisms mediated by glucagon-like peptide-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Sook Min
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan-Hospital, Korea University, Ansan, Korea
| | - Jung Eun Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan-Hospital, Korea University, Ansan, Korea
| | - Mi Hwa Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan-Hospital, Korea University, Ansan, Korea
| | - Hye Kyoung Song
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan-Hospital, Korea University, Ansan, Korea
| | - Young Sun Kang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan-Hospital, Korea University, Ansan, Korea
| | - Mi Jin Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan-Hospital, Korea University, Ansan, Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wonkwang University, Gunpo, Korea
| | - Hyun Wook Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wonkwang University, Gunpo, Korea
| | - Jin Joo Cha
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan-Hospital, Korea University, Ansan, Korea
| | - Young Yoon Chung
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan-Hospital, Korea University, Ansan, Korea
| | - Young Youl Hyun
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jee Young Han
- Department of Pathology, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Dae Ryong Cha
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan-Hospital, Korea University, Ansan, Korea
| |
Collapse
|