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McGuire BD, Dees A, Hao L, Buckendahl P, Ogilvie AR, Sun H, Rezaee T, Barrett LO, Karim L, Dominguez-Bello MG, Bello NT, Shapses SA. A vitamin D deficient diet increases weight gain and compromises bone biomechanical properties without a reduction in BMD in adult female mice. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 231:106314. [PMID: 37088440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D contributes to the development and maintenance of bone. Evidence suggests vitamin D status can also alter energy balance and gut health. In young animals, vitamin D deficiency (VDD) negatively affects bone mineral density (BMD) and bone microarchitecture, and these effects may also occur due to chronic ethanol intake. However, evidence is limited in mature models, and addressing this was a goal of the current study. Seven-month-old female C57BL/6 mice (n = 40) were weight-matched and randomized to one of four ad libitum diets: control, alcohol (Alc), vitamin D deficient (0 IU/d), or Alc+VDD for 8 weeks. A purified (AIN-93) diet was provided with water or alcohol (10 %) ad libitum. Body weight and food intake were recorded weekly, and feces were collected at 0, 4, and 8 weeks. At the age of 9 months, intestinal permeability was assessed by oral gavage of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran. Thereafter, bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The microarchitecture of the distal femur was assessed by micro-computed tomography and biomechanical properties were evaluated by cyclic reference point indentation. VDD did not affect BMD or most bone microarchitecture parameters, however, the polar moment of inertia (p < 0.05) was higher in the VDD groups compared to vitamin D sufficient groups. VDD mice also had lower whole bone water content (p < 0.05) and a greater average unloading slope (p < 0.01), and energy dissipated (p < 0.01), indicating the femur displayed a brittle phenotype. In addition, VDD caused a greater increase in energy intake (p < 0.05), weight gain (p < 0.05), and a trend for higher intestinal permeability (p = 0.08). The gut microbiota of the VDD group had a reduction in alpha diversity (p < 0.05) and a lower abundance of ASVs from Rikenellaceae, Clostridia_UCG-014, Oscillospiraceae, and Lachnospiraceae (p < 0.01). There was little to no effect of alcohol supplementation on outcomes. Overall, these findings suggest that vitamin D deficiency causes excess weight gain and reduces the biomechanical strength of the femur as indicated by the higher average unloading slope and energy dissipated without an effect on BMD in a mature murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon D McGuire
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Azra Dees
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Lihong Hao
- Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | - Anna R Ogilvie
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Haipeng Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Taraneh Rezaee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - Leland O Barrett
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - Lamya Karim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - Maria Gloria Dominguez-Bello
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; NJ Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Nicholas T Bello
- Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; NJ Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Sue A Shapses
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; NJ Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Univ. Hospital, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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2
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Benito LAO, Kogawa EM, Silva CMDS, Melo FF, Sales-Peres SHDC, da Silva ICR, de Oliveira Karnikowski MG. Bariatric Surgery and Vitamin D: Trends in Older Women and Association with Clinical Features and VDR Gene Polymorphisms. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15040799. [PMID: 36839157 PMCID: PMC9965411 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Obesity and its comorbidities can cause burdens and limitations. Bariatric surgery (BS) is indicated as a safe procedure to reduce body mass and improve present comorbidities. However, several complications were reported, such as vitamin D [25(OH)D] deficiency. We evaluated if 25(OH)D serum levels relate to clinical characteristics, symptoms, or habits in women after their BS, and whether the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene's TaqI and FokI polymorphisms affected 25(OH)D levels and the total body bone mineral density (TBBMD). (2) Methods: This cohort cross-sectional comparative analytical prospective study consisted of 27 women, 61.6 ± 5.0 years, submitted to BS one year prior at a public reference hospital, DF-Brazil. All participants were asked to follow the physical and dietary activity recommendations and received vitamin D3 supplements. Their anthropometric, biochemical, and immunological measurements and blood samples were obtained. (3) Results: 73.3% of participants had low 25(OH)D levels, and their levels correlated positively with TBBMD and negatively with systolic pressure. VDR TaqI did not affect 25(OH)D levels, whereas VDR FokI's allele f presence correlated to a median rise in 25(OH)D levels. Neither polymorphism correlated to TBBMD. (4) Conclusions: 25(OH)D levels were positively correlated with TBBMD, negatively with systolic blood pressure, and were higher in those with the VDR FokI allele f.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linconl Agudo Oliveira Benito
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Ceilandia, University of Brasília, Federal District, Brasília 72220-275, DF, Brazil
| | - Evelyn Mikaela Kogawa
- Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru 7012-901, SP, Brazil
- Department of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília 70.910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Calliandra Maria de Souza Silva
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Ceilandia, University of Brasília, Federal District, Brasília 72220-275, DF, Brazil
| | - Fabíola Ferreira Melo
- Department of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília 70.910-900, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Izabel Cristina Rodrigues da Silva
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Ceilandia, University of Brasília, Federal District, Brasília 72220-275, DF, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| | - Margô Gomes de Oliveira Karnikowski
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Ceilandia, University of Brasília, Federal District, Brasília 72220-275, DF, Brazil
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The Biological Role of Vitamins in Athletes’ Muscle, Heart and Microbiota. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031249. [PMID: 35162272 PMCID: PMC8834970 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity, combined with adequate nutrition, is considered a protective factor against cardiovascular disease, musculoskeletal disorders, and intestinal dysbiosis. Achieving optimal performance requires a significantly high energy expenditure, which must be correctly supplied to avoid the occurrence of diseases such as muscle injuries, oxidative stress, and heart pathologies, and a decrease in physical performance during competition. Moreover, in sports activities, the replenishment of water, vitamins, and minerals consumed during training is essential for safeguarding athletes’ health. In this scenario, vitamins play a pivotal role in numerous metabolic reactions and some muscle biochemical adaptation processes induced by sports activity. Vitamins are introduced to the diet because the human body is unable to produce these micronutrients. The aim of this review is to highlight the fundamental role of vitamin supplementation in physical activity. Above all, we focus on the roles of vitamins A, B6, D, E, and K in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disorders, muscle injuries, and regulation of the microbiome.
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Su H, Liu N, Zhang Y, Kong J. Vitamin D/VDR regulates peripheral energy homeostasis via central renin-angiotensin system. J Adv Res 2021; 33:69-80. [PMID: 34603779 PMCID: PMC8463910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Some epidemiological studies have revealed that vitamin D (VD) deficiency is closely linked with the prevalence of obesity, however, the role of VD in energy homeostasis is yet to be investigated, especially in central nervous system. Given that VD negatively regulates renin in adipose tissue, we hypothesized that central VD might play a potential role in energy homeostasis. Objectives The present study aims to investigate the potential role of VD in energy homeostasis in the CNS and elaborate its underlying mechanisms. Methods This study was conducted in Cyp27b1−/− mice, VD-treated and wild-type mice. After the intraventricular injection of renin or its inhibitors, the changes of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and its down-stream pathway as well as their effects on metabolic rate were examined. Results The RAS activity was enhanced in Cyp27b1−/− mice, exhibiting a increased metabolic rate. Additionally, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), a RAS-mediated protein regulating energy metabolism in the hypothalamus, increased significantly in Cyp27b1−/− mice. While in VD-treated group, the RAS and sympathetic nerve activities were slightly inhibited, hence the reduced metabolic rate. Conclusion Collectively, the present study demonstrates that the VD/vitamin D receptor (VDR) has a significant impact on energy homeostasis through the modulation of RAS activity in the hypothalamus, subsequently altering CRH expression and sympathetic nervous activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Su
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yalin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Juan Kong
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Lahoor Basha S, Suresh S, Ashok Reddy V, Surya Teja SP. Is the shielding effect of cholecalciferol in SARS CoV-2 infection dependable? An evidence based unraveling. CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH 2021; 9:326-331. [PMID: 33102933 PMCID: PMC7576325 DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite being announced as a global health concern and emergency in January by WHO, designing specific treatment for SARS-CoV-2 is still a summit yet to be conquered. Currently, many drugs are being tested in the clinical scenario and vitamins play a significant role in therapeutic management. Based on the available evidence, we postulate that maintaining normal vitamin D3 levels may reduce severity, mortality risk of COVID-19. This review elucidates the alarming need for randomized clinical trials to determine the role of vitamin D in patient prognosis in COVID-19 infection and on latitude bases epidemiological outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaik Lahoor Basha
- Department of Medical Affairs, HealthMinds, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560038, India
| | - Sake Suresh
- Department of General Medicine, Andaman & Nicobar Health Services, Port Blair, 744104, India
| | - V.V. Ashok Reddy
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, Tiruvalla, Kerala, India
| | - S P Surya Teja
- Health Minds Consulting Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru, India,Corresponding author
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Xue J, Thomas L, Dominguez Rieg JA, Fenton RA, Rieg T. Genetic deletion of connexin 37 causes polyuria and polydipsia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244251. [PMID: 33332450 PMCID: PMC7746157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The connexin 37 (Cx37) channel is clustered at gap junctions between cells in the renal vasculature or the renal tubule where it is abundant in basolateral cell interdigitations and infoldings of epithelial cells in the proximal tubule, thick ascending limb, distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct; however, physiological data regarding its role are limited. In this study, we investigated the role of Cx37 in fluid homeostasis using mice with a global deletion of Cx37 (Cx37-/- mice). Under baseline conditions, Cx37-/- had ~40% higher fluid intake associated with ~40% lower urine osmolality compared to wild-type (WT) mice. No differences were observed between genotypes in urinary adenosine triphosphate or prostaglandin E2, paracrine factors that alter renal water handling. After 18-hours of water deprivation, plasma aldosterone and urine osmolality increased significantly in Cx37-/- and WT mice; however, the latter remained ~375 mmol/kg lower in Cx37-/- mice, an effect associated with a more pronounced body weight loss despite higher urinary AVP/creatinine ratios compared to WT mice. Consistent with this, fluid intake in the first 3 hours after water deprivation was 37% greater in Cx37-/- vs WT mice. Cx37-/- mice showed significantly lower renal AQP2 abundance and AQP2 phosphorylation at serine 256 than WT mice in response to vehicle or dDAVP, suggesting a partial contribution of the kidney to the lower urine osmolality. The abundance and responses of the vasopressin V2 receptor, AQP3, NHE3, NKCC2, NCC, H+-ATPase, αENaC, γENaC or Na+/K+-ATPase were not significantly different between genotypes. In summary, these results demonstrate that Cx37 is important for body water handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiang Xue
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Linto Thomas
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jessica A. Dominguez Rieg
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | | | - Timo Rieg
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
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Biesalski HK. Vitamin D deficiency and co-morbidities in COVID-19 patients – A fatal relationship? NFS JOURNAL 2020. [PMCID: PMC7276229 DOI: 10.1016/j.nfs.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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8
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Grundmann SM, Schutkowski A, Schreier B, Rabe S, König B, Gekle M, Stangl GI. Vitamin D Receptor Deficiency Does Not Affect Blood Pressure and Heart Function. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1118. [PMID: 31555149 PMCID: PMC6727788 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is thought to play a role in blood pressure regulation, which in turn can influence cardiovascular risk. Several meta-analyses of cohort studies found low serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D to be associated with increased blood pressure or increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the general population. Active vitamin D mediates its function via the vitamin D receptor (Vdr), which is a ligand-activated transcription factor. A suitable model to examine the causal role of vitamin D in blood pressure regulation and heart function is the Vdr knockout (Vdr–/–) mouse. To elucidate the role of vitamin D on blood pressure, heart function, and cardiac myocyte size, we conducted a long-term study using Vdr–/– mice and well-defined diets. Group 1 comprised Vdr–/– mice that received a high-calcium, high-phosphorus rescue diet to prevent hypocalcemia and a rickets phenotype. Groups 2 and 3 included Vdr+/+ mice that were fed either the rescue diet or a control diet containing normal amounts of these minerals. As Vdr is a nuclear factor that regulates transcription, we analyzed the renal mRNA expression and serum concentration of renin and found that the Vdr–/– group had an almost 50% higher renin mRNA expression in the kidney compared to both groups of Vdr+/+ mice. Additionally, serum concentration of renin in Vdr–/– mice was significantly higher than that of Vdr+/+ mice that received the rescue or control diet (+ 17%,+ 32%; P < 0.05). In contrast, renin activity was lower in Vdr–/– mice than in both groups of Vdr+/+ mice (P < 0.05). However, blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac myocyte sizes, and the expression of renal renin receptor, hepatic angiotensinogen and angiotensin II receptor, type 1, in kidney, liver and heart, did not differ between the three groups of mice. Additionally, data from transthoracic echocardiography did not indicate the role of Vdr on heart function, as the left ventricular ejection fraction, fractional shortening, and velocity of blood flow were comparable between the three groups. To conclude, the roles of Vdr and therefore most probably of vitamin D, in blood pressure regulation and heart function, were not confirmed by our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Grundmann
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexandra Schutkowski
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Barbara Schreier
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Julius Bernstein Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sindy Rabe
- Julius Bernstein Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Bettina König
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Gekle
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Julius Bernstein Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Gabriele I Stangl
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Vitamin D Regulates the Expressions of AQP-1 and AQP-4 in Mice Kidneys. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:3027036. [PMID: 30809535 PMCID: PMC6369492 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3027036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Aim Vitamin D plays an important role in water and salt homeostasis. The aim of our study was to investigate the underlying relationship of Vitamin D and Aquaporins (AQP). Methods The behaviors of 1α (OH)-ase knockout mice and wild type mice were observed before analysis. The ICR mice were treated with vehicle or paricalcitol, a vitamin D analogue, followed by animals receiving a standard diet and free access to drinking water either with aliskiren (renin blocker; 37.5 mg aliskiren in 100 ml water), or telmisartan (a angiotensin II type I receptor blocker; 40 mg telmisartan in 100 ml water) a week before study. The expressions of AQP-1, AQP-4, and renin in mice kidneys were detected by western bolting, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. Results Diuresis and polydipsia were observed in 1α (OH)-ase knockout mice, and a decreased water intake and urine output in ICR mice was observed after paricalcitol treatment. Compared with wild type, the AQP-1 expressions were increased in renal papilla and AQP-4 expressions were decreased in renal proximal tubule of 1α(OH) ase knockout mice. In addition, AQP-1 was decreased in renal papilla and AQP-4 expressions were increased in proximal tubule by suppressing renin activity or supplement of Vitamin D analogue. After injecting renin into the lateral ventricle of the 1α(OH)ase knockout mice, the renin expression level was decreased in the kidney, followed by the decrease of AQP-1 in renal papilla and increase of AQP-4 in proximal tubule. Conclusions Overall, Vitamin D and renin inhibitors have synergistic effects in regulating water channels in mice kidneys.
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de Almeida LF, Coimbra TM. When Less or More Isn't Enough: Renal Maldevelopment Arising From Disequilibrium in the Renin-Angiotensin System. Front Pediatr 2019; 7:296. [PMID: 31380328 PMCID: PMC6650528 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental and nutritional factors during fetal and neonatal life can have long-lasting effects on renal functions and physiology and susceptibility to kidney disease in adulthood. All components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) are highly expressed in the kidneys during the period of renal development. The RAS plays a central role in the regulation of various cellular growth factors and stimulates adhesion molecules and cellular migration. The use of antagonists of this system during fetal development represents a major risk factor for hypertension, renal vascular dysfunction, and kidney medulla atrophy in adulthood. The inappropriate activation of the RAS by vitamin D (VitD) deficiency has been studied in recent years. Clinical and experimental studies have demonstrated an inverse relationship between circulating VitD levels and blood pressure, plasma and renin activity, and an increase in angiotensin II and the receptor AT1. These data raise new questions about the importance of the integrity of the RAS during development since RAS pathway inhibitors and VitD deficiency have opposing functions. This is a literature review on the possible mechanisms by which antagonists of the RAS and VitD deficiency during fetal development provoke disturbances in kidney structure and function. Potential mechanisms are presented and discussed, and the possible pathways by which an imbalanced maternal RAS may negatively impact fetal development and have consequences in adulthood are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Ferreira de Almeida
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Terezila Machado Coimbra
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Zhang W, Chen L, Zhang L, Xiao M, Ding J, Goltzman D, Miao D. Administration of exogenous 1,25(OH)2D3 normalizes overactivation of the central renin-angiotensin system in 1α(OH)ase knockout mice. Neurosci Lett 2015; 588:184-9. [PMID: 25576706 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we reported that active vitamin D deficiency in mice causes secondary hypertension and cardiac dysfunction, but the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. To clarify whether exogenous active vitamin D rescues hypertension by normalizing the altered central renin-angiotensin system (RAS) via an antioxidative stress mechanism, 1-alpha-hydroxylase [1α(OH)ase] knockout mice [1α(OH)ase(-/-)] and their wild-type littermates were fed a normal diet alone or with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], or a high-calcium, high-phosphorus "rescue" diet with or without antioxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) supplementation for 4 weeks. Compared with their wild-type littermates, 1α(OH)ase(-/-)mice had high mean arterial pressure, increased levels of renin, angiotensin II (Ang II), and Ang II type 1 receptor, and increased malondialdehyde levels, but decreased anti-peroxiredoxin I and IV proteins and the antioxidative genes glutathione reductase (Gsr) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (Gpx4) in the brain samples. Except Ang II type 1 receptor, these pathophysiological changes were rescued by exogenous 1,25(OH)2D3 or NAC plus rescue diet, but not by rescue diet alone. We conclude that 1,25(OH)2D3 normalizes the altered central RAS in 1α(OH)ase(-/-)mice, at least partially, through a central antioxidative mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, PR China; Department of Human Anatomy, Kangda College, Lianyungang, PR China
| | - Lulu Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, PR China
| | - Luqing Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, PR China.
| | - Ming Xiao
- Department of Human Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, PR China
| | - Jiong Ding
- Department of Human Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, PR China
| | - David Goltzman
- Calcium Research Laboratory, McGill University Health Center and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Dengshun Miao
- Department of Human Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, PR China
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12
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Li L, Zhou H, Yang X, Zhao L, Yu X. Relationships between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and nocturnal enuresis in five- to seven-year-old children. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99316. [PMID: 24911026 PMCID: PMC4050058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vitamin D has been recognized to contribute to various physiological processes. However, no study has investigated serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations in children with nocturnal enuresis (NE) in the English literature. Objective In the present study, serum 25(OH)D concentrations were measured in five- to seven-year-old children with NE and compared with those in non-enuretic children to investigate whether there was any relationship between 25(OH)D and NE as the first time in the literature. Design Two hundred forty-seven five- to seven-year-old children were recruited from Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were measured, and the structured questionnaire was administered to the parents of all children. Low 25(OH)D was defined as serum 25(OH)D concentrations below 20 ng/ml. Results The prevalence of NE was 7.3% in the group of children with 25(OH)D concentrations that exceeded 20 ng/ml; this prevalence was much lower than the 17.5% observed in the group of children with 25(OH)D concentrations below 20 ng/ml (p<0.05). After adjusting for potential confounders, serum 25(OH)D (≥20 ng/ml) was significantly associated with NE and represented a protective factor against NE (OR = 0.31, 95%CI = 0.092, 1.0, P<0.05). A nonlinear relationship between 25(OH)D and NE was observed. The prevalence of NE decreased with increasing 25(OH)D concentrations above 19 ng/ml. Additionally, children exhibiting higher frequencies of bedwetting had lower 25(OH)D concentrations [5–7 times/week: 18.3±4.8; 2–4 times/week: 20.9±4.1; 0–1 times/week: 23.6±6.4 (ng/ml), P<0.05)]. Conclusions Low 25(OH)D was associated with an increased risk of NE in children aged five to seven years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luanluan Li
- MOE-Shanghai Key Lab of Children's Environmental Health, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huafei Zhou
- Taizhou Hospital at Luqiao, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xin Yang
- MOE-Shanghai Key Lab of Children's Environmental Health, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhao
- MOE-Shanghai Key Lab of Children's Environmental Health, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodan Yu
- MOE-Shanghai Key Lab of Children's Environmental Health, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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13
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Maternal vitamin D deficiency programmes adult renal renin gene expression and renal function. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2013; 4:368-76. [DOI: 10.1017/s2040174413000342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Renin is essential for renal development and in adult kidneys vitamin D deficiency increases renin gene expression. We aimed to determine whether maternal vitamin D deficiency upregulates fetal renal renin expression, and if this is sustained. We also examined growth and the long-term renal effects in offspring on a normal diet. Female Sprague–Dawley rats in UVB-free housing were fed either vitamin D deficient chow (DEF) or normal chow from 4 weeks and mated with vitamin D replete males at 10 weeks. Fetuses were collected at E20 or dams littered and the pups were weaned onto normal chow. Kidney mRNA levels for renin, (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR], transforming growth factor β 1 (TGF-β1), and nephrin were determined in E20 fetuses and in male offspring at 38 weeks. Renal function was assessed at 33 weeks (24 h, metabolic cage) in both sexes. Renal mRNA expression was upregulated for renin in fetuses (P< 0.05) and was almost doubled in adult male offspring from DEF dams (P< 0.05). Adult males had reduced creatinine clearance, solute excretion and a suppressed urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio (P< 0.05). Female adult DEF offspring drank more and excreted more urine (P< 0.05) but creatinine clearance was not impaired. We conclude that maternal vitamin D depletion upregulates fetal renal renin gene expression and this persists into adulthood where, in males only, there is evidence of sodium retention and compromised renal function. Importantly these effects occurred despite the animals being on a normal diet from the time of weaning onwards.
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Hisaki H, Matsuda J, Tadano-Aritomi K, Uchida S, Okinaga H, Miyagawa M, Tamamori-Adachi M, Iizuka M, Okazaki T. Primary polydipsia, but not accumulated ceramide, causes lethal renal damage in saposin D-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012; 303:F1049-59. [PMID: 22832923 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00047.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Saposin D-deficient (Sap-D(-/-)) mice develop polydipsia/polyuria and die prematurely due to renal failure with robust hydronephrosis. Such symptoms emerged when they were around 3 mo of age. To investigate the pathogenesis of their water mishandling, we attempted to limit water supply and followed sequential changes of physiological and biochemical parameters. We also analyzed renal histological changes at several time points. At 3 mo old just before water restriction challenge was started, their baseline arginine vasopressin level was comparable to the wild-type (WT) level. Twenty-four-hour water deprivation and desamino d-arginine vasopressin administration improved polydipsia and polyuria to certain degrees. However, creatinine concentrations in Sap-D(-/-) mice were significantly higher than those in WT mice, suggesting that some renal impairment already emerged in the affected mice at this age. Renal histological analyses revealed that renal tubules and collecting ducts were expanded after 3 mo old. After 6 mo old, vacuolar formation was observed, many inflammatory cells migrated around the ducts, and epithelial monolayer cells of tubular origin were replaced by plentiful cysts of various sizes. At 10∼12 mo old, severe cystic deformity appeared. On the other hand, 8-mo-long water restriction started at 4 mo old dramatically improved tubular damage and restored once-dampened amount of tubular aquaporin2 protein to the WT level. Furthermore, 10-mo-long water restriction ameliorated their renal function. Remarkably, by continuing water restriction thereafter, overall survival period became comparable with that of the WT. Together, polyuria, devastating renal tubular lesions, and renal failure were ameliorated by the mere 10-mo-long water restriction, which would trigger lethal dehydration if the disease were to be caused by any processes other than primary polydipsia. Our study demonstrates that long-term water restriction surely improved renal histopathological changes leading to prevention of premature death in Sap-D(-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harumi Hisaki
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Teikyo Univ. School of Medicine, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is a global health problem that has various adverse consequences. Vitamin D is mainly synthesized in the skin by sunlight (UV light) irradiation; therefore, vitamin D status is influenced by geographic locations, seasonal changes, and skin pigmentations. The kidney is involved in the biosynthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and the reuptake of filtered 25-hydroxyvitamin D from the proximal tubules, thus, vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in patients with kidney disease who have renal insufficiency. There is a growing body of epidemiological and clinical evidence in the literature that links vitamin D deficiency to cardiovascular disease. The discovery of the vitamin D hormone functioning as an endocrine inhibitor of the renin-angiotensin system provides an explanation for this association. This review will discuss the mechanism underlying the connection between vitamin D and cardiovascular disease and its physiological and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chun Li
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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16
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Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is a global health problem that has various adverse consequences. Vitamin D is mainly synthesized in the skin by sunlight (UV light) irradiation; therefore, vitamin D status is influenced by geographic locations, seasonal changes, and skin pigmentations. The kidney is involved in the biosynthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and the reuptake of filtered 25-hydroxyvitamin D from the proximal tubules, thus, vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in patients with kidney disease who have renal insufficiency. There is a growing body of epidemiological and clinical evidence in the literature that links vitamin D deficiency to cardiovascular disease. The discovery of the vitamin D hormone functioning as an endocrine inhibitor of the renin-angiotensin system provides an explanation for this association. This review will discuss the mechanism underlying the connection between vitamin D and cardiovascular disease and its physiological and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chun Li
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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17
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Neurosteroid vitamin D system as a nontraditional drug target in neuropsychopharmacology. Behav Pharmacol 2010; 21:420-6. [DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e32833c850f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kong J, Kim GH, Wei M, Sun T, Li G, Liu SQ, Li X, Bhan I, Zhao Q, Thadhani R, Li YC. Therapeutic effects of vitamin D analogs on cardiac hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:622-31. [PMID: 20616348 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.091292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D inhibits renin expression and blocks the compensatory induction of renin associated with the use of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors. Here we test the therapeutic effects of two commonly used vitamin D analogs and their combination with losartan on the development of left ventricular hypertrophy. One-month-old male spontaneously hypertensive rats were treated with vehicle, losartan, paricalcitol, doxercalciferol, a combination of losartan and paricalcitol, or a combination of losartan and doxercalciferol for 2 months. Blood pressure was markedly reduced by losartan, but not by paricalcitol or doxercalciferol alone. Echocardiograpy demonstrated a 65 to 80% reduction in left ventricular wall thickness with losartan, paricalcitol, or doxercalciferol monotherapy and almost complete prevention of left ventricular hypertrophy with the combination therapies. Attenuation of cardiac and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, and suppression of atrial and brain natriuretic peptides, were most marked in the combination therapy groups. These changes were well correlated with left ventricular gene and microRNA expression profiles in the different treatment groups. Renal and cardiac renin expression was markedly increased in losartan-treated animals, but nearly normalized with combination therapy. The same vitamin D analogs suppressed plasma renin activity in patients receiving chronic hemodialysis. These data demonstrate that vitamin D analogs have potent antihypertrophic activity in part via suppression of renin in the kidney and heart, and combination of these analogs with losartan achieves much better therapeutic effects because of the blockade of the compensatory renin increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Kong
- Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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