1
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Bannell TAK, Cockburn JJB. The molecular structure and function of fibrocystin, the key gene product implicated in autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD). Ann Hum Genet 2024; 88:58-75. [PMID: 37905714 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease is an early onset inherited hepatorenal disorder affecting around 1 in 20,000 births with no approved specific therapies. The disease is almost always caused by variations in the polycystic kidney and hepatic disease 1 gene, which encodes fibrocystin (FC), a very large, single-pass transmembrane glycoprotein found in primary cilia, urine and urinary exosomes. By comparison to proteins involved in autosomal dominant PKD, our structural and molecular understanding of FC has lagged far behind such that there are no published experimentally determined structures of any part of the protein. Bioinformatics analyses predict that the ectodomain contains a long chain of immunoglobulin-like plexin-transcription factor domains, a protective antigen 14 domain, a tandem G8-TMEM2 homology region and a sperm protein, enterokinase and agrin domain. Here we review current knowledge on the molecular function of the protein from a structural perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis A K Bannell
- Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Joseph J B Cockburn
- Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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2
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Walker RV, Yao Q, Xu H, Maranto A, Swaney KF, Ramachandran S, Li R, Cassina L, Polster BM, Outeda P, Boletta A, Watnick T, Qian F. Fibrocystin/Polyductin releases a C-terminal fragment that translocates into mitochondria and suppresses cystogenesis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6513. [PMID: 37845212 PMCID: PMC10579373 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrocystin/Polyductin (FPC), encoded by PKHD1, is associated with autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD), yet its precise role in cystogenesis remains unclear. Here we show that FPC undergoes complex proteolytic processing in developing kidneys, generating three soluble C-terminal fragments (ICDs). Notably, ICD15, contains a novel mitochondrial targeting sequence at its N-terminus, facilitating its translocation into mitochondria. This enhances mitochondrial respiration in renal epithelial cells, partially restoring impaired mitochondrial function caused by FPC loss. FPC inactivation leads to abnormal ultrastructural morphology of mitochondria in kidney tubules without cyst formation. Moreover, FPC inactivation significantly exacerbates renal cystogenesis and triggers severe pancreatic cystogenesis in a Pkd1 mouse mutant Pkd1V/V in which cleavage of Pkd1-encoded Polycystin-1 at the GPCR Proteolysis Site is blocked. Deleting ICD15 enhances renal cystogenesis without inducing pancreatic cysts in Pkd1V/V mice. These findings reveal a direct link between FPC and a mitochondrial pathway through ICD15 cleavage, crucial for cystogenesis mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca V Walker
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Qin Yao
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hangxue Xu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anthony Maranto
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kristen F Swaney
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sreekumar Ramachandran
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Mechanobiology Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Laura Cassina
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Brian M Polster
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma, and Anesthesiology Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Patricia Outeda
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alessandra Boletta
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Terry Watnick
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Feng Qian
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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3
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Ishimoto Y, Menezes LF, Zhou F, Yoshida T, Komori T, Qiu J, Young MF, Lu H, Potapova S, Outeda P, Watnick T, Germino GG. A novel ARPKD mouse model with near-complete deletion of the Polycystic Kidney and Hepatic Disease 1 (Pkhd1) genomic locus presents with multiple phenotypes but not renal cysts. Kidney Int 2023; 104:611-616. [PMID: 37419448 PMCID: PMC10529617 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2023.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ishimoto
- Polycystic Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Luis F Menezes
- Polycystic Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| | - Fang Zhou
- Polycystic Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Teruhiko Yoshida
- Polycystic Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Taishi Komori
- Molecular Biology of Bones and Teeth Section, Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), National Institutes of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jiahe Qiu
- Polycystic Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Marian F Young
- Molecular Biology of Bones and Teeth Section, Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), National Institutes of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Huiyan Lu
- Mouse Transgenic Core Facility, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Svetlana Potapova
- Mouse Transgenic Core Facility, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Patricia Outeda
- Division of Nephrology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Terry Watnick
- Division of Nephrology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gregory G Germino
- Polycystic Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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4
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Yang C, Harafuji N, Caldovic L, Yu W, Boddu R, Bhattacharya S, Barseghyan H, Gordish-Dressman H, Foreman O, Bebok Z, Eicher EM, Guay-Woodford LM. Pkhd1 cyli/cyli mice have altered renal Pkhd1 mRNA processing and hormonally sensitive liver disease. J Mol Med (Berl) 2023; 101:1141-1151. [PMID: 37584738 PMCID: PMC10482757 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-023-02351-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal-recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD; MIM #263200) is a severe, hereditary, hepato-renal fibrocystic disorder that causes early childhood morbidity and mortality. Mutations in the polycystic kidney and hepatic disease 1 (PKHD1) gene, which encodes the protein fibrocystin/polyductin complex (FPC), cause all typical forms of ARPKD. Several mouse lines carrying diverse, genetically engineered disruptions in the orthologous Pkhd1 gene have been generated, but none expresses the classic ARPKD renal phenotype. In the current study, we characterized a spontaneous mouse Pkhd1 mutation that is transmitted as a recessive trait and causes cysticliver (cyli), similar to the hepato-biliary disease in ARPKD, but which is exacerbated by age, sex, and parity. We mapped the mutation to Chromosome 1 and determined that an insertion/deletion mutation causes a frameshift within Pkhd1 exon 48, which is predicted to result in a premature termination codon (UGA). Pkhd1cyli/cyli (cyli) mice exhibit a severe liver pathology but lack renal disease. Further analysis revealed that several alternatively spliced Pkhd1 mRNA, all containing exon 48, were expressed in cyli kidneys, but in lower abundance than in wild-type kidneys, suggesting that these transcripts escaped from nonsense-mediated decay (NMD). We identified an AAAAAT motif in exon 48 upstream of the cyli mutation which could enable ribosomal frameshifting, thus potentially allowing production of sufficient amounts of FPC for renoprotection. This mechanism, expressed in a species-specific fashion, may help explain the disparities in the renal phenotype observed between Pkhd1 mutant mice and patients with PKHD1-related disease. KEY MESSAGES: The Pkhd1cyli/cyli mouse expresses cystic liver disease, but no kidney phenotype. Pkhd1 mRNA expression is decreased in cyli liver and kidneys compared to wild-type. Ribosomal frameshifting may be responsible for Pkhd1 mRNA escape from NMD. Pkhd1 mRNA escape from NMD could contribute to the absent kidney phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaozhe Yang
- Center for Translational Research, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Naoe Harafuji
- Center for Translational Research, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Ljubica Caldovic
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
- Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Weiying Yu
- Center for Translational Research, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Ravindra Boddu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Surajit Bhattacharya
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Hayk Barseghyan
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
- Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Heather Gordish-Dressman
- Center for Translational Research, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Oded Foreman
- Genentech USA, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
- Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Zsuzsa Bebok
- Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Eva M Eicher
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA
| | - Lisa M Guay-Woodford
- Center for Translational Research, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC, 20010, USA.
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC, 20010, USA.
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA.
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Lea WA, Winklhofer T, Zelenchuk L, Sharma M, Rossol-Allison J, Fields TA, Reif G, Calvet JP, Bakeberg JL, Wallace DP, Ward CJ. Polycystin-1 Interacting Protein-1 (CU062) Interacts with the Ectodomain of Polycystin-1 (PC1). Cells 2023; 12:2166. [PMID: 37681898 PMCID: PMC10487028 DOI: 10.3390/cells12172166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The PKD1 gene, encoding protein polycystin-1 (PC1), is responsible for 85% of cases of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). PC1 has been shown to be present in urinary exosome-like vesicles (PKD-ELVs) and lowered in individuals with germline PKD1 mutations. A label-free mass spectrometry comparison of urinary PKD-ELVs from normal individuals and those with PKD1 mutations showed that several proteins were reduced to a degree that matched the decrease observed in PC1 levels. Some of these proteins, such as polycystin-2 (PC2), may be present in a higher-order multi-protein assembly with PC1-the polycystin complex (PCC). CU062 (Q9NYP8) is decreased in ADPKD PKD-ELVs and, thus, is a candidate PCC component. CU062 is a small glycoprotein with a signal peptide but no transmembrane domain and can oligomerize with itself and interact with PC1. We investigated the localization of CU062 together with PC1 and PC2 using immunofluorescence (IF). In nonconfluent cells, all three proteins were localized in close proximity to focal adhesions (FAs), retraction fibers (RFs), and RF-associated extracellular vesicles (migrasomes). In confluent cells, primary cilia had PC1/PC2/CU062 + extracellular vesicles adherent to their plasma membrane. In cells exposed to mitochondrion-decoupling agents, we detected the development of novel PC1/CU062 + ring-like structures that entrained swollen mitochondria. In contact-inhibited cells under mitochondrial stress, PC1, PC2, and CU062 were observed on large, apically budding extracellular vesicles, where the proteins formed a reticular network on the membrane. CU062 interacts with PC1 and may have a role in the identification of senescent mitochondria and their extrusion in extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy A. Lea
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Mail Stop 3018, KS 66160, USA (D.P.W.)
| | - Thomas Winklhofer
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Mail Stop 3018, KS 66160, USA (D.P.W.)
| | - Lesya Zelenchuk
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Mail Stop 3018, KS 66160, USA (D.P.W.)
| | - Madhulika Sharma
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Mail Stop 3018, KS 66160, USA (D.P.W.)
| | | | - Timothy A. Fields
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Mail Stop 3062, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Gail Reif
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Mail Stop 3018, KS 66160, USA (D.P.W.)
| | - James P. Calvet
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Mail Stop 3018, KS 66160, USA (D.P.W.)
| | - Jason L. Bakeberg
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Mail Stop 3018, KS 66160, USA (D.P.W.)
| | - Darren P. Wallace
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Mail Stop 3018, KS 66160, USA (D.P.W.)
| | - Christopher J. Ward
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Mail Stop 3018, KS 66160, USA (D.P.W.)
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Adams DE, Heuer LS, Rojas M, Zhang W, Ridgway WM. Mutated Pkhd1 alone is sufficient to cause autoimmune biliary disease on the nonobese diabetic (NOD) genetic background. Immunogenetics 2023; 75:27-37. [PMID: 36097289 PMCID: PMC9468241 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-022-01276-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that nonobese diabetic (NOD) congenic mice (NOD.c3c4 mice) developed an autoimmune biliary disease (ABD) with similarities to human primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), including anti-mitochondrial antibodies and organ-specific biliary lymphocytic infiltrates. We narrowed the possible contributory regions in a novel NOD.Abd3 congenic mouse to a B10 congenic region on chromosome 1 ("Abd3") and a mutated Pkhd1 gene (Pkhd1del36-67) upstream from Abd3, and we showed via backcrossing studies that the NOD genetic background was necessary for disease. Here, we show that NOD.Abd3 mice develop anti-PDC-E2 autoantibodies at high levels, and that placing the chromosome 1 interval onto a scid background eliminates disease, demonstrating the critical role of the adaptive immune system in pathogenesis. While the NOD genetic background is essential for disease, it was still unclear which of the two regions in the Abd3 locus were necessary and sufficient for disease. Here, using a classic recombinant breeding approach, we prove that the mutated Pkhd1del36-67 alone, on the NOD background, causes ABD. Further characterization of the mutant sequence demonstrated that the Pkhd1 gene is disrupted by an ETnII-beta retrotransposon inserted in intron 35 in an anti-sense orientation. Homozygous Pkhd1 mutations significantly affect viability, with the offspring skewed away from a Mendelian distribution towards NOD Pkhd1 homozygous or heterozygous genotypes. Cell-specific abnormalities, on a susceptible genetic background, can therefore induce an organ-specific autoimmunity directed to the affected cells. Future work will aim to characterize how mutant Pkhd1 can cause such an autoimmune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Adams
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Luke S Heuer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sacramento VA Medical Center, VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA, 95655, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Manuel Rojas
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Doctoral Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Weici Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sacramento VA Medical Center, VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA, 95655, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - William M Ridgway
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sacramento VA Medical Center, VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA, 95655, USA.
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Dorison A, Forbes TA, Little MH. What can we learn from kidney organoids? Kidney Int 2022; 102:1013-1029. [PMID: 35970244 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2022.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ability to generate 3-dimensional models of the developing human kidney via the directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells-termed kidney organoids-has been hailed as a major advance in experimental nephrology. Although these provide an opportunity to interrogate human development, model-specific kidney diseases facilitate drug screening and even deliver bioengineered tissue; most of these prophetic end points remain to be realized. Indeed, at present we are still finding out what we can learn and what we cannot learn from this approach. In this review, we will summarize the approaches available to generate models of the human kidney from stem cells, the existing successful applications of kidney organoids, their limitations, and remaining challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Dorison
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas A Forbes
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Nephrology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melissa H Little
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Cooper SA, Dick CJ, Misra P, Leung N, Schinstock CA, Ramirez-Alvarado M. Pathologic light chain amyloidosis oligomer detection in urinary extracellular vesicles as a diagnostic tool for response and progression of disease. Front Oncol 2022; 12:978198. [PMID: 36267963 PMCID: PMC9577681 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.978198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Light Chain (AL) Amyloidosis is a plasma cell dyscrasia producing amyloidogenic light chains (LC) that misfold and form amyloid deposits that cause damage in vital organs, primarily the heart and kidneys. Urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) are nanoparticles produced by renal epithelial cells throughout the nephron. We previously showed that uEVs from active renal AL amyloidosis patients contain LC oligomers that are large (>250kDa), resistant to heat and chemical denaturation, but of low abundance. Renal dysfunction in AL amyloidosis results in high urine protein, compounding technical challenges to use uEVs as analytical tools. In this study, we assess the use of uEVs as analytical diagnostic tools for response and disease progression in AL amyloidosis. Our results suggest that uEV protein concentration, urine volume, and particle concentrations are not directly correlated. Multiple strategies for overcoming non-specific antibody binding in uEV samples were validated in our study. We demonstrated that the sensitivity for pre-clinical testing is improved with a urine sample requirement algorithm that we developed. The findings of our study will provide a pathway toward development of critically needed tools for patient management. Sensitive detection of LC oligomers from a non-invasive urine sample rather than an invasive renal biopsy will reduce patient burden and healthcare costs. The ability to detect LC oligomers in patients with renal progression, despite positive hematologic response; will allow clinicians to confidently treat, but not overtreat, patients at risk of ongoing significant renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawna A. Cooper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Christopher J. Dick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Pinaki Misra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Nelson Leung
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Carrie A. Schinstock
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Marina Ramirez-Alvarado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- *Correspondence: Marina Ramirez-Alvarado,
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9
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Heidari M, Gharshasbi H, Isazadeh A, Soleyman-Nejad M, Taskhiri MH, Shapouri J, Bolhassani M, Sadighi N, Heidari M. Identification of Two Novel Mutations in PKHD1 Gene from Two Families with Polycystic Kidney Disease by Whole Exome Sequencing. Curr Genomics 2021; 22:232-236. [PMID: 34975292 PMCID: PMC8640847 DOI: 10.2174/1389202922666210219111810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is an autosomal recessive disorder resulting from mutations in the PKHD1 gene on chromosome 6 (6p12), a large gene spanning 470 kb of genomic DNA. Objective The aim of the present study was to report newly identified mutations in the PKHD1 gene in two Iranian families with PKD. Materials and Methods Genetic alterations of a 3-month-old boy and a 27-year-old girl with PKD were evaluated using whole-exome sequencing. The PCR direct sequencing was performed to analyse the co-segregation of the variants with the disease in the family. Finally, the molecular function of the identified novel mutations was evaluated by in silico study. Results In the 3 month-old boy, a novel homozygous frameshift mutation was detected in the PKHD1 gene, which can cause PKD. Moreover, we identified three novel heterozygous missense mutations in ATIC, VPS13B, and TP53RK genes. In the 27-year-old woman, with two recurrent abortions history and two infant mortalities at early weeks due to metabolic and/or renal disease, we detected a novel missense mutation on PKHD1 gene and a novel mutation in ETFDH gene. Conclusion In general, we have identified two novel mutations in the PKHD1 gene. These molecular findings can help accurately correlate genotype and phenotype in families with such disease in order to reduce patient births through preoperative genetic diagnosis or better management of disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Heidari
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Gharshasbi
- Department of Genetics, Tabriz Branch Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Isazadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | | | - Javad Shapouri
- Pediatric Clinical Research and Development Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | | | - Nahid Sadighi
- Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center (ADIR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansour Heidari
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
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10
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Yang C, Harafuji N, O'Connor AK, Kesterson RA, Watts JA, Majmundar AJ, Braun DA, Lek M, Laricchia KM, Fathy HM, Mane S, Shril S, Hildebrandt F, Guay-Woodford LM. Cystin genetic variants cause autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease associated with altered Myc expression. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18274. [PMID: 34521872 PMCID: PMC8440558 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97046-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation of the Cys1 gene underlies the renal cystic disease in the Cys1cpk/cpk (cpk) mouse that phenocopies human autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD). Cystin, the protein product of Cys1, is expressed in the primary apical cilia of renal ductal epithelial cells. In previous studies, we showed that cystin regulates Myc expression via interaction with the tumor suppressor, necdin. Here, we demonstrate rescue of the cpk renal phenotype by kidney-specific expression of a cystin-GFP fusion protein encoded by a transgene integrated into the Rosa26 locus. In addition, we show that expression of the cystin-GFP fusion protein in collecting duct cells down-regulates expression of Myc in cpk kidneys. Finally, we report the first human patient with an ARPKD phenotype due to homozygosity for a deleterious splicing variant in CYS1. These findings suggest that mutations in Cys1/CYS1 cause an ARPKD phenotype in mouse and human, respectively, and that the renal cystic phenotype in the mouse is driven by overexpression of the Myc proto-oncogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaozhe Yang
- Center for Translational Research, Children's National Research Institute, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Naoe Harafuji
- Center for Translational Research, Children's National Research Institute, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Amber K O'Connor
- Center for Translational Research, Children's National Research Institute, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Robert A Kesterson
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Jacob A Watts
- Center for Translational Research, Children's National Research Institute, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Amar J Majmundar
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Daniela A Braun
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Monkol Lek
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kristen M Laricchia
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hanan M Fathy
- Alexandria Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Shrikant Mane
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Center for Mendelian Genomics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shirlee Shril
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Lisa M Guay-Woodford
- Center for Translational Research, Children's National Research Institute, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20010, USA.
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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11
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Molecular Pathophysiology of Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126523. [PMID: 34204582 PMCID: PMC8235086 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) is a rare disorder and one of the most severe forms of polycystic kidney disease, leading to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in childhood. PKHD1 is the gene that is responsible for the vast majority of ARPKD. However, some cases have been related to a new gene that was recently identified (DZIP1L gene), as well as several ciliary genes that can mimic a ARPKD-like phenotypic spectrum. In addition, a number of molecular pathways involved in the ARPKD pathogenesis and progression were elucidated using cellular and animal models. However, the function of the ARPKD proteins and the molecular mechanism of the disease currently remain incompletely understood. Here, we review the clinics, treatment, genetics, and molecular basis of ARPKD, highlighting the most recent findings in the field.
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12
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Molinari E, Srivastava S, Dewhurst RM, Sayer JA. Use of patient derived urine renal epithelial cells to confirm pathogenicity of PKHD1 alleles. BMC Nephrol 2020; 21:435. [PMID: 33059616 PMCID: PMC7559414 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-020-02094-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background PKHD1 is the main genetic cause of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD), a hereditary hepato-renal fibrocystic disorder which is the most important cause of end-stage renal disease during early childhood. ARPKD can also present in adulthood with milder phenotypes. In this study, we describe a 24-year-old woman with atypical polycystic kidney, no family history of renal disease and no obvious extra-renal manifestations who was referred for genetic investigation. Methods We used a combination of next generation sequencing, Sanger sequencing and RNA and microscopy studies performed on urine-derived renal epithelial cells (URECs) to provide a genetic diagnosis of ARPKD. Results A next generation sequencing panel of cystic ciliopathy genes allowed the identification of two heterozygous sequence changes in PKHD1 (c.6900C > T; p.(Asn2300=) and c.7964A > C; p.(His2655Pro)). The pathogenicity of the synonymous PKHD1 variant is not clear and requires RNA studies, which cannot be carried out efficiently on RNA extracted from proband blood, due to the low expression levels of PKHD1 in lymphocytes. Using URECs as a source of kidney-specific RNA, we show that PKHD1 is alternatively spliced around exon 43, both in control and proband URECs. The variant p.(Asn2300=) shifts the expression ratio in favour of a shorter, out-of-frame transcript. To further study the phenotypic consequence of these variants, we investigated the ciliary phenotype of patient URECs, which were abnormally elongated and presented multiple blebs along the axoneme. Conclusions We confirm the power of URECs as a tool for functional studies on candidate variants in inherited renal disease, especially when the expression of the gene of interest is restricted to the kidney and we describe, for the first time, ciliary abnormalities in ARPKD patient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Molinari
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Shalabh Srivastava
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Rebecca M Dewhurst
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - John A Sayer
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK. .,Renal Services, The Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE7 7DN, UK. .,NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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13
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Hu J, Harris PC. Regulation of polycystin expression, maturation and trafficking. Cell Signal 2020; 72:109630. [PMID: 32275942 PMCID: PMC7269868 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The major autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) genes, PKD1 and PKD2, are wildly expressed at the organ and tissue level. PKD1 encodes polycystin 1 (PC1), a large membrane associated receptor-like protein that can complex with the PKD2 product, PC2. Various cellular locations have been described for both PC1, including the plasma membrane and extracellular vesicles, and PC2, especially the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), but compelling evidence indicates that the primary cilium, a sensory organelle, is the key site for the polycystin complex to prevent PKD. As with other membrane proteins, the ER biogenesis pathway is key to appropriately folding, performing quality control, and exporting fully folded PC1 to the Golgi apparatus. There is a requirement for binding with PC2 and cleavage of PC1 at the GPS for this folding and export to occur. Six different monogenic defects in this pathway lead to cystic disease development, with PC1 apparently particularly sensitive to defects in this general protein processing pathway. Trafficking of membrane proteins, and the polycystins in particular, through the Golgi to the primary cilium have been analyzed in detail, but at this time, there is no clear consensus on a ciliary targeting sequence required to export proteins to the cilium. After transitioning though the trans-Golgi network, polycystin-bearing vesicles are likely sorted to early or recycling endosomes and then transported to the ciliary base, possibly via docking to transition fibers (TF). The membrane-bound polycystin complex then undergoes facilitated trafficking through the transition zone, the diffusion barrier at the base of the cilium, before entering the cilium. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) may be involved in moving the polycystins along the cilia, but data also indicates other mechanisms. The ciliary polycystin complex can be ubiquitinated and removed from cilia by internalization at the ciliary base and may be sent back to the plasma membrane for recycling or to lysosomes for degradation. Monogenic defects in processes regulating the protein composition of cilia are associated with syndromic disorders involving many organ systems, reflecting the pleotropic role of cilia during development and for tissue maintenance. Many of these ciliopathies have renal involvement, likely because of faulty polycystin signaling from cilia. Understanding the expression, maturation and trafficking of the polycystins helps understand PKD pathogenesis and suggests opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Peter C Harris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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14
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Fibrocystin Is Essential to Cellular Control of Adhesion and Epithelial Morphogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145140. [PMID: 32698519 PMCID: PMC7404311 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of the Pkhd1 gene cause autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD). Pkhd1 encodes fibrocystin/polyductin (FPC), a ciliary type I membrane protein of largely unknown function, suggested to affect adhesion signaling of cells. Contributions of epithelial cell adhesion and contractility to the disease process are elusive. Here, we link loss of FPC to defective epithelial morphogenesis in 3D cell culture and altered cell contact formation. We study Pkhd1-silenced Madin-Darby Canine Kidney II (MDCKII) cells using an epithelial morphogenesis assay based on micropatterned glass coverslips. The assay allows analysis of cell adhesion, polarity and lumen formation of epithelial spheroids. Pkhd1 silencing critically affects the initial phase of the morphogenesis assay, leading to a reduction of correctly polarized spheroids by two thirds. Defects are characterized by altered cell adhesion and centrosome positioning of FPC-deficient cells in their 1-/2-cell stages. When myosin II inhibitor is applied to reduce cellular tension during the critical early phase of the assay, Pkhd1 silencing no longer inhibits formation of correctly polarized epithelia. We propose that altered sensing and cell interaction of FPC-deficient epithelial cells promote progressive epithelial defects in ARPKD.
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15
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Cilia and polycystic kidney disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 110:139-148. [PMID: 32475690 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD), comprising autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD), is characterized by incessant cyst formation in the kidney and liver. ADPKD and ARPKD represent the leading genetic causes of renal disease in adults and children, respectively. ADPKD is caused by mutations in PKD1 encoding polycystin1 (PC1) and PKD2 encoding polycystin 2 (PC2). PC1/2 are multi-pass transmembrane proteins that form a complex localized in the primary cilium. Predominant ARPKD cases are caused by mutations in polycystic kidney and hepatic disease 1 (PKHD1) gene that encodes the Fibrocystin/Polyductin (FPC) protein, whereas a small subset of cases are caused by mutations in DAZ interacting zinc finger protein 1 like (DZIP1L) gene. FPC is a type I transmembrane protein, localizing to the cilium and basal body, in addition to other compartments, and DZIP1L encodes a transition zone/basal body protein. Apparently, PC1/2 and FPC are signaling molecules, while the mechanism that cilia employ to govern renal tubule morphology and prevent cyst formation is unclear. Nonetheless, recent genetic and biochemical studies offer a glimpse of putative physiological malfunctions and the pathomechanisms underlying both disease entities. In this review, I summarize the results of genetic studies that deduced the function of PC1/2 on cilia and of cilia themselves in cyst formation in ADPKD, and I discuss studies regarding regulation of polycystin biogenesis and cilia trafficking. I also summarize the synergistic genetic interactions between Pkd1 and Pkhd1, and the unique tissue patterning event controlled by FPC, but not PC1. Interestingly, while DZIP1L mutations generate compromised PC1/2 cilia expression, FPC deficiency does not affect PC1/2 biogenesis and ciliary localization, indicating that divergent mechanisms could lead to cyst formation in ARPKD. I conclude by outlining promising areas for future PKD research and highlight rationales for potential therapeutic interventions for PKD treatment.
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16
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Pazour GJ, Quarmby L, Smith AO, Desai PB, Schmidts M. Cilia in cystic kidney and other diseases. Cell Signal 2019; 69:109519. [PMID: 31881326 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells lining the ducts and tubules of the kidney nephron and collecting duct have a single non-motile cilium projecting from their surface into the lumen of the tubule. These organelles were long considered vestigial remnants left as a result of evolution from a ciliated ancestor, but we now recognize them as critical sensory antennae. In the kidney, the polycystins and fibrocystin, products of the major human polycystic kidney disease genes, localize to this organelle. The polycystins and fibrocystin, through an unknown mechanism, monitor the diameter of the kidney tubules and regulate the proliferation and differentiation of the cells lining the tubule. When the polycystins, fibrocystin or cilia themselves are defective, the cell perceives this as a pro-proliferative signal, which leads to tubule dilation and cystic disease. In addition to critical roles in preventing cyst formation in the kidney, cilia are also important in cystic and fibrotic diseases of the liver and pancreas, and ciliary defects lead to a variety of developmental abnormalities that cause structural birth defects in most organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Pazour
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Biotech II, Suite 213, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, United States of America.
| | - Lynne Quarmby
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Abigail O Smith
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Biotech II, Suite 213, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, United States of America
| | - Paurav B Desai
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Biotech II, Suite 213, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, United States of America
| | - Miriam Schmidts
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg University Faculty of Medicine, Mathildenstrasse 1, 79112 Freiburg, Germany.
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17
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Olson RJ, Hopp K, Wells H, Smith JM, Furtado J, Constans MM, Escobar DL, Geurts AM, Torres VE, Harris PC. Synergistic Genetic Interactions between Pkhd1 and Pkd1 Result in an ARPKD-Like Phenotype in Murine Models. J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 30:2113-2127. [PMID: 31427367 PMCID: PMC6830782 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019020150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) are genetically distinct, with ADPKD usually caused by the genes PKD1 or PKD2 (encoding polycystin-1 and polycystin-2, respectively) and ARPKD caused by PKHD1 (encoding fibrocystin/polyductin [FPC]). Primary cilia have been considered central to PKD pathogenesis due to protein localization and common cystic phenotypes in syndromic ciliopathies, but their relevance is questioned in the simple PKDs. ARPKD's mild phenotype in murine models versus in humans has hampered investigating its pathogenesis. METHODS To study the interaction between Pkhd1 and Pkd1, including dosage effects on the phenotype, we generated digenic mouse and rat models and characterized and compared digenic, monogenic, and wild-type phenotypes. RESULTS The genetic interaction was synergistic in both species, with digenic animals exhibiting phenotypes of rapidly progressive PKD and early lethality resembling classic ARPKD. Genetic interaction between Pkhd1 and Pkd1 depended on dosage in the digenic murine models, with no significant enhancement of the monogenic phenotype until a threshold of reduced expression at the second locus was breached. Pkhd1 loss did not alter expression, maturation, or localization of the ADPKD polycystin proteins, with no interaction detected between the ARPKD FPC protein and polycystins. RNA-seq analysis in the digenic and monogenic mouse models highlighted the ciliary compartment as a common dysregulated target, with enhanced ciliary expression and length changes in the digenic models. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that FPC and the polycystins work independently, with separate disease-causing thresholds; however, a combined protein threshold triggers the synergistic, cystogenic response because of enhanced dysregulation of primary cilia. These insights into pathogenesis highlight possible common therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory J Olson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Katharina Hopp
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Harrison Wells
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jessica M Smith
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jessica Furtado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, Minnesota
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - Megan M Constans
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Diana L Escobar
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Aron M Geurts
- Gene Editing Rat Resource Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Vicente E Torres
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Peter C Harris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, Minnesota;
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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18
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Abstract
Cystic kidneys are common causes of end-stage renal disease, both in children and in adults. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) are cilia-related disorders and the two main forms of monogenic cystic kidney diseases. ADPKD is a common disease that mostly presents in adults, whereas ARPKD is a rarer and often more severe form of polycystic kidney disease (PKD) that usually presents perinatally or in early childhood. Cell biological and clinical research approaches have expanded our knowledge of the pathogenesis of ADPKD and ARPKD and revealed some mechanistic overlap between them. A reduced 'dosage' of PKD proteins is thought to disturb cell homeostasis and converging signalling pathways, such as Ca2+, cAMP, mechanistic target of rapamycin, WNT, vascular endothelial growth factor and Hippo signalling, and could explain the more severe clinical course in some patients with PKD. Genetic diagnosis might benefit families and improve the clinical management of patients, which might be enhanced even further with emerging therapeutic options. However, many important questions about the pathogenesis of PKD remain. In this Primer, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of PKD and its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Bergmann
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Lisa M. Guay-Woodford
- Center for Translational Science, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Peter C. Harris
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Shigeo Horie
- Department of Urology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dorien J. M. Peters
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Vicente E. Torres
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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19
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Lea WA, Ward CJ. A new epitope-tagged Pkhd1 allele sheds light on fibrocystin signaling. Kidney Int 2018; 92:1041-1043. [PMID: 29055424 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Kidney International, Outeda et al. present a new epitope-tagged allele of murine Pkhd1 that allows the monitoring of functional fibrocystin in vivo from the extreme C-terminus of the molecule. This work also shows that the removal of two-thirds of the intracellular tail of fibrocystin does not result in cystogenesis in either the liver or kidney, with major implications for our understanding of Pkhd1 function and polycystic kidney disease in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy A Lea
- Department of Nephrology, The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute at the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Christopher J Ward
- Department of Nephrology, The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute at the University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA.
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20
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Jiang L, Fang P, Septer S, Apte U, Pritchard MT. Inhibition of Mast Cell Degranulation With Cromolyn Sodium Exhibits Organ-Specific Effects in Polycystic Kidney (PCK) Rats. Int J Toxicol 2018; 37:308-326. [PMID: 29862868 PMCID: PMC6027616 DOI: 10.1177/1091581818777754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) is a monogenic disease characterized by development of hepatorenal cysts, pericystic fibrosis, and inflammation. Previous studies show that mast cell (MC) mediators such as histamine induce proliferation of cholangiocytes. We observed robust MC accumulation around liver cysts, but not kidney cysts, in polycystic kidney (PCK) rats (an animal model of ARPKD). Therefore, we hypothesized that MCs contribute to hepatic cyst growth in ARPKD. To test this hypothesis, we treated PCK rats with 1 of 2 different MC stabilizers, cromolyn sodium (CS) or ketotifen, or saline. The CS treatment decreased MC degranulation in the liver and reduced serum tryptase (an MC granule component). Interestingly, we observed an increase in liver to body weight ratio after CS treatment paralleled by a significant increase in individual cyst size. Hepatic fibrosis was not affected by CS treatment. The CS treatment increased hepatic cyst wall epithelial cell (CWEC) proliferation and decreased cell death. Ketotifen treatment also increased hepatic cyst size. In vitro, CS treatment did not affect proliferation of isolated hepatic CWECs from PCK rats. In contrast, CS decreased kidney to body weight ratio paralleled by a significant decrease in individual cyst size. The percentage of kidney to body weight ratio was strongly correlated with serum renin (an MC granule component). Ketotifen did not affect kidney cyst growth. Collectively, these data suggest that CS affects hepatic and renal cyst growth differently in PCK rats. Moreover, CS may be beneficial to renal cystic disease but may exacerbate hepatic cyst growth in ARPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jiang
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Pingping Fang
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Seth Septer
- 2 Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Udayan Apte
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- 3 Liver Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- 4 The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Michele T Pritchard
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- 3 Liver Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- 4 The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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21
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Jiang L, Sun L, Edwards G, Manley M, Wallace DP, Septer S, Manohar C, Pritchard MT, Apte U. Increased YAP Activation Is Associated With Hepatic Cyst Epithelial Cell Proliferation in ARPKD/CHF. Gene Expr 2017; 17:313-326. [PMID: 28915934 PMCID: PMC5705408 DOI: 10.3727/105221617x15034976037343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease/congenital hepatic fibrosis (ARPKD/CHF) is a rare but fatal genetic disease characterized by progressive cyst development in the kidneys and liver. Liver cysts arise from aberrantly proliferative cholangiocytes accompanied by pericystic fibrosis and inflammation. Yes-associated protein (YAP), the downstream effector of the Hippo signaling pathway, is implicated in human hepatic malignancies such as hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, and hepatoblastoma, but its role in hepatic cystogenesis in ARPKD/CHF is unknown. We studied the role of the YAP in hepatic cyst development using polycystic kidney (PCK) rats, an orthologous model of ARPKD, and in human ARPKD/CHF patients. The liver cyst wall epithelial cells (CWECs) in PCK rats were highly proliferative and exhibited expression of YAP. There was increased expression of YAP target genes, Ccnd1 (cyclin D1) and Ctgf (connective tissue growth factor), in PCK rat livers. Extensive expression of YAP and its target genes was also detected in human ARPKD/CHF liver samples. Finally, pharmacological inhibition of YAP activity with verteporfin and short hairpin (sh) RNA-mediated knockdown of YAP expression in isolated liver CWECs significantly reduced their proliferation. These data indicate that increased YAP activity, possibly through dysregulation of the Hippo signaling pathway, is associated with hepatic cyst growth in ARPKD/CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jiang
- *Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Lina Sun
- *Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Genea Edwards
- *Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Michael Manley
- *Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Darren P. Wallace
- †Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- ‡The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Seth Septer
- §Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Chirag Manohar
- *Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Michele T. Pritchard
- *Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- ‡The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Udayan Apte
- *Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- ‡The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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22
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Huang W, Rainbow DB, Wu Y, Adams D, Shivakumar P, Kottyan L, Karns R, Aronow B, Bezerra J, Gershwin ME, Peterson LB, Wicker LS, Ridgway WM. A Novel Pkhd1 Mutation Interacts with the Nonobese Diabetic Genetic Background To Cause Autoimmune Cholangitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:147-162. [PMID: 29158418 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that NOD.c3c4 mice develop spontaneous autoimmune biliary disease (ABD) with anti-mitochondrial Abs, histopathological lesions, and autoimmune T lymphocytes similar to human primary biliary cholangitis. In this article, we demonstrate that ABD in NOD.c3c4 and related NOD ABD strains is caused by a chromosome 1 region that includes a novel mutation in polycystic kidney and hepatic disease 1 (Pkhd1). We show that a long terminal repeat element inserted into intron 35 exposes an alternative polyadenylation site, resulting in a truncated Pkhd1 transcript. A novel NOD congenic mouse expressing aberrant Pkhd1, but lacking the c3 and c4 chromosomal regions (NOD.Abd3), reproduces the immunopathological features of NOD ABD. RNA sequencing of NOD.Abd3 common bile duct early in disease demonstrates upregulation of genes involved in cholangiocyte injury/morphology and downregulation of immunoregulatory genes. Consistent with this, bone marrow chimera studies show that aberrant Pkhd1 must be expressed in the target tissue (cholangiocytes) and the immune system (bone marrow). Mutations of Pkhd1 produce biliary abnormalities in mice but have not been previously associated with autoimmunity. In this study, we eliminate clinical biliary disease by backcrossing this Pkhd1 mutation onto the C57BL/6 genetic background; thus, the NOD genetic background (which promotes autoimmunity) is essential for disease. We propose that loss of functional Pkhd1 on the NOD background produces early bile duct abnormalities, initiating a break in tolerance that leads to autoimmune cholangitis in NOD.Abd3 congenic mice. This model is important for understanding loss of tolerance to cholangiocytes and is relevant to the pathogenesis of several human cholangiopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Huang
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Daniel B Rainbow
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Center for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Yuehong Wu
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - David Adams
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Pranavkumar Shivakumar
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Leah Kottyan
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Rebekah Karns
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Bruce Aronow
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Jorge Bezerra
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616; and
| | | | - Linda S Wicker
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Center for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - William M Ridgway
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267;
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23
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Outeda P, Menezes L, Hartung EA, Bridges S, Zhou F, Zhu X, Xu H, Huang Q, Yao Q, Qian F, Germino GG, Watnick T. A novel model of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney questions the role of the fibrocystin C-terminus in disease mechanism. Kidney Int 2017; 92:1130-1144. [PMID: 28729032 PMCID: PMC6005173 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (OMIM 263200) is a serious condition of the kidney and liver caused by mutations in a single gene, PKHD1. This gene encodes fibrocystin/polyductin (FPC, PD1), a large protein shown by in vitro studies to undergo Notch-like processing. Its cytoplasmic tail, reported to include a ciliary targeting sequence, a nuclear localization signal, and a polycystin-2 binding domain, is thought to traffic to the nucleus after cleavage. We now report a novel mouse line with a triple HA-epitope "knocked-in" to the C-terminus along with lox P sites flanking exon 67, which encodes most of the C-terminus (Pkhd1Flox67HA). The triple HA-epitope has no functional effect as assayed by phenotype and allows in vivo tracking of Fibrocystin. We used the HA tag to identify previously predicted Fibrocystin cleavage products in tissue. In addition, we found that Polycystin-2 fails to co-precipitate with Fibrocystin in kidney samples. Immunofluorescence studies with anti-HA antibodies demonstrate that Fibrocystin is primarily present in a sub-apical location the in kidney, biliary duct, and pancreatic ducts, partially overlapping with the Golgi. In contrast to previous studies, the endogenous protein in the primary cilia was not detectable in mouse tissues. After Cre-mediated deletion, homozygous Pkhd1Δ67 mice are completely normal. Thus, Pkhd1Flox67HA is a valid model to track Pkhd1-derived products containing the C-terminus. Significantly, exon 67 containing the nuclear localization signal and the polycystin-2 binding domain is not essential for Fibrocystin function in our model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Outeda
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Luis Menezes
- Kidney Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Erum A Hartung
- Division of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stacey Bridges
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Fang Zhou
- Kidney Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Xianjun Zhu
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Study, Sichuan Academy of Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital Chengdue, Sichuan, China
| | - Hangxue Xu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Qiong Huang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Qin Yao
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Feng Qian
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gregory G Germino
- Kidney Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| | - Terry Watnick
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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24
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The Role of Early Diagnosis of Hepatorenal Cystic (HRC) Syndrome in Children-Clinical Trial. CURRENT HEALTH SCIENCES JOURNAL 2017; 43:355-360. [PMID: 30595903 PMCID: PMC6286451 DOI: 10.12865/chsj.43.04.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The hepatorenal cystic (HRC) syndrome is a heterogeneous group of severe monogenic conditions that may be detected before birth. Effective programme evaluation of children with HRC syndrome is a systematic way to identify the renal and urinary tract malformations which represent the most common cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). We conducted a study involving 50 patients, who were between 3 months and 16 years of age, with multiple admissions in the Nephrology Department of “Maria Sklodowska Curie” Children Emergency Hospital from Bucharest, during 6 years (April 14th 2010-October 24th 2016), to evaluate the HRC syndrome. The admission symptomatology was mainly represented by the nephrology evaluation which was essential in the management of children’s polycystic kidney disease. For example, a premature infant (gestational age=32 weeks) with positive heredo-collateral history (mother and grandmother were diagnosed with polycystic kidney disease), was tested positive for cystic renal disease after the fetal morphology was performed. It was also done a genetic determination for the presence of PKD1 and PKD2 mutations which are specific to autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease-ADPKD. However, the genetic test was negative and a postnatal nephrological evaluation was performed using renal ultrasound. The image revealed autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease-ARPKD. This study emphasizes the importance of an early diagnosis (prenatal, neontal, postnatal) correlated with the admission symptoms and also with the genetic diagnosis (mutations of PKD1 and PKD2).
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25
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Lu H, Galeano MCR, Ott E, Kaeslin G, Kausalya PJ, Kramer C, Ortiz-Brüchle N, Hilger N, Metzis V, Hiersche M, Tay SY, Tunningley R, Vij S, Courtney AD, Whittle B, Wühl E, Vester U, Hartleben B, Neuber S, Frank V, Little MH, Epting D, Papathanasiou P, Perkins AC, Wright GD, Hunziker W, Gee HY, Otto EA, Zerres K, Hildebrandt F, Roy S, Wicking C, Bergmann C. Mutations in DZIP1L, which encodes a ciliary-transition-zone protein, cause autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease. Nat Genet 2017; 49:1025-1034. [PMID: 28530676 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD), usually considered to be a genetically homogeneous disease caused by mutations in PKHD1, has been associated with ciliary dysfunction. Here, we describe mutations in DZIP1L, which encodes DAZ interacting protein 1-like, in patients with ARPKD. We further validated these findings through loss-of-function studies in mice and zebrafish. DZIP1L localizes to centrioles and to the distal ends of basal bodies, and interacts with septin2, a protein implicated in maintenance of the periciliary diffusion barrier at the ciliary transition zone. In agreement with a defect in the diffusion barrier, we found that the ciliary-membrane translocation of the PKD proteins polycystin-1 and polycystin-2 is compromised in DZIP1L-mutant cells. Together, these data provide what is, to our knowledge, the first conclusive evidence that ARPKD is not a homogeneous disorder and further establish DZIP1L as a second gene involved in ARPKD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore
| | - Maria C Rondón Galeano
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Elisabeth Ott
- Department of Medicine IV, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Geraldine Kaeslin
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Carina Kramer
- Department of Medicine IV, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Nadescha Hilger
- Institute of Human Genetics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Vicki Metzis
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Milan Hiersche
- Center for Human Genetics, Bioscientia, Ingelheim, Germany
| | | | - Robert Tunningley
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Shubha Vij
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore
| | - Andrew D Courtney
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Belinda Whittle
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Elke Wühl
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University Children's Hospital Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Udo Vester
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University Children's Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Björn Hartleben
- Institute of Pathology, MHH University Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Steffen Neuber
- Center for Human Genetics, Bioscientia, Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Valeska Frank
- Center for Human Genetics, Bioscientia, Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Melissa H Little
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel Epting
- Department of Medicine IV, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Papathanasiou
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Andrew C Perkins
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Mater Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Walter Hunziker
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Heon Yung Gee
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Edgar A Otto
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Klaus Zerres
- Institute of Human Genetics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sudipto Roy
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore.,Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Carol Wicking
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Carsten Bergmann
- Department of Medicine IV, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Center for Human Genetics, Bioscientia, Ingelheim, Germany
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26
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Garcia-Gonzalo FR, Reiter JF. Open Sesame: How Transition Fibers and the Transition Zone Control Ciliary Composition. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a028134. [PMID: 27770015 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cilia are plasma membrane protrusions that act as cellular propellers or antennae. To perform these functions, cilia must maintain a composition distinct from those of the contiguous cytosol and plasma membrane. The specialized composition of the cilium depends on the ciliary gate, the region at the ciliary base separating the cilium from the rest of the cell. The ciliary gate's main structural features are electron dense struts connecting microtubules to the adjacent membrane. These structures include the transition fibers, which connect the distal basal body to the base of the ciliary membrane, and the Y-links, which connect the proximal axoneme and ciliary membrane within the transition zone. Both transition fibers and Y-links form early during ciliogenesis and play key roles in ciliary assembly and trafficking. Accordingly, many human ciliopathies are caused by mutations that perturb ciliary gate function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc R Garcia-Gonzalo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jeremy F Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
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27
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Evidence for a "Pathogenic Triumvirate" in Congenital Hepatic Fibrosis in Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:4918798. [PMID: 27891514 PMCID: PMC5116503 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4918798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) is a severe monogenic disorder that occurs due to mutations in the PKHD1 gene. Congenital hepatic fibrosis (CHF) associated with ARPKD is characterized by the presence of hepatic cysts derived from dilated bile ducts and a robust, pericystic fibrosis. Cyst growth, due to cyst wall epithelial cell hyperproliferation and fluid secretion, is thought to be the driving force behind disease progression. Liver fibrosis is a wound healing response in which collagen accumulates in the liver due to an imbalance between extracellular matrix synthesis and degradation. Whereas both hyperproliferation and pericystic fibrosis are hallmarks of CHF/ARPKD, whether or not these two processes influence one another remains unclear. Additionally, recent studies demonstrate that inflammation is a common feature of CHF/ARPKD. Therefore, we propose a "pathogenic triumvirate" consisting of hyperproliferation of cyst wall growth, pericystic fibrosis, and inflammation which drives CHF/ARPKD progression. This review will summarize what is known regarding the mechanisms of cyst growth, fibrosis, and inflammation in CHF/ARPKD. Further, we will discuss the potential advantage of identifying a core pathogenic feature in CHF/ARPKD to aid in the development of novel therapeutic approaches. If a core pathogenic feature does not exist, then developing multimodality therapeutic approaches to target each member of the "pathogenic triumvirate" individually may be a better strategy to manage this debilitating disease.
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28
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Abstract
Male worm mating requires lov-1 and pkd-2 (homologs of the human polycystic kidney disease genes, PKD1 and PKD2), which are expressed in male-specific neurons. Transcriptomic analysis of these neurons now catalogs molecules involved in signaling and ectosome biogenesis, with implications for human PKD.
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29
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Obeidova L, Seeman T, Elisakova V, Reiterova J, Puchmajerova A, Stekrova J. Molecular genetic analysis of PKHD1 by next-generation sequencing in Czech families with autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2015; 16:116. [PMID: 26695994 PMCID: PMC4689053 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-015-0261-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) is an early-onset form of polycystic kidney disease that often leads to devastating outcomes for patients. ARPKD is caused by mutations in the PKHD1 gene, an extensive gene that encodes for the ciliary protein fibrocystin/polyductin. Next-generation sequencing is presently the best option for molecular diagnosis of ARPKD. Our aim was to set up the first study of ARPKD patients from the Czech Republic, to determine the composition of their mutations and genotype-phenotype correlations, along with establishment of next-generation sequencing of the PKHD1 gene that could be used for the diagnosis of ARPKD patients. Methods Mutational analysis of the PKHD1 gene was performed in 24 families using the amplicon-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) technique. In patients without 2 causal mutations identified by NGS, subsequent MLPA analysis of the PKHD1 gene was carried out. Results Two underlying mutations were detected in 54 % of families (n = 13), one mutation in 13 % of families (n = 3), and in 33 % of families (n = 8) no mutation could be detected. Overall, seventeen different mutations (5 novel) were detected, including deletion of one exon. The detection rate in our study reached 60 % in the entire cohort of patients; but 90 % in the group of patients who fulfilled all clinical criteria of ARPKD, and 42 % in the group of patients with unknown kidney pathology. The most frequent mutation was T36M, accounting for nearly 21 % of all identified mutations. Conclusions Next-generation sequencing of the PKHD1 gene is a very useful method of molecular diagnosis in patients with a full clinical picture of ARPKD, and it has a high detection rate. Furthermore, its relatively low costs and rapidity allow the molecular genetic analysis of patients without the full clinical criteria of ARPKD, who might also have mutations in the PKHD1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Obeidova
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics of the First Faculty of Medicine, General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech.
| | - Tomas Seeman
- Department of Paediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech.
| | - Veronika Elisakova
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics of the First Faculty of Medicine, General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech.
| | - Jana Reiterova
- Department of Nephrology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech.
| | - Alena Puchmajerova
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech.
| | - Jitka Stekrova
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics of the First Faculty of Medicine, General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech.
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30
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Wang J, Kaletsky R, Silva M, Williams A, Haas LA, Androwski RJ, Landis JN, Patrick C, Rashid A, Santiago-Martinez D, Gravato-Nobre M, Hodgkin J, Hall DH, Murphy CT, Barr MM. Cell-Specific Transcriptional Profiling of Ciliated Sensory Neurons Reveals Regulators of Behavior and Extracellular Vesicle Biogenesis. Curr Biol 2015; 25:3232-8. [PMID: 26687621 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cilia and extracellular vesicles (EVs) are signaling organelles [1]. Cilia act as cellular sensory antennae, with defects resulting in human ciliopathies. Cilia both release and bind to EVs [1]. EVs are sub-micron-sized particles released by cells and function in both short- and long-range intercellular communication. In C. elegans and mammals, the autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) gene products polycystin-1 and polycystin-2 localize to both cilia and EVs, act in the same genetic pathway, and function in a sensory capacity, suggesting ancient conservation [2]. A fundamental understanding of EV biology and the relationship between the polycystins, cilia, and EVs is lacking. To define properties of a ciliated EV-releasing cell, we performed RNA-seq on 27 GFP-labeled EV-releasing neurons (EVNs) isolated from adult C. elegans. We identified 335 significantly overrepresented genes, of which 61 were validated by GFP reporters. The EVN transcriptional profile uncovered new pathways controlling EV biogenesis and polycystin signaling and also identified EV cargo, which included an antimicrobial peptide and ASIC channel. Tumor-necrosis-associated factor (TRAF) homologs trf-1 and trf-2 and the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pmk-1 acted in polycystin-signaling pathways controlling male mating behaviors. pmk-1 was also required for EV biogenesis, independent of the innate immunity MAPK signaling cascade. This first high-resolution transcriptome profile of a subtype of ciliated sensory neurons isolated from adult animals reveals the functional components of an EVN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Rachel Kaletsky
- Department of Molecular Biology and Lewis Sigler Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Malan Silva
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - April Williams
- Department of Molecular Biology and Lewis Sigler Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Leonard A Haas
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Rebecca J Androwski
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jessica N Landis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Lewis Sigler Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Cory Patrick
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Alina Rashid
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | | | | | - Jonathan Hodgkin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - David H Hall
- Center for C. elegans Anatomy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1410 Pelham Parkway, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Coleen T Murphy
- Department of Molecular Biology and Lewis Sigler Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Maureen M Barr
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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31
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Abstract
It is 20 years since the identification of PKD1, the major gene mutated in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), followed closely by the cloning of PKD2. These major breakthroughs have led in turn to a period of intense investigation into the function of the two proteins encoded, polycystin-1 and polycystin-2, and how defects in either protein lead to cyst formation and nonrenal phenotypes. In this review, we summarize the major findings in this area and present a current model of how the polycystin proteins function in health and disease.
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32
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Hogan MC, Bakeberg JL, Gainullin VG, Irazabal MV, Harmon AJ, Lieske JC, Charlesworth MC, Johnson KL, Madden BJ, Zenka RM, McCormick DJ, Sundsbak JL, Heyer CM, Torres VE, Harris PC, Ward CJ. Identification of Biomarkers for PKD1 Using Urinary Exosomes. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 26:1661-70. [PMID: 25475747 PMCID: PMC4483583 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014040354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a common cause of ESRD. Affected individuals inherit a defective copy of either PKD1 or PKD2, which encode polycystin-1 (PC1) or polycystin-2 (PC2), respectively. PC1 and PC2 are secreted on urinary exosome-like vesicles (ELVs) (100-nm diameter vesicles), in which PC1 is present in a cleaved form and may be complexed with PC2. Here, label-free quantitative proteomic studies of urine ELVs in an initial discovery cohort (13 individuals with PKD1 mutations and 18 normal controls) revealed that of 2008 ELV proteins, 9 (0.32%) were expressed at significantly different levels in samples from individuals with PKD1 mutations compared to controls (P<0.03). In samples from individuals with PKD1 mutations, levels of PC1 and PC2 were reduced to 54% (P<0.02) and 53% (P<0.001), respectively. Transmembrane protein 2 (TMEM2), a protein with homology to fibrocystin, was 2.1-fold higher in individuals with PKD1 mutations (P<0.03). The PC1/TMEM2 ratio correlated inversely with height-adjusted total kidney volume in the discovery cohort, and the ratio of PC1/TMEM2 or PC2/TMEM2 could be used to distinguish individuals with PKD1 mutations from controls in a confirmation cohort. In summary, results of this study suggest that a test measuring the urine exosomal PC1/TMEM2 or PC2/TMEM2 ratio may have utility in diagnosis and monitoring of polycystic kidney disease. Future studies will focus on increasing sample size and confirming these studies. The data were deposited in the ProteomeXchange (identifier PXD001075).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason L Bakeberg
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | | | | | | | - John C Lieske
- Renal Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and
| | | | - Kenneth L Johnson
- Medical Genome Facility-Proteomics Core, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and
| | - Benjamin J Madden
- Medical Genome Facility-Proteomics Core, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and
| | - Roman M Zenka
- Medical Genome Facility-Proteomics Core, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and
| | - Daniel J McCormick
- Medical Genome Facility-Proteomics Core, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and
| | | | | | | | | | - Christopher J Ward
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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Maguire JE, Silva M, Nguyen KCQ, Hellen E, Kern AD, Hall DH, Barr MM. Myristoylated CIL-7 regulates ciliary extracellular vesicle biogenesis. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:2823-32. [PMID: 26041936 PMCID: PMC4571341 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-01-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cilium both releases and binds to extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs may be used by cells as a form of intercellular communication and mediate a broad range of physiological and pathological processes. The mammalian polycystins (PCs) localize to cilia, as well as to urinary EVs released from renal epithelial cells. PC ciliary trafficking defects may be an underlying cause of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (PKD), and ciliary-EV interactions have been proposed to play a central role in the biology of PKD. In Caenorhabditis elegans and mammals, PC1 and PC2 act in the same genetic pathway, act in a sensory capacity, localize to cilia, and are contained in secreted EVs, suggesting ancient conservation. However, the relationship between cilia and EVs and the mechanisms generating PC-containing EVs remain an enigma. In a forward genetic screen for regulators of C. elegans PKD-2 ciliary localization, we identified CIL-7, a myristoylated protein that regulates EV biogenesis. Loss of CIL-7 results in male mating behavioral defects, excessive accumulation of EVs in the lumen of the cephalic sensory organ, and failure to release PKD-2::GFP-containing EVs to the environment. Fatty acylation, such as myristoylation and palmitoylation, targets proteins to cilia and flagella. The CIL-7 myristoylation motif is essential for CIL-7 function and for targeting CIL-7 to EVs. C. elegans is a powerful model with which to study ciliary EV biogenesis in vivo and identify cis-targeting motifs such as myristoylation that are necessary for EV-cargo association and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie E Maguire
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Malan Silva
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Ken C Q Nguyen
- Center for C. elegans Anatomy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Elizabeth Hellen
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Andrew D Kern
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - David H Hall
- Center for C. elegans Anatomy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Maureen M Barr
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
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Cao M, Ning J, Hernandez-Lara CI, Belzile O, Wang Q, Dutcher SK, Liu Y, Snell WJ. Uni-directional ciliary membrane protein trafficking by a cytoplasmic retrograde IFT motor and ciliary ectosome shedding. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 25688564 PMCID: PMC4362204 DOI: 10.7554/elife.05242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the primary cilium in key signaling pathways depends on dynamic regulation of ciliary membrane protein composition, yet we know little about the motors or membrane events that regulate ciliary membrane protein trafficking in existing organelles. Recently, we showed that cilium-generated signaling in Chlamydomonas induced rapid, anterograde IFT-independent, cytoplasmic microtubule-dependent redistribution of the membrane polypeptide, SAG1-C65, from the plasma membrane to the periciliary region and the ciliary membrane. Here, we report that the retrograde IFT motor, cytoplasmic dynein 1b, is required in the cytoplasm for this rapid redistribution. Furthermore, signaling-induced trafficking of SAG1-C65 into cilia is unidirectional and the entire complement of cellular SAG1-C65 is shed during signaling and can be recovered in the form of ciliary ectosomes that retain signal-inducing activity. Thus, during signaling, cells regulate ciliary membrane protein composition through cytoplasmic action of the retrograde IFT motor and shedding of ciliary ectosomes. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05242.001 Nearly every cell in the human body has slender, hair-like structures known as cilia that project outwards from its surface. These structures can sense and respond to light, chemicals and touch, and they are required for normal development. Failure of cilia to form or function in the correct manner can lead to severe diseases—such as kidney disorders, deafness and loss of vision. A major puzzle for researchers who study cilia has been to understand how cells change the composition of these structures as part of their response to a sensory input. Cilia are ancient structures that were present in early single-celled organisms and researchers interested in cilia have often used a single-celled green alga called Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as a model system for their studies. When these algae reproduce sexually, the two types of sex cells sense the presence of each other when their cilia touch and then stick together. This ciliary touching activates signals that are sent into the cells to get them ready to fuse together, much like sperm and egg cells do in animals. Both ciliary touching and signaling depend on a protein called SAG1, a part of which (known as SAG1-C65) is normally found mostly over the surface membrane of C. reinhardtii. Only very small amounts of SAG1-C65 are normally found on cilia; but, when the sex cells' cilia touch, this protein rapidly moves to the end of the cell nearest the cilia via a previously unknown mechanism. SAG1-C65 then becomes much more enriched in the cilia. Cao, Ning, Hernandez-Lara et al. investigated this process and found that SAG1-C65 movement requires a molecular motor called ‘cytoplasmic dynein’. This motor protein typically walks along the inside of cilia to transport other molecules away from the tip and towards the cell membrane. However, Cao, Ning, Hernandez-Lara et al. found that this dynein also carries SAG1-C65 from the membrane of the cells towards the base of the cilia in preparation for it to enter into these structures. As part of an effort to understand the fate of the protein after it entered cilia, Cao, Ning, Hernandez-Lara et al. discovered that the SAG1-C65 disappeared from the structures without returning to the cell membrane. Instead, SAG1-C65 was packaged within tiny bubble-like structures near the tips of cilia and these packages were then shed from cilia into the external environment. This discovery challenges a widely held view that proteins are only removed from cilia by returning to the cell. Future work will be required to understand more of the molecular details of these processes, which are likely to be present in most cells with cilia. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05242.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Muqing Cao
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Jue Ning
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Carmen I Hernandez-Lara
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Olivier Belzile
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Susan K Dutcher
- Department of Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis, United States
| | - Yanjie Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - William J Snell
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
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Abstract
Information exchange executed by extracellular vesicles, including exosomes, is a newly described form of intercellular communication important in the development and physiology of neural systems. These vesicles can be released from cells, are packed with information including signaling proteins and both coding and regulatory RNAs, and can be taken up by target cells, thereby facilitating the transfer of multilevel information. Recent studies demonstrate their critical role in physiological processes, including nerve regeneration, synaptic function, and behavior. These vesicles also have a sinister role in the propagation of toxic amyloid proteins in neurodegenerative conditions, including prion diseases and Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, in inducing neuroinflammation by exchange of information between the neurons and glia, as well as in aiding tumor progression in the brain by subversion of normal cells. This article provides a summary of topics covered in a symposium and is not meant to be a comprehensive review of the subject.
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Ciliary ectosomes: transmissions from the cell's antenna. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 25:276-85. [PMID: 25618328 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The cilium is the site of function for a variety of membrane receptors, enzymes and signal transduction modules crucial for a spectrum of cellular processes. Through targeted transport and selective gating mechanisms, the cell localizes specific proteins to the cilium that equip it for the role of sensory antenna. This capacity of the cilium to serve as a specialized compartment where specific proteins can be readily concentrated for sensory reception also makes it an ideal organelle to employ for the regulated emission of specific biological material and information. In this review we present and discuss an emerging body of evidence centered on ciliary ectosomes - bioactive vesicles released from the surface of the cilium.
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Hopp K, Wang X, Ye H, Irazabal MV, Harris PC, Torres VE. Effects of hydration in rats and mice with polycystic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 308:F261-6. [PMID: 25503729 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00345.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasopressin and V2 receptor signaling promote polycystic kidney disease (PKD) progression, raising the question whether suppression of vasopressin release through enhanced hydration can delay disease advancement. Enhanced hydration by adding 5% glucose to the drinking water has proven protective in a rat model orthologous to autosomal recessive PKD. We wanted to exclude a glucose effect and explore the influence of enhanced hydration in a mouse model orthologous to autosomal dominant PKD. PCK rats were assigned to normal water intake (NWI) or high water intake (HWI) groups achieved by feeding a hydrated agar diet (HWI-agar) or by adding 5% glucose to the drinking water (HWI-glucose), with the latter group used to recapitulate previously published results. Homozygous Pkd1 R3277C (Pkd1(RC/RC)) mice were assigned to NWI and HWI-agar groups. To evaluate the effectiveness of HWI, kidney weight and histomorphometry were assessed, and urine vasopressin, renal cAMP levels, and phosphodiesterase activities were measured. HWI-agar, like HWI-glucose, reduced urine vasopressin, renal cAMP levels, and PKD severity in PCK rats but not in Pkd1(RC/RC) mice. Compared with rat kidneys, mouse kidneys had higher phosphodiesterase activity and lower cAMP levels and were less sensitive to the cystogenic effect of 1-deamino-8-d-arginine vasopressin, as previously shown for Pkd1(RC/RC) mice and confirmed here in Pkd2(WS25/-) mice. We conclude that the effect of enhanced hydration in rat and mouse models of PKD differs. More powerful suppression of V2 receptor-mediated signaling than achievable by enhanced hydration alone may be necessary to affect the development of PKD in mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hopp
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Hong Ye
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - María V Irazabal
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Peter C Harris
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Vicente E Torres
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Boddu R, Yang C, O’Connor AK, Hendrickson RC, Boone B, Cui X, Garcia-Gonzalez M, Igarashi P, Onuchic LF, Germino GG, Guay-Woodford LM. Intragenic motifs regulate the transcriptional complexity of Pkhd1/PKHD1. J Mol Med (Berl) 2014; 92:1045-56. [PMID: 24984783 PMCID: PMC4197071 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-014-1185-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) results from mutations in the human PKHD1 gene. Both this gene, and its mouse ortholog, Pkhd1, are primarily expressed in renal and biliary ductal structures. The mouse protein product, fibrocystin/polyductin complex (FPC), is a 445-kDa protein encoded by a 67-exon transcript that spans >500 kb of genomic DNA. In the current study, we observed multiple alternatively spliced Pkhd1 transcripts that varied in size and exon composition in embryonic mouse kidney, liver, and placenta samples, as well as among adult mouse pancreas, brain, heart, lung, testes, liver, and kidney. Using reverse transcription PCR and RNASeq, we identified 22 novel Pkhd1 kidney transcripts with unique exon junctions. Various mechanisms of alternative splicing were observed, including exon skipping, use of alternate acceptor/donor splice sites, and inclusion of novel exons. Bioinformatic analyses identified, and exon-trapping minigene experiments validated, consensus binding sites for serine/arginine-rich proteins that modulate alternative splicing. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we examined the functional importance of selected splice enhancers. In addition, we demonstrated that many of the novel transcripts were polysome bound, thus likely translated. Finally, we determined that the human PKHD1 R760H missense variant alters a splice enhancer motif that disrupts exon splicing in vitro and is predicted to truncate the protein. Taken together, these data provide evidence of the complex transcriptional regulation of Pkhd1/PKHD1 and identified motifs that regulate its splicing. Our studies indicate that Pkhd1/PKHD1 transcription is modulated, in part by intragenic factors, suggesting that aberrant PKHD1 splicing represents an unappreciated pathogenic mechanism in ARPKD. Key messages: Multiple mRNA transcripts are generated for Pkhd1 in renal tissues Pkhd1 transcription is modulated by standard splice elements and effectors Mutations in splice motifs may alter splicing to generate nonfunctional peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra Boddu
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Chaozhe Yang
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Center for Translational Science, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Amber K. O’Connor
- Center for Translational Science, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | | | - Braden Boone
- Hudson Alpha Institute, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - Xiangqin Cui
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Miguel Garcia-Gonzalez
- Complexo Hospitalario de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Peter Igarashi
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern School of Medicine, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Luiz F. Onuchic
- Department of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil 01246-903
| | - Gregory G. Germino
- Division of Nephrology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lisa M. Guay-Woodford
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Center for Translational Science, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
- Children’s National Medical Center, 6th Floor Main Hospital, Center 6, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA
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Hartung EA, Guay-Woodford LM. Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease: a hepatorenal fibrocystic disorder with pleiotropic effects. Pediatrics 2014; 134:e833-45. [PMID: 25113295 PMCID: PMC4143997 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2013-3646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) is an important cause of chronic kidney disease in children. The care of ARPKD patients has traditionally been the realm of pediatric nephrologists; however, the disease has multisystem effects, and a comprehensive care strategy often requires a multidisciplinary team. Most notably, ARPKD patients have congenital hepatic fibrosis, which can lead to portal hypertension, requiring close follow-up by pediatric gastroenterologists. In severely affected infants, the diagnosis is often first suspected by obstetricians detecting enlarged, echogenic kidneys and oligohydramnios on prenatal ultrasounds. Neonatologists are central to the care of these infants, who may have respiratory compromise due to pulmonary hypoplasia and massively enlarged kidneys. Surgical considerations can include the possibility of nephrectomy to relieve mass effect, placement of dialysis access, and kidney and/or liver transplantation. Families of patients with ARPKD also face decisions regarding genetic testing of affected children, testing of asymptomatic siblings, or consideration of preimplantation genetic diagnosis for future pregnancies. They may therefore interface with genetic counselors, geneticists, and reproductive endocrinologists. Children with ARPKD may also be at risk for neurocognitive dysfunction and may require neuropsychological referral. The care of patients and families affected by ARPKD is therefore a multidisciplinary effort, and the general pediatrician can play a central role in this complex web of care. In this review, we outline the spectrum of clinical manifestations of ARPKD and review genetics of the disease, clinical and genetic diagnosis, perinatal management, management of organ-specific complications, and future directions for disease monitoring and potential therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erum A Hartung
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Lisa M Guay-Woodford
- Center for Translational Science, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia
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40
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Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is caused by mutations in PKD1 or PKD2, which encode polycystin-1 and polycystin-2, respectively. Rodent models are available to study the pathogenesis of polycystic kidney disease (PKD) and for preclinical testing of potential therapies-either genetically engineered models carrying mutations in Pkd1 or Pkd2 or models of renal cystic disease that do not have mutations in these genes. The models are characterized by age at onset of disease, rate of disease progression, the affected nephron segment, the number of affected nephrons, synchronized or unsynchronized cyst formation and the extent of fibrosis and inflammation. Mouse models have provided valuable mechanistic insights into the pathogenesis of PKD; for example, mutated Pkd1 or Pkd2 cause renal cysts but additional factors are also required, and the rate of cyst formation is increased in the presence of renal injury. Animal studies have also revealed complex genetic and functional interactions among various genes and proteins associated with PKD. Here, we provide an update on the preclinical models commonly used to study the molecular pathogenesis of ADPKD and test potential therapeutic strategies. Progress made in understanding the pathophysiology of human ADPKD through these animal models is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hester Happé
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, S4-P, PO Box 9600, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Dorien J M Peters
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, S4-P, PO Box 9600, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
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Chacon-Heszele MF, Choi SY, Zuo X, Baek JI, Ward C, Lipschutz JH. The exocyst and regulatory GTPases in urinary exosomes. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:2/8/e12116. [PMID: 25138791 PMCID: PMC4246586 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia, organelles that function as cellular antennae, are central to the pathogenesis of “ciliopathies”, including various forms of polycystic kidney disease (PKD). To date, however, the molecular mechanisms controlling ciliogenesis and ciliary function remain incompletely understood. A recently proposed model of cell–cell communication, called “urocrine signaling”, hypothesizes that a subset of membrane bound vesicles that are secreted into the urinary stream (termed exosome‐like vesicles, or ELVs), carry cilia‐specific proteins as cargo, interact with primary cilia, and affect downstream cellular functions. This study was undertaken to determine the role of the exocyst, a highly conserved eight‐protein trafficking complex, in the secretion and/or retrieval of ELVs. We used Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells expressing either Sec10‐myc (a central component of the exocyst complex) or Smoothened‐YFP (a ciliary protein found in ELVs) in experiments utilizing electron gold microscopy and live fluorescent microscopy, respectively. Additionally, human urinary exosomes were isolated via ultracentrifugation and subjected to mass‐spectrometry‐based proteomics analysis to determine the composition of ELVs. We found, as determined by EM, that the exocyst localizes to primary cilia, and is present in vesicles attached to the cilium. Furthermore, the entire exocyst complex, as well as most of its known regulatory GTPases, are present in human urinary ELVs. Finally, in living MDCK cells, ELVs appear to interact with primary cilia using spinning disc confocal microscopy. These data suggest that the exocyst complex, in addition to its role in ciliogenesis, is centrally involved in the secretion and/or retrieval of urinary ELVs. Our data suggest that the exocyst complex, in addition to its role in ciliogenesis that we previously described, is centrally involved in the secretion and/or retrieval of urinary exosomes. These results could have important implications for PKD, other renal diseases, as well as normal kidney homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria F Chacon-Heszele
- Renal, Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Xiaofeng Zuo
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Jeong-In Baek
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Chris Ward
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Joshua H Lipschutz
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina Department of Medicine, Ralph H. Johnson VAMC, Charleston, South Carolina
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Williams SS, Cobo-Stark P, Hajarnis S, Aboudehen K, Shao X, Richardson JA, Patel V, Igarashi P. Tissue-specific regulation of the mouse Pkhd1 (ARPKD) gene promoter. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 307:F356-68. [PMID: 24899057 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00422.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease, an inherited disorder characterized by the formation of cysts in renal collecting ducts and biliary dysgenesis, is caused by mutations of the polycystic kidney and hepatic disease 1 (PKHD1) gene. Expression of PKHD1 is tissue specific and developmentally regulated. Here, we show that a 2.0-kb genomic fragment containing the proximal promoter of mouse Pkhd1 directs tissue-specific expression of a lacZ reporter gene in transgenic mice. LacZ is expressed in renal collecting ducts beginning during embryonic development but is not expressed in extrarenal tissues. The Pkhd1 promoter contains a binding site for the transcription factor hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)-1β, which is required for activity in transfected cells. Mutation of the HNF-1β-binding site abolishes the expression of the lacZ reporter gene in renal collecting ducts. Transgenes containing the 2.0-kb promoter and 2.7 kb of additional genomic sequence extending downstream to the second exon are expressed in the kidney, intrahepatic bile ducts, and male reproductive tract. This pattern overlaps with the endogenous expression of Pkhd1 and coincides with sites of expression of HNF-1β. We conclude that the proximal 2.0-kb promoter is sufficient for tissue-specific expression of Pkhd1 in renal collecting ducts in vivo and that HNF-1β is required for Pkhd1 promoter activity in collecting ducts. Additional genomic sequences located from exons 1-2 or elsewhere in the gene locus are required for expression in extrarenal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott S Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Patricia Cobo-Stark
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Sachin Hajarnis
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Karam Aboudehen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Xinli Shao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - James A Richardson
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; and Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Vishal Patel
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Peter Igarashi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas;
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43
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Fedeles SV, Gallagher AR, Somlo S. Polycystin-1: a master regulator of intersecting cystic pathways. Trends Mol Med 2014; 20:251-60. [PMID: 24491980 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common potentially lethal monogenic disorder, with more than 12 million cases worldwide. The two causative genes for ADPKD, PKD1 and PKD2, encode protein products polycystin-1 (PC1) and polycystin-2 (PC2 or TRPP2), respectively. Recent data have shed light on the role of PC1 in regulating the severity of the cystic phenotypes in ADPKD, autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD), and isolated autosomal dominant polycystic liver disease (ADPLD). These studies showed that the rate for cyst growth was a regulated trait, a process that can be either sped up or slowed down by alterations in functional PC1. These findings redefine the previous understanding that cyst formation occurs as an 'on-off' process. Here, we review these and other related studies with an emphasis on their translational implications for polycystic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorin V Fedeles
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Anna-Rachel Gallagher
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stefan Somlo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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The ciliary protein cystin forms a regulatory complex with necdin to modulate Myc expression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83062. [PMID: 24349431 PMCID: PMC3859662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystin is a novel cilia-associated protein that is disrupted in the cpk mouse, a well-characterized mouse model of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD). Interestingly, overexpression of the Myc gene is evident in animal models of ARPKD and is thought to contribute to the renal cystic phenotype. Using a yeast two-hybrid approach, the growth suppressor protein necdin, known to modulate Myc expression, was found as an interacting partner of cystin. Deletion mapping demonstrated that the C-terminus of cystin and both termini of necdin are required for their mutual interaction. Speculating that these two proteins may function to regulate gene expression, we developed a luciferase reporter assay and observed that necdin strongly activated the Myc P1 promoter, and cystin did so more modestly. Interestingly, the necdin effect was significantly abrogated when cystin was co-transfected. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed a physical interaction with both necdin and cystin and the Myc P1 promoter, as well as between these proteins. The data suggest that these proteins likely function in a regulatory complex. Thus, we speculate that Myc overexpression in the cpk kidney results from the dysregulation of the cystin-necdin regulatory complex and c-Myc, in turn, contributes to cystogenesis in the cpk mouse.
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Abstract
Polycystic diseases affect approximately 1/1000 and are important causes of kidney failure. No therapies presently are in clinical practice that can prevent disease progression. Multiple mouse models have been produced for the genetic forms of the disease that most commonly affect humans. In this report, we review recent progress in the field and describe some of the outstanding challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Fernando Menezes
- Kidney Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 10 Room 8D46, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Gregory George Germino
- Kidney Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 10 Room 8D46, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892
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46
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Subfractionation, characterization, and in-depth proteomic analysis of glomerular membrane vesicles in human urine. Kidney Int 2013; 85:1225-37. [PMID: 24196483 PMCID: PMC4008663 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2013.422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Urinary exosome-like vesicles (ELVs) are a heterogenous mixture (diameter 40–200nm) containing vesicles shed from all segments of the nephron including glomerular podocytes. Contamination with Tamm Horsfall protein (THP) oligomers has hampered their isolation and proteomic analysis. Here we improved ELV isolation protocols employing density centrifugation to remove THP and albumin, and isolated a glomerular membranous vesicle (GMV) enriched subfraction from 7 individuals identifying 1830 proteins and in 3 patients with glomerular disease identifying 5657 unique proteins. The GMV fraction was composed of podocin/podocalyxin positive irregularly shaped membranous vesicles and podocin/podocalyxin negative classical exosomes. Ingenuity pathway analysis identified integrin, actin cytoskeleton and RhoGDI signaling in the top three canonical represented signaling pathways and 19 other proteins associated with inherited glomerular diseases. The GMVs are of podocyte origin and the density gradient technique allowed isolation in a reproducible manner. We show many nephrotic syndrome proteins, proteases and complement proteins involved in glomerular disease are in GMVs and some were shed in the disease state (nephrin, TRPC6 and INF2 and PLA2R). We calculated sample sizes required to identify new glomerular disease biomarkers, expand the ELV proteome and provide a reference proteome in a database that may prove useful in the search for biomarkers of glomerular disease.
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Mathieu-Rivet E, Scholz M, Arias C, Dardelle F, Schulze S, Le Mauff F, Teo G, Hochmal AK, Blanco-Rivero A, Loutelier-Bourhis C, Kiefer-Meyer MC, Fufezan C, Burel C, Lerouge P, Martinez F, Bardor M, Hippler M. Exploring the N-glycosylation pathway in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii unravels novel complex structures. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:3160-83. [PMID: 23912651 PMCID: PMC3820931 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.028191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a green unicellular eukaryotic model organism for studying relevant biological and biotechnological questions. The availability of genomic resources and the growing interest in C. reinhardtii as an emerging cell factory for the industrial production of biopharmaceuticals require an in-depth analysis of protein N-glycosylation in this organism. Accordingly, we used a comprehensive approach including genomic, glycomic, and glycoproteomic techniques to unravel the N-glycosylation pathway of C. reinhardtii. Using mass-spectrometry-based approaches, we found that both endogenous soluble and membrane-bound proteins carry predominantly oligomannosides ranging from Man-2 to Man-5. In addition, minor complex N-linked glycans were identified as being composed of partially 6-O-methylated Man-3 to Man-5 carrying one or two xylose residues. These findings were supported by results from a glycoproteomic approach that led to the identification of 86 glycoproteins. Here, a combination of in-source collision-induced dissodiation (CID) for glycan fragmentation followed by mass tag-triggered CID for peptide sequencing and PNGase F treatment of glycopeptides in the presence of (18)O-labeled water in conjunction with CID mass spectrometric analyses were employed. In conclusion, our data support the notion that the biosynthesis and maturation of N-linked glycans in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus occur via a GnT I-independent pathway yielding novel complex N-linked glycans that maturate differently from their counterparts in land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Mathieu-Rivet
- From the ‡Université de Rouen, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, EA 4358, Institut de Recherche et d'Innovation Biomédicale (IRIB), 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Martin Scholz
- ¶Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, University of Münster, D-48143, Germany
| | - Carolina Arias
- ‖Comisión Docente de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Biología, Edificio de Biología Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Flavien Dardelle
- From the ‡Université de Rouen, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, EA 4358, Institut de Recherche et d'Innovation Biomédicale (IRIB), 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Stefan Schulze
- ¶Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, University of Münster, D-48143, Germany
| | - François Le Mauff
- ‡‡Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01, Centros, Singapore, 138668
| | - Gavin Teo
- ‡‡Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01, Centros, Singapore, 138668
| | - Ana Karina Hochmal
- ¶Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, University of Münster, D-48143, Germany
| | - Amaya Blanco-Rivero
- ‖Comisión Docente de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Biología, Edificio de Biología Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Corinne Loutelier-Bourhis
- §§Université de Rouen, Laboratoire COBRA UMR 6014 & FR 3038, INSA de Rouen, 1 Rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont St Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Christine Kiefer-Meyer
- From the ‡Université de Rouen, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, EA 4358, Institut de Recherche et d'Innovation Biomédicale (IRIB), 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Christian Fufezan
- ¶Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, University of Münster, D-48143, Germany
| | - Carole Burel
- From the ‡Université de Rouen, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, EA 4358, Institut de Recherche et d'Innovation Biomédicale (IRIB), 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Patrice Lerouge
- From the ‡Université de Rouen, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, EA 4358, Institut de Recherche et d'Innovation Biomédicale (IRIB), 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Flor Martinez
- ‖Comisión Docente de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Biología, Edificio de Biología Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Muriel Bardor
- From the ‡Université de Rouen, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, EA 4358, Institut de Recherche et d'Innovation Biomédicale (IRIB), 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Michael Hippler
- ¶Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, University of Münster, D-48143, Germany
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Abstract
Urinary exosome-like vesicles (ELVs), 20-200nm membrane-bound particles shed by renal epithelium, have been shown to interact with the primary cilia of distant epithelial cells of the nephron. These ELVs are emerging as an important source of protein, mRNA, and miRNA biomarkers to monitor renal disease. However, purification of ELVs is compromised by the presence of large amounts of the urinary protein Tamm-Horsfall Protein (THP). THP molecules oligomerize into long, double-helical strands several microns long. These linear assemblies form a three-dimensional gel which traps and sequesters ELVs in any centrifugation-based protocol. Here, we present a purification protocol that separates ELVs from THP and divides urinary ELVs into three distinct populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Y Chen
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Mades A, Gotthardt K, Awe K, Stieler J, Döring T, Füser S, Prange R. Role of human sec63 in modulating the steady-state levels of multi-spanning membrane proteins. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49243. [PMID: 23166619 PMCID: PMC3499540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sec61 translocon of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane forms an aqueous pore, allowing polypeptides to be transferred across or integrated into membranes. Protein translocation into the ER can occur co- and posttranslationally. In yeast, posttranslational translocation involves the heptameric translocase complex including its Sec62p and Sec63p subunits. The mammalian ER membrane contains orthologs of yeast Sec62p and Sec63p, but their function is poorly understood. Here, we analyzed the effects of excess and deficit Sec63 on various ER cargoes using human cell culture systems. The overexpression of Sec63 reduces the steady-state levels of viral and cellular multi-spanning membrane proteins in a cotranslational mode, while soluble and single-spanning ER reporters are not affected. Consistent with this, the knock-down of Sec63 increases the steady-state pools of polytopic ER proteins, suggesting a substrate-specific and regulatory function of Sec63 in ER import. Overexpressed Sec63 exerts its down-regulating activity on polytopic protein levels independent of its Sec62-interacting motif, indicating that it may not act in conjunction with Sec62 in human cells. The specific action of Sec63 is further sustained by our observations that the up-regulation of either Sec62 or two other ER proteins with lumenal J domains, like ERdj1 and ERdj4, does not compromise the steady-state level of a multi-spanning membrane reporter. A J domain-specific mutation of Sec63, proposed to weaken its interaction with the ER resident BiP chaperone, reduces the down-regulating capacity of excess Sec63, suggesting an involvement of BiP in this process. Together, these results suggest that Sec63 may perform a substrate-selective quantity control function during cotranslational ER import.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Mades
- Department of Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, Johannes Gutenberg-University School of Medicine, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katherina Gotthardt
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Karin Awe
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jens Stieler
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tatjana Döring
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sabine Füser
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Reinhild Prange
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- * E-mail:
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50
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Hopp K, Ward CJ, Hommerding CJ, Nasr SH, Tuan HF, Gainullin VG, Rossetti S, Torres VE, Harris PC. Functional polycystin-1 dosage governs autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease severity. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:4257-73. [PMID: 23064367 DOI: 10.1172/jci64313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is caused by mutations to PKD1 or PKD2, triggering progressive cystogenesis and typically leading to end-stage renal disease in midlife. The phenotypic spectrum, however, ranges from in utero onset to adequate renal function at old age. Recent patient data suggest that the disease is dosage dependent, where incompletely penetrant alleles influence disease severity. Here, we have developed a knockin mouse model matching a likely disease variant, PKD1 p.R3277C (RC), and have proved that its functionally hypomorphic nature modifies the ADPKD phenotype. While Pkd1+/null mice are normal, Pkd1RC/null mice have rapidly progressive disease, and Pkd1RC/RC animals develop gradual cystogenesis. These models effectively mimic the pathophysiological features of in utero-onset and typical ADPKD, respectively, correlating the level of functional Pkd1 product with disease severity, highlighting the dosage dependence of cystogenesis. Additionally, molecular analyses identified p.R3277C as a temperature-sensitive folding/trafficking mutant, and length defects in collecting duct primary cilia, the organelle central to PKD pathogenesis, were clearly detected for the first time to our knowledge in PKD1. Altogether, this study highlights the role that in trans variants at the disease locus can play in phenotypic modification of dominant diseases and provides a truly orthologous PKD1 model, optimal for therapeutic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hopp
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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