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Functional Validation of the Putative Oncogenic Activity of PLAU. Biomedicines 2022; 11:biomedicines11010102. [PMID: 36672610 PMCID: PMC9856075 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen activator, urokinase (PLAU) is involved in cell migration, proliferation and tissue remodeling. PLAU upregulation is associated with an increase in aggressiveness, metastasis, and invasion of several cancer types, including breast cancer. In patients, this translates into decreased sensitivity to hormonal treatment, and poor prognosis. These clinical findings have led to the examination of PLAU as a biomarker for predicting breast cancer prognosis and therapy responses. In this study, we investigated the functional ability of PLAU to act as an oncogene in breast cancers by modulating its expression using CRISPR-deactivated Cas9 (CRISPR-dCas9) tools. Different effector domains (e.g., transcription modulators (VP64, KRAB)) alone or in combination with epigenetic writers (DNMT3A/3L, MSssI) were fused to dCas9 and targeted to the PLAU promoter. In MDA-MB-231 cells characterized by high PLAU expression downregulation of PLAU expression by CRISPR-dCas9-DNMT3A/3L-KRAB, resulted in decreased cell proliferation. Conversely, CRISPR-dCas9-VP64 induced PLAU upregulation in low PLAU expressing MCF-7 cells and significantly increased aggressiveness and invasion. In conclusion, modulation of PLAU expression affected metastatic related properties of breast cancer cells, thus further validating its oncogenic activity in breast cancer cells.
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Matsui Y, Kadoya K, Nagano Y, Endo T, Hara M, Matsumae G, Suzuki T, Yamamoto Y, Terkawi MA, Iwasaki N. IL4 stimulated macrophages promote axon regeneration after peripheral nerve injury by secreting uPA to stimulate uPAR upregulated in injured axons. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:289. [PMID: 35536429 PMCID: PMC11072050 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04310-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidences suggest that M2 macrophages are involved with repair processes in the nervous system. However, whether M2 macrophages can promote axon regeneration by directly stimulating axons nor its precise molecular mechanism remains elusive. Here, the current study demonstrated that typical M2 macrophages, which were generated by IL4 simulation, had the capacity to stimulate axonal growth by their direct effect on axons and that the graft of IL4 stimulated macrophages into the region of Wallerian degeneration enhanced axon regeneration and improved functional recovery after PNI. Importantly, uPA (urokinase plasminogen activator)-uPA receptor (uPAR) was identified as the central axis underlying the axon regeneration effect of IL4 stimulated macrophages. IL4 stimulated macrophages secreted uPA, and its inhibition abolished their axon regeneration effect. Injured but not intact axons expressed uPAR to be sensitive to uPA. These results unveil a cellular and molecular mechanism underlying the macrophage related axon regeneration and provide a basis of a novel therapy for PNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Matsui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Ken Kadoya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Nagano
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Hospital Organization, Hokkaido Medical Center, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Endo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Masato Hara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Gen Matsumae
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Suzuki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yamamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Mohamad Alaa Terkawi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Norimasa Iwasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
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Lv T, Zhao Y, Jiang X, Yuan H, Wang H, Cui X, Xu J, Zhao J, Wang J. uPAR: An Essential Factor for Tumor Development. J Cancer 2021; 12:7026-7040. [PMID: 34729105 PMCID: PMC8558663 DOI: 10.7150/jca.62281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenesis is closely related to the loss of control of many genes. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), a glycolipid-anchored protein on the cell surface, is controlled by many factors in tumorigenesis and is expressed in many tumor tissues. In this review, we summarize the regulatory effects of the uPAR signaling pathway on processes and factors related to tumor progression, such as tumor cell proliferation, adhesion, metastasis, glycolysis, tumor microenvironment and angiogenesis. Overall, the evidence accumulated to date suggests that uPAR induction by tumor progression may be one of the most important factors affecting therapeutic efficacy. An improved understanding of the interactions between uPAR and its coreceptors in cancer will provide critical biomolecular information that may help to better predict the disease course and response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Lv
- College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan, China 655011.,Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province Universities of the Diversity and Ecological Adaptive Evolution for Animals and Plants on YunGui Plateau, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, China 655011
| | - Ying Zhao
- College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan, China 655011
| | - Xinni Jiang
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China 610500
| | - Hemei Yuan
- College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan, China 655011
| | - Haibo Wang
- College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan, China 655011.,Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province Universities of the Diversity and Ecological Adaptive Evolution for Animals and Plants on YunGui Plateau, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, China 655011
| | - Xuelin Cui
- College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan, China 655011
| | - Jiashun Xu
- College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan, China 655011
| | - Jingye Zhao
- College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan, China 655011
| | - Jianlin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan, China 655011
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Bigseth TT, Engh JA, Egeland J, Andersen E, Andreassen OA, Bang-Kittilsen G, Falk RS, Holmen TL, Lindberg M, Mordal J, Nielsen J, Steen NE, Ueland T, Vang T, Fredriksen M. Exploring low grade inflammation by soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor levels in schizophrenia: a sex-dependent association with depressive symptoms. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:527. [PMID: 34702245 PMCID: PMC8547032 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03522-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence of increased low grade inflammation (LGI) in schizophrenia patients. However, the inter-individual variation is large and the association with demographic, somatic and psychiatric factors remains unclear. Our aim was to explore whether levels of the novel LGI marker soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) were associated with clinical factors in schizophrenia and if such associations were sex-dependent. METHOD In this observational study a total of 187 participants with schizophrenia (108 males, 79 females) underwent physical examination and assessment with clinical interviews (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS), Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT), and Drug Use Disorder Identification Test (DUDIT)). Blood levels of suPAR, glucose, lipids, and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were determined and body mass index (BMI) calculated. Multivariable linear regression analyses were used adjusting for confounders, and sex interaction tested in significant variables. RESULTS Adjusting for sex, age, current tobacco smoking and BMI, we found that levels of hsCRP and depressive symptoms (CDSS) were positively associated with levels of suPAR (p < 0.001). The association between suPAR and CDSS score was significant in females (p < 0.001) but not in males. Immune activation measured by hsCRP was not associated with depressive symptoms after adjusting for BMI. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that increased suPAR levels are associated with depressive symptoms in females with schizophrenia, suggesting aberrant immune activation in this subgroup. Our results warrant further studies, including longitudinal follow-up of suPAR levels in schizophrenia and experimental studies of mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Torgersen Bigseth
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Sykehuset i Vestfold, PO Box 2168, 3103, Tonsberg, Norway.
| | - John Abel Engh
- grid.417292.b0000 0004 0627 3659Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Sykehuset i Vestfold, PO Box 2168, 3103 Tonsberg, Norway
| | - Jens Egeland
- grid.417292.b0000 0004 0627 3659Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Sykehuset i Vestfold, PO Box 2168, 3103 Tonsberg, Norway ,grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, PO Box 1094, Blindern 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Eivind Andersen
- grid.463530.70000 0004 7417 509XFaculty of Humanities, Sports and Educational Science, University of South-Eastern Norway, PO Box 235, 3603 Kongsberg, Norway
| | - Ole Andreas Andreassen
- grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Psychosis Research Unit/TOP, Ullevaal Hospital, building 49, PO Box 4956, Nydalen 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gry Bang-Kittilsen
- grid.417292.b0000 0004 0627 3659Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Sykehuset i Vestfold, PO Box 2168, 3103 Tonsberg, Norway
| | - Ragnhild Sørum Falk
- grid.55325.340000 0004 0389 8485Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950, Nydalen 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tom Langerud Holmen
- grid.417292.b0000 0004 0627 3659Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Sykehuset i Vestfold, PO Box 2168, 3103 Tonsberg, Norway
| | - Morten Lindberg
- grid.417292.b0000 0004 0627 3659Department of Laboratory Medicine, Vestfold Hospital Trust, PO Box 2168, 3103 Tonsberg, Norway
| | - Jon Mordal
- grid.417292.b0000 0004 0627 3659Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Sykehuset i Vestfold, PO Box 2168, 3103 Tonsberg, Norway
| | - Jimmi Nielsen
- grid.4973.90000 0004 0646 7373Mental Health Centre Glostrup, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nils Eiel Steen
- grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Psychosis Research Unit/TOP, Ullevaal Hospital, building 49, PO Box 4956, Nydalen 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Thor Ueland
- grid.55325.340000 0004 0389 8485Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, Nydalen 0424 Oslo, Norway ,grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo Faculty of Health Sciences, PO Box 1171, Blindern 0318 Oslo, Norway ,grid.10919.300000000122595234K.G. Jebsen TREC, University of Tromso, 9037 Tromso, Norway
| | - Torkel Vang
- grid.417292.b0000 0004 0627 3659Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Sykehuset i Vestfold, PO Box 2168, 3103 Tonsberg, Norway ,grid.4973.90000 0004 0646 7373Mental Health Centre Glostrup, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mats Fredriksen
- grid.417292.b0000 0004 0627 3659Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Sykehuset i Vestfold, PO Box 2168, 3103 Tonsberg, Norway
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Shmakova AA, Rysenkova KD, Ivashkina OI, Gruzdeva AM, Klimovich PS, Popov VS, Rubina KA, Anokhin KV, Tkachuk VA, Semina EV. Early Induction of Neurotrophin Receptor and miRNA Genes in Mouse Brain after Pentilenetetrazole-Induced Neuronal Activity. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2021; 86:1326-1341. [PMID: 34903157 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297921100138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Neurotrophin receptors regulate neuronal survival and network formation, as well as synaptic plasticity in the brain via interaction with their ligands. Here, we examined early changes in the expression of neurotrophin receptor genes Ntk1 (TrkA), Ntrk2 (TrkB), Ntrk3 (TrkC), Ngfr (p75NTR) and miRNAs that target theses gens in the mouse brain after induction of seizure activity by pentylenetetrazol. We found that expression of Ntrk3 and Ngfr was upregulated in the cortex and the hippocampus 1-3 hours after the seizures, while Ntrk2 expression increased after 3-6 hours in the anterior cortex and after 1 and 6 hours in the hippocampus. At the same time, the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax signaling proteins increased in the anterior and posterior cortex, but not in the hippocampus, suggesting the activation of anti-apoptotic signaling. Expression of miRNA-9 and miRNA-29a, which were predicted to target Ntrk3, was upregulated in the hippocampus 3 hours after pentylenetetrazol injection. Therefore, early cellular response to seizures in the brain includes induction of the Ntrk2, Ntrk3, Ngfr, miRNA-9, and miRNA-29a expression, as well as activation of Bcl-2 and Bax signaling pathways, which may characterize them as important mediators of neuronal adaptation and survival upon induction of the generalized brain activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Shmakova
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119192, Russia
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Cardiology Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552, Russia
| | - Karina D Rysenkova
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119192, Russia
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Cardiology Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552, Russia
| | - Olga I Ivashkina
- Institute for Advanced Brain Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119192, Russian Federation
- Anokhin Research Institute of Normal Physiology, Moscow, 125315, Russia
- Kurchatov Institute National Research Center, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - Anna M Gruzdeva
- Institute for Advanced Brain Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119192, Russian Federation
| | - Polina S Klimovich
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119192, Russia
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Cardiology Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552, Russia
| | - Vladimir S Popov
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119192, Russia
| | - Kseniya A Rubina
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119192, Russia
| | - Konstantin V Anokhin
- Institute for Advanced Brain Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119192, Russian Federation.
- Anokhin Research Institute of Normal Physiology, Moscow, 125315, Russia
| | - Vsevolod A Tkachuk
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119192, Russia
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Cardiology Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Semina
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119192, Russia.
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Cardiology Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552, Russia
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Bigseth TT, Fredriksen M, Egeland J, Andersen E, Andreassen OA, Bang-Kittilsen G, Falk RS, Holmen TL, Martinsen EW, Mordal J, Nielsen J, Steen NE, Ueland T, Vang T, Engh JA. Elevated levels of soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor as a low-grade inflammation marker in schizophrenia: A case-control study. Schizophr Res 2021; 228:190-192. [PMID: 33450603 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Therese Torgersen Bigseth
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestfold, Hospital Trust, Postboks 2168, 3103 Tonsberg, Norway.
| | - Mats Fredriksen
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestfold, Hospital Trust, Postboks 2168, 3103 Tonsberg, Norway
| | - Jens Egeland
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestfold, Hospital Trust, Postboks 2168, 3103 Tonsberg, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, P.O box 1094, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Eivind Andersen
- Faculty of Humanities, Sports and Educational Science, University College of South-Eastern Norway, Post office box 235, 3603 Kongsberg, Norway
| | - Ole Andreas Andreassen
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Psychosis Research Unit/TOP, Ullevaal Hospital, Building 49, P.O Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gry Bang-Kittilsen
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestfold, Hospital Trust, Postboks 2168, 3103 Tonsberg, Norway
| | - Ragnhild Sorum Falk
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Oslo University Hospital, Pb 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tom Langerud Holmen
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestfold, Hospital Trust, Postboks 2168, 3103 Tonsberg, Norway
| | - Egil Wilhelm Martinsen
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O Box 1072, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jon Mordal
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestfold, Hospital Trust, Postboks 2168, 3103 Tonsberg, Norway
| | - Jimmi Nielsen
- Mental Health Centre Glostrup, Copenhagen University Hospital, Kristineberg 3, 2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - Nils Eiel Steen
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Psychosis Research Unit/TOP, Ullevaal Hospital, Building 49, P.O Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Thor Ueland
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Postboks 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo Faculty of Health Sciences, P.O box 1171, Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen TREC, University of Tromso, 9037 Tromso, Norway
| | - Torkel Vang
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestfold, Hospital Trust, Postboks 2168, 3103 Tonsberg, Norway; Mental Health Centre Glostrup, Copenhagen University Hospital, Kristineberg 3, 2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - John Abel Engh
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestfold, Hospital Trust, Postboks 2168, 3103 Tonsberg, Norway
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Mehdipour M, Mehdipour T, Skinner CM, Wong N, Liu C, Chen CC, Jeon OH, Zuo Y, Conboy MJ, Conboy IM. Plasma dilution improves cognition and attenuates neuroinflammation in old mice. GeroScience 2020; 43:1-18. [PMID: 33191466 PMCID: PMC8050203 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00297-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Our recent study has established that young blood factors are not causal, nor necessary, for the systemic rejuvenation of mammalian tissues. Instead, a procedure referred to as neutral blood exchange (NBE) that resets signaling milieu to a pro-regenerative state through dilution of old plasma, enhanced the health and repair of the muscle and liver, and promoted better hippocampal neurogenesis in 2-year-old mice (Mehdipour et al., Aging 12:8790–8819, 2020). Here we expand the rejuvenative phenotypes of NBE, focusing on the brain. Namely, our results demonstrate that old mice perform much better in novel object and novel texture (whisker discrimination) tests after a single NBE, which is accompanied by reduced neuroinflammation (less-activated CD68+ microglia). Evidence against attenuation/dilution of peripheral senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) as the main mechanism behind NBE was that the senolytic ABT 263 had limited effects on neuroinflammation and did not enhance hippocampal neurogenesis in the old mice. Interestingly, peripherally acting ABT 263 and NBE both diminished SA-βGal signal in the old brain, demonstrating that peripheral senescence propagates to the brain, but NBE was more robustly rejuvenative than ABT 263, suggesting that rejuvenation was not simply by reducing senescence. Explaining the mechanism of the positive effects of NBE on the brain, our comparative proteomics analysis demonstrated that dilution of old blood plasma yields an increase in the determinants of brain maintenance and repair in mice and in people. These findings confirm the paradigm of rejuvenation through dilution of age-elevated systemic factors and extrapolate it to brain health and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melod Mehdipour
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Taha Mehdipour
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Colin M Skinner
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Nathan Wong
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Chia-Chien Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and QB3, UCSC, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Ok Hee Jeon
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi Zuo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and QB3, UCSC, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Conboy
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Irina M Conboy
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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8
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Rajput PS, Lamb J, Kothari S, Pereira B, Soetkamp D, Wang Y, Tang J, Van Eyk JE, Mullins ES, Lyden PD. Neuron-generated thrombin induces a protective astrocyte response via protease activated receptors. Glia 2019; 68:246-262. [PMID: 31453648 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes protect neurons during cerebral injury through several postulated mechanisms. Recent therapeutic attention has focused on enhancing or augmenting the neuroprotective actions of astrocytes but in some instances astrocytes can assume a neurotoxic phenotype. The signaling mechanisms that drive astrocytes toward a protective versus toxic phenotype are not fully known but cell-cell signaling via proteases acting on cell-specific receptors underlies critical mechanistic steps in neurodevelopment and disease. The protease activated receptor (PAR), resides in multiple brain cell types, and most PARs are found on astrocytes. We asked whether neuron-generated thrombin constituted an important astrocyte activation signal because our previous studies have shown that neurons contain prothrombin gene and transcribed protein. We used neuron and astrocyte mono-cell cultures exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation and a model of middle cerebral artery occlusion. We found that ischemic neurons secrete thrombin into culture media, which leads to astrocyte activation; such astrocyte activation can be reproduced with low doses of thrombin. Media from prothrombin-deficient neurons failed to activate astrocytes and adding thrombin to such media restored activation. Astrocytes lacking PAR1 did not respond to neuron-generated thrombin. Induced astrocyte activation was antagonized dose-dependently with thrombin inhibitors or PAR1 antagonists. Ischemia-induced astrocyte activation in vivo was inhibited after neuronal prothrombin knockout, resulting in larger strokes. Restoring prothrombin to neurons with a lentiviral gene vector restored astrocyte activation and reduced stroke damage. We conclude that neuron-generated thrombin, released during ischemia, acts via PAR1 and may cause astrocyte activation and paracrine neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmesh S Rajput
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jessica Lamb
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shweta Kothari
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Benedict Pereira
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Daniel Soetkamp
- The Smidt Heart Institute, Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yizhou Wang
- Genomics Core, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jie Tang
- Genomics Core, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jennifer E Van Eyk
- The Smidt Heart Institute, Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Eric S Mullins
- Division of Hematology and Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Patrick D Lyden
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
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9
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Derouiche A, Geiger KD. Perspectives for Ezrin and Radixin in Astrocytes: Kinases, Functions and Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153776. [PMID: 31382374 PMCID: PMC6695708 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are increasingly perceived as active partners in physiological brain function and behaviour. The structural correlations of the glia–synaptic interaction are the peripheral astrocyte processes (PAPs), where ezrin and radixin, the two astrocytic members of the ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM) family of proteins are preferentially localised. While the molecular mechanisms of ERM (in)activation appear universal, at least in mammalian cells, and have been studied in great detail, the actual ezrin and radixin kinases, phosphatases and binding partners appear cell type specific and may be multiplexed within a cell. In astrocytes, ezrin is involved in process motility, which can be stimulated by the neurotransmitter glutamate, through activation of the glial metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) 3 or 5. However, it has remained open how this mGluR stimulus is transduced to ezrin activation. Knowing upstream signals of ezrin activation, ezrin kinase(s), and membrane-bound binding partners of ezrin in astrocytes might open new approaches to the glial role in brain function. Ezrin has also been implicated in invasive behaviour of astrocytomas, and glial activation. Here, we review data pertaining to potential molecular interaction partners of ezrin in astrocytes, with a focus on PKC and GRK2, and in gliomas and other diseases, to stimulate further research on their potential roles in glia-synaptic physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Derouiche
- Institute of Anatomy II, Goethe-University Frankfurt, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Kathrin D Geiger
- Neuropathology, Institute for Pathology, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, TU Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
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