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Pulicherla NK, Kodali PB. Tobacco Imagery in Indian Over-the-Top (OTT) Media and Its Compliance With Existing Tobacco Laws: A Content Analysis. Nicotine Tob Res 2024; 26:752-758. [PMID: 38147534 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over-the-top (OTT) media are internet-based content delivery systems offering media services to the viewers bypassing the traditional broadcasting platforms. The OTT media, with limited regulatory oversight, can serve as a source of exposure to tobacco-promoting content. AIMS AND METHODS This study analyzed the depiction of tobacco imagery in Indian OTT programs and assessed their compliance with existing Indian tobacco control policies. We conducted a content analysis of 28 purposively sampled OTT exclusive programs (14 movies and 14 web series) in India. Breathe California method was used to code the OTT content for tobacco imagery. We assessed the prevalence of tobacco imagery, its duration per episode or program, product placements, and brand appearances. We also evaluated OTT programs adherence to existing tobacco control policies in India. RESULTS Tobacco imagery was identified in all of the web series and most OTT-exclusive movies. On average the web series depicted seven incidents of tobacco imagery per episode, whereas there were close to 19 incidents of tobacco imagery per movie. Ten minutes of OTT programming (including movies and web series) had on average 8.40 s of tobacco imagery. None of the OTT programs studied fully complied with Indian tobacco control policies. CONCLUSIONS Depiction of tobacco imagery in OTT exclusive programs is common in India. Streaming platforms need to comply with existing tobacco control policies. Furthermore, there is a need to strengthen these policies and strictly enforce them to ensure tobacco-free mass media. IMPLICATIONS India has more than 267 million tobacco users and accounts for the largest share of smokeless tobacco use globally. OTT platforms are largely unregulated and are considered drivers for global tobacco use. This is one of the few studies examining tobacco imagery in Indian OTT content, reporting the gaps in tobacco control policies in India. This study documents the product placement of smokeless tobacco, duration of exposure to tobacco imagery, and empirically report the compliance of OTT platforms with Indian tobacco control policies. The study findings can aid in strengthening tobacco control policies in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar Pulicherla
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala, India
| | - Prakash Babu Kodali
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala, India
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Mistry R, Kleinsasser MJ, Puntambekar N, Gupta PC, McCarthy WJ, Raghunathan T, Adhikari K, Narake S, Hsieh HF, Desai M, Assari S, Alberts J, Pednekar MS. Neighbourhood tobacco retail access and tobacco use susceptibility in young adolescents in urban India. Tob Control 2022; 31:e162-e168. [PMID: 34824148 PMCID: PMC9130340 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neighbourhood tobacco retail access may influence adolescent tobacco use. In India, we examined the association between neighbourhood tobacco retail access and cognitive risks for tobacco use during early adolescence. METHODS In 2019-2020, a population-based sample (n=1759) of adolescents aged 13-15 years was surveyed from 52 neighbourhoods in Mumbai and Kolkata. Neighbourhood tobacco retail access was measured as the frequency of visits to tobacco retailers, mapped tobacco retailer density and perceived tobacco retailer density. We estimated associations between neighbourhood tobacco retail access and cognitive risks for tobacco use (perceived ease of access to tobacco, perceived peer tobacco use and intention to use tobacco). RESULTS There was high neighbourhood tobacco retail access. Tobacco retailer density was higher in lower income neighbourhoods (p<0.001). Adolescent frequency of tobacco retailer visits was positively associated with cognitive tobacco use risks. Mapped tobacco retailer density was associated with perceived ease of access in Kolkata but not in Mumbai, and it was not associated with perceived peer tobacco use nor intention. Perceived tobacco retailer density was associated with perceived ease of access and perceived peer use, but not with intention. In Kolkata, higher perceived retailer density and frequency of tobacco retailer visits were negatively associated with perceived ease of access. CONCLUSIONS Efforts to reduce neighbourhood tobacco retail access in India may reduce cognitive tobacco use risk factors in young adolescents. The frequency of tobacco retailer visits and perceived tobacco retailer density increased cognitive risks, though there were some exceptions in Kolkata that further research may explain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Mistry
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Namrata Puntambekar
- Department of Research, Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prakash C Gupta
- Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - William J McCarthy
- Department of Health Policy and Management, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Keyuri Adhikari
- Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sameer Narake
- Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Hsing-Fang Hsieh
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Maruti Desai
- Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shervin Assari
- Department of Family Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Joseph Alberts
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mangesh S Pednekar
- Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Yadav A, Singh PK, Yadav N, Kaushik R, Chandan K, Chandra A, Singh S, Garg S, Gupta PC, Sinha DN, Mehrotra R. Smokeless tobacco control in India: policy review and lessons for high-burden countries. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 5:bmjgh-2020-002367. [PMID: 32665375 PMCID: PMC7365431 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the magnitude of smokeless tobacco (SLT) use in India and identified policy gaps to ascertain the priorities for SLT control in India and other high SLT burden countries in the Southeast Asia region. We reviewed and analysed the legal and policy framework to identify policy gaps, options and priority areas to address the SLT burden in India and lessons thereof. In India, 21.4% adults, including 29.6% of men, 12.8% of women, use SLT while more than 0.35 million Indians die every year due to SLT use. SLT use remains a huge public health concern for other countries in the region as well. Priority areas for SLT control should include: constant monitoring, increasing taxes and price of SLT products, strengthening and strict enforcement of existing laws, integration of SLT cessation with all health and development programmes, banning of advertisement and promotion of SLT, increasing age of access to tobacco up to 21 years, introducing licensing for the sale of SLT, standardising of SLT packaging and preventing SLT industry interference in the implementation of SLT control policies besides a committed multistakeholder approach for effective policy formulation and enforcement. SLT control in India and the other high SLT burden countries, especially in the Southeast Asia region, should focus on strengthening and implementing the above policy priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Yadav
- WHO FCTC Knowledge Hub on Smokeless Tobacco, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prashant Kumar Singh
- Division of Preventive Oncology, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nisha Yadav
- Harlal School of Law, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ravi Kaushik
- Maulana Azad Medical College and Associated Hospitals, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Kumar Chandan
- WHO FCTC Knowledge Hub on Smokeless Tobacco, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anshika Chandra
- WHO FCTC Knowledge Hub on Smokeless Tobacco, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shalini Singh
- ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Suneela Garg
- Department of Community Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College and Associated Hospitals, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Prakash C Gupta
- Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Ravi Mehrotra
- India Cancer Research Consortium, New Delhi, Delhi, India
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Vini M, Sahana HS, Pradnya K, Abhishek K, Ankita M. Evaluating the effectiveness of a 'Tobacco Monitor' App in reporting violations of tobacco policy in the community. Bioinformation 2021; 17:306-312. [PMID: 34234389 PMCID: PMC8225599 DOI: 10.6026/97320630017306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
It is of interest to evaluate the effectiveness of the "Tobacco Monitor" app in reporting violations of tobacco policy in the community. Hence, a study was conducted amongst the first and second-year undergraduate students of health science colleges of a
University. Students were asked to register complaints related to tobacco violations on the tobacco monitor app. Registered complaints were verified by the National Forum for Tobacco Eradication (NFTE) and descriptive statistics were used in reporting the
results. A total of 208 complaints on tobacco violation were registered through the Tobacco Monitor app, 163 valid complaints were identified and 45 reports were found invalid. 163 verified valid complaints by NFTE were transferred to the Non-Communicable
Diseases (NCD) Cell, Maharashtra, India. It should be noted that anti-tobacco laws and national policies help to curb the menace of the tobacco epidemic to an extent. However, robust reporting and sustainable enforcement measures are required in implementing
tobacco legislation effectively. We also report that youth are comfortable in using the Tobacco Monitor app for reporting violations on tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehta Vini
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, People's College of Dental Sciences & Research Centre, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh
| | - Hegde S Sahana
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Pune
| | | | - Kumbhalwar Abhishek
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, D.Y. Patil Dental School, Charholi, Lohegaon, Pune
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Kapoor S, Kumar S, Sharma R, Pandey A, Singh R. Compliance assessment with tobacco control regulations at wheelchair-based tobacco Point of sale in Delhi, India. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/jncd.jncd_76_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Almahdi HM, Ali RW, Nasir EF. Exposure to the advertisement of toombak at the point-of-sale among adolescents in Khartoum State, Sudan: A cross-sectional study. Tob Prev Cessat 2020; 6:19. [PMID: 32548356 PMCID: PMC7291888 DOI: 10.18332/tpc/115800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to assess the association between toombak (smokeless tobacco) advertisement at point-of-sale (PoS) and its use among adolescents in Sudan. METHODS A cross-sectional school-based and self-administered questionnaire study was conducted. Schools were randomly selected using a one-stage stratified sampling procedure, during 2013–2014, as part of a larger research project focusing on the use of toombak among secondary school students in Khartoum State, Sudan. The sample size was 1526 students. Data were collected on exposure to toombak advertisement, social acceptability, perceived accessibility to toombak, susceptibility, and toombak use. RESULTS A total of 41.8% of the adolescents were exposed to an advertisement at PoS, while 12.5% perceived direct access to toombak, 5.3% reported that they were susceptible to use toombak, and 10.9% were ever toombak users. Exposure to the advertisement of toombak at PoS was found to be associated with the older age group (44.3%) (p≤0.05). Males were more than females (45.2% vs 38.8%; p≤0.05). Those exposed to toombak advertisements at PoS reported more social acceptability towards toombak (48.9% vs 37.6%; p≤0.001) and direct accessibility to toombak (68.8% vs 47.2%; p≤0.05). Ever toombak users reported higher exposure to advertisements than non-users (54.5% vs 40.3%; p≤0.001). CONCLUSIONS Exposure to toombak advertisements at PoS was found to be high and associated with increased toombak use in Khartoum State, Sudan, in addition to increasing social acceptability to its use and perceived easy accessibility. The current law, which bans toombak advertisement and promotion at PoS, needs to be enforced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatim M Almahdi
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.,Faculty of Dentistry, University of Science and Technology, Omdurman, Sudan
| | - Raouf W Ali
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Science and Technology, Omdurman, Sudan.,Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elwalid F Nasir
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Science and Technology, Omdurman, Sudan.,Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
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