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Miao X, Li Y, Zhou X, Luo Y, Paez AG, Liu D, van Zijl PCM, Hua J. Evaluation of T2-prepared blood oxygenation level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging with an event-related task: Hemodynamic response function and reproducibility. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1114045. [PMID: 36937683 PMCID: PMC10017524 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1114045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
T2-prepared (T2prep) blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) functional MRI (fMRI) is an alternative fMRI approach developed to mitigate the susceptibility artifacts that are typically observed in brain regions near air-filled cavities, bleeding and calcification, and metallic objects in echo-planar-imaging (EPI) based fMRI images. Here, T2prep BOLD fMRI was evaluated in an event-related paradigm for the first time. Functional experiments were performed using gradient-echo (GRE) EPI, spin-echo (SE) EPI, and T2prep BOLD fMRI during an event-related visual task in 10 healthy human subjects. Each fMRI method was performed with a low (3.4 × 3.4 × 4 mm3) and a high (1.5 mm isotropic) spatial resolution on 3T and a high resolution (1.5 mm isotropic) on 7T. Robust activation were detected in the visual cortex with all three fMRI methods. In each group of fMRI scans (3T low resolution, 3T high resolution, and 7T high resolution), GRE EPI showed the highest signal change (ΔS/S), largest full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) and longest time-to-peak (TTP) extracted from the hemodynamic response functions (HRF), indicating substantial signal contribution from large draining veins which have longer response times than microvessels. In contrast, T2prep BOLD showed the lowest ΔS/S, smallest FWHM, and shortest TTP, suggesting that T2prep BOLD may have a purer T2-weighted BOLD contrast that is more sensitive to microvessels compared to GRE/SE EPI BOLD. This trend was more obvious in fMRI scans performed with a lower spatial resolution on a lower field (3T with a 3.4 × 3.4 × 4 mm3 voxel). Scan-rescan reproducibility in the same subjects was comparable among the three fMRI methods. The results from the current study are expected to be useful to establish T2prep BOLD as a useful alternative fMRI approach for event-related fMRI in brain regions with large susceptibility artifacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Miao
- Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yinghao Li
- Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Xinyi Zhou
- Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yu Luo
- Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Adrian G. Paez
- Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Dapeng Liu
- Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Peter C. M. van Zijl
- Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jun Hua
- Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Miao X, Paez AG, Rajan S, Cao D, Liu D, Pantelyat AY, Rosenthal LI, van Zijl PCM, Bassett SS, Yousem DM, Kamath V, Hua J. Functional Activities Detected in the Olfactory Bulb and Associated Olfactory Regions in the Human Brain Using T2-Prepared BOLD Functional MRI at 7T. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:723441. [PMID: 34588949 PMCID: PMC8476065 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.723441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfaction is a fundamental sense that plays a vital role in daily life in humans, and can be altered in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. Blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using conventional echo-planar-imaging (EPI) based sequences can be challenging in brain regions important for olfactory processing, such as the olfactory bulb (OB) and orbitofrontal cortex, mainly due to the signal dropout and distortion artifacts caused by large susceptibility effects from the sinonasal cavity and temporal bone. To date, few studies have demonstrated successful fMRI in the OB in humans. T2-prepared (T2prep) BOLD fMRI is an alternative approach developed especially for performing fMRI in regions affected by large susceptibility artifacts. The purpose of this technical study is to evaluate T2prep BOLD fMRI for olfactory functional experiments in humans. Olfactory fMRI scans were performed on 7T in 14 healthy participants. T2prep BOLD showed greater sensitivity than GRE EPI BOLD in the OB, orbitofrontal cortex and the temporal pole. Functional activation was detected using T2prep BOLD in the OB and associated olfactory regions. Habituation effects and a bi-phasic pattern of fMRI signal changes during olfactory stimulation were observed in all regions. Both positively and negatively activated regions were observed during olfactory stimulation. These signal characteristics are generally consistent with literature and showed a good intra-subject reproducibility comparable to previous human BOLD fMRI studies. In conclusion, the methodology demonstrated in this study holds promise for future olfactory fMRI studies in the OB and other brain regions that suffer from large susceptibility artifacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Miao
- Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Adrian G Paez
- Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Suraj Rajan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Di Cao
- Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Dapeng Liu
- Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alex Y Pantelyat
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Liana I Rosenthal
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Peter C M van Zijl
- Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Susan S Bassett
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - David M Yousem
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Vidyulata Kamath
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jun Hua
- Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
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8
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Miao X, Wu Y, Liu D, Jiang H, Woods D, Stern MT, Blair NIS, Airan RD, Bettegowda C, Rosch KS, Qin Q, van Zijl PCM, Pillai JJ, Hua J. Whole-Brain Functional and Diffusion Tensor MRI in Human Participants with Metallic Orthodontic Braces. Radiology 2020; 294:149-157. [PMID: 31714192 PMCID: PMC6939835 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2019190070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Background MRI performed with echo-planar imaging (EPI) sequences is sensitive to susceptibility artifacts in the presence of metallic objects, which presents a substantial barrier for performing functional MRI and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in patients with metallic orthodontic material and other head implants. Purpose To evaluate the ability to reduce susceptibility artifacts in healthy human participants wearing metallic orthodontic braces for two alternative approaches: T2-prepared functional MRI and diffusion-prepared DTI with three-dimensional fast gradient-echo readout. Materials and Methods In this prospective study conducted from February to September 2018, T2-prepared functional MRI and diffusion-prepared DTI were performed in healthy human participants. Removable dental braces with bonding trays were used so that MRI could be performed with braces and without braces in the same participants. Results were evaluated in regions with strong (EPI dropout regions for functional MRI and the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus for DTI) and minimal (motor cortex for functional MRI and the posterior limb of internal capsule for DTI) susceptibility artifacts. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio for functional MRI, apparent diffusion coefficient and fractional anisotropy for DTI, and degree of distortion (quantified with the Jaccard index, which measures the similarity of geometric shapes) were compared in regions with strong or minimal susceptibility effects between the current standard EPI sequences and the proposed alternatives by using paired t test. Results Six participants were evaluated (mean age ± standard deviation, 40 years ± 6; three women). In brain regions with strong susceptibility effects from the metallic braces, T2-prepared functional MRI showed significantly higher SNR (37.8 ± 2.4 vs 15.5 ± 5.3; P < .001) and contrast-to-noise ratio (0.83 ± 0.16 vs 0.29 ± 0.10; P < .001), whereas diffusion-prepared DTI showed higher SNR (5.8 ± 1.5 vs 3.8 ± 0.7; P = .03) than did conventional EPI methods. Apparent diffusion coefficient and fractional anisotropy were consistent with the literature. Geometric distortion was substantially reduced throughout the brain with the proposed methods (significantly higher Jaccard index, 0.95 ± 0.12 vs 0.81 ± 0.61; P < .001). Conclusion T2-prepared functional MRI and diffusion-prepared diffusion tensor imaging can acquire functional and diffusion MRI, respectively, in healthy human participants wearing metallic dental braces with less susceptibility artifacts and geometric distortion than with conventional echo-planar imaging. © RSNA, 2019 Online supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Dietrich in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dapeng Liu
- From the Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, Md 21205 (X.M., Y.W., D.L., H.J.,
Q.Q., P.C.M.v.Z., J.H.); F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain
Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (X.M., Y.W., D.L., Q.Q.,
P.C.M.v.Z., J.H.); Department of Medical Imaging, Nanfang Hospital, Southern
Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China (Y.W.); Department of Orthodontics and
Pediatric Dentistry, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Md
(D.W., M.T.S.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, Md (N.I.S.B.); Division of Neuroradiology, Russell H. Morgan
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (R.D.A., J.J.P.); Department of Neurosurgery,
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (C.B., J.J.P.);
Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research and Department of
Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (K.S.R.); and
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (K.S.R.)
| | - Hangyi Jiang
- From the Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, Md 21205 (X.M., Y.W., D.L., H.J.,
Q.Q., P.C.M.v.Z., J.H.); F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain
Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (X.M., Y.W., D.L., Q.Q.,
P.C.M.v.Z., J.H.); Department of Medical Imaging, Nanfang Hospital, Southern
Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China (Y.W.); Department of Orthodontics and
Pediatric Dentistry, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Md
(D.W., M.T.S.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, Md (N.I.S.B.); Division of Neuroradiology, Russell H. Morgan
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (R.D.A., J.J.P.); Department of Neurosurgery,
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (C.B., J.J.P.);
Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research and Department of
Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (K.S.R.); and
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (K.S.R.)
| | - David Woods
- From the Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, Md 21205 (X.M., Y.W., D.L., H.J.,
Q.Q., P.C.M.v.Z., J.H.); F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain
Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (X.M., Y.W., D.L., Q.Q.,
P.C.M.v.Z., J.H.); Department of Medical Imaging, Nanfang Hospital, Southern
Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China (Y.W.); Department of Orthodontics and
Pediatric Dentistry, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Md
(D.W., M.T.S.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, Md (N.I.S.B.); Division of Neuroradiology, Russell H. Morgan
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (R.D.A., J.J.P.); Department of Neurosurgery,
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (C.B., J.J.P.);
Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research and Department of
Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (K.S.R.); and
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (K.S.R.)
| | - Moshe T. Stern
- From the Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, Md 21205 (X.M., Y.W., D.L., H.J.,
Q.Q., P.C.M.v.Z., J.H.); F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain
Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (X.M., Y.W., D.L., Q.Q.,
P.C.M.v.Z., J.H.); Department of Medical Imaging, Nanfang Hospital, Southern
Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China (Y.W.); Department of Orthodontics and
Pediatric Dentistry, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Md
(D.W., M.T.S.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, Md (N.I.S.B.); Division of Neuroradiology, Russell H. Morgan
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (R.D.A., J.J.P.); Department of Neurosurgery,
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (C.B., J.J.P.);
Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research and Department of
Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (K.S.R.); and
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (K.S.R.)
| | - Nicholas I. S. Blair
- From the Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, Md 21205 (X.M., Y.W., D.L., H.J.,
Q.Q., P.C.M.v.Z., J.H.); F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain
Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (X.M., Y.W., D.L., Q.Q.,
P.C.M.v.Z., J.H.); Department of Medical Imaging, Nanfang Hospital, Southern
Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China (Y.W.); Department of Orthodontics and
Pediatric Dentistry, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Md
(D.W., M.T.S.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, Md (N.I.S.B.); Division of Neuroradiology, Russell H. Morgan
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (R.D.A., J.J.P.); Department of Neurosurgery,
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (C.B., J.J.P.);
Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research and Department of
Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (K.S.R.); and
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (K.S.R.)
| | - Raag D. Airan
- From the Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, Md 21205 (X.M., Y.W., D.L., H.J.,
Q.Q., P.C.M.v.Z., J.H.); F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain
Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (X.M., Y.W., D.L., Q.Q.,
P.C.M.v.Z., J.H.); Department of Medical Imaging, Nanfang Hospital, Southern
Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China (Y.W.); Department of Orthodontics and
Pediatric Dentistry, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Md
(D.W., M.T.S.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, Md (N.I.S.B.); Division of Neuroradiology, Russell H. Morgan
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (R.D.A., J.J.P.); Department of Neurosurgery,
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (C.B., J.J.P.);
Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research and Department of
Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (K.S.R.); and
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (K.S.R.)
| | - Chetan Bettegowda
- From the Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, Md 21205 (X.M., Y.W., D.L., H.J.,
Q.Q., P.C.M.v.Z., J.H.); F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain
Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (X.M., Y.W., D.L., Q.Q.,
P.C.M.v.Z., J.H.); Department of Medical Imaging, Nanfang Hospital, Southern
Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China (Y.W.); Department of Orthodontics and
Pediatric Dentistry, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Md
(D.W., M.T.S.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, Md (N.I.S.B.); Division of Neuroradiology, Russell H. Morgan
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (R.D.A., J.J.P.); Department of Neurosurgery,
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (C.B., J.J.P.);
Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research and Department of
Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (K.S.R.); and
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (K.S.R.)
| | - Keri S. Rosch
- From the Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, Md 21205 (X.M., Y.W., D.L., H.J.,
Q.Q., P.C.M.v.Z., J.H.); F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain
Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (X.M., Y.W., D.L., Q.Q.,
P.C.M.v.Z., J.H.); Department of Medical Imaging, Nanfang Hospital, Southern
Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China (Y.W.); Department of Orthodontics and
Pediatric Dentistry, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Md
(D.W., M.T.S.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, Md (N.I.S.B.); Division of Neuroradiology, Russell H. Morgan
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (R.D.A., J.J.P.); Department of Neurosurgery,
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (C.B., J.J.P.);
Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research and Department of
Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (K.S.R.); and
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (K.S.R.)
| | - Qin Qin
- From the Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, Md 21205 (X.M., Y.W., D.L., H.J.,
Q.Q., P.C.M.v.Z., J.H.); F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain
Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (X.M., Y.W., D.L., Q.Q.,
P.C.M.v.Z., J.H.); Department of Medical Imaging, Nanfang Hospital, Southern
Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China (Y.W.); Department of Orthodontics and
Pediatric Dentistry, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Md
(D.W., M.T.S.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, Md (N.I.S.B.); Division of Neuroradiology, Russell H. Morgan
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (R.D.A., J.J.P.); Department of Neurosurgery,
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (C.B., J.J.P.);
Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research and Department of
Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (K.S.R.); and
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (K.S.R.)
| | - Peter C. M. van Zijl
- From the Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, Md 21205 (X.M., Y.W., D.L., H.J.,
Q.Q., P.C.M.v.Z., J.H.); F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain
Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (X.M., Y.W., D.L., Q.Q.,
P.C.M.v.Z., J.H.); Department of Medical Imaging, Nanfang Hospital, Southern
Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China (Y.W.); Department of Orthodontics and
Pediatric Dentistry, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Md
(D.W., M.T.S.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, Md (N.I.S.B.); Division of Neuroradiology, Russell H. Morgan
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (R.D.A., J.J.P.); Department of Neurosurgery,
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (C.B., J.J.P.);
Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research and Department of
Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (K.S.R.); and
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (K.S.R.)
| | - Jay J. Pillai
- From the Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, Md 21205 (X.M., Y.W., D.L., H.J.,
Q.Q., P.C.M.v.Z., J.H.); F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain
Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (X.M., Y.W., D.L., Q.Q.,
P.C.M.v.Z., J.H.); Department of Medical Imaging, Nanfang Hospital, Southern
Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China (Y.W.); Department of Orthodontics and
Pediatric Dentistry, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Md
(D.W., M.T.S.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, Md (N.I.S.B.); Division of Neuroradiology, Russell H. Morgan
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (R.D.A., J.J.P.); Department of Neurosurgery,
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (C.B., J.J.P.);
Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research and Department of
Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (K.S.R.); and
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (K.S.R.)
| | - Jun Hua
- From the Neurosection, Division of MRI Research, Russell H. Morgan
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, Md 21205 (X.M., Y.W., D.L., H.J.,
Q.Q., P.C.M.v.Z., J.H.); F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain
Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (X.M., Y.W., D.L., Q.Q.,
P.C.M.v.Z., J.H.); Department of Medical Imaging, Nanfang Hospital, Southern
Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China (Y.W.); Department of Orthodontics and
Pediatric Dentistry, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Md
(D.W., M.T.S.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, Md (N.I.S.B.); Division of Neuroradiology, Russell H. Morgan
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (R.D.A., J.J.P.); Department of Neurosurgery,
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (C.B., J.J.P.);
Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research and Department of
Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Md (K.S.R.); and
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (K.S.R.)
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