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Jeries LM, Sysoeva TA, Karstens L, Kelly MS. Synthesis of current pediatric urinary microbiome research. Front Pediatr 2024; 12:1396408. [PMID: 38957777 PMCID: PMC11217333 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2024.1396408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The human urinary bladder hosts a complex microbial community of low biomass referred to as the urobiome. While the composition of the urobiome has been investigated in adults for over a decade now, only a few studies have considered the presence and composition of the urobiome in children. It is critical to explore how the urobiome develops throughout the life span and how it changes in the presence of various health conditions. Therefore, we set to review the available data on pediatric urobiome composition and its development with age and disease. In addition, we focused on identifying and reporting specific gaps in our knowledge of the pediatric urobiome that we hope will be addressed by future studies in this swiftly developing field with fast-improving methods and consensus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla M. Jeries
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, United States
| | - Tatyana A. Sysoeva
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, United States
| | - Lisa Karstens
- Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Maryellen S. Kelly
- Division of Healthcare of Women and Children, School of Nursing, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Urology, Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC, United States
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2
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Gómez-Vicente E, Navarro-Marí JM, Rodríguez-Guerrero E, Rosales-Castillo A, Gutiérrez-Fernández J. Concerning the presumptive identification of Candida kefyr on Uriselect™4 agar. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE QUIMIOTERAPIA : PUBLICACION OFICIAL DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE QUIMIOTERAPIA 2024; 37:93-96. [PMID: 37925628 PMCID: PMC10874673 DOI: 10.37201/req/068.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Non-albicans Candida species, such as Candida kefyr, are emerging pathogens. Chromogenic media are highly useful for the diagnosis of urinary tract infections (UTIs). The aim was to describe the behavior of this specie on a non-specific chromogenic medium. METHODS A retrospective study of cases of candiduria detected in the Microbiology laboratory of the Virgen de las Nieves Hospital in Granada (Spain) between 2016 and 2021 (N=2,130). Urine samples were quantitatively seeded on non-selective UriSelect™4 chromogenic agar. RESULTS Between 2016 and 2021, C. kefyr was the seventh most frequent Candida species responsible for candiduria in our setting (n=15). The macroscopic appearance of C. kefyr colonies, punctiform and bluish, allowed the direct identification of these microorganisms. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first description of the specific behavior of C. kefyr on UriSelect™4 agar, which differentiates it from other Candida species based on its enzymatic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - J Gutiérrez-Fernández
- José Gutiérrez-Fernández. Laboratorio de Microbiología. Avenida de las Fuerzas Armadas, 2. E-18012. Granada, Spain.
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3
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Talapko J, Meštrović T, Škrlec I. Growing importance of urogenital candidiasis in individuals with diabetes: A narrative review. World J Diabetes 2022; 13:809-821. [PMID: 36311997 PMCID: PMC9606786 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v13.i10.809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Both diabetes and fungal infections contribute significantly to the global disease burden, with increasing trends seen in most developed and developing countries during recent decades. This is reflected in urogenital infections caused by Candida species that are becoming ever more pervasive in diabetic patients, particularly those that present with unsatisfactory glycemic control. In addition, a relatively new group of anti-hyperglycemic drugs, known as sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, has been linked with an increased risk for colonization of the urogenital region with Candida spp., which can subsequently lead to an infectious process. In this review paper, we have highlighted notable virulence factors of Candida species (with an emphasis on Candida albicans) and shown how the interplay of many pathophysiological factors can give rise to vulvovaginal candidiasis, potentially complicated with recurrences and dire pregnancy outcomes. We have also addressed an increased risk of candiduria and urinary tract infections caused by species of Candida in females and males with diabetes, further highlighting possible complications such as emphysematous cystitis as well as the risk for the development of balanitis and balanoposthitis in (primarily uncircumcised) males. With a steadily increasing global burden of diabetes, urogenital mycotic infections will undoubtedly become more prevalent in the future; hence, there is a need for an evidence-based approach from both clinical and public health perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasminka Talapko
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Meštrović
- University North, University Centre Varaždin, Varaždin 42000, Croatia
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Department for Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Ivana Škrlec
- Department of Biophysics, Biology, and Chemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
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4
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Barbosa VB, Rodrigues CF, Cerqueira L, Miranda JM, Azevedo NF. Microfluidics combined with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for Candida spp. detection. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:987669. [PMID: 36213081 PMCID: PMC9539416 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.987669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most prevalent healthcare-associated infection is the urinary tract infection (UTI), caused by opportunistic pathogens such as Candida albicans or non-albicans Candida species (NACS). Urine culture methods are routinely used for UTI diagnostics due to their specificity, sensitivity and low-cost. However, these methods are also laborious, time- and reagent-consuming. Therefore, diagnostic methods relying on nucleic acids have been suggested as alternatives. Nucleic acid-based methods can provide results within 24 h and can be adapted to point-of-care (POC) detection. Here, we propose to combine fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with a microfluidic platform for the detection of Candida spp. As a case study we used C. tropicalis, which is reported as the second most common NACS urine isolate obtained from patients suspected with UTI. The microfluidic platform proposed in this study relies on hydrodynamic trapping, and uses physical barriers (e.g., microposts) for the separation of target cells from the suspension. Using a specific peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probe, the FISH procedure was applied onto previously trapped C. tropicalis cells present inside the microfluidic platform. Fluorescence signal intensity of hybridized cells was captured directly under the epifluorescence microscope. Overall, the PNA probe successfully detected C. tropicalis in pure culture and artificial urine (AU) using FISH combined with the microfluidic platform. Our findings reveal that FISH using nucleic acid mimics (PNA) in combination with microfluidics is a reliable method for the detection of microorganisms such as C. tropicalis. As such, this work provides the basis for the development of a POC detection platform in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violina Baranauskaite Barbosa
- LEPABE–Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE–Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Célia F. Rodrigues
- LEPABE–Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE–Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Laura Cerqueira
- LEPABE–Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE–Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Laura Cerqueira, ; João M. Miranda,
| | - João M. Miranda
- ALiCE–Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- CEFT–Transport Phenomena Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Laura Cerqueira, ; João M. Miranda,
| | - Nuno F. Azevedo
- LEPABE–Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE–Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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5
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Hasandka A, Singh AR, Prabhu A, Singhal HR, Nandagopal MSG, Mani NK. Paper and thread as media for the frugal detection of urinary tract infections (UTIs). Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:847-865. [PMID: 34668042 PMCID: PMC8724062 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03671-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) make up a significant proportion of the global burden of disease in vulnerable groups and tend to substantially impair the quality of life of those affected, making timely detection of UTIs a priority for public health. However, economic and societal barriers drastically reduce accessibility of traditional lab-based testing methods for critical patient groups in low-resource areas, negatively affecting their overall healthcare outcomes. As a result, cellulose-based materials such as paper and thread have garnered significant interest among researchers as substrates for so-called frugal analytical devices which leverage the material's portability and adaptability for facile and reproducible diagnoses of UTIs. Although the field may be only in its infancy, strategies aimed at commercial penetration can appreciably increase access to more healthcare options for at-risk people. In this review, we catalogue recent advances in devices that use cellulose-based materials as the primary housing or medium for UTI detection and chart out trends in the field. We also explore different modalities employed for detection, with particular emphasis on their ability to be ported onto discreet casings such as sanitary products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrutha Hasandka
- Microfluidics, Sensors and Diagnostics Laboratory (μSenD), Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Ankita Ramchandran Singh
- Microfluidics, Sensors and Diagnostics Laboratory (μSenD), Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Anusha Prabhu
- Microfluidics, Sensors and Diagnostics Laboratory (μSenD), Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Hardik Ramesh Singhal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - M S Giri Nandagopal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Naresh Kumar Mani
- Microfluidics, Sensors and Diagnostics Laboratory (μSenD), Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
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Pramodhini S, Srirangaraj S, Easow JM. Candiduria-Study of Virulence Factors and Its Antifungal Susceptibility Pattern in Tertiary Care Hospital. J Lab Physicians 2021; 13:231-237. [PMID: 34602787 PMCID: PMC8478503 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1730880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background
The increased incidence of candiduria in hospitalized patients is due to the use of indwelling devices, long-term antibiotics, parenteral nutrition, and immunocompromised status of the patient. In this study, an attempt was made to speciate, characterize, and determine the antifungal susceptibility pattern of
Candida
isolated from urinary tract infections (UTIs).
Materials and Methods
A total of 70
Candida
isolates were obtained from urine samples. The isolated
Candida
species were studied for the production of virulence factors like phospholipase, protease activities, hemolysin, and biofilm production. Antifungal susceptibility testing of the isolated yeasts was done using Mueller-Hinton agar supplemented with 0.5 mg/mL methylene blue by E-test method for amphotericin B, fluconazole, caspofungin, and voriconazole.
Results
Out of 70 isolates,
Candida tropicalis
was the most frequently isolated species (65.7%), followed by
Candida albicans
(14.3%),
Candida glabrata
(7.1%),
Candida krusei
(5.7%),
Candida parapsilosis
(4.3%), and
Candida dubliniensis
(2.9%). A total of 37.1% were biofilm producers, 62.9% showed proteinase activity, 38.6% were phospholipase positive, and 58.6% isolates showed hemolytic activity. Antifungal susceptibility profile of
Candida
species showed 38.6, 25.7, 15.7, and 12.9% resistance to amphotericin B, fluconazole, caspofungin, and voriconazole, respectively.
Conclusion
A rising trend in isolation of non-albicans
Candida
from urinary isolates was noticed, which was statistically significant when comparing catheterized and noncatheterized urinary isolates from our study. However, there was no statistically significant difference when different virulence factor expressions were compared among
Candida
spp. isolated from catheterized and noncatheterized urinary samples. Due to this rise in non-albicans
Candida
species causing UTI that are intrinsically resistant to certain antifungal agents like azoles and increasing incidence of antifungal resistance, it is essential to monitor the antifungal susceptibility profile of
Candida
species causing candiduria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramanian Pramodhini
- Department of Microbiology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (deemed to be university), Puducherry, India
| | - Sreenivasan Srirangaraj
- Department of Microbiology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (deemed to be university), Puducherry, India
| | - Joshy Maducolil Easow
- Department of Microbiology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (deemed to be university), Puducherry, India
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7
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Wang Y, Zhao X, Cheng J, Tang X, Chen X, Yu H, Li S. Development and Application of a Multiple Cross Displacement Amplification Combined With Nanoparticle-Based Lateral Flow Biosensor Assay to Detect Candida tropicalis. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:681488. [PMID: 34177867 PMCID: PMC8222920 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.681488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida tropicalis is an increasingly opportunistic pathogen that causes serious invasive candidiasis threatening a patient’s life. Traditional methods to detect C. tropicalis infection depends on time-consuming, culture-based gold-standard methods. So, we sought to establish a new method that could detect target pathogens quickly, accurately, and straightforwardly. Herein, a combination of multiple cross displacement amplification (MCDA) and lateral flow biosensors (LFB) was employed to detect C. tropicalis. In the MCDA system, 10 primers were designed to identify the specific genes of C. tropicalis and amplify the genes in an isothermal amplification device. Then, MCDA amplification reaction products could be identified visibly by color change, and all the amplification products would be tested by LFB with no special equipment. The results demonstrated that the optimal reaction condition of C. tropicalis-MCDA assay was 64°C within 30 min, and only 10 fg DNA was required in each reaction. No cross-reaction was found between C. tropicalis strains and non-C. tropicalis strains. For 300 sputum samples, the results showed that MCDA-LFB assay could rapidly and successfully detect all of the C. tropicalis-positive (28/300) samples detected by the gold-standard method. The entire procedure, including specimen processing (40 min), isothermal reaction (30 min) and result reporting (within 2 min), could be completed within 75 min. Briefly, the study results demonstrated that the detection ability of C. tropicalis-MCDA-LFB assay was better than culture methods with more simplicity, rapidity, sensitivity and specificity. Hence, MCDA-LFB strategy is an effective tool to rapidly detect C. tropicalis in clinical samples, especially in resource-poor areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Guiyang, Guiyang, China.,Laboratory of Bacterial Infectious Disease of Experimental Center, Guizhou Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Guiyang, Guiyang, China
| | - Jinzhi Cheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaomin Tang
- Laboratory of Bacterial Infectious Disease of Experimental Center, Guizhou Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Central Laboratory of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Honglan Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Guiyang, Guiyang, China
| | - Shijun Li
- Laboratory of Bacterial Infectious Disease of Experimental Center, Guizhou Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, China
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Griffith N, Danziger L. Candida auris Urinary Tract Infections and Possible Treatment. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9120898. [PMID: 33322761 PMCID: PMC7764735 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9120898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida auris is a globally emerging pathogen that has been identified in urinary tract infections (UTIs) worldwide. The novel pathogen is characterized by common misidentification, difficult eradication, and multidrug resistance. To date, there is a paucity of data to guide the optimal management of C. auris UTIs. This review provides an overview of C. auris as an etiologic agent of UTIs, a comprehensive review of published data on C. auris UTIs, and a proposed treatment algorithm based on patient clinical status, the presence or absence of clinical infection, comorbidities, infection, and therapy history. Echinocandin and liposomal amphotericin B are recommended as first-line agents for most patients with C. auris isolated in the urine, with a focus on infection control measures and appropriate follow-up criteria. A variety of combination therapies, flucytosine, and amphotericin B bladder irrigations are offered as potential alternatives in the event of infection persistence or recurrence. The treatment approach centers on the aggressive treatment of C. auris in most patients, with the goal of preventing subsequent invasive spread, multi-drug resistance, and ultimate mortality. Published literature on C. auris urinary isolation and treatment is imperative for the future evolution of evidence-based treatment recommendations for this unique pathogen of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Griffith
- Department of Pharmacy Practice (m/c 833), University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Larry Danziger
- Department of Pharmacy Practice (m/c 833), University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, UIC College of Pharmacy, Suite 164 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Correspondence:
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Urine Sediment Findings and the Immune Response to Pathologies in Fungal Urinary Tract Infections Caused by Candida spp. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040245. [PMID: 33114117 PMCID: PMC7711825 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi are pathogenic agents that can also cause disseminated infections involving the kidneys. Besides Candida, other agents like Cryptococcus spp. can cause urinary tract infection (UTI), as well as other non-yeast fungi, especially among immunocompromised patients. The detection and identification of fungi in urine samples (by microscopy and culture) plays an essential role in the diagnosis of fungal UTI. However, variable cutoff definitions and unreliable culture techniques may skew analysis of the incidence and outcome of candiduria. The sediment analysis plays a key role in the identification of fungal UTI because both yeasts and pseudohyphae are easily identified and can be used as a clinical sign of fungal UTI but should not be overinterpreted. Indeed, urine markers of the immune response (leukocytes), urine barriers of tissue protection (epithelial cells), and urine markers of kidney disease (urinary casts) can be found in urine samples. This work explores the manifestations associated with the fungal UTI from the urinalysis perspective, namely the urinary findings and clinical picture of patients with fungal UTI caused by Candida spp., aspects associated with the immune response, and the future perspectives of urinalysis in the diagnosis of this clinical condition.
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Wang Q, Li C, Tang D, Tang K. Molecular epidemiology of Candida tropicalis isolated from urogenital tract infections. Microbiologyopen 2020; 9:e1121. [PMID: 32985133 PMCID: PMC7658454 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida tropicalis is a common human pathogenic yeast, and its molecular typing is important for studying the population structure and epidemiology of this opportunistic yeast, such as epidemic genotype, population dynamics, nosocomial infection, and drug resistance surveillance. In this study, the antifungal susceptibility test and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis were carried out on C. tropicalis from central China. Among 64 urogenital isolates, 45 diploid sequence types (DST) were found, of which 20 DSTs (44.4%) were new to the central database. The goeBURST analysis showed that CC1 (clonal complex) was the only azole‐resistant (100%, 10/10) cluster in Wuhan, which was composed of DST546, DST225, DST376, and DST506, and most of the strains (90%, 9/10) were isolated from the urinary tract. Potential nosocomial infections were mainly caused by CC1 strains. The azole resistance rate of urinary isolates (50.0%, 21/42) was higher than that of vaginal isolates (27.3%, 6/22). The genotype diversity and novelty of vaginal isolates were higher than those of urinary isolates. C. tropicalis population in Wuhan was genetically diverse and divergent from that seen in other countries. In this study, there were significant differences in genotype and azole susceptibility between urine and vaginal strains. The azole‐resistant cluster (CC1) found in urine is of great significance for the clinical treatment and prevention of nosocomial infection. The newly discovered DSTs will contribute to further study the similarity, genetic relationship, and molecular epidemiology of C. tropicalis worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyu Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Congrong Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongling Tang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kewen Tang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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