Assessment of seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in blood donors applied to the blood center of Gazi university hospital

Trends of Toxoplasma gondii and common transfusable venereal infections among blood donors in Menoufia Province, Egypt

Blood transfusion has a hazard of transmission of many pathogens, including Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) and other venereal infections. It is crucial to conduct epidemiological surveillance to detect the prevalence of these pathogens. The study aimed to assess the seroprevalence of T. gondii and common transfusable venereal infections among healthy blood donors in Menoufia Province, Egypt, and identify associated risk factors. Four hundred twenty individuals were recruited between January and April 2023 for cross-sectional descriptive research from the blood banks of Menoufia University medical hospitals. Collected blood samples were screened for anti-T. gondii IgM and IgG, HBsAg, anti-HCV antibodies, HIV p24 antigen and anti-HIV antibodies, and anti-Treponema pallidum antibodies. 46 (11.0%) and 22 donors (5.2%) individuals tested positive for anti-T. gondii IgG with a 95% CI (8.3-14.6) and IgM with a 95% CI (3.5-8.1), respectively, while one patient (0.2%) was positive for both antibodies. Regarding venereal infections, 12 (2.9%) were positive for HBV, 6 (1.4%) were positive for HCV, 7 (1.7%) were positive for HIV, and none of the tested population showed positivity for syphilis. Female gender, consumption of raw meat, agricultural environment, poor awareness about T. gondii, and blood group type (especially AB and O groups) were identified as independent risk factors for T. gondii infection. The study highlights the importance of testing blood donors for T. gondii and common transfusable venereal illnesses. Starting health education programs and preventative measures, such as suitable meat handling and cleanliness practices, is critical for minimizing the occurrence of these illnesses. Larger-scale additional study is advised to confirm these results and provide guidance for public health initiatives.

Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in the Iranian blood donors: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

The present systematic review and meta-analysis was done to assess the rate of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) exposure among Iranian healthy blood donors.

Methods

We searched four English (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Science Direct) and two Persian databases (Magiran and SID) as well as Google Scholar as a specialized article search engine using specific keywords for relevant papers from the inception up to November 30, 2023.

Results

In total, 19 studies enrolling 8226 apparently healthy blood donors were examined regarding T. gondii-specific IgG and/or IgM antibodies, among which 2666 [32.9% (95% CI: 25.3%-41.6%)], 168 [1.4% (95% CI: 0.9%-2.1%)], and 83 [1.7% (95% CI: 1.3%-2.1%)] subjects were seropositive regarding IgG, IgM, and both IgG/IgM antibodies, respectively. Five risk factors were significantly associated with T. gondii seroprevalence, including gender (OR = 1.98; 95% CI: 1.52-2.58; P < 0.001), contact with cat (OR = 2.41; 95% CI: 1.70-3.41; P < 0.001), contact with soil (OR = 2.83; 95% CI: 1.07-7.45; P = 0.035), consuming raw/undercooked meat (OR = 1.95; 95% CI: 1.03-3.70; P = 0.039), and raw/unwashed vegetables (OR = 1.70; 95% CI: 1.25-2.31; P = 0.001).

Conclusion

A moderate rate of T. gondii exposure was found in the Iranian blood donors, with the association of several risk factors, including gender, contact with cat, contact with soil, consumption of unwashed vegetables and/or undercooked meat. Still, more studies are recommended regarding T. gondii exposure among blood donors in Iran.

Association between breakthrough infection with COVID-19 and Toxoplasma gondii: a cross-sectional study

The breakthrough infection following COVID-19 vaccination has been a subject of concern recently. Evidence suggests that COVID-19 vaccine efficacy diminishes over time due to multiple factors related to the host, and vaccine. Coinfection with other pathogens was claimed earlier as a contributing cause for this phenomenon. Hence, we aimed to stratify the association of post-COVID-19 vaccination breakthrough coinfection with Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) and its impact on disease severity. This cross-sectional study included 330 COVID-19-vaccinated patients confirmed by RT-PCR. They were also screened for anti- T. gondii antibodies using ELISA. Toxoplasma seropositive cases' whole blood was screened for DNA using PCR to correlate results with COVID-19 severity. Out of 330 COVID-19 vaccinated patients with breakthrough infection, 34.5% (114 patients) showed positivity for Toxoplasma IgG by ELISA, and none of the cases was IgM positive. Eleven patients (9.6%) of the IgG-positive cases were positive by PCR. Positive PCR cases correlated positively with the Toxoplasma IgG titer (P < 0.001), and the Cutoff point was 191.5. Molecular analysis of Toxoplasma and COVID-19 severity showed that 8 (72.7%), 1 (9.1%), and 2 cases (18.2%) had mild, moderate, and severe courses of the disease, respectively, with no significant correlation. Our study reported a heightened prevalence of latent toxoplasmosis among mild cases of COVID-19 breakthrough infection. Nevertheless, a discernible correlation between latent toxoplasmosis and COVID-19 severity is lacking. Hence, implementing studies on a larger scale could provide a more comprehensive comprehension of this association.

Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Blood Donors from Western Romania

Background: Toxoplasma gondii is estimated to infect 33% of blood donors worldwide, and seroprevalence varies widely between countries. We aimed to evaluate, for the first time, the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with T. gondii in blood donors from Western Romania. Methods: Serologic testing to demonstrate the presence of T. gondii antibodies was conducted in 1347 healthy blood donors. Risk factors for T. gondii infection were assessed through an epidemiological questionnaire. Results: The overall prevalence of T. gondii antibodies was 45.9%, with a significant age-associated increase (p < 0.001) from 32.6% in age group 18−25 years to 67.6% in age group 56−63 years. T. gondii seroprevalence decreased with increasing level of education, from 64.3% in individuals who graduated from elementary/middle school to 40.4% in those who graduated from University (p < 0.001). The multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that age, level of education and having pets (cats and/or dogs) were significantly associated with T. gondii infection. Conclusions: This study brings new and valuable data regarding the seroepidemiology of T. gondii infection in Romania. Our findings indicate a high prevalence of T. gondii antibodies in blood donors and may serve as a starting point for further epidemiological studies that should lead to implementation of prevention programs for toxoplasmosis.