IL13Rα2 signaling in colorectal cancer

Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B (PTP1B): A Comprehensive Review of Its Role in Pathogenesis of Human Diseases

Overexpression of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) disrupts signaling pathways and results in numerous human diseases. In particular, its involvement has been well documented in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders (diabetes mellitus type I and type II, fatty liver disease, and obesity); neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease); major depressive disorder; calcific aortic valve disease; as well as several cancer types. Given this multitude of therapeutic applications, shortly after identification of PTP1B and its role, the pursuit to introduce safe and selective enzyme inhibitors began. Regrettably, efforts undertaken so far have proved unsuccessful, since all proposed PTP1B inhibitors failed, or are yet to complete, clinical trials. Intending to aid introduction of the new generation of PTP1B inhibitors, this work collects and organizes the current state of the art. In particular, this review intends to elucidate intricate relations between numerous diseases associated with the overexpression of PTP1B, as we believe that it is of the utmost significance to establish and follow a brand-new holistic approach in the treatment of interconnected conditions. With this in mind, this comprehensive review aims to validate the PTP1B enzyme as a promising molecular target, and to reinforce future research in this direction.

IL-13 receptor α2 stimulates human glioma cell growth and metastasis through the Src/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway

Glioma is a malignant tumor that affects all kinds of people all over the world. It demonstrates remarkable infiltrative and invasive features. The high expression of interleukin-13 receptor subunit alpha-2 (IL-13Rα2) reportedly plays a pivotal role in some cancers. However, whether IL-13Rα2 contributes to glioma remains unknown. This study demonstrates that IL-13Rα2 is significantly up-regulated in human glioma tissue samples. It is also associated with late stages of disease progression and diminished survival in glioma patients. Gain- and loss-of-function studies demonstrate that IL-13Rα2 promotes the growth, migration, and invasion of glioma cells. In addition, mechanistic investigations show that IL-13Rα2 activates Scr, phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K), Akt, and mTOR. Also, restraining Scr in glioma cells attenuates the activation of Scr/PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway by IL-13Rα2, whereas the silencing of Scr markedly rescues the pro-invasive effect of IL-13Rα2. In conclusion, our results suggest that the high expression of IL-13Rα2 is significantly associated with the growth and metastasis of human glioma cells via the Scr/PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, while IL-13Rα2 may be a potential therapeutic target for glioma treatment.

Tristetraprolin exerts tumor suppressive functions on the tumorigenesis of glioma by targeting IL-13

The RNA-binding protein tristetraprolin (TTP) is an adenine/uridine (AU)-rich elements (AREs)-binding protein that can induce the decay of AREs containing mRNAs. In this study, we demonstrated that TTP is significantly down-regulated in human glioma tissue samples and cell lines. It is also associated with diminished survival in glioma patients. Gain- and loss-of-function studies demonstrated that TTP inhibited the growth, migration and invasion of glioma cells through regulation of interleukin (IL)-13. Furthermore, mechanistic investigations showed that TTP attenuated activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway by IL-13, and the ectopic expression of IL-13 markedly abrogated the anti-invasive effect of TTP. Additionally, TTP were found inversely correlated with IL-13 in glioma specimens. In conclusion, our results suggested that the low expression of TTP is significantly associated with the growth and metastasis of human glioma cells by targeting IL-13, while TTP may be a potential therapeutic target for glioma treatment.