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Kim HW, Yong H, Shea GKH. Blood-spinal cord barrier disruption in degenerative cervical myelopathy. Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:68. [PMID: 37743487 PMCID: PMC10519090 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00463-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) is the most prevalent cause of spinal cord dysfunction in the aging population. Significant neurological deficits may result from a delayed diagnosis as well as inadequate neurological recovery following surgical decompression. Here, we review the pathophysiology of DCM with an emphasis on how blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) disruption is a critical yet neglected pathological feature affecting prognosis. In patients suffering from DCM, compromise of the BSCB is evidenced by elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to serum protein ratios and abnormal contrast-enhancement upon magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In animal model correlates, there is histological evidence of increased extravasation of tissue dyes and serum contents, and pathological changes to the neurovascular unit. BSCB dysfunction is the likely culprit for ischemia-reperfusion injury following surgical decompression, which can result in devastating neurological sequelae. As there are currently no therapeutic approaches specifically targeting BSCB reconstitution, we conclude the review by discussing potential interventions harnessed for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Woo Kim
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, LKS Faulty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hu Yong
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, LKS Faulty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Graham Ka Hon Shea
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, LKS Faulty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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2
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Szulak F, Etcheverry Boneo L, Becu-Villalobos D, Fernandez MO, Sorianello E. Benzophenones alter autophagy and ER stress gene expression in pancreatic beta cells in vitro. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2022; 58:936-956. [PMID: 36484879 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-022-00739-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Benzophenones (BPs) are endocrine disruptors frequently used in sunscreens and food packaging as UV blockers. Our goal was to assess the effect of benzophenone 2 (BP2) and 3 (BP3) on gene expression related to autophagy process and ER stress response in pancreatic beta cells. To that end, the mouse pancreatic beta cell line MIN6B1 was treated with 10 µM BP2 or BP3 in the presence or absence of the autophagy-inhibitor chloroquine (CQ, 10 µM) or the autophagy-inducer rapamycin (RAPA, 50 nM) during 24 h. BP3 inhibited the expression of the autophagic gene Ulk1, and additional effects were uncovered when autophagy was modified by CQ and RAPA. BP3 counteracted CQ-induced Lamp2 expression but did not compensate CQ-induced Sqstm1/p62 gene transcription, neither BP2. Nevertheless, the BPs did not alter the autophagic flux. In relation to ER stress, BP3 inhibited unspliced and spliced Xbp1 mRNA levels in the presence or absence of CQ, totally counteracted CQ-induced Chop gene expression, and partially reverted CQ-induced Grp78/Bip mRNA levels, while BP2 also partially inhibited Grp78/Bip mRNA induction by CQ. In conclusion, BPs, principally BP3, affect cellular adaptive responses related to autophagy, lysosomal biogenesis, and ER stress in pancreatic beta cells, indicating that BP exposure could lead to beta cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Szulak
- Laboratorio de Regulación Hipofisaria, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luz Etcheverry Boneo
- Laboratorio de Regulación Hipofisaria, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Damasia Becu-Villalobos
- Laboratorio de Regulación Hipofisaria, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina Olga Fernandez
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eleonora Sorianello
- Laboratorio de Regulación Hipofisaria, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Wu F, Zhang R, Meng W, Liu L, Tang Y, Lu L, Xia L, Zhang H, Feng Z, Chen D. Platelet derived growth factor promotes the recovery of traumatic brain injury by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy-mediated pyroptosis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:862324. [PMID: 36339541 PMCID: PMC9629145 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.862324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) are important in numerous pathological processes in traumatic brain injury (TBI). Growing evidence has indicated that pyroptosis-associated inflammasome is involved in the pathogenesis of TBI. Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) has been reported to be as a potential therapeutic drug for neurological diseases. However, the roles of PDGF, autophagy and ER stress in pyroptosis have not been elucidated in the TBI. This study investigated the roles of ER stress and autophagy after TBI at different time points. We found that the ER stress and autophagy after TBI were inhibited, and the expressions of pyroptosis-related proteins induced by TBI, including NLRP3, Pro-Caspase1, Caspase1, GSDMD, GSDMD P30, and IL-18, were decreased upon PDGF treatment. Moreover, the rapamycin (RAPA, an autophagy activator) and tunicamycin (TM, an ER stress activator) eliminated the PDGF effect on the pyroptosis after TBI. Interestingly, the sodium 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA, an ER stress inhibitor) suppressed autophagy but 3-methyladenine (3-MA, an autophagy inhibitor) not for ER stress. The results revealed that PDGF improved the functional recovery after TBI, and the effects were markedly reversed by TM and RAPA. Taken together, this study provides a new insight that PDGF is a potential therapeutic strategy for enhancing the recovery of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Wu
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Renkan Zhang
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Weiyang Meng
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lei Liu
- The First Hospital of Jiaxing or The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Yingdan Tang
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Leilei Lu
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Leilei Xia
- Department of Emergency, Wenzhou People’s Hospital, The Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhiguo Feng
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Daqing Chen
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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4
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Zhao R, Wu X, Bi XY, Yang H, Zhang Q. Baicalin attenuates blood-spinal cord barrier disruption and apoptosis through PI3K/Akt signaling pathway after spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:1080-1087. [PMID: 34558536 PMCID: PMC8552841 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.324857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Baicalin is a natural active ingredient isolated from Scutellariae Radix that can cross the blood-brain barrier and exhibits neuroprotective effects on multiple central nervous system diseases. However, the mechanism behind the neuroprotective effects remains unclear. In this study, rat models of spinal cord injury were established using a modified Allen's impact method and then treated with intraperitoneal injection of Baicalin. The results revealed that Baicalin greatly increased the Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan Locomotor Rating Scale score, reduced blood-spinal cord barrier permeability, decreased the expression of Bax, Caspase-3, and nuclear factor κB, increased the expression of Bcl-2, and reduced neuronal apoptosis and pathological spinal cord injury. SH-SY5Y cell models of excitotoxicity were established by application of 10 mM glutamate for 12 hours and then treated with 40 µM Baicalin for 48 hours to investigate the mechanism of action of Baicalin. The results showed that Baicalin reversed tight junction protein expression tendencies (occludin and ZO-1) and apoptosis-related protein expression (Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3, and nuclear factor-κB), and also led to up-regulation of PI3K and Akt phosphorylation. These effects on Bax, Bcl-2, and Caspase-3 were blocked by pretreatment with the PI3K inhibitor LY294002. These findings suggest that Baicalin can inhibit blood-spinal cord barrier permeability after spinal cord injury and reduce neuronal apoptosis, possibly by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. This study was approved by Animal Ethics Committee of Xi'an Jiaotong University on March 6, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xue Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xue-Yuan Bi
- Department of Pharmacy, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hao Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
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5
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Zhang R, Xie L, Wu F, Xu J, Lu L, Cao L, Li L, Meng W, Zhang H, Shao C, Li X, Chen D. ALG-bFGF Hydrogel Inhibiting Autophagy Contributes to Protection of Blood-Spinal Cord Barrier Integrity via PI3K/Akt/FOXO1/KLF4 Pathway After SCI. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:828896. [PMID: 35330841 PMCID: PMC8940228 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.828896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Promoting blood–spinal cord barrier (BSCB) repair at the early stage plays a crucial role in treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI). Excessive activation of autophagy can prevent recovery of BSCB after SCI. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) has been shown to promote BSCB repair and locomotor function recovery in SCI. However, the therapeutic effect of bFGF via direct administration on SCI is limited because of its rapid degradation and dilution at injury site. Based on these considerations, controlled release of bFGF in the lesion area is becoming an attractive strategy for SCI repair. At present, we have designed a sustained-release system of bFGF (called ALG-bFGF) using sodium alginate hydrogel, which is able to load large amounts of bFGF and suitable for in situ administration of bFGF in vivo. Here, traumatic SCI mice models and oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD)–stimulated human brain microvascular endothelial cells were performed to explore the effects and the underlying mechanisms of ALG-bFGF in promoting SCI repair. After a single in situ injection of ALG-bFGF hydrogel into the injured spinal cord, sustained release of bFGF from ALG hydrogel distinctly prevented BSCB destruction and improved motor functional recovery in mice after SCI, which showed better therapeutic effect than those in mice treated with bFGF solution or ALG. Evidences have demonstrated that autophagy is involved in maintaining BSCB integrity and functional restoration in animals after SCI. In this study, SCI/OGD exposure–induced significant upregulations of autophagy activation-related proteins (Beclin1, ATG5, LC3II/I) were distinctly decreased by ALG-bFGF hydrogel near the baseline and not less than it both in vivo and in vitro, and this inhibitory effect contributed to prevent BSCB destruction. Finally, PI3K inhibitor LY294002 and KLF4 inhibitor NSC-664704 were applied to further explore the underlying mechanism by which ALG-bFGF attenuated autophagy activation to alleviate BSCB destruction after SCI. The results further indicated that ALG-bFGF hydrogel maintaining BSCB integrity by inhibiting autophagy activation was regulated by PI3K/Akt/FOXO1/KLF4 pathway. In summary, our current study revealed a novel mechanism by which ALG-bFGF hydrogel improves BSCB and motor function recovery after SCI, providing an effective therapeutic strategy for SCI repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renkan Zhang
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ling Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fangfang Wu
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ji Xu
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Leilei Lu
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lin Cao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lei Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Weiyang Meng
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chuxiao Shao
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Lishui Central Hospital, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Daqing Chen
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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6
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Li ZW, Zhao JJ, Li SY, Cao TT, Wang Y, Guo Y, Xi GJ. Blocking the EGFR/p38/NF-κB signaling pathway alleviates disruption of BSCB and subsequent inflammation after spinal cord injury. Neurochem Int 2021; 150:105190. [PMID: 34537318 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation is involved in blood spinal cord barrier (BSCB) disruption and secondary injury after spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the underlying mechanisms of EGFR activation mediating BSCB disruption and secondary injury after SCI remain unclear. An in vitro model of oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) induced BSCB damage and in vivo rat SCI model were employed to define the role of EGFR/p38/NF-κB signal pathway activation and its induced inflammatory injury in main cellular components of BSCB. Genetic regulation (lentivirus delivered shRNA and overexpression system) or chemical intervention (agonist or inhibitor) were applied to activate or inactivate EGFR and p38 in astrocytes and microvascular endothelial cells (MEC) under which conditions, the expression of pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-α, iNOS, COX-2, and IL-1β), tight junction (TJ) protein (ZO-1 and occludin), nuclear translocation of NF-κB and permeability of BSCB were analyzed. The pEGFR was increased in astrocytes and MEC which induced the activation of EGFR and p38 and NF-κB nuclear translocation. The activation of EGFR and p38 increased the TNF-α, iNOS, COX-2, and IL-1β responsible for the inflammatory injury and reduced the ZO-1 and occludin which caused BSCB disruption. While EGFR or p38 inactivation inhibited NF-κB nuclear translocation, and markedly attenuated the production of pro-inflammatory factors and the loss of TJ protein. This study suggests that the EGFR activation in main cellular components of BSCB after SCI mediates BSCB disruption and secondary inflammatory injury via the EGFR/p38/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zai-Wang Li
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, PR China.
| | - Jing-Jing Zhao
- Center of Clinical Research, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, PR China
| | - Su-Ya Li
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, PR China
| | - Ting-Ting Cao
- Department of Neurology, Yancheng First People's Hospital, Yancheng, 224001, PR China
| | - Yi Wang
- University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, PR China; Otolaryngological Department, Yunnan Province Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hospital of Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, PR China
| | - Yi Guo
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, PR China
| | - Guang-Jun Xi
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, PR China.
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7
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Huang C, Zhang W, Chu F, Qian H, Wang Y, Qi F, Ye M, Zhou J, Lin Z, Dong C, Wang X, Wang Q, Jin H. Patchouli Alcohol Improves the Integrity of the Blood-Spinal Cord Barrier by Inhibiting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Through the Akt/CHOP/Caspase-3 Pathway Following Spinal Cord Injury. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:693533. [PMID: 34368142 PMCID: PMC8339579 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.693533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a destructive and complex disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) for which there is no clinical treatment. Blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) rupture is a critical event in SCI that aggravates nerve injury. Therefore, maintaining the integrity of the BSCB may be a potential method to treat SCI. Here, we showed that patchouli alcohol (PA) exerts protective effects against SCI. We discovered that PA significantly prevented hyperpermeability of the BSCB by reducing the loss of tight junctions (TJs) and endothelial cells. PA also suppressed endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in vitro. Furthermore, in a rat model of SCI, PA effectively improved neurological deficits. Overall, these results prove that PA exerts neuroprotective effects by maintaining BSCB integrity and thus be a promising candidate for SCI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongan Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Weiqi Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - FeiFan Chu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hao Qian
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yining Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fangzhou Qi
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Mengke Ye
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiaying Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhi Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - ChenLin Dong
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiangyang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haiming Jin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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8
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Simmons EC, Scholpa NE, Schnellmann RG. FDA-approved 5-HT 1F receptor agonist lasmiditan induces mitochondrial biogenesis and enhances locomotor and blood-spinal cord barrier recovery after spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2021; 341:113720. [PMID: 33848513 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vascular and mitochondrial dysfunction are well-established consequences of spinal cord injury (SCI). Evidence suggests mitigating these dysfunctions may be an effective approach in treating SCI. The goal of this study was to elucidate if mitochondrial biogenesis (MB) induction with a new, selective and FDA-approved 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1F (5-HT1F) receptor agonist, lasmiditan, can stimulate locomotor recovery and restoration of the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) after SCI. Female C57BL/6 J mice were subjected to moderate SCI using a force-controlled impactor-induced contusion model followed by daily administration of lasmiditan (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) beginning 1 h after injury. In the naïve spinal cord, electron microscopy revealed increased mitochondrial density and mitochondrial area, as well as enhanced mitochondrial DNA content. FCCP-uncoupled oxygen consumption rate (OCR), a functional marker of MB, was also increased in the naïve spinal cord following lasmiditan treatment. We observed disrupted mitochondrial DNA content, PGC-1α levels and FCCP-OCR in the injury site 3d after SCI. Lasmiditan treatment attenuated, and in some cases restored these deficits. Lasmiditan treatment also resulted in increased locomotor capability as early as 7d post-SCI, with treated mice reaching a Basso-Mouse Scale score of 3.3 by 21d, while vehicle-treated mice exhibited a score of 2.0. Integrity of the BSCB was assessed using Evans Blue dye extravasation. While SCI increased dye extravasation at 3d and 7d, dye accumulation in the spinal cord of lasmiditan-treated mice was attenuated 7d post-SCI, suggesting accelerated BSCB recovery. Finally, lasmiditan treatment resulted in decreased lesion volume and spared myelinated tissue 7d post-SCI. Collectively, these data reveal that 5-HT1F receptor agonist-induced MB using the FDA-approved drug lasmiditan may be an effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Epiphani C Simmons
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America; Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America.
| | - Natalie E Scholpa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America; Southern Arizona VA Health Care System, Tucson, AZ, United States of America.
| | - Rick G Schnellmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America; Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America; College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America; Southern Arizona VA Health Care System, Tucson, AZ, United States of America; Southwest Environmental Health Science Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America; Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America.
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9
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Park SK, Yeon SH, Choi MR, Choi SH, Lee SB, Rha KS, Kim YM. Urban Particulate Matters May Affect Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Tight Junction Disruption in Nasal Epithelial Cells. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2021; 35:817-829. [PMID: 33736454 DOI: 10.1177/19458924211004006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to airborne urban particulate matter (UPM) has been closely related to the development and aggravation of respiratory disease, including sinonasal disorders. OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of UPM on nasal epithelial tight junctions (TJs) and mucosal barrier function and delineate the underlying mechanism by using both in vitro and in vivo models. METHODS In this study, human nasal epithelial cells (hNECs) and BALB/c mice were exposed to UPMs. UPM 1648a and 1649 b were employed. TJ and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress marker expression was measured using western blot analysis and immunofluorescence. TJ integrity and nasal epithelial barrier function were evaluated by transepithelial electric resistance (TER) and paracellular flux. In addition, the effects of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) on UPM-induced nasal epithelial cells were investigated. RESULTS UPM significantly impaired the nasal epithelial barrier, as demonstrated by decreased protein expression of TJ and ER stress markers in human nasal epithelial cells. This finding was in parallel to reduced transepithelial electrical resistance and increased fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran permeability. Pretreatment with NAC decreased the degree of UPM-mediated ER stress and restored nasal epithelial barrier disruption in human nasal epithelial cells (hNEC) and the nasal mucosa of experimental animals. CONCLUSION These data suggest that UPMs may induce nasal epithelial barrier dysfunction by targeting TJs and ER stress could be related in this process. Based on these results, we suggest that suppression of this process with an inhibitor targeting ER stress responses could represent a novel promising therapeutic target in UPM-induced sinonasal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Kyoung Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hee Yeon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ra Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyeon Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Bok Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Sang Rha
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Min Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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10
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Yao R, Ren L, Wang S, Zhang M, Yang K. Euxanthone inhibits traumatic spinal cord injury via anti-oxidative stress and suppression of p38 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in a rat model. Transl Neurosci 2021; 12:114-126. [PMID: 33777443 PMCID: PMC7969821 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2021-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Owing to neurite promoting, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Euxanthone (Eux), the investigation was aimed to probe the neuroprotective efficacy of Eux against traumatic spinal cord injury (t-SCI) in rats and whether Eux can improve neuropathic function in t-SCI. Method Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomized in – Sham, t-SCI, Eux30, and Eux60 (t-SCI + 30 and 60 mg/kg respectively). Animals with compression force-induced t-SCI were subjected to estimation of locomotor functions. Spinal cord water content and Evans blue (EB) effusion were determined for quantifying edema and intactness of the spinal cord. Oxidative stress and immunochemical markers were quantified by ELISA and western blotting. Results Findings revealed that Eux60 group animals had greater Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) and (incline plane test) IPT score indicating improved locomotor functions. There was a reduction in the spinal edema and water content after Eux treatment, together with lowering of oxidative stress markers. The expression of IL-6, IL-12, IL-1β, caspase-3, RANKL, TLR4, NF-κB, p-38, PI3K, and Akt in spinal cord tissues of t-SCI-induced rats was lowered after Eux treatment. Conclusion Overall, the investigation advocates that Eux attenuates t-SCI and associated inflammation, oxidative damage, and resulting apoptosis via modulation of TLR4/NF-κB/p38 and PI3K/Akt signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubin Yao
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali City, No. 32 Carlsberg Avenue, Yunnan, 671000, China
| | - Lirong Ren
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali City, No. 32 Carlsberg Avenue, Yunnan, 671000, China
| | - Shiyong Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali City, No. 32 Carlsberg Avenue, Yunnan, 671000, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali City, No. 32 Carlsberg Avenue, Yunnan, 671000, China
| | - Kaishun Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali City, No. 32 Carlsberg Avenue, Yunnan, 671000, China
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11
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Jin LY, Li J, Wang KF, Xia WW, Zhu ZQ, Wang CR, Li XF, Liu HY. Blood-Spinal Cord Barrier in Spinal Cord Injury: A Review. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:1203-1224. [PMID: 33292072 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB), a physical barrier between the blood and spinal cord parenchyma, prevents the toxins, blood cells, and pathogens from entering the spinal cord and maintains a tightly controlled chemical balance in the spinal environment, which is necessary for proper neural function. A BSCB disruption, however, plays an important role in primary and secondary injury processes related to spinal cord injury (SCI). After SCI, the structure of the BSCB is broken down, which leads directly to leakage of blood components. At the same time, the permeability of the BSCB is also increased. Repairing the disruption of the BSCB could alleviate the SCI pathology. We review the morphology and pathology of the BSCB and progression of therapeutic methods targeting BSCB in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Yu Jin
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jie Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Kai-Feng Wang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Wei Xia
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Qi Zhu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Ru Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Feng Li
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Ying Liu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
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12
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Ren Z, Qi Y, Sun S, Tao Y, Shi R. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes: Hope for Spinal Cord Injury Repair. Stem Cells Dev 2020; 29:1467-1478. [PMID: 33045910 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2020.0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating medical condition with profound social and economic impacts. Although research is ongoing, current treatment options are limited and do little to restore functionality. However, recent studies suggest that mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-exosomes) may hold the key to exciting new treatment options for SCI patients. MSCs are self-renewing multipotent stem cells with multi-directional differentiation and can secrete a large number of exosomes (vesicles secreted into the extracellular environment through endocytosis, called MSC-exosomes). These MSC-exosomes play a critical role in repairing SCI through promoting angiogenesis and axonal growth, regulating inflammation and the immune response, inhibiting apoptosis, and maintaining the integrity of the blood-spinal cord barrier. Furthermore, they can be utilized to transport genetic material or drugs to target cells, and their relatively small size makes them able to permeate the blood-brain barrier. In this review, we summarize recent advances in MSC-exosome themed SCI treatments and cell-free therapies to better understand this newly emerging methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Ren
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
| | - Yao Qi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
| | - Siyuan Sun
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Tao
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
| | - Riyi Shi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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13
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Valproic Acid: A Potential Therapeutic for Spinal Cord Injury. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 41:1441-1452. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00929-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Zhu S, Chen M, Chen M, Ye J, Ying Y, Wu Q, Dou H, Bai L, Mao F, Ni W, Yu K. Fibroblast Growth Factor 22 Inhibits ER Stress-Induced Apoptosis and Improves Recovery of Spinal Cord Injury. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:18. [PMID: 32116697 PMCID: PMC7026669 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, inhibiting or reducing neuronal cell death is the main strategy to improve recovery of spinal cord injury (SCI). Therapies using nerve growth factors to treat SCI mainly focused on reducing the area damaged by postinjury degeneration to promote functional recovery. In this report, we investigated the mechanism of ER (endoplasmic reticulum) stress-induced apoptosis and the protective action of fibroblast growth factor 22 (FGF22) in vivo. Our results demonstrated that ER stress-induced apoptosis plays a significant role in injury of SCI model rats. FGF22 administration promoted recovery and increased neuron survival in the spinal cord lesions of model mice. The protective effect of FGF22 is related to decreased expression of CHOP (C/EBP-homologous protein), GRP78 (glucose-regulated protein 78), caspase-12, X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1), eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (Eif-2α) and Bad which are ER stress-induced apoptosis response proteins. Moreover, FGF22 administration also increased the number of neurons and the expression of growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43) which was related to axon regeneration. We also demonstrated that the protective effect of FGF22 effectively reduces neuronal apoptosis and promotes axonal regeneration. Our study first illustrated that the function of FGF22 is related to the inhibition of ER stress-induced cell death in SCI recovery via activation of downstream signals. This study also suggested a new tendency of FGF22 therapy development in central neural system injuries, which involved chronic ER stress-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sipin Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Mengji Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Second Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Second Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Ye
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Second Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yibo Ying
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Second Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qiuji Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Second Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haicheng Dou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Liyunian Bai
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Second Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fangmin Mao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenfei Ni
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kehe Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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15
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Simmons EC, Scholpa NE, Cleveland KH, Schnellmann RG. 5-hydroxytryptamine 1F Receptor Agonist Induces Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Promotes Recovery from Spinal Cord Injury. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 372:216-223. [PMID: 31776207 PMCID: PMC6978694 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.262410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is characterized by vascular disruption leading to ischemia, decreased oxygen delivery, and loss of mitochondrial homeostasis. This mitochondrial dysfunction results in loss of cellular functions, calcium overload, and oxidative stress. Pharmacological induction of mitochondrial biogenesis (MB) may be an effective approach to treat SCI. LY344864, a 5-hydroxytryptamine 1F (5-HT1F) receptor agonist, is a potent inducer of MB in multiple organ systems. To assess the efficacy of LY344864-induced MB on recovery post-SCI, female mice were subjected to moderate force-controlled impactor-induced contusion SCI followed by daily LY344864 administration for 21 days. Decreased mitochondrial DNA and protein content was present in the injury site 3 days post-SCI. LY344864 treatment beginning 1 h after injury attenuated these decreases, indicating MB. Additionally, injured mice treated with LY344864 displayed decreased Evan's Blue dye accumulation in the spinal cord compared with vehicle-treated mice 7 days after injury, suggesting restoration of vascular integrity. LY344864 also increased locomotor capability, with treated mice reaching a Basso-Mouse Scale score of 3.4 by 21 days, whereas vehicle-treated mice exhibited a score of 1.9. Importantly, knockout of the 5-HT1F receptor blocked LY344864-induced recovery. Remarkably, a similar degree of locomotor restoration was observed when treatment initiation was delayed until 8 h after injury. Furthermore, cross-sectional analysis of the spinal cord 21 days after injury revealed decreased lesion volume with delayed LY344864 treatment initiation, emphasizing the potential clinical applicability of this therapeutic approach. These data provide evidence that induction of MB via 5-HT1F receptor agonism may be a promising strategy for the treatment of SCI. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Treatment with LY344864 induces mitochondrial biogenesis in both the naive and injured mouse spinal cord. In addition, treatment with LY344864 beginning after impactor-induced contusion spinal cord injury improves mitochondrial homeostasis, blood-spinal cord barrier integrity, and locomotor function within 7 days. Importantly, similar locomotor results are observed whether treatment is initiated at 1 h after injury or 8 h after injury. These data indicate the potential for pharmacological induction of mitochondrial biogenesis through a 5-hydroxytryptamine 1F agonist as a novel therapeutic approach for spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Epiphani C Simmons
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy (E.C.S., N.E.S., K.H.C., R.G.S.), Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine (E.C.S., R.G.S.), Southwest Environmental Health Science Center (R.G.S.), and Center for Innovation in Brain Science (R.G.S.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; and Southern Arizona VA Health Care System, Tucson, Arizona (R.G.S.)
| | - Natalie E Scholpa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy (E.C.S., N.E.S., K.H.C., R.G.S.), Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine (E.C.S., R.G.S.), Southwest Environmental Health Science Center (R.G.S.), and Center for Innovation in Brain Science (R.G.S.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; and Southern Arizona VA Health Care System, Tucson, Arizona (R.G.S.)
| | - Kristan H Cleveland
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy (E.C.S., N.E.S., K.H.C., R.G.S.), Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine (E.C.S., R.G.S.), Southwest Environmental Health Science Center (R.G.S.), and Center for Innovation in Brain Science (R.G.S.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; and Southern Arizona VA Health Care System, Tucson, Arizona (R.G.S.)
| | - Rick G Schnellmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy (E.C.S., N.E.S., K.H.C., R.G.S.), Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine (E.C.S., R.G.S.), Southwest Environmental Health Science Center (R.G.S.), and Center for Innovation in Brain Science (R.G.S.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; and Southern Arizona VA Health Care System, Tucson, Arizona (R.G.S.)
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16
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Zhong X, Wang B, Zhang G, Yuan Y, Hu X, Xiong J, Zheng P, Liu Y, Xu K, Xiao J, Wu Y, Ye J. Autophagy Activation Is Involved in Acidic Fibroblast Growth Factor Ameliorating Parkinson's Disease via Regulating Tribbles Homologue 3. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1428. [PMID: 31849673 PMCID: PMC6901012 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system, resulting in loss of dopamine neurons. Excessive endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and autophagy dysfunction play a crucial role on Parkinson's disease (PD) development. It has been showed that acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) alleviates the development of PD by inhibiting ER stress. But the role of autophagy and its relationship with ER stress during aFGF treatment for PD has not been elucidated. We found that both aFGF and rapamycin (Rapa) improved 6-Hydroxy Dopamine (6-OHDA)-induced PD development as shown with histomorphology results in striatum and substantia nigra (SNpc). Additionally, aFGF promoted autophagy with increasing mTOR and decreasing p62 expressions, and then exerts its neuroprotective role in 6-OHDA-treated PC12 cells, which were abolished by chloroquine (CQ) treatment. Moreover, 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) administration inhibited the expressions of autophagy markers during 6-OHDA-treated PC12 cells, which was similar with aFGF treating PC12 cells under 6-OHDA condition. Furthermore, we had detected the expressions of CHOP and its downstream factor, tribbles homologue 3 (TRB3), a pro-apoptotic protein. We found that TRB3 and CHOP expressions were significantly downregulated after treating with aFGF and 4-PBA in 6-OHDA-treated PC12 cells and PD model. Taken together, this study has demonstrated that aFGF treatment ameliorates 6-OHDA-induced elevated ER stress and subsequently suppression of autophagy via inhibiting TRB3 activation, and consequently ameliorates 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingfeng Zhong
- Department of Anesthesia, The First Affiliated Hospital, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China.,Department of Anesthesia, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Beini Wang
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guanyinsheng Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia, The First Affiliated Hospital, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- Department of Anesthesia, The First Affiliated Hospital, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jun Xiong
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Peipei Zheng
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yaqian Liu
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ke Xu
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yanqing Wu
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Junming Ye
- Department of Anesthesia, The First Affiliated Hospital, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
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17
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Gao L, Zhang Z, Xu W, Li T, Ying G, Qin B, Li J, Zheng J, Zhao T, Yan F, Zhu Y, Chen G. Natrium Benzoate Alleviates Neuronal Apoptosis via the DJ-1-Related Anti-oxidative Stress Pathway Involving Akt Phosphorylation in a Rat Model of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:42. [PMID: 30853891 PMCID: PMC6395451 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the neuroprotective effects and mechanisms of natrium benzoate (NaB) and DJ-1 in attenuating reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced neuronal apoptosis in traumatic spinal cord injury (t-SCI) in rats. T-SCI was induced by clip compression. The protein expression and neuronal apoptosis was evaluated by Western blotting, double immunofluorescence staining and transmission electron microscope (TEM). ROS level, spinal cord water content (SCWC) and Evans blue (EB) extravasation was also examined. Locomotor function was evaluated by Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) and inclined plane test (IPT) scores. We found that DJ-1 is expressed in spinal cord neurons and increased after t-SCI. At 24 h post-injury, the levels of DJ-1, p-Akt, SOD2, ROS, p-p38 MAPK/p38 MAPK ratio, and CC-3 increased, while the Bcl-2/Bax ratio decreased. NaB upregulated DJ-1, p-Akt, and SOD2, decreased ROS, p-p38 MAPK/p38 MAPK ratio, and CC-3, and increased the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, which were reversed by DJ-1 siRNA. The proportion of CC-3- and TUNEL-positive neurons also increased after t-SCI and was reduced by NaB. These effects were reversed by MK2206. Moreover, the level of oxDJ-1 increased after t-SCI, which was decreased by DJ-1 siRNA, NaB or the combination of them. NaB also reduced mitochondrial vacuolization, SCWC and EB extravasation, and improved locomotor function assessed by the BBB and IPT scores. In conclusion, NaB increased DJ-1, and thus reduced ROS and ROS-induced neuronal apoptosis by promoting Akt phosphorylation in t-SCI rats. NaB shows potential as a therapeutic agent for t-SCI, with DJ-1 as its main target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liansheng Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongyuan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weilin Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guangyu Ying
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bing Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianru Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingwei Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tengfei Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongjian Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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18
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Gao L, Xu W, Fan S, Li T, Zhao T, Ying G, Zheng J, Li J, Zhang Z, Yan F, Zhu Y, Chen G. MANF attenuates neuronal apoptosis and promotes behavioral recovery via Akt/MDM-2/p53 pathway after traumatic spinal cord injury in rats. Biofactors 2018; 44:369-386. [PMID: 29797541 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the potential effect and mechanism of action of MANF in attenuating neuronal apoptosis following t-SCI. A clip compressive model was used to induce a crush injury of the spinal cord in a total of 230 rats. The Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) score, spinal cord water content, and blood spinal cord barrier (BSCB) permeability were evaluated. The expression levels of MANF and its downstream proteins were examined by western blotting. Immunofluorescence staining of MANF, NeuN, GFAP, Iba-1, cleaved caspase-3, and TUNEL staining were also performed. Cells were counted in six randomly selected fields in the gray matter regions of the sections from two spinal cord sites (2 mm rostral and caudal to the epicenter of the injury) per sample. A cell-based mechanical injury model was also conducted using SH-SY5Y cells. Cell apoptosis and viability were assessed by flow cytometry, an MTT assay, and trypan blue staining. Subcellular structures were observed by transmission electron microscopy. MANF was mainly expressed in neurons. The expression levels of MANF, and its downstream target, p-Akt, were gradually increased and after t-SCI. Treatment with MANF increased Bcl-2 and decreased Bax and CC-3 levels; these effects were reversed on treatment with MK2206. The BBB score, spinal cord water content, and BSCB destruction were also ameliorated by MANF treatment. MANF decreases neuronal apoptosis and improves neurological function through Akt/MDM-2/p53 pathway after t-SCI. Therefore, MANF might be a potential treatment for patients with t-SCI.© 2018 BioFactors, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liansheng Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weilin Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuangbo Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ningbo Zhenhai Longsai Hospital, Zhenhai District, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tengfei Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guangyu Ying
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingwei Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianru Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhongyuan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongjian Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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19
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Li J, Wang Q, Cai H, He Z, Wang H, Chen J, Zheng Z, Yin J, Liao Z, Xu H, Xiao J, Gong F. FGF1 improves functional recovery through inducing PRDX1 to regulate autophagy and anti-ROS after spinal cord injury. J Cell Mol Med 2018. [PMID: 29512938 PMCID: PMC5908106 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) is thought to exert protective and regenerative effects on neurons following spinal cord injury (SCI), although the mechanism of these effects is not well understood. The use of FGF1 as a therapeutic agent is limited by its lack of physicochemical stability and its limited capacity to cross the blood‐spinal cord barrier. Here, we demonstrated that overexpression of FGF1 in spinal cord following SCI significantly reduced tissue loss, protected neurons in the ventricornu, ameliorated pathological morphology of the lesion, dramatically improved tissue recovery via neuroprotection, and promoted axonal regeneration and remyelination both in vivo and in vivo. In addition, the autophagy and the expression levels of PRDX1 (an antioxidant protein) were induced by AAV‐FGF1 in PC12 cells after H2O2 treatment. Furthermore, the autophagy levels were not changed in PRDX1‐suppressing cells that were treated by AAV‐FGF1. Taken together, these results suggest that FGF1 improves functional recovery mainly through inducing PRDX1 expression to increase autophagy and anti‐ROS activity after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hanxiao Cai
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zili He
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haoli Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zengming Zheng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiayu Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiyong Liao
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huazi Xu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fanghua Gong
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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20
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Pu Y, Meng K, Gu C, Wang L, Zhang X. Thrombospondin-1 modified bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) promote neurite outgrowth and functional recovery in rats with spinal cord injury. Oncotarget 2017; 8:96276-96289. [PMID: 29221205 PMCID: PMC5707099 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapies are currently gaining momentum in the treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI). However, unsatisfied intrinsic neurite growth capacity constitutes significant obstacles for injured spinal cord repair and ultimately results in neurological dysfunction. The present study assessed the efficacy of thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), a neurite outgrowth-promoting molecule, modified bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) on promoting neurite outgrowth in vitro and in vivo of Oxygen–Glucose Deprivation (OGD) treated motor neurons and SCI rat models. The present results demonstrated that the treatment of BMSCs+TSP-1 could promote the neurite length, neuronal survival, and functional recovery after SCI. Additionally, TSP-1 could activate transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) then induced the smad2 phosphorylation, and expedited the expression of GAP-43 to promote neurite outgrowth. The present study for the first time demonstrated that BMSCs+TSP-1 could promote neurite outgrowth and functional recovery after SCI partly through the TGF-β1/p-Samd2 pathway. The study provided a novel encouraging evidence for the potential treatment of BMSCs modification with TSP-1 in patients with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Pu
- Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ke Meng
- Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chuanlong Gu
- Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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