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Denu RA, Dann AM, Keung EZ, Nakazawa MS, Nassif Haddad EF. The Future of Targeted Therapy for Leiomyosarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:938. [PMID: 38473300 PMCID: PMC10930698 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16050938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is an aggressive subtype of soft tissue sarcoma that arises from smooth muscle cells, most commonly in the uterus and retroperitoneum. LMS is a heterogeneous disease with diverse clinical and molecular characteristics that have yet to be fully understood. Molecular profiling has uncovered possible targets amenable to treatment, though this has yet to translate into approved targeted therapies in LMS. This review will explore historic and recent findings from molecular profiling, highlight promising avenues of current investigation, and suggest possible future strategies to move toward the goal of molecularly matched treatment of LMS. We focus on targeting the DNA damage response, the macrophage-rich micro-environment, the PI3K/mTOR pathway, epigenetic regulators, and telomere biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A. Denu
- Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Amanda M. Dann
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
| | - Emily Z. Keung
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Michael S. Nakazawa
- Department of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Elise F. Nassif Haddad
- Department of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Khalid KM, Ratnayake WS, Apostolatos CA, Acevedo-Duncan M. Dual inhibition of atypical PKC signaling and PI3K/Akt signaling dysregulates c-Myc to induce apoptosis in clear cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2024; 13:1213715. [PMID: 38288105 PMCID: PMC10823017 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1213715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer (85%). 75% of the RCC cases involve conventional clear cell RCC (ccRCC). Approximately, 39% of late-stage patients (stage IV) are treated with chemotherapeutic agents. Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) pathways are frequently activated in RCC. In addition, atypical PKCs (PKC-ί and PKC ζ) are overexpressed in most cancer cells, and they play a central role in tumor progression and the metastasis of different types of cancers. Our goal is to establish the role of aPKCs in the regulation of multiple key activated pathways in ccRCC. In this study, we also established a novel therapeutic regimen for dual inhibition of key activated pathways. Method In this study, 786-0 and Caki-1 cells were studied and subjected to cell viability assay, western blot analysis, scratch & wound healing assay, transwell invasion assay, immunofluorescence, immunoprecipitation, flow cytometry, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. We used combination of PI3K inhibitor- Alpelisib (BYL719) and ICA-1 (a PKC-ι-specific 5-amino-1-2,3-dihydroxy-4-(methylcyclopentyl)-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide). In addition to drug treatment, small interfering RNA (siRNA) technology was used to further confirm the experimental outcome of the drug treatment. Results Our results suggest that treatment of ccRCC cells with a combination of ICA-1 (aPKC inhibitor) and BYL719 (PI3K inhibitor) downregulates PKC-ί and causes downstream inhibition of c-Myc. Inhibition of the PKCί also reduces activation of MEK/ERK1/2. It is observed that treatment with ICA-1 disrupts the level of the aPKC-Akt1 association. ICA-1 treatment also shows a reduced level of association between aPKC and c-Myc. The inhibition of aPKCs and downstream effector proteins by combination therapy is more pronounced compared to a single therapy. These effects contribute to reduced cell growth, and eventually, the induction of apoptosis. The decreased level of N-cadherin, p-vimentin, and vimentin and the increased level of E-cadherin confirm reduced malignancy. Conclusion Therefore, implementing a combination of Alpelisib and a PKC-ι inhibitor is an effective approach to reducing cell proliferation, and invasion that eventually induces apoptosis and may be considered as a potential therapeutic option in ccRCC.
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Gil D, Zarzycka M, Pabian J, Lekka M, Dulińska-Litewka J. Dual targeting of melanoma translation by MNK/eIF4E and PI3K/mTOR inhibitors. Cell Signal 2023:110742. [PMID: 37268164 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is relatively resistant to chemotherapy, and no targeted therapies are fully effective. The most common mutations in melanoma result in hyperactivation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and PI3K/AKT/ mTOR pathways responsible for initiating and controlling oncogenic protein translation. This makes both the signaling pathways potentially important therapeutic targets in melanoma. Our studies were carried out on human melanoma cell lines WM793 and 1205 LU with similar genomic alteration (BRAFV600E and PTEN loss). We used a highly specific PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, dactolisib (NVP-BEZ235), and Mnk inhibitor - CGP57380 alone and in combination. Here, we explore the mechanism of action of these drugs alone and in combination, as well as their effect on the viability and invasiveness of melanoma cells. Although when used independently, both drugs suppressed cell proliferation and migration, their combination has additional antitumor effects. We demonstrate that simultaneous inhibition of both pathways may prevent possible drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Gil
- Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. Kopernika 7, 31-034 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Marta Zarzycka
- Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. Kopernika 7, 31-034 Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Pabian
- Department of Biophysical Microstructures, Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Lekka
- Department of Biophysical Microstructures, Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Dulińska-Litewka
- Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. Kopernika 7, 31-034 Kraków, Poland
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Zhu K, Wu Y, He P, Fan Y, Zhong X, Zheng H, Luo T. PI3K/AKT/mTOR-Targeted Therapy for Breast Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:2508. [PMID: 36010585 PMCID: PMC9406657 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (PKB/AKT) and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) (PAM) pathways play important roles in breast tumorigenesis and confer worse prognosis in breast cancer patients. The inhibitors targeting three key nodes of these pathways, PI3K, AKT and mTOR, are continuously developed. For breast cancer patients to truly benefit from PAM pathway inhibitors, it is necessary to clarify the frequency and mechanism of abnormal alterations in the PAM pathway in different breast cancer subtypes, and further explore reliable biomarkers to identify the appropriate population for precision therapy. Some PI3K and mTOR inhibitors have been approved by regulatory authorities for the treatment of specific breast cancer patient populations, and many new-generation PI3K/mTOR inhibitors and AKT isoform inhibitors have also been shown to have good prospects for cancer therapy. This review summarizes the changes in the PAM signaling pathway in different subtypes of breast cancer, and the latest research progress about the biomarkers and clinical application of PAM-targeted inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunrui Zhu
- Breast Disease Center, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
- Multi-Omics Laboratory of Breast Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Collaborative, Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Yanqi Wu
- Breast Disease Center, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Ping He
- Breast Disease Center, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
- Multi-Omics Laboratory of Breast Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Collaborative, Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Yu Fan
- Multi-Omics Laboratory of Breast Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Collaborative, Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Xiaorong Zhong
- Breast Disease Center, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
- Multi-Omics Laboratory of Breast Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Collaborative, Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Hong Zheng
- Breast Disease Center, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
- Multi-Omics Laboratory of Breast Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Collaborative, Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Ting Luo
- Breast Disease Center, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
- Multi-Omics Laboratory of Breast Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Collaborative, Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
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Nurcahyanti ADR, Jap A, Lady J, Prismawan D, Sharopov F, Daoud R, Wink M, Sobeh M. Function of selected natural antidiabetic compounds with potential against cancer via modulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR cascade. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 144:112138. [PMID: 34750026 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder with growing global incidence, as 387 million people were diagnosed in 2014 with an expected projection of 642 million in 2040. Several complications are associated with DM including heart attack, stroke, kidney failure, blindness, and cancer. The latter is the second leading cause of death worldwide accounting for one in every six deaths, with liver, pancreas, and endometrium cancers are the most abundant among patients with diabetes. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway plays a vital role in developing a wide array of pathological disorders, among them diabetes and cancer. Natural secondary metabolites that counteract the deleterious effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and modulate PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway could be a promising approach in cancer therapy. Here, 717 medicinal plants with antidiabetic activities were highlighted along with 357 bioactive compounds responsible for the antidiabetic activity. Also, 43 individual plant compounds with potential antidiabetic activities against cancer via the modulation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR cascade were identified. Taken together, the available data give an insight of the potential of repurposing medicinal plants and/or the individual secondary metabolites with antidiabetic activities for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Dwi Retno Nurcahyanti
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Pluit Raya 2, 14440 Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Adeline Jap
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Pluit Raya 2, 14440 Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Jullietta Lady
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Pluit Raya 2, 14440 Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Deka Prismawan
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Pluit Raya 2, 14440 Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Farukh Sharopov
- Chinese-Tajik Innovation Center for Natural Products, National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan, Ayni str. 299/2, 734063, Dushanbe, Tajikistan
| | - Rachid Daoud
- African Genome Center, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco
| | - Michael Wink
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mansour Sobeh
- AgroBiosciences Research, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660-Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150 Ben-Guerir, Morocco.
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Kang C, Wang Y, Li L, Li Z, Zhou Q, Pan X. Assessment of tantalum nanoparticle-induced MC3T3-E1 proliferation and underlying mechanisms. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2021; 32:133. [PMID: 34689241 PMCID: PMC8542006 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-021-06606-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In our previous study, tantalum nanoparticle (Ta-NPs) was demonstrated to promote osteoblast proliferation via autophagy induction, but the specific mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, we will explore the potential mechanism. METHODS Ta-NPs was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and BET specific surface area test. MC3T3-E1 were treated with 0 or 20 μg/mL Ta-NPs with or without pretreatment with 10 μM LY294002, Triciribine, Rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibitors) for 1 h respectively. Western blotting was used to detect the expressions of pathway proteins and LC3B. CCK-8 assay was used to assess cell viability. Flow cytometry was used to detect apoptosis and cell cycle. RESULTS After pretreatment with LY294002, Triciribine and Rapamycin, the p-Akt/Akt ratio of pathway protein in Triciribine and Rapamycin groups decreased (P < 0.05), while the autophagy protein LC3-II/LC3-I in the Rapamycin group was upregulated obviously (P < 0.001). In all pretreated groups, apoptosis was increased (LY294002 group was the most obvious), G1 phase cell cycle was arrested (Triciribine and Rapamycin groups were more obvious), and MC3T3-E1 cells were proliferated much more (P < 0.01, P < 0.001, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Pretreatment with Triciribine or Rapamycin has a greater effect on pathway protein Akt, cell cycle arrest, autophagy protein, and cell proliferation but with inconsistent magnitude, which may be inferred that the Akt/mTOR pathway, as well as its feedback loop, were more likely involved in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengrong Kang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yudong Wang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhangwei Li
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Qianbing Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xuan Pan
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Novotny JP, George S. Leiomyosarcoma: Does Location of Primary Help to Determine the Best Systemic Therapy Options? Curr Treat Options Oncol 2021; 22:99. [PMID: 34524549 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-021-00897-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Management of leiomyosarcoma is based on the specifics of each individual case. Specifically, the location of the disease and whether the disease is metastatic or localized and if localized disease, whether the tumor is resectable or unresectable. In patients with recurrent or metastatic disease, factors such as disease-free interval and pattern of spread should be considered within the context of treatment planning. In general, patients with metastatic disease are typically treated with systemic chemotherapy with either an anthracycline-based regimen or gemcitabine-based regimen as first-line therapy. Additional systemic options include trabectedin, pazopanib, eribulin, and DTIC. Uterine LMS has been the most studied site-specific LMS with respect to systemic therapy. The increasing use of tumor genomics may ultimately define subsets which may benefit from tailored systemic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Philipp Novotny
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Thorn, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Suzanne George
- Sarcoma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Center, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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Seryakov A, Magomedova Z, Suntsova M, Prokofieva A, Rabushko E, Glusker A, Makovskaia L, Zolotovskaia M, Buzdin A, Sorokin M. RNA Sequencing for Personalized Treatment of Metastatic Leiomyosarcoma: Case Report. Front Oncol 2021; 11:666001. [PMID: 34527573 PMCID: PMC8435728 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.666001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Uterine leiomyosarcoma (UL) is a rare malignant tumor that develops from the uterine smooth muscle tissue. Due to the low frequency and lack of sufficient data from clinical trials there is currently no effective treatment that is routinely accepted for UL. Here we report a case of a 65-years-old female patient with metastatic UL, who progressed on ifosfamide and doxorubicin therapy and developed severe hypertensive crisis after administration of second line pazopanib, which lead to treatment termination. Rapid progression of the tumor stressed the need for the alternative treatment options. We performed RNA sequencing and whole exome sequencing profiling of the patient's biopsy and applied Oncobox bioinformatic algorithm to prioritize targeted therapeutics. No clinically relevant mutations associated with drug efficiencies were found, but the Oncobox transcriptome analysis predicted regorafenib as the most effective targeted treatment option. Regorafenib administration resulted in a complete metabolic response which lasted for 10 months. In addition, RNA sequencing analysis revealed a novel cancer fusion transcript of YWHAE gene with fusion partner JAZF1. Several chimeric transcripts for YWHAE and JAZF1 genes were previously found in uterine neoplasms and some of them were associated with tumor prognosis. However, their combination was detected in this study for the first time. Taken together, these findings evidence that RNA sequencing may complement analysis of clinically relevant mutations and enhance management of oncological patients by suggesting putative treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zaynab Magomedova
- The Laboratory of Clinical and Genomic Bioinformatics, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Suntsova
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia Prokofieva
- The Laboratory of Clinical and Genomic Bioinformatics, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elizaveta Rabushko
- The Laboratory of Clinical and Genomic Bioinformatics, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Glusker
- The Laboratory of Clinical and Genomic Bioinformatics, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lyudmila Makovskaia
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marianna Zolotovskaia
- Laboratory of Translational Genomic Bioinformatics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Anton Buzdin
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Translational Genomic Bioinformatics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- OmicsWay Corp, Walnut, CA, United States
| | - Maxim Sorokin
- The Laboratory of Clinical and Genomic Bioinformatics, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Translational Genomic Bioinformatics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
- OmicsWay Corp, Walnut, CA, United States
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Song X, Cai H, Yang C, Xue X, Wang J, Mo Y, Zhu M, Zhu G, Ye L, Jin M. Possible Novel Therapeutic Targets in Lymphangioleiomyomatosis Treatment. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:554134. [PMID: 33072782 PMCID: PMC7542236 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.554134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare systemic neoplastic disease that exclusively happens in women. Studies focusing on LAM and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) have made great progress in understanding the pathogenesis and searching for treatment. The inactive mutation of TSC1 or TSC2 is found in patients with LAM to activate the crucial mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway and result in enhanced cell proliferation and migration. However, it does not explain every step of tumorigenesis in LAM. Because cessation of rapamycin would break the stabilization of lung function or improved quality of life and lead to disease recurrent, continued studies on the pathogenesis of LAM are necessary to identify novel targets and new treatment. Researchers have found several aberrant regulations that affect the mTOR pathway such as its upstream or downstream molecules and compensatory pathways in LAM. Some therapeutic targets have been under study in clinical trials. New methods like genome-wide association studies have located a novel gene related to LAM. Herein, we review the current knowledge regarding pathogenesis and treatment of LAM and summarize novel targets of therapeutic potential recently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Song
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Cai
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengyu Yang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaomin Xue
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqing Mo
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengchan Zhu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guiping Zhu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Ye
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meiling Jin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Chou PC, Rajput S, Zhao X, Patel C, Albaciete D, Oh WJ, Daguplo HQ, Patel N, Su B, Werlen G, Jacinto E. mTORC2 Is Involved in the Induction of RSK Phosphorylation by Serum or Nutrient Starvation. Cells 2020; 9:E1567. [PMID: 32605013 PMCID: PMC7408474 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells adjust to nutrient fluctuations to restore metabolic homeostasis. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 2 responds to nutrient levels and growth signals to phosphorylate protein kinases belonging to the AGC (Protein Kinases A,G,C) family such as Akt and PKC. Phosphorylation of these AGC kinases at their conserved hydrophobic motif (HM) site by mTORC2 enhances their activation and mediates the functions of mTORC2 in cell growth and metabolism. Another AGC kinase family member that is known to undergo increased phosphorylation at the homologous HM site (Ser380) is the p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK). Phosphorylation at Ser380 is facilitated by the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) in response to growth factor stimulation. Here, we demonstrate that optimal phosphorylation of RSK at this site requires an intact mTORC2. We also found that RSK is robustly phosphorylated at Ser380 upon nutrient withdrawal or inhibition of glycolysis, conditions that increase mTORC2 activation. However, pharmacological inhibition of mTOR did not abolish RSK phosphorylation at Ser380, indicating that mTOR catalytic activity is not required for this phosphorylation. Since RSK and SIN1β colocalize at the membrane during serum restimulation and acute glutamine withdrawal, mTORC2 could act as a scaffold to enhance RSK HM site phosphorylation. Among the known RSK substrates, the CCTβ subunit of the chaperonin containing TCP-1 (CCT) complex had defective phosphorylation in the absence of mTORC2. Our findings indicate that the mTORC2-mediated phosphorylation of the RSK HM site could confer RSK substrate specificity and reveal that RSK responds to nutrient fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Chien Chou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (P.-C.C.); (S.R.); (C.P.); (D.A.); (W.J.O.); (H.Q.D.); (N.P.); (G.W.)
| | - Swati Rajput
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (P.-C.C.); (S.R.); (C.P.); (D.A.); (W.J.O.); (H.Q.D.); (N.P.); (G.W.)
| | - Xiaoyun Zhao
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200240, China; (X.Z.); (B.S.)
| | - Chadni Patel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (P.-C.C.); (S.R.); (C.P.); (D.A.); (W.J.O.); (H.Q.D.); (N.P.); (G.W.)
| | - Danielle Albaciete
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (P.-C.C.); (S.R.); (C.P.); (D.A.); (W.J.O.); (H.Q.D.); (N.P.); (G.W.)
| | - Won Jun Oh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (P.-C.C.); (S.R.); (C.P.); (D.A.); (W.J.O.); (H.Q.D.); (N.P.); (G.W.)
| | - Heineken Queen Daguplo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (P.-C.C.); (S.R.); (C.P.); (D.A.); (W.J.O.); (H.Q.D.); (N.P.); (G.W.)
| | - Nikhil Patel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (P.-C.C.); (S.R.); (C.P.); (D.A.); (W.J.O.); (H.Q.D.); (N.P.); (G.W.)
| | - Bing Su
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200240, China; (X.Z.); (B.S.)
| | - Guy Werlen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (P.-C.C.); (S.R.); (C.P.); (D.A.); (W.J.O.); (H.Q.D.); (N.P.); (G.W.)
| | - Estela Jacinto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (P.-C.C.); (S.R.); (C.P.); (D.A.); (W.J.O.); (H.Q.D.); (N.P.); (G.W.)
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11
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Formisano L, Napolitano F, Rosa R, D'Amato V, Servetto A, Marciano R, De Placido P, Bianco C, Bianco R. Mechanisms of resistance to mTOR inhibitors. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2020; 147:102886. [PMID: 32014673 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.102886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In several tumors the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is frequently disrupted, an event that results in uncontrolled cell proliferation and tumor growth. Through the years, several compounds have been developed to inhibit the pathway at different steps: the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) seemed to be the most qualified target. However, this kinase has such a key role in cell survival that mechanisms of resistance are rapidly developed. Nevertheless, clinical results obtained with mTOR inhibitors in breast cancer, renal cell carcinoma, neuroendocrine tumors and mantle cell lymphoma push oncologists to actively further develop these drugs, maybe by better selecting the population to which they are offered, through the research of predictive factors of responsiveness. In this review, we aim to describe mechanisms of resistance to mTOR inhibitors, from preclinical and clinical perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Formisano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabiana Napolitano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Rosa
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina D'Amato
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Alberto Servetto
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Marciano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro De Placido
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Cataldo Bianco
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Roberto Bianco
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131, Naples, Italy.
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12
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The PTEN Tumor Suppressor Gene in Soft Tissue Sarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081169. [PMID: 31416195 PMCID: PMC6721622 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcoma (STS) is a rare malignancy of mesenchymal origin classified into more than 50 different subtypes with distinct clinical and pathologic features. Despite the poor prognosis in the majority of patients, only modest improvements in treatment strategies have been achieved, largely due to the rarity and heterogeneity of these tumors. Therefore, the discovery of new prognostic and predictive biomarkers, together with new therapeutic targets, is of enormous interest. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a well-known tumor suppressor that commonly loses its function via mutation, deletion, transcriptional silencing, or protein instability, and is frequently downregulated in distinct sarcoma subtypes. The loss of PTEN function has consequent alterations in important pathways implicated in cell proliferation, survival, migration, and genomic stability. PTEN can also interact with other tumor suppressors and oncogenic signaling pathways that have important implications for the pathogenesis in certain STSs. The aim of the present review is to summarize the biological significance of PTEN in STS and its potential role in the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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13
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Rao U, Schoedel KE, Petrosko P, Sakai N, LaFramboise W. Genetic variants and copy number changes in soft tissue leiomyosarcoma detected by targeted amplicon sequencing. J Clin Pathol 2019; 72:810-816. [DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2019-205998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AimsLeiomyosarcomas (LMSs) occur in various tissues and harbour potential for metastases. The genomic landscape of LMS is poorly understood. In an effort to improve understanding of the LMS genome, we analysed 11 LMSs of somatic soft tissue including matching tissue of normal phenotype.MethodsDNA derived from microdissected tumour domains and matching normal tissue underwent amplicon sequencing of 409 tumour suppressors and oncogenes using the Ion Torrent Comprehensive Cancer Panel.ResultsGenomic changes were heterogeneous with few recurrent abnormalities detected. Coding variants were identified in genes involved in signal transduction, transcriptional regulation and DNA repair. There were variants in several genes related to angiogenesis and GPR124 variants (TEM5) were confirmed by immunohistochemical analysis of a LMS tissue microarray. Surprisingly, there were shared coding variants in tumour and corresponding normal tissue.ConclusionsLMSs are a very heterogeneous population lacking recurrent somatic abnormalities. The presence of damaging mutations in normal tissue may reflect either a germline predisposition or field effect rather than tissue contamination. Hopeful therapeutic targets appear to be those related to AKT/MTOR pathway.
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14
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Fourneaux B, Bourdon A, Dadone B, Lucchesi C, Daigle SR, Richard E, Laroche-Clary A, Le Loarer F, Italiano A. Identifying and targeting cancer stem cells in leiomyosarcoma: prognostic impact and role to overcome secondary resistance to PI3K/mTOR inhibition. J Hematol Oncol 2019; 12:11. [PMID: 30683135 PMCID: PMC6347793 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-018-0694-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is one of the most frequent soft tissue sarcoma subtypes and is characterized by a consistent deregulation of the PI3K/mTOR pathway. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been poorly studied in soft tissue sarcomas. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the association between CSCs, the outcome of LMS patients, and the resistance to PI3K/mTOR pathway inhibition. Methods We investigated the relationships between aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) expression, a cancer stem cell marker, and the outcome of LMS patients in two independent cohorts. We assessed the impact of CSCs in resistance to PI3K/mTOR pathway inhibition using LMS cell lines, a xenograft mouse model, and human tumor samples. Results We found that enhanced ALDH1 activity is a hallmark of LMS stem cells and is an independent prognostic factor. We also identified that secondary resistance to PI3K/mTOR pathway inhibition was associated with the expansion of LMS CSCs. Interestingly, we found that EZH2 inhibition, a catalytic component of polycomb repressive complex which plays a critical role in stem cell maintenance, restored sensitivity to PI3K/mTOR pathway inhibition. Importantly, we confirmed the clinical relevance of our findings by analyzing tumor samples from patients who showed secondary resistance after treatment with a PI3Kα inhibitor. Conclusions Altogether, our findings suggest that CSCs have a strong impact on the outcome of patients with LMS and that combining PI3K/mTOR and EZH2 inhibitors may represent a promising strategy in this setting. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13045-018-0694-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Fourneaux
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U1218, Institut Bergonié, 229 Cours de l'Argonne, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Aurélien Bourdon
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U1218, Institut Bergonié, 229 Cours de l'Argonne, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Carlo Lucchesi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U1218, Institut Bergonié, 229 Cours de l'Argonne, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Elodie Richard
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U1218, Institut Bergonié, 229 Cours de l'Argonne, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Audrey Laroche-Clary
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U1218, Institut Bergonié, 229 Cours de l'Argonne, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Antoine Italiano
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U1218, Institut Bergonié, 229 Cours de l'Argonne, 33000, Bordeaux, France. .,Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France.
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15
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Bavelloni A, Focaccia E, Piazzi M, Orsini A, Ramazzotti G, Cocco L, Blalock W, Faenza I. Therapeutic potential of nvp‐bkm120 in human osteosarcomas cells. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:10907-10917. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Bavelloni
- Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli Bologna Italy
| | - Enrico Focaccia
- CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics, Unit of Bologna Bologna Italy
| | - Manuela Piazzi
- Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli Bologna Italy
- CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics, Unit of Bologna Bologna Italy
| | - Arianna Orsini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Bologna Bologna Italy
| | - Giulia Ramazzotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Bologna Bologna Italy
| | - Lucio Cocco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Bologna Bologna Italy
| | - William Blalock
- Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli Bologna Italy
- CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics, Unit of Bologna Bologna Italy
| | - Irene Faenza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Bologna Bologna Italy
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16
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Abrams SL, Ruvolo PP, Ruvolo VR, Ligresti G, Martelli AM, Cocco L, Ratti S, Tafuri A, Steelman LS, Candido S, Libra M, McCubrey JA. Targeting signaling and apoptotic pathways involved in chemotherapeutic drug-resistance of hematopoietic cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:76525-76557. [PMID: 29100331 PMCID: PMC5652725 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical problem in leukemia as well as other cancer therapies is the development of chemotherapeutic drug-resistance. We have developed models of hematopoietic drug resistance that are based on expression of dominant-negative TP53 [TP53 (DN)] or constitutively-active MEK1 [MEK1(CA)] oncogenes in the presence of chemotherapeutic drugs. In human cancer, functional TP53 activity is often lost in human cancers. Also, activation of the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway frequently occurs due to mutations/amplification of upstream components of this and other interacting pathways. FL5.12 is an interleukin-3 (IL−3) dependent hematopoietic cell line that is sensitive to doxorubicin (a.k.a Adriamycin). FL/Doxo is a derivative cell line that was isolated by culturing the parental FL5.12 cells in doxorubicin for prolonged periods of time. FL/Doxo + TP53 (DN) and FL/Doxo + MEK1 (CA) are FL/Doxo derivate cell lines that were infected with retrovirus encoding TP53 (DN) or MEK1 (CA) and are more resistant to doxorubicin than FL/Doxo cells. This panel of cell lines displayed differences in the sensitivity to inhibitors that suppress mTORC1, BCL2/BCLXL, MEK1 or MDM2 activities, as well as, the proteasomal inhibitor MG132. The expression of key genes involved in cell growth and drug-resistance (e.g., MDM2, MDR1, BAX) also varied in these cells. Thus, we can begin to understand some of the key genes that are involved in the resistance of hematopoietic cells to chemotherapeutic drugs and targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L Abrams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Peter P Ruvolo
- Section of Signal Transduction and Apoptosis, Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA.,Current/Present address: Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vivian R Ruvolo
- Section of Signal Transduction and Apoptosis, Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA.,Current/Present address: Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Giovanni Ligresti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Pathology and Oncology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,Current/Present address: Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Alberto M Martelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucio Cocco
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Ratti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Agostino Tafuri
- Hematology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Linda S Steelman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Saverio Candido
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Pathology and Oncology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Massimo Libra
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Pathology and Oncology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
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