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Kanaoka D, Yamada M, Yokoyama H, Nishino S, Kunimura N, Satoyoshi H, Wakabayashi S, Urabe K, Ishii T, Nakanishi M. FPFT-2216, a Novel Anti-lymphoma Compound, Induces Simultaneous Degradation of IKZF1/3 and CK1α to Activate p53 and Inhibit NFκB Signaling. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 4:312-327. [PMID: 38265263 PMCID: PMC10846380 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Reducing casein kinase 1α (CK1α) expression inhibits the growth of multiple cancer cell lines, making it a potential therapeutic target for cancer. Herein, we evaluated the antitumor activity of FPFT-2216-a novel low molecular weight compound-in lymphoid tumors and elucidated its molecular mechanism of action. In addition, we determined whether targeting CK1α with FPFT-2216 is useful for treating hematopoietic malignancies. FPFT-2216 strongly degraded CK1α and IKAROS family zinc finger 1/3 (IKZF1/3) via proteasomal degradation. FPFT-2216 exhibited stronger inhibitory effects on human lymphoma cell proliferation than known thalidomide derivatives and induced upregulation of p53 and its transcriptional targets, namely, p21 and MDM2. Combining FPFT-2216 with an MDM2 inhibitor exhibited synergistic antiproliferative activity and induced rapid tumor regression in immunodeficient mice subcutaneously transplanted with a human lymphoma cell line. Nearly all tumors in mice disappeared after 10 days; this was continuously observed in 5 of 7 mice up to 24 days after the final FPFT-2216 administration. FPFT-2216 also enhanced the antitumor activity of rituximab and showed antitumor activity in a patient-derived diffuse large B-cell lymphoma xenograft model. Furthermore, FPFT-2216 decreased the activity of the CARD11/BCL10/MALT1 (CBM) complex and inhibited IκBα and NFκB phosphorylation. These effects were mediated through CK1α degradation and were stronger than those of known IKZF1/3 degraders. In conclusion, FPFT-2216 inhibits tumor growth by activating the p53 signaling pathway and inhibiting the CBM complex/NFκB pathway via CK1α degradation. Therefore, FPFT-2216 may represent an effective therapeutic agent for hematopoietic malignancies, such as lymphoma. SIGNIFICANCE We found potential vulnerability to CK1α degradation in certain lymphoma cells refractory to IKZF1/3 degraders. Targeting CK1α with FPFT-2216 could inhibit the growth of these cells by activating p53 signaling. Our study demonstrates the potential therapeutic application of CK1α degraders, such as FPFT-2216, for treating lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Kanaoka
- Department of Scientific Research, Fujimoto Pharmaceutical Corporation, Nishi-otsuka, Matsubara, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Yamada
- Department of Scientific Research, Fujimoto Pharmaceutical Corporation, Nishi-otsuka, Matsubara, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hironori Yokoyama
- Department of Scientific Research, Fujimoto Pharmaceutical Corporation, Nishi-otsuka, Matsubara, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoko Nishino
- Department of Scientific Research, Fujimoto Pharmaceutical Corporation, Nishi-otsuka, Matsubara, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoshi Kunimura
- Department of Scientific Research, Fujimoto Pharmaceutical Corporation, Nishi-otsuka, Matsubara, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Satoyoshi
- Department of Scientific Research, Fujimoto Pharmaceutical Corporation, Nishi-otsuka, Matsubara, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shota Wakabayashi
- Department of Scientific Research, Fujimoto Pharmaceutical Corporation, Nishi-otsuka, Matsubara, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazunori Urabe
- Department of Scientific Research, Fujimoto Pharmaceutical Corporation, Nishi-otsuka, Matsubara, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ishii
- Department of Scientific Research, Fujimoto Pharmaceutical Corporation, Nishi-otsuka, Matsubara, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masato Nakanishi
- Department of Scientific Research, Fujimoto Pharmaceutical Corporation, Nishi-otsuka, Matsubara, Osaka, Japan
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Salwa A, Ferraresi A, Secomandi E, Vallino L, Moia R, Patriarca A, Garavaglia B, Gaidano G, Isidoro C. High BECN1 Expression Negatively Correlates with BCL2 Expression and Predicts Better Prognosis in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: Role of Autophagy. Cells 2023; 12:1924. [PMID: 37566004 PMCID: PMC10417641 DOI: 10.3390/cells12151924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is characterized by high molecular and clinical heterogeneity. Autophagy, a lysosome-driven catabolic process devoted to macromolecular turnover, is fundamental in maintaining normal hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors homeostasis, and its dysregulation plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of hematological malignancies. One main regulator of autophagy is BECLIN-1, which may interact alternatively with either BCL-2, thus allowing apoptosis, or PI3KC3, thus promoting autophagy. The altered expression of BCL2 and BECN1 correlates with lymphoma outcomes, but whether this is associated with dysregulated cross-talk between autophagy and apoptosis remains to be elucidated. Analysis of the TCGA database revealed that BCL2 and BECN1 mRNA expression were inversely correlated in DLBCL patients. In representative DLBCL cell lines exposed to doxorubicin, the cells highly expressing BCL-2 were resistant, while the ones highly expressing BECLIN-1 were sensitive, and this correlated with low and high autophagy flux, respectively. Venetoclax targeting of BCL-2 increased while the spautin-1-mediated inhibition of BECLIN-1-dependent autophagy reversed doxorubicin sensitivity in the former and in the latter, respectively. By interrogating the TCGA DLBCL dataset, we found that BCL2 and BECN1 acted as negative and positive prognostic markers for DLBCL, respectively. The differentially expressed gene analysis in the respective cohorts revealed that BCL2 positively correlated with oncogenic pathways (e.g., glucose transport, HIF1A signaling, JAK-STAT signaling, PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway) and negatively correlated with autophagy-related transcripts, while BECN1 showed the opposite trend. Notably, patients with high BECN1 expression displayed longer survival. Our data reveal, for the first time, that the modulation of BECLIN-1-dependent autophagy influences the prognosis of DLBCL patients and provide a mechanistic explanation supporting the therapeutic use of drugs that, by stimulating autophagy, can sensitize lymphoma cells to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amreen Salwa
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via P. Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy; (A.S.); (A.F.); (E.S.); (L.V.); (B.G.)
| | - Alessandra Ferraresi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via P. Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy; (A.S.); (A.F.); (E.S.); (L.V.); (B.G.)
| | - Eleonora Secomandi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via P. Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy; (A.S.); (A.F.); (E.S.); (L.V.); (B.G.)
| | - Letizia Vallino
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via P. Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy; (A.S.); (A.F.); (E.S.); (L.V.); (B.G.)
| | - Riccardo Moia
- Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via P. Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy; (R.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Andrea Patriarca
- Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via P. Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy; (R.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Beatrice Garavaglia
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via P. Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy; (A.S.); (A.F.); (E.S.); (L.V.); (B.G.)
| | - Gianluca Gaidano
- Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via P. Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy; (R.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Ciro Isidoro
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via P. Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy; (A.S.); (A.F.); (E.S.); (L.V.); (B.G.)
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3
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Hong JY, Lin H. Sirtuin Modulators in Cellular and Animal Models of Human Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:735044. [PMID: 34650436 PMCID: PMC8505532 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.735044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins use NAD+ to remove various acyl groups from protein lysine residues. Through working on different substrate proteins, they display many biological functions, including regulation of cell proliferation, genome stability, metabolism, and cell migration. There are seven sirtuins in humans, SIRT1-7, each with unique enzymatic activities, regulatory mechanisms, subcellular localizations, and substrate scopes. They have been indicated in many human diseases, including cancer, neurodegeneration, microbial infection, metabolic and autoimmune diseases. Consequently, interests in development of sirtuin modulators have increased in the past decade. In this brief review, we specifically summarize genetic and pharmacological modulations of sirtuins in cancer, neurological, and cardiovascular diseases. We further anticipate this review will be helpful for scrutinizing the significance of sirtuins in the studied diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Young Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Hening Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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Xue K, Wu JC, Li XY, Li R, Zhang QL, Chang JJ, Liu YZ, Xu CH, Zhang JY, Sun XJ, Gu JJ, Guo WJ, Wang L. Chidamide triggers BTG1-mediated autophagy and reverses the chemotherapy resistance in the relapsed/refractory B-cell lymphoma. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:900. [PMID: 34599153 PMCID: PMC8486747 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04187-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Rituximab/chemotherapy relapsed and refractory B cell lymphoma patients have a poor overall prognosis, and it is urgent to develop novel drugs for improving the therapy outcomes. Here, we examined the therapeutic effects of chidamide, a new histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, on the cell and mouse models of rituximab/chemotherapy resistant B-cell lymphoma. In Raji-4RH/RL-4RH cells, the rituximab/chemotherapy resistant B-cell lymphoma cell lines (RRCL), chidamide treatment induced growth inhibition and G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. The primary B-cell lymphoma cells from Rituximab/chemotherapy relapsed patients were sensitive to chidamide. Interestingly, chidamide triggered the cell death with the activation of autophagy in RRCLs, likely due to the lack of the pro-apoptotic proteins. Based on the RNA-seq and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis, we identified BTG1 and FOXO1 as chidamide target genes, which control the autophagy and the cell cycle, respectively. Moreover, the combination of chidamide with the chemotherapy drug cisplatin increased growth inhibition on the RRCL in a synergistic manner, and significantly reduced the tumor burden of a mouse lymphoma model established with engraftment of RRCL. Taken together, these results provide a theoretic and mechanistic basis for further evaluation of the chidamide-based treatment in rituximab/chemotherapy relapsed and refractory B-cell lymphoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xue
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ji-Chuan Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xi-Ya Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Ran Li
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qun-Ling Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jin-Jia Chang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yi-Zhen Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chun-Hui Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jia-Ying Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xiao-Jian Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan J Gu
- Department of Medicine & Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Wei-Jian Guo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Lan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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5
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Stergiou IE, Kapsogeorgou EK. Autophagy and Metabolism in Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168540. [PMID: 34445246 PMCID: PMC8395194 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The hematopoietic system relies on regulation of both metabolism and autophagy to maintain its homeostasis, ensuring the self-renewal and multipotent differentiation potential of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). HSCs display a distinct metabolic profile from that of their differentiated progeny, while metabolic rewiring from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) has been shown to be crucial for effective hematopoietic differentiation. Autophagy-mediated regulation of metabolism modulates the distinct characteristics of quiescent and differentiating hematopoietic cells. In particular, mitophagy determines the cellular mitochondrial content, thus modifying the level of OXPHOS at the different differentiation stages of hematopoietic cells, while, at the same time, it ensures the building blocks and energy for differentiation. Aberrations in both the metabolic status and regulation of the autophagic machinery are implicated in the development of hematologic malignancies, especially in leukemogenesis. In this review, we aim to investigate the role of metabolism and autophagy, as well as their interconnections, in normal and malignant hematopoiesis.
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Schneidewind T, Brause A, Schölermann B, Sievers S, Pahl A, Sankar MG, Winzker M, Janning P, Kumar K, Ziegler S, Waldmann H. Combined morphological and proteome profiling reveals target-independent impairment of cholesterol homeostasis. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:1780-1794.e5. [PMID: 34214450 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Unbiased profiling approaches are powerful tools for small-molecule target or mode-of-action deconvolution as they generate a holistic view of the bioactivity space. This is particularly important for non-protein targets that are difficult to identify with commonly applied target identification methods. Thereby, unbiased profiling can enable identification of novel bioactivity even for annotated compounds. We report the identification of a large bioactivity cluster comprised of numerous well-characterized drugs with different primary targets using a combination of the morphological Cell Painting Assay and proteome profiling. Cluster members alter cholesterol homeostasis and localization due to their physicochemical properties that lead to protonation and accumulation in lysosomes, an increase in lysosomal pH, and a disturbed cholesterol homeostasis. The identified cluster enables identification of modulators of cholesterol homeostasis and links regulation of genes or proteins involved in cholesterol synthesis or trafficking to physicochemical properties rather than to nominal targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabea Schneidewind
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, Dortmund 44227, Germany; Technical University Dortmund, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Alexandra Brause
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Beate Schölermann
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Sonja Sievers
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Axel Pahl
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Muthukumar G Sankar
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Michael Winzker
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Petra Janning
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Kamal Kumar
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Slava Ziegler
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, Dortmund 44227, Germany; Technical University Dortmund, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, Dortmund 44227, Germany.
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Ke X, Qin Q, Deng T, Liao Y, Gao SJ. Heterogeneous Responses of Gastric Cancer Cell Lines to Tenovin-6 and Synergistic Effect with Chloroquine. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020365. [PMID: 32033497 PMCID: PMC7072542 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most frequently diagnosed cancer and the third leading cause of cancer death. Approximately 15% of GC is associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). GC is largely incurable with a dismal five-year survival rate. There is an urgent need to identify new therapeutic agents for the treatment of GC. Tenovin-6 was initially identified as a p53 activator, but it was later found to inhibit autophagy flux, and the protein deacetylase activity of sirtuins. Tenovin-6 shows promising therapeutic effect in various malignancies. However, it remains unknown whether Tenovin-6 is effective for GC. In this study, we found that EBV-positive and -negative GC cell lines were sensitive to Tenovin-6 but with different response times and doses. Tenovin-6 suppressed anchorage-independent growth of GC cells. Tenovin-6 induced different levels of apoptosis and phases of cell-cycle arrest depending on the cell lines with some manifesting gap 1 (G1) and others showing synthesis (S) phase cell-cycle arrest. Mechanistically, Tenovin-6 induced autophagy or p53 activation in GC cells depending on the status of TP53 gene. However, initiation of autophagy following treatment with Tenovin-6 conferred some protective effect on numerous cells. Combined treatment with Tenovin-6 and autophagy inhibitor chloroquine increased the cytotoxic effect by inducing microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B (LC3B)-II accumulation, and by enhancing apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest. These results indicated that Tenovin-6 can be used as a potential therapeutic agent for GC, but the genetic background of the cancer cells might determine the response and mechanism of action. Treatment with Tenovin-6 alone or in combination with chloroquine could be a promising therapeutic approach for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Ke
- Laboratory of Human Virology and Oncology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515000, China; (X.K.); (T.D.); (Y.L.)
| | - Qingsong Qin
- Laboratory of Human Virology and Oncology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515000, China; (X.K.); (T.D.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (Q.Q.); (S.-J.G.); Tel.: +86-0754-88900474 (Q.Q.); +1-412-339-9484 (S.-J.G.)
| | - Tianyi Deng
- Laboratory of Human Virology and Oncology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515000, China; (X.K.); (T.D.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yueyan Liao
- Laboratory of Human Virology and Oncology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515000, China; (X.K.); (T.D.); (Y.L.)
| | - Shou-Jiang Gao
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Correspondence: (Q.Q.); (S.-J.G.); Tel.: +86-0754-88900474 (Q.Q.); +1-412-339-9484 (S.-J.G.)
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Koschade SE, Brandts CH. Selective Autophagy in Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:261-282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Tenovin-6 induces the SIRT-independent cell growth suppression and blocks autophagy flux in canine hemangiosarcoma cell lines. Exp Cell Res 2019; 388:111810. [PMID: 31891684 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.111810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Canine hemangiosarcoma (HSA) is a commonly occurring aggressive tumor stemming from the vascular endothelial cells and is considered to be a good model for a similar disease in humans, called angiosarcoma. In this study, we reviewed drug libraries to identify new signal transduction inhibitors that can suppress the cell growth of canine HSA in vitro. We observed that tenovin-6, a sirtuin (SIRT) inhibitor, inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell death in three canine HSA cell lines (JuB4, Re12, and Ud6). These effects were induced through G1 cell cycle arrest and caspase-3 activation. Although tenovin-6 is known as an inhibitor of SIRT1 and SIRT2, knockout (KO) of genes encoding SIRT1 and/or SIRT2 had no apparent impact on cell proliferation in canine HSA. In addition, tenovin-6 showed cell growth inhibition in SIRT KO cells, as well as parental cells. These results indicated the cytotoxicity of tenovin-6 was a SIRT-independent event. Instead, we found that tenovin-6 inhibited autophagy flux in canine HSA cells, as evidenced by the suppression of lysosomal proteolysis. These results suggested that tenovin-6 induces cell growth suppression in canine HSA cells by impairing the lysosomal function. Therefore, tenovin-6 could be used in a new therapeutic strategy to treat canine HSA.
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Huang FT, Sun J, Zhang L, He X, Zhu YH, Dong HJ, Wang HY, Zhu L, Zou JY, Huang JW, Li L. Role of SIRT1 in hematologic malignancies. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2019; 20:391-398. [PMID: 31090265 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1900148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is a protein deacetylase, which regulates various physiological activities by deacetylating different protein substrates. An increasing number of studies have revealed critical roles of SIRT1 in different aspects of cancers including metabolism, proliferation, genomic instability, and chemotherapy resistance. Depending on the protein targets in a certain oncogenic context, SIRT1 may play a unique role in each individual blood cancer subtype. Our previous work showed that activation of SIRT1 in primitive leukemia cells of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) promotes disease maintenance. On the other hand, an SIRT1 agonist was shown to disrupt maintenance of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) stem cells and holds promise as a potential therapeutic approach. Herein, we present a concise summary of the different functions of SIRT1 in hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Teng Huang
- Department of Hematological Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.,Department of Hematology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Hematological Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Xin He
- Department of Hematological Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Ying-Hui Zhu
- Department of Hematological Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Hao-Jie Dong
- Department of Hematological Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Han-Ying Wang
- Department of Hematological Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Hematological Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Jing-Ying Zou
- Department of Hematological Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Jin-Wen Huang
- Department of Hematology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Hematological Malignancies Translational Science, Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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11
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Li M, Chiang YL, Lyssiotis CA, Teater MR, Hong JY, Shen H, Wang L, Hu J, Jing H, Chen Z, Jain N, Duy C, Mistry SJ, Cerchietti L, Cross JR, Cantley LC, Green MR, Lin H, Melnick AM. Non-oncogene Addiction to SIRT3 Plays a Critical Role in Lymphomagenesis. Cancer Cell 2019; 35:916-931.e9. [PMID: 31185214 PMCID: PMC7534582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse large B cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) are genetically heterogeneous and highly proliferative neoplasms derived from germinal center (GC) B cells. Here, we show that DLBCLs are dependent on mitochondrial lysine deacetylase SIRT3 for proliferation, survival, self-renewal, and tumor growth in vivo regardless of disease subtype and genetics. SIRT3 knockout attenuated B cell lymphomagenesis in VavP-Bcl2 mice without affecting normal GC formation. Mechanistically, SIRT3 depletion impaired glutamine flux to the TCA cycle via glutamate dehydrogenase and reduction in acetyl-CoA pools, which in turn induce autophagy and cell death. We developed a mitochondrial-targeted class I sirtuin inhibitor, YC8-02, which phenocopied the effects of SIRT3 depletion and killed DLBCL cells. SIRT3 is thus a metabolic non-oncogene addiction and therapeutic target for DLBCLs.
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MESH Headings
- Acetyl Coenzyme A/metabolism
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Autophagic Cell Death/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Citric Acid Cycle/drug effects
- Energy Metabolism/drug effects
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Glutamine/metabolism
- HEK293 Cells
- Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Humans
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/enzymology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- MCF-7 Cells
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Signal Transduction
- Sirtuin 3/antagonists & inhibitors
- Sirtuin 3/deficiency
- Sirtuin 3/genetics
- Sirtuin 3/metabolism
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ying-Ling Chiang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Costas A Lyssiotis
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Matthew R Teater
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jun Young Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Hao Shen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Hui Jing
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Neeraj Jain
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Cihangir Duy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sucharita J Mistry
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Leandro Cerchietti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Justin R Cross
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lewis C Cantley
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michael R Green
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Hening Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Ari M Melnick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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12
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Li Y, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Yang J, Xu Y, Zhao Y, Wang X. CUL4B regulates autophagy via JNK signaling in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:379-394. [PMID: 30612524 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1560718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant expression of CUL4B was identified in various types of solid cancers. Cumulative evidences support the oncogenic role of CUL4B in cancers, including regulation of cell proliferation and signal transduction. However, its clinical value and potential pathogenic mechanism in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) have not been described previously. Therefore, we hypothesize that overexpressed CUL4B may contribute to the pathogenesis of DLBCL. The aim of this study is to assess the expression and the biological function of CUL4B in DLBCL progression. In our study, CUL4B overexpression was observed in DLBCL tissues, and its upregulation was closely associated with poor prognosis in patients. Furthermore, the functional roles of CUL4B was detected both in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrated that silencing CUL4B could not only induce cell proliferation inhibition, cell cycle arrest, and motility attenuation of DLBCL cells in vitro, but also decrease tumor growth in DLBCL xenografts mice. In addition, we identified that CUL4B may act as a potent inductor of JNK phosphorylation in regulation of autophagy. Our findings demonstrated a significant role of CUL4B in the development and progression of DLBCL. CUL4B may act as a useful biomarker and a novel therapeutic target in DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- a Department of Hematology , Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangxiang Zhou
- a Department of Hematology , Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong , People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Zhang
- a Department of Hematology , Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong , People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Yang
- a Department of Hematology , Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong , People's Republic of China
| | - Yangyang Xu
- a Department of Hematology , Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong , People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhao
- a Department of Hematology , Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong , People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- a Department of Hematology , Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong , People's Republic of China.,b School of Medicine , Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong , People's Republic of China
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13
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Therapeutic Modulation of Autophagy in Leukaemia and Lymphoma. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020103. [PMID: 30704144 PMCID: PMC6406467 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Haematopoiesis is a tightly orchestrated process where a pool of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) with high self-renewal potential can give rise to both lymphoid and myeloid lineages. The HSPCs pool is reduced with ageing resulting in few HSPC clones maintaining haematopoiesis thereby reducing blood cell diversity, a phenomenon called clonal haematopoiesis. Clonal expansion of HSPCs carrying specific genetic mutations leads to increased risk for haematological malignancies. Therefore, it comes as no surprise that hematopoietic tumours develop in higher frequency in elderly people. Unfortunately, elderly patients with leukaemia or lymphoma still have an unsatisfactory prognosis compared to younger ones highlighting the need to develop more efficient therapies for this group of patients. Growing evidence indicates that macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) is essential for health and longevity. This review is focusing on the role of autophagy in normal haematopoiesis as well as in leukaemia and lymphoma development. Attenuated autophagy may support early hematopoietic neoplasia whereas activation of autophagy in later stages of tumour development and in response to a variety of therapies rather triggers a pro-tumoral response. Novel insights into the role of autophagy in haematopoiesis will be discussed in light of designing new autophagy modulating therapies in hematopoietic cancers.
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14
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Targeting autophagy in lymphomas: a double-edged sword? Int J Hematol 2018; 107:502-512. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-018-2414-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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15
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Autophagy regulates proliferation and biliary differentiation of hepatic oval cells via the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:2565-2571. [PMID: 29207082 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic oval cells (HOCs) are thought to possess self‑renewal ability and a bipotential capacity for differentiation, which allows them to differentiate into hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. Autophagy serves an important role in self‑renewal and differentiation of stem cells; however, how autophagy contributes to proliferation and differentiation of hepatic progenitor cells has yet to be elucidated. In the present study, autophagy was regulated by rapamycin (Rapa) and chloroquine (Chlo) administration. The results demonstrated that Chlo‑treated HOCs exhibited decreased autophagic activity alongside a decreased tendency to proliferate, as determined by Cell Counting Kit‑8. In addition, activation of autophagy by Rapa enhanced the biliary differentiation of HOCs. Furthermore, increased phosphorylated (p)‑extracellular signal‑regulated kinase (ERK)/p‑p38 expression was observed following the induction of autophagy, thus indicating that the mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK)/ERK signaling pathway was activated by autophagy to exert effects on the stimulation of HOC proliferation and differentiation. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that autophagy regulates proliferation and biliary differentiation of HOCs via the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. These results suggest a role for autophagy in stimulating the proliferation and differentiation of HOCs.
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16
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The sirtuin 1/2 inhibitor tenovin-1 induces a nonlinear apoptosis-inducing factor-dependent cell death in a p53 null Ewing’s sarcoma cell line. Invest New Drugs 2017; 36:396-406. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-017-0541-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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17
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He M, Tan B, Vasan K, Yuan H, Cheng F, Ramos da Silva S, Lu C, Gao SJ. SIRT1 and AMPK pathways are essential for the proliferation and survival of primary effusion lymphoma cells. J Pathol 2017; 242:309-321. [PMID: 28393364 DOI: 10.1002/path.4905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a rare and aggressive B-cell lymphoma with a dismal prognosis caused by infection of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Despite the findings that numerous viral genes and cellular pathways are essential for the proliferation and survival of PEL cells, there is currently no effective therapeutic treatment for PEL. Here, we report that the metabolic sensor SIRT1 is functionally required for sustaining the proliferation and survival of PEL cells. Knockdown of SIRT1 with specific shRNAs or inhibition of SIRT1 with an inhibitor (tenovin-6) induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in PEL cells. We detected high levels of AMPK activation in PEL cells, reflected in AMPKα1 phosphorylation at T174. Knockdown or inhibition of SIRT1 reduced AMPK activation, indicating that SIRT1 was required for AMPK activation. Interestingly, knockdown of AMPK with specific shRNAs or inhibition of AMPK with the inhibitor compound C recapitulated the phenotype of SIRT1, and induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, whereas overexpression of a constitutively active AMPK construct rescued the cytotoxic effect of SIRT1 knockdown. Remarkably, treatment with tenovin-6 effectively inhibited the initiation and progression of PEL, and significantly extended the survival of mice in a murine PEL model. Taken together, these results illustrate that the SIRT1-AMPK axis is essential for maintaining the proliferation and survival of PEL and identify SIRT1 and AMPK as potential therapeutic targets, and tenovin-6 as a candidate therapeutic agent for PEL patients. Copyright © 2017 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilan He
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brandon Tan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Karthik Vasan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hongfeng Yuan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fan Cheng
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Suzane Ramos da Silva
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chun Lu
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Shou-Jiang Gao
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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18
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Yuan H, Tan B, Gao SJ. Tenovin-6 impairs autophagy by inhibiting autophagic flux. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2608. [PMID: 28182004 PMCID: PMC5386474 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tenovin-6 has attracted significant interest because it activates p53 and inhibits sirtuins. It has anti-neoplastic effects on multiple hematopoietic malignancies and solid tumors in both in vitro and in vivo studies. Tenovin-6 was recently shown to impair the autophagy pathway in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells and pediatric soft tissue sarcoma cells. However, whether tenovin-6 has a general inhibitory effect on autophagy and whether there is any involvement with SIRT1 and p53, both of which are regulators of the autophagy pathway, remain unclear. In this study, we have demonstrated that tenovin-6 increases microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3-II) level in diverse cell types in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Mechanistically, the increase of LC3-II by tenovin-6 is caused by inhibition of the classical autophagy pathway via impairing lysosomal function without affecting the fusion between autophagosomes and lysosomes. Furthermore, we have revealed that tenovin-6 activation of p53 is cell type dependent, and tenovin-6 inhibition of autophagy is not dependent on its regulatory functions on p53 and SIRT1. Our results have shown that tenovin-6 is a potent autophagy inhibitor, and raised the precaution in interpreting results where tenovin-6 is used as an inhibitor of SIRT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfeng Yuan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brandon Tan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shou-Jiang Gao
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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