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Dormán G, Szalai Z, Keglevich G. Cytotoxic Activity of Distinct Families of Phosphonic Acid Derivatives - A Chemocentric Approach to Assess Their Molecular Action. ChemMedChem 2024:e202400370. [PMID: 38965788 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202400370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Phosphorus containing small molecules (particularly α-aminophosphonates, α-hydroxyphosphonates and bisphosphonates) represent a unique chemical space among the biologically active compounds. We selected 35 diverse compounds that showed remarkable cytotoxicity effects on various cancer cell lines. However, the exact mechanism of action often requires further investigations, in vitro or in silico target identification even though many target-based activity data were gathered for the above cluster of compounds. In our conceptual account, we offer a systematic in silico analysis between the cytotoxicity, cell lines, their (over)expressed protein targets associated with malignant diseases, and the activity data on protein targets already reported for those compounds in the hope that we gain better understanding and explanation, what is behind their cytotoxic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Dormán
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111, Budapest, Műegyetem rkp. 3., Hungary
- TargetEx llc., 2120, Dunakeszi, Madách Imre Street 31/2., Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Szalai
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111, Budapest, Műegyetem rkp. 3., Hungary
| | - György Keglevich
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111, Budapest, Műegyetem rkp. 3., Hungary
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2
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Schwaner I, Kuhn T, Losem C, Wolff T, Otremba B, Zaiss M, Hülsenbeck J, Famulla K, Nösslinger T, Rossi D. Low incidence of tumor lysis syndrome in elderly patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia treated with venetoclax under real-world conditions: results from the prospective observational VeRVe study. Ann Hematol 2024; 103:2013-2020. [PMID: 38421404 PMCID: PMC11090950 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-024-05638-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Venetoclax is active in both frontline and relapsed/refractory settings for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Although the prevalence and severity of tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) are well characterized in clinical trials, laboratory and clinical TLS remain relatively unexplored in real-world clinical practice.In this prospective, real-world observational study, we aimed to determine the incidence and outcomes of TLS in patients with CLL receiving venetoclax outside a clinical trial. The study (VeRVe) was conducted in centers in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland.Two hundred and thirty-nine patients were treated according to local label with at least one dose of venetoclax. Patient demographics, baseline characteristics, and blood chemistry at baseline were documented, and descriptive statistical analyses were conducted.Seventy eight patients (33%) were treated with venetoclax monotherapy, 101 (42%) with venetoclax in combination with rituximab and 60 (25%) with venetoclax in combination with obinutuzumab. In all cases, the TLS risk mitigation strategy adhered to the ramp-up protocol. Median age was 73 years and 66% of patients were male. The majority of patients (75%) had relapsed/refractory CLL, 63/192 (32.8%) patients tested had a del(17p) and 93/134 (69.4%) patients tested had unmutated immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region gene (IGHV). Clinical TLS occurred in 5 patients (2.1%) and laboratory TLS occurred in 15 patients (6.3%). Ten patients received specific treatment, of which 6 were hospitalized. There were no deaths due to a TLS event and venetoclax was well-tolerated. Of the 5 clinical TLS events reported, none were fatal or resulted in renal failure (NCT03342144, registered on Nov 10, 2017).
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Tumor Lysis Syndrome/etiology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Aged
- Sulfonamides/therapeutic use
- Sulfonamides/adverse effects
- Sulfonamides/administration & dosage
- Male
- Female
- Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/therapeutic use
- Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/adverse effects
- Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/administration & dosage
- Aged, 80 and over
- Prospective Studies
- Incidence
- Middle Aged
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Germany/epidemiology
- Rituximab/administration & dosage
- Rituximab/adverse effects
- Rituximab/therapeutic use
- Austria/epidemiology
- Antineoplastic Agents/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Schwaner
- Onkologische Schwerpunktpraxis Kurfuerstendamm, Kurfuerstendamm 65, 10707, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Thomas Kuhn
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Hämatologie, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Matthias Zaiss
- Praxis für interdisziplinäre Onkologie & Hämatologie, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Kirsten Famulla
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Hämatologie, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Thomas Nösslinger
- 3rd Medical Department for Hematology and Oncology, Hanusch Krankenhaus, Wien, Austria
| | - Davide Rossi
- Clinic of Hematology, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Experimental Hematology, Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
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3
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Kontos CK, Karousi P, Artemaki PI, Abdelgawad A, Dimitriadou A, Machairas NP, Sideris DC, Pappa V, Scorilas A, Batish M, Papageorgiou SG. Novel circular RNAs of the apoptosis-related BAX and BCL2L12 genes identified in a chronic lymphocytic leukemia cell line using nanopore sequencing. FEBS Open Bio 2023; 13:1953-1966. [PMID: 37424436 PMCID: PMC10549219 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a novel RNA type generated by back-splicing, are key regulators of gene expression, with deregulated expression and established involvement in leukemia. The products of BCL2 and its homologs, including BAX and BCL2L12, are implicated in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). However, to the best of our knowledge, nothing is known about circRNAs produced by these two genes and their role in CLL. We sought to further elucidate the contribution of BAX and BCL2L12 in CLL by unraveling the identity, localization, and potential role of their circRNAs. Therefore, total RNA from the EHEB cell line and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of CLL patients and non-leukemic blood donors was extracted and reverse-transcribed using random hexamers. Next, nested PCRs with divergent primers were performed and the purified PCR products were subjected to 3rd generation nanopore sequencing. Nested PCRs were also applied to first-strand cDNAs synthesized from total RNA extracts of PBMCs from CLL patients and non-leukemic blood donors. Lastly, a single-molecule resolution fluorescent in situ hybridization method called circFISH was used to visualize the circRNA distribution in EHEB cells. We discovered several novel circRNAs produced by BAX and BCL2L12, which were characterized by great exon structure diversity. In addition, intriguing findings regarding their formation emerged. Interestingly, visualization of the most abundant circRNAs showed distinct intracellular localization. Moreover, a complex BAX and BCL2L12 circRNA expression pattern was revealed in CLL patients and non-leukemic blood donors. Our data suggest a multifaceted role of BAX and BCL2L12 circRNAs in B-cell CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos K. Kontos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of BiologyNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensGreece
| | - Paraskevi Karousi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of BiologyNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensGreece
| | - Pinelopi I. Artemaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of BiologyNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensGreece
| | - Ahmed Abdelgawad
- Department of Medical and Molecular SciencesUniversity of DelawareNewarkDEUSA
| | - Aspasia Dimitriadou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of BiologyNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensGreece
| | - Nikolaos P. Machairas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of BiologyNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensGreece
| | - Diamantis C. Sideris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of BiologyNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensGreece
| | - Vasiliki Pappa
- Second Department of Internal Medicine and Research UnitUniversity General Hospital “Attikon”AthensGreece
| | - Andreas Scorilas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of BiologyNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensGreece
| | - Mona Batish
- Department of Medical and Molecular SciencesUniversity of DelawareNewarkDEUSA
| | - Sotirios G. Papageorgiou
- Second Department of Internal Medicine and Research UnitUniversity General Hospital “Attikon”AthensGreece
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4
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Doghish AS, Abulsoud AI, Elshaer SS, Abdelmaksoud NM, Zaki MB, El-Mahdy HA, Ismail A, Fathi D, Elsakka EGE. miRNAs as cornerstones in chronic lymphocytic leukemia pathogenesis and therapeutic resistance- An emphasis on the interaction of signaling pathways. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 243:154363. [PMID: 36764011 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) accounts for the vast majority of cases of leukemia. Patients of advanced age are more likely to develop the condition, which has a highly varied clinical course. Consideration of illness features and preceding treatment sequence, as well as patient preferences and comorbidities, is necessary for selecting the appropriate treatment for the appropriate patient. Therefore, there is an urgent need for novel biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity to detect CLL early, monitor CLL patients, select the treatment responders, and reduce ineffective treatment, unwanted side effects, and unnecessary expenses. In both homeostasis and illness, microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) play a vital role as master regulators of gene expression and, by extension, protein expression. MiRNAs typically reduce the stability of mRNAs, including those encoding genes involved in tumorigenesis processes as cell cycle regulation, inflammation, stress response, angiogenesis, differentiation, apoptosis, and invasion. Due to their unique properties, miRNAs are rapidly being exploited as accurate biomarkers for illness detection, and medicines based on miRNA targets are finding widespread application in clinical practice. Accordingly, the current review serves as a quick primer on CLL and the biogenesis of miRNAs. In addition to providing a brief overview of the miRNAs whose function in the progression of CLL has been established by recent in vitro or in vivo research through articulating the influence of these miRNAs on a wide variety of cellular functions, including increased proliferative potential; support for angiogenesis; cell cycle aberration; evasion of apoptosis; promotion of metastasis; and reduced sensitivity to specific treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S Doghish
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11231, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed I Abulsoud
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11231, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt
| | - Shereen Saeid Elshaer
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11231, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt
| | - Nourhan M Abdelmaksoud
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11823, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Bakr Zaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Menoufia 32897, Egypt
| | - Hesham A El-Mahdy
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11231, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed Ismail
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11231, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Doaa Fathi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt
| | - Elsayed G E Elsakka
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11231, Cairo, Egypt
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Izuegbuna OO. Polyphenols: Chemoprevention and therapeutic potentials in hematological malignancies. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1008893. [PMID: 36386899 PMCID: PMC9643866 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1008893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are one of the largest plant-derived natural product and they play an important role in plants' defense as well as in human health and disease. A number of them are pleiotropic molecules and have been shown to regulate signaling pathways, immune response and cell growth and proliferation which all play a role in cancer development. Hematological malignancies on the other hand, are cancers of the blood. While current therapies are efficacious, they are usually expensive and with unwanted side effects. Thus, the search for newer less toxic agents. Polyphenols have been reported to possess antineoplastic properties which include cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis via multiple mechanisms. They also have immunomodulatory activities where they enhance T cell activation and suppress regulatory T cells. They carry out these actions through such pathways as PI3K/Akt/mTOR and the kynurenine. They can also reverse cancer resistance to chemotherapy agents. In this review, i look at some of the molecular mechanism of action of polyphenols and their potential roles as therapeutic agents in hematological malignancies. Here i discuss their anti-proliferative and anti-neoplastic activities especially their abilities modulate signaling pathways as well as immune response in hematological malignancies. I also looked at clinical studies done mainly in the last 10-15 years on various polyphenol combination and how they enhance synergism. I recommend that further preclinical and clinical studies be carried out to ensure safety and efficacy before polyphenol therapies be officially moved to the clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ogochukwu O. Izuegbuna
- Department of Haematology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH) Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
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6
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Hus I, Puła B, Robak T. PI3K Inhibitors for the Treatment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1571. [PMID: 35326722 PMCID: PMC8945984 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) signaling regulates key cellular processes, such as growth, survival and apoptosis. Among the three classes of PI3K, class I is the most important for the development, differentiation and activation of B and T cells. Four isoforms are distinguished within class I (PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, PI3Kδ and PI3Kγ). PI3Kδ expression is limited mainly to the B cells and their precursors, and blocking PI3K has been found to promote apoptosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. Idelalisib, a selective PI3Kδ inhibitor, was the first-in-class PI3Ki introduced into CLL treatment. It showed efficacy in patients with del(17p)/TP53 mutation, unmutated IGHV status and refractory/relapsed disease. However, its side effects, such as autoimmune-mediated pneumonitis and colitis, infections and skin changes, limited its widespread use. The dual PI3Kδ/γ inhibitor duvelisib is approved for use in CLL patients but with similar toxicities to idelalisib. Umbralisib, a highly selective inhibitor of PI3Kδ and casein kinase-1ε (CK1ε), was found to be efficient and safe in monotherapy and in combination regimens in phase 3 trials in patients with CLL. Novel PI3Kis are under evaluation in early phase clinical trials. In this paper we present the mechanism of action, efficacy and toxicities of PI3Ki approved in the treatment of CLL and developed in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Hus
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (I.H.); (B.P.)
| | - Bartosz Puła
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (I.H.); (B.P.)
| | - Tadeusz Robak
- Copernicus Memorial Hospital, 93-510 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, 93-510 Lodz, Poland
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7
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Rojas Gil AP, Kodonis I, Ioannidis A, Nomikos T, Dimopoulos I, Kosmidis G, Katsa ME, Melliou E, Magiatis P. The Effect of Dietary Intervention With High-Oleocanthal and Oleacein Olive Oil in Patients With Early-Stage Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: A Pilot Randomized Trial. Front Oncol 2022; 11:810249. [PMID: 35127522 PMCID: PMC8814521 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.810249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Oleocanthal and oleacein (OC/OL) have important in vitro and in vivo antitumor properties; however, there is no data about their anticancer activity in humans. The aim of this pilot study was to test if patients at early stage of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) could adhere to and tolerate an intervention with high OC/OL extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) and if this intervention could lead to any changes in markers related to the disease. METHODS A pilot dietary intervention (DI) was made in patients with CLL in Rai stages 0-II who did not follow any treatment (NCT04215367). In the first intervention (DI1), 20 CLL patients were included in a blind randomized study and were separated into two groups. One group (A) of 10 patients consumed 40 ml/day of high OC/OL-EVOO (416 mg/Kg OC and 284 mg/kg OL) for 3 months. A second group (B) of 10 patients consumed 40 ml/day of low OC/OL (82 mg/kg OC and 33 mg/kg OL) for 3 months. After a washout period of 9-12 months, a second intervention (DI2) only with High OC/OL-EVOO for 6 months was performed with 22 randomly selected patients (16 from the DI1 (8 from each group) and 6 new). Hematological, biochemical, and apoptotic markers were analyzed in the serum of the patients. In addition, cellular proliferation and apoptosis markers were studied in isolated proteins from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. RESULTS The results of the DI1 showed beneficial effects on hematological and apoptotic markers only with High OC/OL-EVOO. During the DI2, a decrease in the white blood cell and lymphocyte count was observed (p ≤0.05), comparing 3 months before the intervention and 6 months after it. After 3 and 6 months of DI2, an increase (p ≤0.05) was observed in the apoptotic markers ccK18 and Apo1-Fas, and also in the cell cycle negative regulator p21, and also a decrease in the antiapoptotic protein Survivin, and in the cellular proliferation marker Cyclin D. CONCLUSIONS This is the first clinical trial with High OC/OL-EVOO that indicates that it could be a promising dietary feature for the improvement of CLL inducing the apoptosis of their cancer cells and improving the metabolism of the patients. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04215367, identifier: NCT04215367.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Paola Rojas Gil
- Laboratory of Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Tripoli, Greece
| | - Ioannis Kodonis
- Hematology Department, General Hospital of Lakonia, Sparta, Greece
| | - Anastasios Ioannidis
- Laboratory of Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Tripoli, Greece
| | - Tzortzis Nomikos
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Georgios Kosmidis
- Laboratory of Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Tripoli, Greece
| | - Maria Efthymia Katsa
- Laboratory of Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Tripoli, Greece
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Melliou
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Prokopios Magiatis
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Immunomolecular evaluation of dihydroartemisinin effects on apoptosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cell lines. Leuk Res 2021; 110:106702. [PMID: 34571432 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2021.106702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dihydroartemisinin (DHA), a semi-synthetic derivative of artemisinin, has recently shown to induce apoptosis in many types of cancer cells. In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of DHA on apoptosis in human chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cell lines. METHODS The cells were treated separately and combined by DHA and Fludurabine (FLU) during 24, 48 and 72 hours. The cell viabilities determined by XTT method. Following separate and combined treatment of IC50 concentrations of DHA and FLU to the cells during 24 hours, the cells were analyzed by flow cytometry to determine the effects on apopotis staining with AnnexinV FITC and PI. mRNA and protein expression levels of TCTP, Mcl-1, Bcl-2, Bax and Caspase-3 were analyzed to find out the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis by using quantitative real-time PCR and flow cytometric methods. RESULTS Treatment with DHA alone or in combination with FLU induced apoptosis in a dose dependent manner in CLL cells. DHA alone was more effective than FLU alone or combined treatment with DHA and FLU. Our results suggest that Bcl-2 protein family member Bax was active in the apoptotic response of CLL cells after DHA treatment. Moreover, the apoptotic response induced by DHA was independent from the p53 mutation status of the CLL cells. CONCLUSION DHA might be a potential anti-cancer therapeutic for CLL.
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9
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Yan H, Tian S, Kleinstern G, Wang Z, Lee JH, Boddicker NJ, Cerhan JR, Kay NE, Braggio E, Slager SL. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) risk is mediated by multiple enhancer variants within CLL risk loci. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:2761-2774. [PMID: 32744316 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common adult leukemia in Western countries. It has a strong genetic basis, showing a ~ 8-fold increased risk of CLL in first-degree relatives. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified 41 risk variants across 41 loci. However, for a majority of the loci, the functional variants and the mechanisms underlying their causal roles remain undefined. Here, we examined the genetic and epigenetic features associated with 12 index variants, along with any correlated (r2 ≥ 0.5) variants, at the CLL risk loci located outside of gene promoters. Based on publicly available ChIP-seq and chromatin accessibility data as well as our own ChIP-seq data from CLL patients, we identified six candidate functional variants at six loci and at least two candidate functional variants at each of the remaining six loci. The functional variants are predominantly located within enhancers or super-enhancers, including bi-directionally transcribed enhancers, which are often restricted to immune cell types. Furthermore, we found that, at 78% of the functional variants, the alternative alleles altered the transcription factor binding motifs or histone modifications, indicating the involvement of these variants in the change of local chromatin state. Finally, the enhancers carrying functional variants physically interacted with genes enriched in the type I interferon signaling pathway, apoptosis, or TP53 network that are known to play key roles in CLL. These results support the regulatory roles for inherited noncoding variants in the pathogenesis of CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihuang Yan
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Shulan Tian
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Geffen Kleinstern
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Zhiquan Wang
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jeong-Heon Lee
- Division of Experimental Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - James R Cerhan
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Neil E Kay
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Esteban Braggio
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Susan L Slager
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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10
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Griffen TL, Dammer EB, Dill CD, Carey KM, Young CD, Nunez SK, Ohandjo AQ, Kornblau SM, Lillard JW. Multivariate transcriptome analysis identifies networks and key drivers of chronic lymphocytic leukemia relapse risk and patient survival. BMC Med Genomics 2021; 14:171. [PMID: 34187466 PMCID: PMC8243588 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-021-01012-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is an indolent heme malignancy characterized by the accumulation of CD5+ CD19+ B cells and episodes of relapse. The biological signaling that influence episodes of relapse in CLL are not fully described. Here, we identify gene networks associated with CLL relapse and survival risk. METHODS Networks were investigated by using a novel weighted gene network co-expression analysis method and examining overrepresentation of upstream regulators and signaling pathways within co-expressed transcriptome modules across clinically annotated transcriptomes from CLL patients (N = 203). Gene Ontology analysis was used to identify biological functions overrepresented in each module. Differential Expression of modules and individual genes was assessed using an ANOVA (Binet Stage A and B relapsed patients) or T-test (SF3B1 mutations). The clinical relevance of biomarker candidates was evaluated using log-rank Kaplan Meier (survival and relapse interval) and ROC tests. RESULTS Eight distinct modules (M2, M3, M4, M7, M9, M10, M11, M13) were significantly correlated with relapse and differentially expressed between relapsed and non-relapsed Binet Stage A CLL patients. The biological functions of modules positively correlated with relapse were carbohydrate and mRNA metabolism, whereas negatively correlated modules to relapse were protein translation associated. Additionally, M1, M3, M7, and M13 modules negatively correlated with overall survival. CLL biomarkers BTK, BCL2, and TP53 were co-expressed, while unmutated IGHV biomarker ZAP70 and cell survival-associated NOTCH1 were co-expressed in modules positively correlated with relapse and negatively correlated with survival days. CONCLUSIONS This study provides novel insights into CLL relapse biology and pathways associated with known and novel biomarkers for relapse and overall survival. The modules associated with relapse and overall survival represented both known and novel pathways associated with CLL pathogenesis and can be a resource for the CLL research community. The hub genes of these modules, e.g., ARHGAP27P2, C1S, CASC2, CLEC3B, CRY1, CXCR5, FUT5, MID1IP1, and URAHP, can be studied further as new therapeutic targets or clinical markers to predict CLL patient outcomes.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/mortality
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Regulatory Networks
- Male
- Female
- Recurrence
- Multivariate Analysis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Middle Aged
- Transcriptome
- Aged
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/genetics
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology
- Prognosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Ti'ara L Griffen
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr SW, HG 341B, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Eric B Dammer
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Courtney D Dill
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr SW, HG 341B, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Kaylin M Carey
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr SW, HG 341B, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Corey D Young
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr SW, HG 341B, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Sha'Kayla K Nunez
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr SW, HG 341B, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Adaugo Q Ohandjo
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr SW, HG 341B, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Steven M Kornblau
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - James W Lillard
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr SW, HG 341B, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA.
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11
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Zhang YR, Yu Z, Xiong WJ, Liu XX, Liu HM, Cui R, Wang Q, Chen WM, Qiu LG, Yi SH. TOSO interacts with SYK and enhances BCR pathway activation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Chin Med J (Engl) 2021; 133:2090-2097. [PMID: 32784334 PMCID: PMC7478576 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000000999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background TOSO, also named Fas inhibitory molecule 3 (FAIM3), has recently been identified as an immunoglobulin M (IgM) Fc receptor (FcμR). Previous studies have shown that TOSO is specifically over-expressed in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). However, the functions of TOSO in CLL remain unknown. The B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling pathway has been reported to be constitutively activated in CLL. Here, we aimed to investigate the functions of TOSO in the BCR signaling pathway and the pathogenesis of CLL. Methods We over-expressed TOSO in B-cell lymphoma cell lines (Granta-519 and Z138) by lentiviral transduction and knocked down TOSO by siRNA in primary CLL cells. The over-expression and knockdown of TOSO were confirmed at the RNA level by polymerase chain reaction and protein level by Western blotting. Co-immunoprecipitation with TOSO antibody followed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (IP/LCMS) was used to identify TOSO interacting proteins. Western blotting was performed to detect the activation status of BCR signaling pathways as well as B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2). Flow cytometry was used to examine the apoptosis of TOSO-over-expressing B lymphoma cell lines and TOSO-down-regulated CLL cells via the staining of Annexin V and 7-AAD. One-way analyses of variance were used for intergroup comparisons, while independent samples t tests were used for two-sample comparisons. Results From IP/LCMS, we identified spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) as a crucial candidate of TOSO-interacting protein and confirmed it by co-immunoprecipitation. After stimulation with anti-IgM, TOSO over-expression increased the phosphorylation of SYK, and subsequently activated the BCR signaling pathway, which could be reversed by a SYK inhibitor. TOSO knockdown in primary CLL cells resulted in reduced SYK phosphorylation as well as attenuated BCR signaling pathway. The apoptosis rates of the Granta-519 and Z138 cells expressing TOSO were (8.46 ± 2.90)% and (4.20 ± 1.21)%, respectively, significantly lower than the rates of the control groups, which were (25.20 ± 4.60)% and (19.72 ± 1.10)%, respectively (P < 0.05 for both). The apoptosis rate was reduced after knocking down TOSO in the primary CLL cells. In addition, we also found that TOSO down-regulation in primary cells from CLL patients led to decreased expression of BCL-2 as well as lower apoptosis, and vice versa in the cell line. Conclusions TOSO might be involved in the pathogenesis of CLL by interacting with SYK, enhancing the BCR signaling pathway, and inducing apoptosis resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ru Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China.,Department of Hematology, Beijing Chao Yang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100043, China
| | - Zhen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Wen-Jie Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Xu-Xiang Liu
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte 91010, CA, USA
| | - Hui-Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Rui Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China.,Department of Hematology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Wen-Ming Chen
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Chao Yang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100043, China
| | - Lu-Gui Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Shu-Hua Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
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12
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Ramos YAL, Souza OF, Novo MCT, Guimarães CFC, Popi AF. Quercetin shortened survival of radio-resistant B-1 cells in vitro and in vivo by restoring miR15a/16 expression. Oncotarget 2021; 12:355-365. [PMID: 33659046 PMCID: PMC7899548 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a malignancy disease characterized by the expansion of CD5+ B-1 cells. The NZB mouse model of CLL shows similarities to human CLL, has age-associated increase in malignant B-1 clones and decreased expression of miR-15a/16. It was demonstrated that systemic lentiviral delivery of miR-15a/16 ameliorates disease manifestations in this mouse model. Nowadays, new therapeutic approaches have been focus on miRNA in cancer cells. Natural compounds like quercetin can modulate these miRNAs, consequently, suppress oncogenes or stimulate tumor suppressor genes by altering miRNA expressions. Here we investigate the effects of quercetin on miRNA15a/16 expression by radio-resistant B-1 cells. It has been described that a small percentage of B-1 cell survives to irradiation in vitro, and these cells show similarities to B-CLL cells. In these cells, the level of miR15a/16 is diminished and Bcl-2 is overexpressed. Quercetin treatment restore both, miR15a/16 and Bcl-2, to normal levels. Furthermore, transference of radioresistant B-1 cells to NOD/SCID mice causes an expansion of this population and also a migration to the liver. However, after quercetin treatment, even radioresistant B-1 cells are not able to expand or disseminate in vivo, and the levels of miR15a/16 and Bcl-2 are also normalized. Our data support the hypothesis that quercetin is an important adjuvant molecule that acts on miRNA15a/16 level and leads cells more permissive to apoptosis. This work could help to design new approaches to therapy in CLL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmim Alefe Leuzzi Ramos
- Laboratory of Ontogeny of Lymphocytes, Discipline of Immunology, Departament of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Olivia Fonseca Souza
- Laboratory of Ontogeny of Lymphocytes, Discipline of Immunology, Departament of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marilia Campos Tavares Novo
- Laboratory of Ontogeny of Lymphocytes, Discipline of Immunology, Departament of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline Ferreira Cunha Guimarães
- Laboratory of Ontogeny of Lymphocytes, Discipline of Immunology, Departament of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Flavia Popi
- Laboratory of Ontogeny of Lymphocytes, Discipline of Immunology, Departament of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Dwivedi V, Yaniv K, Sharon M. Beyond cells: The extracellular circulating 20S proteasomes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1867:166041. [PMID: 33338594 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.166041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence arising from numerous clinical studies indicate that assembled and functional 20S proteasome complexes circulate freely in plasma. Elevated levels of this core proteolytic complex have been found in the plasma of patients suffering from blood, skin and solid cancers, autoimmune disorders, trauma and sepsis. Moreover, in various diseases, there is a positive correlation between circulating 20S proteasome (c20S) levels and treatment efficacy and survival rates, suggesting the involvement of this under-studied c20S complex in pathophysiology. However, many aspects of this system remain enigmatic, as we still do not know the origin, biological role or mechanisms of extracellular transport and regulation of c20S proteasomes. In this review, we provide an overview of the current understanding of the c20S proteasome system and discuss the remaining gaps in knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandita Dwivedi
- Departments of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Karina Yaniv
- Departments of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Michal Sharon
- Departments of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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14
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Szoltysek K, Ciardullo C, Zhou P, Walaszczyk A, Willmore E, Rand V, Marshall S, Hall A, J. Harrison C, Eswaran J, Soundararajan M. DAP Kinase-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Protein Kinase 2 (DRAK2) Is a Key Regulator and Molecular Marker in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207663. [PMID: 33081245 PMCID: PMC7593912 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common adult leukemia in the Western World and it is characterized by a marked degree of clinical heterogeneity. An impaired balance between pro- and anti-apoptotic stimuli determines chemorefractoriness and outcome. The low proliferation rate of CLL cells indicates that one of the primary mechanisms involved in disease development may be an apoptotic failure. Here, we study the clinical and functional significance of DRAK2, a novel stress response kinase that plays a critical role in apoptosis, T-cell biology, and B-cell activation in CLL. We have analyzed CLL patient samples and showed that low expression levels of DRAK2 were significantly associated with unfavorable outcome in our CLL cohort. DRAK2 expression levels showed a positive correlation with the expression of DAPK1, and TGFBR1. Consistent with clinical data, the downregulation of DRAK2 in MEC-1 CLL cells strongly increased cell viability and proliferation. Further, our transcriptome data from MEC-1 cells highlighted MAPK, NF-κB, and Akt and as critical signaling hubs upon DRAK2 knockdown. Taken together, our results indicate DRAK2 as a novel marker of CLL survival that plays key regulatory roles in CLL prognosis.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/genetics
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Survival
- Death-Associated Protein Kinases/genetics
- Death-Associated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Down-Regulation
- Female
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- MAP Kinase Signaling System
- Male
- Middle Aged
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I/genetics
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Szoltysek
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (K.S.); (C.C.); (E.W.); (A.H.); (C.J.H.)
- Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute, Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, 02-034 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Carmela Ciardullo
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (K.S.); (C.C.); (E.W.); (A.H.); (C.J.H.)
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Peixun Zhou
- School of Health & Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3JN, UK; (P.Z.); (V.R.)
- National Horizons Centre, Teesside University, Darlington DL1 1HG, UK
| | - Anna Walaszczyk
- Institute of Biosciences, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK;
| | - Elaine Willmore
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (K.S.); (C.C.); (E.W.); (A.H.); (C.J.H.)
| | - Vikki Rand
- School of Health & Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3JN, UK; (P.Z.); (V.R.)
- National Horizons Centre, Teesside University, Darlington DL1 1HG, UK
| | - Scott Marshall
- Department of Haematology, City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Trust, Sunderland SR4 7TP, UK;
| | - Andy Hall
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (K.S.); (C.C.); (E.W.); (A.H.); (C.J.H.)
| | - Christine J. Harrison
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (K.S.); (C.C.); (E.W.); (A.H.); (C.J.H.)
| | - Jeyanthy Eswaran
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (K.S.); (C.C.); (E.W.); (A.H.); (C.J.H.)
- Newcastle University Medicine Malaysia (NUMed Malaysia), EduCity, Iskandar 79200, Johor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: or (J.E); (M.S.)
| | - Meera Soundararajan
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
- Correspondence: or (J.E); (M.S.)
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15
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Wilde L, Ramanathan S, Kasner M. B-cell lymphoma-2 inhibition and resistance in acute myeloid leukemia. World J Clin Oncol 2020; 11:528-540. [PMID: 32879842 PMCID: PMC7443828 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v11.i8.528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spurred by better understanding of disease biology, improvements in molecular diagnostics, and the development of targeted therapies, the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has undergone significant evolution in recent years. Arguably, the most exciting shift has come from the success of treatment with the B-cell lymphoma-2 inhibitor venetoclax. When given in combination with a hypomethylating agent or low dose cytarabine, venetoclax demonstrates high response rates, some of which are durable. In spite of this, relapses after venetoclax treatment are common, and much interest exists in elucidating the mechanisms of resistance to the drug. Alterations in leukemic stem cell metabolism have been identified as a possible escape route, and clinical trials focusing on targeting metabolism in AML are ongoing. This review article highlights current research regarding venetoclax treatment and resistance in AML with a focus on cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Wilde
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Sabarina Ramanathan
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Margaret Kasner
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
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16
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Manouchehri-Doulabi E, Abbaspour S, Rostami S, Faranoush M, Ghahramanfard F, Pak F, Barati M, Kokhaei P, Momtazi-Borojeni AA. Evaluating the mechanism underlying antitumor effect of interleukin 27 on B cells of chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:9424-9431. [PMID: 32383245 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocyte leukemia (CLL) is a B-cell malignancy resisted to apoptosis. Recently, some studies indicated that cytokines such as interleukin 27 (IL-27) can reduce B-cell proliferation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the mechanism underlying the proapoptotic effect of IL-27 on B cells of patients with CLL in comparison with B cells of normal subjects. The effect of IL-27 on the antitumor activity of natural killer (NK) and T cells was also evaluated. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from 35 patients with CLL and 15 normal subjects. B cells and PBMCs were cocultured with IL-27 and B cells apoptosis to evaluate proliferation. Both messenger RNA and protein expression of IL-27 and IL-27 receptor were determined using flow cytometry and real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. To evaluate the apoptotic effect of IL-27 on B cells of patients with CLL, Annexin V-FITC and 7-AAD (BioLegend) fluorescent dyes were used. In addition, the IL-27 effect on activation of T cell and NK cell was determined by determining CD96 molecule expression. IL-27 and IL-27 receptor expression in patients with CLL was significantly lower than that of normal subjects (p < .05). IL-27 enhanced apoptosis of B cells in patients with CLL (p < .05) but this effect was not significantly observed in B cells of normal subjects (p > .05). Consequently, IL-27 reduced the proliferation of B cells and enhanced NK cell activity (p < .05). IL-27, through inducing apoptosis, can exert an inhibitory effect on cancer B cells of CLL patients with minimal effect on normal B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Manouchehri-Doulabi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.,Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.,Students Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Somaye Abbaspour
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.,Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Shahrbano Rostami
- Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Faranoush
- Iran University of Medical Sciences, Rasool Akram Complex Medical Center, MAHAK Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farahnaz Ghahramanfard
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.,Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Pak
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Barati
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Parviz Kokhaei
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.,Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.,Department of Oncology, Cancer Centre Karolinska, Karolinska University, Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amir A Momtazi-Borojeni
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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17
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Farzadfard E, Kalantari T, Tamaddon G. Serum Expression of Seven MicroRNAs in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Patients. J Blood Med 2020; 11:97-102. [PMID: 32210655 PMCID: PMC7075349 DOI: 10.2147/jbm.s230842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE MicroRNAs are small single-strand noncoding RNAs that can be deregulated in a variety of cancers. Over the past few years, multiple markers have been discovered in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Among these, miRNAs seem to have important roles in the pathogenesis of CLL. The development and validation of miRNA-expression patterns as biomarkers should have a significant impact in cancer diagnosis, therapeutic success, and increasing the life expectancy of patients. In this study, to specify the utility of circulatory miRNA expression as noninvasive and useful biomarkers for CLL, we analyzed the dysregulation of seven miRNAs: miR30d, miR25-3p, miR19a-3p, miR133b, miR451a, miR145, and miR144 in CLL-patient sera. METHODS Thirty untreated patients with flow-cytometry confirmation of CLL were chosen. Serum samples were collected from 30 newly diagnosed CLL patients. Fifteen healthy samples were taken for comparison as controls. RNA was extracted using Trizol. RNA from CLL patient specimens was compared to controls with real-time PCR. RESULTS Seven miRNAs were differently expressed between CLL and normal specimens using the comparative 2-ΔΔCt method. miRNAs 133b, 25-3p, 451a, 145, 19a-3p, and 144 were overexpressed in sera obtained from CLL patients, and miRNA-30d was underexpressed in patient samples. Among these seven miRNAs, miR19a-3p and miR25-3p showed the most deregulation in CLL patients. CONCLUSION Real-time PCR is an applied means to perform high-throughput investigation of serum-RNA samples. We assessed the expression of seven miRNAs in CLL patients by this method. The results demonstrated that the use of miRNA-expression profiling may have an impressive role in the diagnosis of CLL. In addition, miRNA 19a-3p and 25-3p are known oncogenes with therapeutic and potential biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Farzadfard
- School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Tahereh Kalantari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Gholamhossein Tamaddon
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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18
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Brito H, Marques V, Afonso MB, Brown DG, Börjesson U, Selmi N, Smith DM, Roberts IO, Fitzek M, Aniceto N, Guedes RC, Moreira R, Rodrigues CMP. Phenotypic high-throughput screening platform identifies novel chemotypes for necroptosis inhibition. Cell Death Discov 2020; 6:6. [PMID: 32123582 PMCID: PMC7026080 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-0240-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulated necrosis or necroptosis, mediated by receptor-interacting kinase 1 (RIPK1), RIPK3 and pseudokinase mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL), contributes to the pathogenesis of inflammatory, infectious and degenerative diseases. Recently identified necroptosis inhibitors display moderate specificity, suboptimal pharmacokinetics, off-target effects and toxicity, preventing these molecules from reaching the clinic. Here, we developed a cell-based high-throughput screening (HTS) cascade for the identification of small-molecule inhibitors of necroptosis. From the initial library of over 250,000 compounds, the primary screening phase identified 356 compounds that strongly inhibited TNF-α-induced necroptosis, but not apoptosis, in human and murine cell systems, with EC50 < 6.7 μM. From these, 251 compounds were tested for RIPK1 and/or RIPK3 kinase inhibitory activity; some were active and several have novel mechanisms of action. Based on specific chemical descriptors, 110 compounds proceeded into the secondary screening cascade, which then identified seven compounds with maximum ability to reduce MLKL activation, IC50 >100 μM, EC50 2.5-11.5 μM under long-term necroptosis execution in murine fibroblast L929 cells, and full protection from ATP depletion and membrane leakage in human and murine cells. As a proof of concept, compound SN-6109, with binding mode to RIPK1 similar to that of necrostatin-1, confirmed RIPK1 inhibitory activity and appropriate pharmacokinetic properties. SN-6109 was further tested in mice, showing efficacy against TNF-α-induced systemic inflammatory response syndrome. In conclusion, a phenotypic-driven HTS cascade promptly identified robust necroptosis inhibitors with in vivo activity, currently undergoing further medicinal chemistry optimization. Notably, the novel hits highlight the opportunity to identify new molecular mechanisms of action in necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Brito
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Vanda Marques
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marta B. Afonso
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Dean G. Brown
- Hit Discovery, Discovery Sciences, R&D Biopharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Boston, MA 02451 USA
| | - Ulf Börjesson
- Hit Discovery, Discovery Sciences, R&D Biopharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, 431 83 Sweden
| | - Nidhal Selmi
- Hit Discovery, Discovery Sciences, R&D Biopharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, 431 83 Sweden
| | - David M. Smith
- Emerging Innovations Unit, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB4 0WG UK
| | - Ieuan O. Roberts
- Hit Discovery, Discovery Sciences, R&D Biopharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB4 0WG UK
| | - Martina Fitzek
- Hit Discovery, Discovery Sciences, R&D Biopharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG UK
| | - Natália Aniceto
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rita C. Guedes
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui Moreira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cecília M. P. Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
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19
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Targeting cancer's Achilles’ heel: role of BCL-2 inhibitors in cellular senescence and apoptosis. Future Med Chem 2019; 11:2287-2312. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the antiapoptotic BCL-2 proteins are involved in tumor growth, progression and survival, and are also responsible for chemoresistance to conventional anticancer agents. Early efforts to target these proteins yielded some active compounds; however, newer methodologies involving structure-based drug design, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)-based screening and fragment-based screening yielded more potent compounds. Discovery of specific as well as nonspecific inhibitors of this class of proteins has resulted in great advances in targeted chemotherapy and decrease in chemoresistance. Here, we review the history and current progress in direct as well as selective targeting of the BCL-2 proteins for anticancer therapy.
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20
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Alsagaby SA, Alhumaydhi FA. Proteomics insights into the pathology and prognosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Saudi Med J 2019; 40:317-327. [PMID: 30957124 PMCID: PMC6506661 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2019.4.23598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is an incurable malignant disease of B-lymphocytes characterized by drastically heterogeneous clinical courses. Proteomics is an advanced approach that allows a global profiling of protein expression, providing a valuable chance for the discovery of disease-related proteins. In the last 2 decades, several proteomics studies were conducted on CLL to identify aberrant protein expression underpinning the malignant transformation and progression of the disease. Overall, these studies provided insights into the pathology and prognosis of CLL and reveal protein candidates with the potential to serve as biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets of the tumor. The major findings reported in these studies are discussed here.
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MESH Headings
- Biomarkers, Tumor
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Prognosis
- Proteomics/trends
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Affiliation(s)
- Suliman A Alsagaby
- Department of Medical Laboratories Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail.
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21
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Urbańska K, Orzechowski A. Unappreciated Role of LDHA and LDHB to Control Apoptosis and Autophagy in Tumor Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092085. [PMID: 31035592 PMCID: PMC6539221 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells possess a high metabolic plasticity, which drives them to switch on the anaerobic glycolysis and lactate production when challenged by hypoxia. Among the enzymes mediating this plasticity through bidirectional conversion of pyruvate and lactate, the lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) and lactate dehydrogenase B (LDHB), are indicated. LDHA has a higher affinity for pyruvate, preferentially converting pyruvate to lactate, and NADH to NAD+ in anaerobic conditions, whereas LDHB possess a higher affinity for lactate, preferentially converting lactate to pyruvate, and NAD+ to NADH, when oxygen is abundant. Apart from the undisputed role of LDHA and LDHB in tumor cell metabolism and adaptation to unfavorable environmental or cellular conditions, these enzymes participate in the regulation of cell death. This review presents the latest progress made in this area on the roles of LDHA and LDHB in apoptosis and autophagy of tumor cells. Several examples of how LDHA and LDHB impact on these processes, as well as possible molecular mechanisms, will be discussed in this article. The information included in this review points to the legitimacy of modulating LDHA and/or LDHB to target tumor cells in the context of human and veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Urbańska
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Arkadiusz Orzechowski
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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22
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Ciardullo C, Aptullahoglu E, Woodhouse L, Lin WY, Wallis JP, Marr H, Marshall S, Bown N, Willmore E, Lunec J. Non-genotoxic MDM2 inhibition selectively induces a pro-apoptotic p53 gene signature in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Haematologica 2019; 104:2429-2442. [PMID: 31004033 PMCID: PMC6959162 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.206631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a clinically heterogeneous hematologic malignancy. In approximately 90% of cases the TP53 gene is in its wildtype state at diagnosis of this malignancy. As mouse double-minute-2 homolog (MDM2) is a primary repressor of p53, targeting this protein is an attractive therapeutic approach for non-genotoxic reactivation of p53. Since the discovery of the first MDM2 inhibitor, Nutlin-3a, newer potent and bioavailable compounds have been developed. In this study we tested the second-generation MDM2 inhibitor, RG7388, in patient-derived CLL cells and normal cells, examining its effect on the induction of p53-transcriptional targets. RG7388 potently decreased viability in p53-functional CLL cells, whereas p53-non-functional samples were more resistant to the drug. RG7388 induced a pro-apoptotic gene expression signature with upregulation of p53-target genes involved in the intrinsic (PUMA, BAX) and extrinsic (TNFRSF10B, FAS) pathways of apoptosis, as well as MDM2. Only a slight induction of CDKN1A was observed and upregulation of pro-apoptotic genes dominated, indicating that CLL cells are primed for p53-dependent apoptosis. Consequently, RG7388 led to a concentration-dependent increase in caspase-3/7 activity and cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. Importantly, we observed a preferential pro-apoptotic signature in CLL cells but not in normal blood and bone marrow cells, including CD34+ hematopoietic cells. These data support the further evaluation of MDM2 inhibitors as a novel additional treatment option for patients with p53-functional CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Ciardullo
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne
| | - Erhan Aptullahoglu
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne
| | - Laura Woodhouse
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne
| | - Wei-Yu Lin
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne
| | - Jonathan P Wallis
- Department of Haematology, Freeman Hospital, The Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne
| | - Helen Marr
- Department of Haematology, Freeman Hospital, The Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne
| | - Scott Marshall
- Department of Haematology, City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Trust, Sunderland
| | - Nick Bown
- Northern Genetics Service, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Elaine Willmore
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne
| | - John Lunec
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne
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23
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Rodriguez CM, Bussi C, Arroyo DS, Sastre D, Heller V, Stanganelli C, Slavutsky I, Iribarren P. Effects of rapamycin in combination with fludarabine on primary chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Leuk Lymphoma 2018; 60:1299-1303. [PMID: 30407097 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2018.1529309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia M Rodriguez
- a Hospital Nacional de Clínicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas , Universidad Nacional de Córdoba , Córdoba , Argentina.,b Centro de Investigación en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET) Facultad de Ciencias Químicas , Universidad Nacional de Córdoba , Córdoba , Argentina
| | - Claudio Bussi
- b Centro de Investigación en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET) Facultad de Ciencias Químicas , Universidad Nacional de Córdoba , Córdoba , Argentina
| | - Daniela S Arroyo
- a Hospital Nacional de Clínicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas , Universidad Nacional de Córdoba , Córdoba , Argentina.,b Centro de Investigación en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET) Facultad de Ciencias Químicas , Universidad Nacional de Córdoba , Córdoba , Argentina
| | - Dario Sastre
- a Hospital Nacional de Clínicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas , Universidad Nacional de Córdoba , Córdoba , Argentina
| | - Viviana Heller
- a Hospital Nacional de Clínicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas , Universidad Nacional de Córdoba , Córdoba , Argentina
| | - Carmen Stanganelli
- c Patología Molecular , Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas Academia Nacional de Medicina , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Irma Slavutsky
- d Laboratorio de Genética de Neoplasias Linfoides , Instituto de Medicina Experimental, CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Pablo Iribarren
- b Centro de Investigación en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET) Facultad de Ciencias Químicas , Universidad Nacional de Córdoba , Córdoba , Argentina
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24
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Kafi Z, Cheshomi H, Gholami O. 7-Isopenthenyloxycoumarin, Arctigenin, and Hesperidin Modify Myeloid Cell Leukemia Type-1 (Mcl-1) Gene Expression by Hormesis in K562 Cell Line. Dose Response 2018; 16:1559325818796014. [PMID: 30224905 PMCID: PMC6136114 DOI: 10.1177/1559325818796014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormesis is a new concept in dose–response relationship. Despite of traditional
dose–response curves, there is a low-dose stimulation and a high-dose inhibition
in this case. Hormesis effect in apoptosis induction/inhibition by natural
compounds is reported previously. Here, we searched this effect for myeloid cell
leukemia type-1 (Mcl-1) gene expression by phytochemicals
7-isopenthenyloxycoumarin (7-IP), arctigenin (Arg), and hesperidin (Hsp). For
this purpose, first we tested the cytotoxicity of various doses of these
compounds against K562 leukemia cell lines for different times by
3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide method. After that
we explored the effect of various doses of these phytochemicals on Mcl-1 gene
expression for different times by real-time polymerase chain reaction method. We
found that these phytochemicals have cytotoxicity against K562 cell line.
Hesperidin is the most cytotoxic agent. We also found that these natural
compounds have hormetic effect on Mcl-1 gene expression. The hormetic model in
Mcl-1 gene expression is overcompensation stimulation. This phenomenon is
reported for the first time. We conclude that 7-IP, Arg, and Hsp are cytotoxic
against K562 cancerous cells and induce/inhibit Mcl-1 gene expression by
hormesis dose–response relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Kafi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Hamid Cheshomi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Omid Gholami
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
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25
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Insel PA, Sriram K, Wiley SZ, Wilderman A, Katakia T, McCann T, Yokouchi H, Zhang L, Corriden R, Liu D, Feigin ME, French RP, Lowy AM, Murray F. GPCRomics: GPCR Expression in Cancer Cells and Tumors Identifies New, Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:431. [PMID: 29872392 PMCID: PMC5972277 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the largest family of targets for approved drugs, are rarely targeted for cancer treatment, except for certain endocrine and hormone-responsive tumors. Limited knowledge regarding GPCR expression in cancer cells likely has contributed to this lack of use of GPCR-targeted drugs as cancer therapeutics. We thus undertook GPCRomic studies to define the expression of endoGPCRs (which respond to endogenous molecules such as hormones, neurotransmitters and metabolites) in multiple types of cancer cells. Using TaqMan qPCR arrays to quantify the mRNA expression of ∼340 such GPCRs, we found that human chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells/stromal cells associated with CLL, breast cancer cell lines, colon cancer cell lines, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells, cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and PDAC tumors express 50 to >100 GPCRs, including many orphan GPCRs (which lack known physiologic agonists). Limited prior data exist regarding the expression or function of most of the highly expressed GPCRs in these cancer cells and tumors. Independent results from public cancer gene expression databases confirm the expression of such GPCRs. We propose that highly expressed GPCRs in cancer cells (for example, GPRC5A in PDAC and colon cancer cells and GPR68 in PDAC CAFs) may contribute to the malignant phenotype, serve as biomarkers and/or may be novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Insel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Krishna Sriram
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Shu Z. Wiley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Andrea Wilderman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Trishna Katakia
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Thalia McCann
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Hiroshi Yokouchi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Lingzhi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Ross Corriden
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Dongling Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Michael E. Feigin
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Randall P. French
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Andrew M. Lowy
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Fiona Murray
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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26
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Russo M, Milito A, Spagnuolo C, Carbone V, Rosén A, Minasi P, Lauria F, Russo GL. CK2 and PI3K are direct molecular targets of quercetin in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Oncotarget 2018; 8:42571-42587. [PMID: 28489572 PMCID: PMC5522089 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the encouraging results of the innovative therapeutic treatments, complete remission is uncommon in patients affected by chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, which remains an essentially incurable disease. Recently, clinical trials based on BH3-mimetic drugs showed positive outcomes in subjects with poor prognostic features. However, resistance to treatments occurs in a significant number of patients. We previously reported that the multi-kinase inhibitor quercetin, a natural flavonol, restores sensitivity to ABT-737, a BH3-mimetic compound, in both leukemic cell lines and B-cells isolated from patients. To identify the molecular target of quercetin, we employed a new cell line, HG3, obtained by immortalization of B-cells from a chronic lymphocytic leukaemia patient at the later stage of disease. We confirmed that quercetin in association with ABT-737 synergistically enhances apoptosis in HG3 (combination index < 1 for all fractions affected). We also reported that the cellular uptake of quercetin is extremely rapid, with an intracellular concentration of about 38.5 ng/106 cells, after treatment with 25 μM for 5 min. We demonstrated that the activity of protein kinase CK2, which positively triggers PI3K/Akt pathway by inactivating PTEN phosphatase, is inhibited by quercetin immediately after its addition to HG3 cells (0–2 min). PI3K activity was also inhibited by quercetin within 60 min from the treatment. The combined inhibition of CK2 and PI3K kinase activities by quercetin restored ABT-737 sensitivity and increased lethality in human leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Russo
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
| | - Alfonsina Milito
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy.,Current address: Stazione Zoologica "Anton Dohrn", Villa Comunale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Carmela Spagnuolo
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
| | - Virginia Carbone
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
| | - Anders Rosén
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Paola Minasi
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
| | - Fabio Lauria
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Russo
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
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27
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Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the most frequent type of leukemia in western countries, is characterized by the progressive accumulation in blood, bone marrow and lymphoid tissues of monoclonal B lymphocytes with a characteristic immunophenotype. Despite advances in therapy and improved outcome, in most instances CLL is an incurable disorder. Signaling via the B-cell receptor (BCR), the upregulation of anti-apoptotic proteins, and the cross-talk between CLL cells and microenvironment constitute key factors in the pathogenesis of CLL. Currently, inhibitors of kinases like BTK or PI3K blocking BCR signaling, and molecules that mimic the BH3 domain to compete with BCL-2 are established tools in the treatment of CLL. As the complex biology of CLL is rapidly unfolding, the number of small molecules targeting CLL molecular pathways is increasing and it is likely that they will further improve the outcome of patients with this form of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Ferrer
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Emili Montserrat
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Oncology, University of Barcelona, Hospital Clínic, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
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28
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Zhang J, Li S, Shang Z, Lin S, Gao P, Zhang Y, Hou S, Mo S, Cao W, Dong Z, Hu T, Chen P. Targeting the overexpressed ROC1 induces G2 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in esophageal cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:29125-29137. [PMID: 28418860 PMCID: PMC5438718 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent reports showed that regulator of Cullins-1 (ROC1) play an important role in tumor progression in a tumor-specific manner. However, the role and mechanism of ROC1 in esophageal cancer remains elusive. Here we demonstrated that ROC1 was overexpressed in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas, which was positive associated with poor prognosis of esophageal cancer patients. ROC1 knockdown significantly inhibited the growth of esophageal cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, ROC1 silencing induced G2 cell cycle arrest and triggered apoptosis by accumulating the pro-apoptotic protein NOXA. Consistently, the downregulation of NOXA expression via siRNA substantially attenuated apoptosis induced by ROC1 silencing. These findings suggest that ROC1 is an appealing drug target for esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyang Zhang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Shuo Li
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zhaoyang Shang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Shan Lin
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Peng Gao
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Shuaiheng Hou
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Saijun Mo
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Wenbo Cao
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Ziming Dong
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Tao Hu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Ping Chen
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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29
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Influence of FCGR3A-158V/F Genotype and Baseline CD20 Antigen Count on Target-Mediated Elimination of Rituximab in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: A Study of FILO Group. Clin Pharmacokinet 2018; 56:635-647. [PMID: 27783363 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-016-0470-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Rituximab is an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody approved in the first-line treatment of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Rituximab pharmacokinetics shows a time dependency possibly related to changes in the target antigen amount over time. The purpose of this study was to quantify the influence of both CD20 antigenic mass and the FcγRIIIA genetic polymorphism on rituximab pharmacokinetics in CLL. METHODS Rituximab pharmacokinetics was described in 118 CLL patients using a semi-mechanistic model including a latent target antigen turnover, which allowed the estimation of rituximab target-mediated elimination in addition to the endogenous clearance. RESULTS Target-mediated elimination rate constant increased with the baseline CD20 count on circulating B cells (p = 0.00046) and in patients with the FCGR3A-158VV genotype (p = 0.0016). Physiologic elimination of antigen was lower in the Binet C disease stage (p = 0.00018). The effects of these covariates on rituximab concentrations were mainly visible at the beginning of treatment. Body surface area also increased central and peripheral volumes of distribution (p = 1.3 × 10-5 and 0.0015, respectively). CONCLUSIONS A pharmacokinetic model including target-mediated elimination accurately described rituximab concentrations in CLL and showed that rituximab 'consumption' (target-mediated elimination) increases with increasing baseline antigen count on circulating B cells and in FCGR3A-158VV patients. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT01370772.
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Zhu Y, Jiao X, An Y, Li S, Teng X. Selenium against lead-induced apoptosis in chicken nervous tissues via mitochondrial pathway. Oncotarget 2017; 8:108130-108145. [PMID: 29296229 PMCID: PMC5746131 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate alleviative effect of selenium (Se) on lead (Pb)-induced apoptosis in chicken nervous tissues, 7-day-old chickens were randomly divided into four groups. The control group was fed a standard diet and drinking water. In the Pb and Se/Pb groups, (CH3OO)2Pb was dissolved in drinking water. In the Se and Se/Pb groups, Na2SeO3 was put into the standard diet. Embryonic neurocytes were divided into the control, Se (containing Na2SeO3), Pb (containing (CH3COO)2Pb), and Se/Pb (containing Na2SeO3 and (CH3COO)2Pb) groups. The following contents were performed: Morphologic observation for 90 days in brain tissues and for 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours in embryonic neurocytes; and antioxidant indexes, messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of twenty-five selenoproteins, and mRNA and protein expression of five apoptosis-related genes for 30, 60, and 90 days in brain tissues and for 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours in embryonic neurocytes. The results indicated that Se alleviated Pb-caused morphological changes; the decrease of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), GPx1, GPx2, GPx3, GPx4, thioredoxin reductases (Txnrd)1, Txnrd2, Txnrd3, iodothyronine deiodinases (Dio)1, Dio2, Dio3, selenoprotein (Sel)T, SelK, SelS, SelH, SelM, SelU, SelI, SelO, Selpb, selenoprotein (Sep)n1, Sepp1, Sepx1, Sepw1, 15-kDa selenoprotein, and selenophosphate synthetases 2, and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2); the increase of malondialdehyde, p53, Bcl-2 associated X protein, cytochrome c, and Caspase-3. Pb had time-dependent effects on GPx4, SelM, and malondialdehyde in the brain tissues; and on SelU in the embryonic neurocytes. Our data demonstrated that Se alleviated Pb-induced apoptosis in the chicken nervous tissues via mitochondrial pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Zhu
- 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Jiao
- 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang An
- 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Li
- 2 College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Teng
- 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
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31
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Zheng Y, Li X, Manor LC, Cao H, Chen Q. An Integrative Computational Approach to Evaluate Genetic Markers for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. J Comput Biol 2017; 24:942-952. [PMID: 28570130 DOI: 10.1089/cmb.2017.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies reported hundreds of genes linked to chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). However, many of these candidate genes were lack of replication and results were not always consistent. Here, we proposed a computational workflow to curate and evaluate CLL-related genes. The method integrates large-scale literature knowledge data, gene expression data, and related pathways/network information for quantitative marker evaluation. Pathway Enrichment, Sub-Network Enrichment, and Gene-Gene Interaction analysis were conducted to study the pathogenic profile of the candidate genes, with four metrics proposed and validated for each gene. By using our approach, a scalable CLL genetic database was developed including CLL-related genes, pathways, diseases and information of supporting references. The CLL case/control classification supported the effectiveness of the four proposed metrics, which successfully identified nine well-studied CLL genes (i.e., TNF, BCL2, TP53, VEGFA, P2RX7, AKT1, SYK, IL4, and MDM2) and highlighted two newly reported CLL genes (i.e., PDGFRA and CSF1R). The computational biology approach and the CLL database developed in this study provide a valuable resource that may facilitate the understanding of the genetic profile of CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- 1 Department of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University , School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyang Li
- 1 Department of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University , School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lydia C Manor
- 2 Department of Bioinformatics Service, American Informatics Consultant LLC , Rockville, Maryland
| | - Hongbao Cao
- 3 Department of Genomics Research, R&D Solutions, Elsevier Inc. , Rockville, Maryland.,4 Unit on Statistical Genomics, NIMH/NIH , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Qiusheng Chen
- 1 Department of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University , School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Huang D, Ovcharenko I. Epigenetic and genetic alterations and their influence on gene regulation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:236. [PMID: 28302063 PMCID: PMC5353786 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3617-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To understand the changes of gene regulation in carcinogenesis, we explored signals of DNA methylation - a stable epigenetic mark of gene regulatory elements - and designed a computational model to profile loss and gain of regulatory elements (REs) during carcinogenesis. We also utilized sequencing data to analyze the allele frequency of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and detected the cancer-associated SNPs, i.e., the SNPs displaying the significant allele frequency difference between cancer and normal samples. RESULTS After applying this model to chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) data, we identified REs differentially activated (dREs) between normal and CLL cells, consisting of 6,802 dREs gained and 4,606 dREs lost in CLL. The identified regulatory perturbations coincide with changes in the expression of target genes. In particular, the genes encoding DNA methyltransferases harbor multiple lost-in-cancer dREs and zero gained-in-cancer dREs, indicating that the damaged regulation of these genes might be one of the key causes of tumor formation. dREs display a significantly elevated density of the genome-wide association study (GWAS) SNPs associated with CLL and CLL-related traits. We observed that most of dRE GWAS SNPs associated with CLL and CLL-related traits (83%) display a significant haplotype association among the identified cancer-associated alleles and the risk alleles that have been reported in GWAS. Also dREs are enriched for the binding sites of the well-established B-cell and CLL transcription factors (TFs) NF-kB, AP2, P53, E2F1, PAX5, and SP1. We also identified CLL-associated SNPs and demonstrated that the mutations at these SNPs change the binding sites of key TFs much more frequently than expected. CONCLUSIONS Through exploring sequencing data measuring DNA methylation, we identified the epigenetic alterations (more specifically, DNA methylation) and genetic mutations along non-coding genomic regions CLL, and demonstrated that these changes play a critical role in carcinogenesis through damaging the regulation of key genes and alternating the binding of key TFs in B and CLL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Huang
- Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ivan Ovcharenko
- Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Agarwal SK, Hu B, Chien D, Wong SL, Salem AH. Evaluation of Rifampin's Transporter Inhibitory and CYP3A Inductive Effects on the Pharmacokinetics of Venetoclax, a BCL-2 Inhibitor: Results of a Single- and Multiple-Dose Study. J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 56:1335-1343. [DOI: 10.1002/jcph.730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suresh K. Agarwal
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics; AbbVie Inc; North Chicago IL USA
| | - Beibei Hu
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics; AbbVie Inc; North Chicago IL USA
| | - David Chien
- Oncology Development; AbbVie Inc; North Chicago IL USA
| | - Shekman L. Wong
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics; AbbVie Inc; North Chicago IL USA
| | - Ahmed Hamed Salem
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics; AbbVie Inc; North Chicago IL USA
- Clinical Pharmacy; Faculty of Pharmacy; Ain Shams University; Cairo Egypt
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Zaher AF, Abuel-Maaty SM, El-Nassan HB, Amer SA, Abdelghany TM. Synthesis, antitumor screening and cell cycle analysis of novel benzothieno[3,2-b]pyran derivatives. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2016; 31:145-153. [DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1222582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf F. Zaher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt,
| | - Suzan M. Abuel-Maaty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt,
| | - Hala B. El-Nassan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt,
| | - Samir A.S. Amer
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Pathology Unit, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt, and
| | - Tamer M. Abdelghany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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Alsagaby SA, Brennan P, Pepper C. Key Molecular Drivers of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2016; 16:593-606. [PMID: 27601002 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is an adult neoplastic disease of B cells characterized by variable clinical outcomes. Although some patients have an aggressive form of the disease and often encounter treatment failure and short survival, others have more stable disease with long-term survival and little or no need for theraphy. In the past decade, significant advances have been made in our understanding of the molecular drivers that affect the natural pathology of CLL. The present review describes what is known about these key molecules in the context of their role in tumor pathogenicity, prognosis, and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suliman A Alsagaby
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Science, Majmaah University, Al-Zuli, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
| | - Paul Brennan
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Pepper
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Utilizing cell-based therapeutics to overcome immune evasion in hematologic malignancies. Blood 2016; 127:3350-9. [PMID: 27207792 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-12-629089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematologic malignancies provide a suitable testing environment for cell-based immunotherapies, which were pioneered by the development of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant. All types of cell-based therapies, from donor lymphocyte infusion to dendritic cell vaccines, and adoptive transfer of tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells, have been clinically translated for hematologic malignancies. The recent success of chimeric antigen receptor-modified T lymphocytes in B-cell malignancies has stimulated the development of this approach toward other hematologic tumors. Similarly, the remarkable activity of checkpoint inhibitors as single agents has created enthusiasm for potential combinations with other cell-based immune therapies. However, tumor cells continuously develop various strategies to evade their immune-mediated elimination. Meanwhile, the recruitment of immunosuppressive cells and the release of inhibitory factors contribute to the development of a tumor microenvironment that hampers the initiation of effective immune responses or blocks the functions of immune effector cells. Understanding how tumor cells escape from immune attack and favor immunosuppression is essential for the improvement of immune cell-based therapies and the development of rational combination approaches.
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Choudhary GS, Tat TT, Misra S, Hill BT, Smith MR, Almasan A, Mazumder S. Cyclin E/Cdk2-dependent phosphorylation of Mcl-1 determines its stability and cellular sensitivity to BH3 mimetics. Oncotarget 2016. [PMID: 26219338 PMCID: PMC4627281 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin E/Cdk2 kinase activity is frequently deregulated in human cancers, resulting in impaired apoptosis. Here, we show that cyclin E/Cdk2 phosphorylates and stabilizes the pro-survival Bcl-2 family protein Mcl-1, a key cell death resistance determinant to the small molecule Bcl-2 family inhibitors ABT-199 and ABT-737, mimetics of the Bcl-2 homology domain 3 (BH3). Cyclin E levels were elevated and there was increased association of cyclin E/Cdk2 with Mcl-1 in ABT-737-resistant compared to parental cells. Cyclin E depletion in various human tumor cell-lines and cyclin E-/- mouse embryo fibroblasts showed decreased levels of Mcl-1 protein, with no change in Mcl-1 mRNA levels. In the absence of cyclin E, Mcl-1 ubiquitination was enhanced, leading to decreased protein stability. Studies with Mcl-1 phosphorylation mutants show that cyclin E/Cdk2-dependent phosphorylation of Mcl-1 residues on its PEST domain resulted in increased Mcl-1 stability (Thr92, and Thr163) and Bim binding (Ser64). Cyclin E knock-down restored ABT-737 sensitivity to acquired and inherently resistant Mcl-1-dependent tumor cells. CDK inhibition by dinaciclib resulted in Bim release from Mcl-1 in ABT-737-resistant cells. Dinaciclib in combination with ABT-737 and ABT-199 resulted in robust synergistic cell death in leukemic cells and primary chronic lymphocytic leukemia patient samples. Collectively, our findings identify a novel mechanism of cyclin E-mediated Mcl-1 regulation that provides a rationale for clinical use of Bcl-2 family and Cdk inhibitors for Mcl-1-dependent tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav S Choudhary
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Trinh T Tat
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Saurav Misra
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Brian T Hill
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mitchell R Smith
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alexandru Almasan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Suparna Mazumder
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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De Falco F, Sabatini R, Del Papa B, Falzetti F, Di Ianni M, Sportoletti P, Baldoni S, Screpanti I, Marconi P, Rosati E. Notch signaling sustains the expression of Mcl-1 and the activity of eIF4E to promote cell survival in CLL. Oncotarget 2016; 6:16559-72. [PMID: 26041884 PMCID: PMC4599289 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), Notch1 and Notch2 signaling is constitutively activated and contributes to apoptosis resistance. We show that genetic inhibition of either Notch1 or Notch2, through small-interfering RNA, increases apoptosis of CLL cells and is associated with decreased levels of the anti-apoptotic protein Mcl-1. Thus, Notch signaling promotes CLL cell survival at least in part by sustaining Mcl-1 expression. In CLL cells, an enhanced Notch activation also contributes to the increase in Mcl-1 expression and cell survival induced by IL-4. Mcl-1 downregulation by Notch targeting is not due to reduced transcription or degradation by caspases, but in part, to increased degradation by the proteasome. Mcl-1 downregulation by Notch targeting is also accompanied by reduced phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E), suggesting that this protein is another target of Notch signaling in CLL cells. Overall, we show that Notch signaling sustains CLL cell survival by promoting Mcl-1 expression and eIF4E activity, and given the oncogenic role of these factors, we underscore the therapeutic potential of Notch inhibition in CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filomena De Falco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Biosciences and Medical Embryology Section, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Rita Sabatini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Biosciences and Medical Embryology Section, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Beatrice Del Papa
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Section, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Franca Falzetti
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Section, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Mauro Di Ianni
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Hematology Section, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Paolo Sportoletti
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Section, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Baldoni
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Section, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Isabella Screpanti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Pierfrancesco Marconi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Biosciences and Medical Embryology Section, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Emanuela Rosati
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Biosciences and Medical Embryology Section, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Besbes S, Pocard M, Mirshahi M, Billard C. The first MCL-1-selective BH3 mimetics have therapeutic potential for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 100:32-6. [PMID: 26899021 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-molecule BH3 mimetics are designed to mimic the BH3 domain of BH3-only BCL-2 family members which are antagonists of the prosurvival members (such as BCL-2, BCL-XL and MCL-1). The BH3 mimetics are intended to bind with high affinity to prosurvival proteins, in order to inhibit their functional activity and hence to induce apoptosis in cancer cells. Both navitoclax (BCL-2/BCL-XL antagonist) and ABT-199/venetoclax (BCL-2-selective inhibitor) have demonstrated therapeutic efficacy especially in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). However, these BH3 mimetics cannot antagonize the prosurvival protein MCL-1 that is overexpressed and involved in therapeutic resistance in CLL. Furthermore, until now, none of the reported small-molecule MCL-1 inhibitors bound to their target with high affinity. The first MCL-1-selective BH3 mimetics capable of high-affinity binding and inducing apoptosis in cancer cells through an on-target mechanism have just been identified. This discovery should advance the translational research to implement novel drugs in treating CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaher Besbes
- INSERM U 965, Hôpital Lariboisière, 41 Bd de la Chapelle, 750010 Paris, France; Université Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Marc Pocard
- INSERM U 965, Hôpital Lariboisière, 41 Bd de la Chapelle, 750010 Paris, France; Université Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Massoud Mirshahi
- INSERM U 965, Hôpital Lariboisière, 41 Bd de la Chapelle, 750010 Paris, France; Université Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Christian Billard
- INSERM U 965, Hôpital Lariboisière, 41 Bd de la Chapelle, 750010 Paris, France; Université Paris-Diderot, Paris, France.
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40
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Athanasakis E, Melloni E, Rigolin GM, Agnoletto C, Voltan R, Vozzi D, Piscianz E, Segat L, Dal Monego S, Cuneo A, Secchiero P, Zauli G. The p53 transcriptional pathway is preserved in ATMmutated and NOTCH1mutated chronic lymphocytic leukemias. Oncotarget 2015; 5:12635-45. [PMID: 25587027 PMCID: PMC4350355 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
By using next generation sequencing, we have analyzed 108 B chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) patients. Among genes involved in the TP53 pathway, we found frequent mutations in ATM (n=18), TP53 (n=10) and NOTCH1 (n=10) genes, rare mutations of NOTCH2 (n=2) and CDKN1A/p21 (n=1) and no mutations in BAX, MDM2, TNFRSF10A and TNFRSF10B genes. The in vitro treatment of primary B-CLL cells with the activator of p53 Nutlin-3 induced the transcription of p53 target genes, without significant differences between the B-CLL without mutations and those harboring either ATM or NOTCH1 mutations. On the other hand, the subgroup of TP53mutated B-CLL exhibited a significantly lower induction of the p53 target genes in response to Nutlin-3 as compared to the other B-CLL samples. However, among the TP53mutated B-CLL, those showing mutations in the high hot spot region of the DNA binding domain [273-280 aa] maintained a significantly higher p53-dependent transcriptional activity as compared to the other TP53mutated B-CLL samples. Since the ability to elicit a p53-dependent transcriptional activity in vitro has a positive prognostic significance, our data suggest that ATMmutated, NOTCH1mutated and surprisingly, also a subset of TP53mutated B-CLL patients might benefit from therapeutic combinations including small molecule activator of the p53 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisabetta Melloni
- Department of Morphology, Surgery, Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gian Matteo Rigolin
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara-Arcispedale S. Anna, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Chiara Agnoletto
- Department of Morphology, Surgery, Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rebecca Voltan
- Department of Morphology, Surgery, Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Diego Vozzi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Elisa Piscianz
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Ludovica Segat
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Simeone Dal Monego
- Cluster in Biomedicine, CBM S.c.r.l., Bioinformatic Services, Area Science Park, Trieste, Italy
| | - Antonio Cuneo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara-Arcispedale S. Anna, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Secchiero
- Department of Morphology, Surgery, Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
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Besbes S, Billard C. First MCL-1-selective BH3 mimetics as potential therapeutics for targeted treatment of cancer. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1810. [PMID: 26158516 PMCID: PMC4650721 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Besbes
- INSERM U965, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - C Billard
- INSERM U965, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Paris, France
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42
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Caraballo JM, Acosta JC, Cortés MA, Albajar M, Gómez-Casares MT, Batlle-López A, Cuadrado MA, Onaindia A, Bretones G, Llorca J, Piris MA, Colomer D, León J. High p27 protein levels in chronic lymphocytic leukemia are associated to low Myc and Skp2 expression, confer resistance to apoptosis and antagonize Myc effects on cell cycle. Oncotarget 2014; 5:4694-708. [PMID: 25051361 PMCID: PMC4148092 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Myc (c-Myc) counteracts p27 effects, and low p27 usually correlates with high Myc expression in human cancer. However there is no information on the co-expression of both genes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). We found a lack of correlation between RNA and protein levels of p27 and Myc in CLL cells, so we determined the protein levels by immunoblot in 107 cases of CLL. We observed a high p27 protein expression in CLL compared to normal B cells. Ectopic p27 expression in a CLL-derived cell line resulted in cell death resistance. Surprisingly, Myc expression was very low or undetectable in most CLL cases analyzed, with a clear correlation between high p27 and low Myc protein levels. This was associated with low Skp2 expression, which is consistent with the Skp2 role in p27 degradation and with SKP2 being a Myc target gene. High Myc expression did not correlate with leukemia progression, despite that cell cycle-related Myc target genes were upregulated. However, biochemical analysis showed that the high p27 levels inhibited cyclin-Cdk complexes even in Myc expressing CLL cells. Our data suggest that the combination of high p27 and low Myc is a marker of CLL cells which is mediated by Skp2.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Cell Cycle/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27/genetics
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27/metabolism
- Cyclins/genetics
- Cyclins/metabolism
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Male
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Middle Aged
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myb/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myb/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- S-Phase Kinase-Associated Proteins/genetics
- S-Phase Kinase-Associated Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M. Caraballo
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria-Sodercan, and Dpt. of. Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Juan C. Acosta
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria-Sodercan, and Dpt. of. Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- Present address: Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Marta Albajar
- Servicio de Hematologia, Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla and Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | | | - Ana Batlle-López
- Servicio de Hematologia, Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla and Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - M. Angeles Cuadrado
- Servicio de Hematologia, Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla and Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - Arantza Onaindia
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla and Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - Gabriel Bretones
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria-Sodercan, and Dpt. of. Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Javier Llorca
- Group of Epidemiology and Computational Biology, Universidad de Cantabria-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain and CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Miguel A. Piris
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla and Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - Dolors Colomer
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier León
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria-Sodercan, and Dpt. of. Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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Billard C. Targeting antiapoptotic and proapoptotic proteins for novel chronic lymphocytic leukemia therapeutics. Int J Hematol Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/ijh.14.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Deficiency in the apoptotic program is one of the hallmarks of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Defective apoptosis mainly results from the constitutive activation of survival pathways, which leads to the transcription and overexpression of antiapoptotic factors. The latter include proteins of the Bcl-2 family and members of the IAP family. The strategy of inhibiting the expression or activity of these antiapoptotic factors has been extensively investigated. Conversely, upregulation of proapoptotic proteins, notably BH3-only members of the Bcl-2 family (capable of antagonizing their antiapoptotic counterparts) has also been consistently described. Either mechanism can promote apoptosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells ex vivo. The present article recapitulates the mechanistic data and how they contribute to the development of therapeutic agents targeting apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Billard
- INSERM U965, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, UMR S965, Paris, France
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