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Hushmandi K, Saadat SH, Raei M, Daneshi S, Aref AR, Nabavi N, Taheriazam A, Hashemi M. Implications of c-Myc in the pathogenesis and treatment efficacy of urological cancers. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 259:155381. [PMID: 38833803 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Urological cancers, including prostate, bladder, and renal cancers, are significant causes of death and negatively impact the quality of life for patients. The development and progression of these cancers are linked to the dysregulation of molecular pathways. c-Myc, recognized as an oncogene, exhibits abnormal levels in various types of tumors, and current evidence supports the therapeutic targeting of c-Myc in cancer treatment. This review aims to elucidate the role of c-Myc in driving the progression of urological cancers. c-Myc functions to enhance tumorigenesis and has been documented to increase growth and metastasis in prostate, bladder, and renal cancers. Furthermore, the dysregulation of c-Myc can result in a diminished response to therapy in these cancers. Non-coding RNAs, β-catenin, and XIAP are among the regulators of c-Myc in urological cancers. Targeting and suppressing c-Myc therapeutically for the treatment of these cancers has been explored. Additionally, the expression level of c-Myc may serve as a prognostic factor in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiavash Hushmandi
- Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Clinical Sciences Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed Hassan Saadat
- Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Clinical Sciences Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Raei
- Health Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Salman Daneshi
- Department of Public Health,School of Health,Jiroft University Of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Amir Reza Aref
- Department of Translational Sciences, Xsphera Biosciences Inc. Boston, MA, USA; Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Noushin Nabavi
- Department of Urologic Sciences and Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, V6H3Z6, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Afshin Taheriazam
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Papadimitropoulou A, Makri M, Zoidis G. MYC the oncogene from hell: Novel opportunities for cancer therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 267:116194. [PMID: 38340508 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Cancer comprises a heterogeneous disease, characterized by diverse features such as constitutive expression of oncogenes and/or downregulation of tumor suppressor genes. MYC constitutes a master transcriptional regulator, involved in many cellular functions and is aberrantly expressed in more than 70 % of human cancers. The Myc protein belongs to a family of transcription factors whose structural pattern is referred to as basic helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper. Myc binds to its partner, a smaller protein called Max, forming an Myc:Max heterodimeric complex that interacts with specific DNA recognition sequences (E-boxes) and regulates the expression of downstream target genes. Myc protein plays a fundamental role for the life of a cell, as it is involved in many physiological functions such as proliferation, growth and development since it controls the expression of a very large percentage of genes (∼15 %). However, despite the strict control of MYC expression in normal cells, MYC is often deregulated in cancer, exhibiting a key role in stimulating oncogenic process affecting features such as aberrant proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, genomic instability and oncogenic transformation. In this review we aim to meticulously describe the fundamental role of MYC in tumorigenesis and highlight its importance as an anticancer drug target. We focus mainly on the different categories of novel small molecules that act as inhibitors of Myc function in diverse ways hence offering great opportunities for an efficient cancer therapy. This knowledge will provide significant information for the development of novel Myc inhibitors and assist to the design of treatments that would effectively act against Myc-dependent cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Papadimitropoulou
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, 11527, Greece
| | - Maria Makri
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, GR-15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Grigoris Zoidis
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, GR-15771, Athens, Greece.
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3
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Kim Y, Ju H, Yoo SY, Jeong J, Heo J, Lee S, Park JM, Yoon SY, Jeong SU, Lee J, Yun H, Ryu CM, Lee J, Nam YJ, Kwon H, Son J, Jeong G, Oh JH, Sung CO, Jeong EM, An J, Won S, Hong B, Lee JL, Cho YM, Shin DM. Glutathione dynamics is a potential predictive and therapeutic trait for neoadjuvant chemotherapy response in bladder cancer. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101224. [PMID: 37797616 PMCID: PMC10591055 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Radical cystectomy with preoperative cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is the standard care for muscle-invasive bladder cancers (MIBCs). However, the complete response rate to this modality remains relatively low, and current clinicopathologic and molecular classifications are inadequate to predict NAC response in patients with MIBC. Here, we demonstrate that dysregulation of the glutathione (GSH) pathway is fundamental for MIBC NAC resistance. Comprehensive analysis of the multicohort transcriptomes reveals that GSH metabolism and immune-response genes are enriched in NAC-resistant and NAC-sensitive MIBCs, respectively. A machine-learning-based tumor/stroma classifier is applied for high-throughput digitalized immunohistochemistry analysis, finding that GSH dynamics proteins, including glutaminase-1, are associated with NAC resistance. GSH dynamics is activated in cisplatin-resistant MIBC cells, and combination treatment with a GSH dynamics modulator and cisplatin significantly suppresses tumor growth in an orthotopic xenograft animal model. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the predictive and therapeutic values of GSH dynamics in determining the NAC response in MIBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- YongHwan Kim
- Department of Cell and Genetic Engineering, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Hyein Ju
- Department of Cell and Genetic Engineering, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Seung-Yeon Yoo
- Pathology Center, Seegene Medical Foundation, Seoul 04805, Korea
| | - Jinahn Jeong
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Jinbeom Heo
- Department of Cell and Genetic Engineering, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Seungun Lee
- Department of Cell and Genetic Engineering, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Ja-Min Park
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Sun Young Yoon
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Se Un Jeong
- Department of Pathology, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Seoul 07985, Korea
| | - Jinyoung Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - HongDuck Yun
- Department of Cell and Genetic Engineering, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Chae-Min Ryu
- Center for Cell Therapy, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Jinah Lee
- Department of Cell and Genetic Engineering, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Yun Ji Nam
- Department of Cell and Genetic Engineering, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Hyungu Kwon
- Department of Cell and Genetic Engineering, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Jaekyoung Son
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Gowun Jeong
- AI Recommendation, T3K, SK Telecom, Seoul 04539, Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Oh
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Chang Ohk Sung
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Eui Man Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Jaehoon An
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; RexSoft, Inc., Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sungho Won
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; RexSoft, Inc., Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Bumsik Hong
- Department of Urology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Jae Lyun Lee
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.
| | - Yong Mee Cho
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.
| | - Dong-Myung Shin
- Department of Cell and Genetic Engineering, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.
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Karadkhelkar NM, Lin M, Eubanks LM, Janda KD. Demystifying the Druggability of the MYC Family of Oncogenes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:3259-3269. [PMID: 36734615 PMCID: PMC10182829 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The MYC family of oncogenes (MYC, MYCN, and MYCL) encodes a basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper (bHLHLZ) transcriptional regulator that is responsible for moving the cell through the restriction point. Through the HLHZIP domain, MYC heterodimerizes with the bHLHLZ protein MAX, which enables this MYC-MAX complex to bind to E-box regulatory DNA elements thereby controlling transcription of a large group of genes and their proteins. Translationally, MYC is one of the foremost oncogenic targets, and deregulation of expression of the MYC family gene/proteins occurs in over half of all human tumors and is recognized as a hallmark of cancer initiation and maintenance. Additionally, unexpected roles for this oncoprotein have been found in cancers that nominally have a non-MYC etiology. Although MYC is rarely mutated, its gain of function in cancer results from overexpression or from amplification. Moreover, MYC is a pleiotropic transcription factor possessing broad pathogenic prominence making it a coveted cancer target. A widely held notion within the biomedical research community is that the reliable modulation of MYC represents a tremendous therapeutic opportunity given its role in directly potentiating oncogenesis. However, the MYC-MAX heterodimer interaction contains a large surface area with a lack of well-defined binding sites creating the perception that targeting of MYC-MAX is forbidding. Here, we discuss the biochemistry behind MYC and MYC-MAX as it relates to cancer progression associated with these transcription factors. We also discuss the notion that MYC should no longer be regarded as undruggable, providing examples that a therapeutic window is achievable despite global MYC inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishant M. Karadkhelkar
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Mingliang Lin
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Lisa M. Eubanks
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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5
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Donati G, Amati B. MYC and therapy resistance in cancer: risks and opportunities. Mol Oncol 2022; 16:3828-3854. [PMID: 36214609 PMCID: PMC9627787 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The MYC transcription factor, encoded by the c-MYC proto-oncogene, is activated by growth-promoting signals, and is a key regulator of biosynthetic and metabolic pathways driving cell growth and proliferation. These same processes are deregulated in MYC-driven tumors, where they become critical for cancer cell proliferation and survival. As other oncogenic insults, overexpressed MYC induces a series of cellular stresses (metabolic, oxidative, replicative, etc.) collectively known as oncogenic stress, which impact not only on tumor progression, but also on the response to therapy, with profound, multifaceted consequences on clinical outcome. On one hand, recent evidence uncovered a widespread role for MYC in therapy resistance in multiple cancer types, with either standard chemotherapeutic or targeted regimens. Reciprocally, oncogenic MYC imparts a series of molecular and metabolic dependencies to cells, thus giving rise to cancer-specific vulnerabilities that may be exploited to obtain synthetic-lethal interactions with novel anticancer drugs. Here we will review the current knowledge on the links between MYC and therapeutic responses, and will discuss possible strategies to overcome resistance through new, targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Donati
- European Institute of Oncology (IEO) – IRCCSMilanItaly
| | - Bruno Amati
- European Institute of Oncology (IEO) – IRCCSMilanItaly
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6
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Targeted Inhibition of O-Linked β-N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase as a Promising Therapeutic Strategy to Restore Chemosensitivity and Attenuate Aggressive Tumor Traits in Chemoresistant Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051162. [PMID: 35625898 PMCID: PMC9138654 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Acquisition of acquired chemoresistance during treatment cycles in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) is the major cause of death through enhancing the risk of cancer progression and metastasis. Elevated glucose flux through the abnormal upregulation of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) controls key signaling and metabolic pathways regulating diverse cancer cell phenotypes. This study showed that OGT expression levels in two human UCB cell models with acquired resistance to gemcitabine and paclitaxel were significantly upregulated compared with those in parental cells. Reducing hyper-O-GlcNAcylation by OGT knockdown (KD) markedly facilitated chemosensitivity to the corresponding chemotherapeutics in both cells, and combination treatment with OGT-KD showed more severe growth defects in chemoresistant sublines. We subsequently verified the suppressive effects of OGT-KD monotherapy on cell migration/invasion in vitro and xenograft tumor growth in vivo in chemoresistant UCB cells. Transcriptome analysis of these cells revealed 97 upregulated genes, which were enriched in multiple oncogenic pathways. Our final choice of suspected OGT glycosylation substrate was VCAN, S1PR3, PDGFRB, and PRKCG, the knockdown of which induced cell growth defects. These findings demonstrate the vital role of dysregulated OGT activity and hyper-O-GlcNAcylation in modulating treatment failure and tumor aggression in chemoresistant UCB.
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Ton AT, Foo J, Singh K, Lee J, Kalyta A, Morin H, Perez C, Ban F, Leblanc E, Lallous N, Cherkasov A. Development of VPC-70619, a Small-Molecule N-Myc Inhibitor as a Potential Therapy for Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052588. [PMID: 35269731 PMCID: PMC8910697 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The Myc family of transcription factors are involved in the development and progression of numerous cancers, including prostate cancer (PCa). Under the pressure of androgen receptor (AR)-directed therapies resistance can occur, leading to the lethal form of PCa known as neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC), characterized among other features by N-Myc overexpression. There are no clinically approved treatments for NEPC, translating into poor patient prognosis and survival. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop novel therapeutic avenues to treat NEPC patients. In this study, we investigate the N-Myc-Max DNA binding domain (DBD) as a potential target for small molecule inhibitors and utilize computer-aided drug design (CADD) approaches to discover prospective hits. Through further exploration and optimization, a compound, VPC-70619, was identified with notable anti-N-Myc potency and strong antiproliferative activity against numerous N-Myc expressing cell lines, including those representing NEPC.
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8
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Llombart V, Mansour MR. Therapeutic targeting of "undruggable" MYC. EBioMedicine 2022; 75:103756. [PMID: 34942444 PMCID: PMC8713111 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
c-MYC controls global gene expression and regulates cell proliferation, cell differentiation, cell cycle, metabolism and apoptosis. According to some estimates, MYC is dysregulated in ≈70% of human cancers and strong evidence implicates aberrantly expressed MYC in both tumor initiation and maintenance. In vivo studies show that MYC inhibition elicits a prominent anti-proliferative effect and sustained tumor regression while any alteration on healthy tissue remains reversible. This opens an exploitable window for treatment that makes MYC one of the most appealing therapeutic targets for cancer drug development. This review describes the main functional and structural features of the protein structure of MYC and provides a general overview of the most relevant or recently identified interactors that modulate MYC oncogenic activity. This review also summarizes the different approaches aiming to abrogate MYC oncogenic function, with a particular focus on the prototype inhibitors designed for the direct and indirect targeting of MYC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Llombart
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, Department of Haematology, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Marc R Mansour
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, Department of Haematology, London WC1E 6DD, UK; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Developmental Biology and Cancer, London, UK.
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9
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Lourenco C, Resetca D, Redel C, Lin P, MacDonald AS, Ciaccio R, Kenney TMG, Wei Y, Andrews DW, Sunnerhagen M, Arrowsmith CH, Raught B, Penn LZ. MYC protein interactors in gene transcription and cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2021; 21:579-591. [PMID: 34188192 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-021-00367-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor and oncoprotein MYC is a potent driver of many human cancers and can regulate numerous biological activities that contribute to tumorigenesis. How a single transcription factor can regulate such a diverse set of biological programmes is central to the understanding of MYC function in cancer. In this Perspective, we highlight how multiple proteins that interact with MYC enable MYC to regulate several central control points of gene transcription. These include promoter binding, epigenetic modifications, initiation, elongation and post-transcriptional processes. Evidence shows that a combination of multiple protein interactions enables MYC to function as a potent oncoprotein, working together in a 'coalition model', as presented here. Moreover, as MYC depends on its protein interactome for function, we discuss recent research that emphasizes an unprecedented opportunity to target protein interactors to directly impede MYC oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Resetca
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cornelia Redel
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Peter Lin
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alannah S MacDonald
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Roberto Ciaccio
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Tristan M G Kenney
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yong Wei
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David W Andrews
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maria Sunnerhagen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Cheryl H Arrowsmith
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brian Raught
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Linda Z Penn
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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10
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Radaeva M, Ton AT, Hsing M, Ban F, Cherkasov A. Drugging the 'undruggable'. Therapeutic targeting of protein-DNA interactions with the use of computer-aided drug discovery methods. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:2660-2679. [PMID: 34332092 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) act as major oncodrivers in many cancers and are frequently regarded as high-value therapeutic targets. The functionality of TFs relies on direct protein-DNA interactions, which are notoriously difficult to target with small molecules. However, this prior view of the 'undruggability' of protein-DNA interfaces has shifted substantially in recent years, in part because of significant advances in computer-aided drug discovery (CADD). In this review, we highlight recent examples of successful CADD campaigns resulting in drug candidates that directly interfere with protein-DNA interactions of several key cancer TFs, including androgen receptor (AR), ETS-related gene (ERG), MYC, thymocyte selection-associated high mobility group box protein (TOX), topoisomerase II (TOP2), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Importantly, these findings open novel and compelling avenues for therapeutic targeting of over 1600 human TFs implicated in many conditions including and beyond cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Radaeva
- Vancouver Prostate Centre and the Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Anh-Tien Ton
- Vancouver Prostate Centre and the Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Michael Hsing
- Vancouver Prostate Centre and the Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Fuqiang Ban
- Vancouver Prostate Centre and the Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Artem Cherkasov
- Vancouver Prostate Centre and the Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada.
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11
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Whitfield JR, Soucek L. The long journey to bring a Myc inhibitor to the clinic. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212429. [PMID: 34160558 PMCID: PMC8240852 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202103090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The oncogene Myc is deregulated in the majority of human tumors and drives numerous hallmarks of cancer. Despite its indisputable role in cancer development and maintenance, Myc is still undrugged. Developing a clinical inhibitor for Myc has been particularly challenging owing to its intrinsically disordered nature and lack of a binding pocket, coupled with concerns regarding potentially deleterious side effects in normal proliferating tissues. However, major breakthroughs in the development of Myc inhibitors have arisen in the last couple of years. Notably, the direct Myc inhibitor that we developed has just entered clinical trials. Celebrating this milestone, with this Perspective, we pay homage to the different strategies developed so far against Myc and all of the researchers focused on developing treatments for a target long deemed undruggable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Soucek
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Edifici Cellex, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Peptomyc S.L., Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Madden SK, de Araujo AD, Gerhardt M, Fairlie DP, Mason JM. Taking the Myc out of cancer: toward therapeutic strategies to directly inhibit c-Myc. Mol Cancer 2021; 20:3. [PMID: 33397405 PMCID: PMC7780693 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01291-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
c-Myc is a transcription factor that is constitutively and aberrantly expressed in over 70% of human cancers. Its direct inhibition has been shown to trigger rapid tumor regression in mice with only mild and fully reversible side effects, suggesting this to be a viable therapeutic strategy. Here we reassess the challenges of directly targeting c-Myc, evaluate lessons learned from current inhibitors, and explore how future strategies such as miniaturisation of Omomyc and targeting E-box binding could facilitate translation of c-Myc inhibitors into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Madden
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Aline Dantas de Araujo
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology and ARC 1066 Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Mara Gerhardt
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - David P Fairlie
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology and ARC 1066 Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Jody M Mason
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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13
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Ton AT, Singh K, Morin H, Ban F, Leblanc E, Lee J, Lallous N, Cherkasov A. Dual-Inhibitors of N-Myc and AURKA as Potential Therapy for Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218277. [PMID: 33167327 PMCID: PMC7663809 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to androgen-receptor (AR) directed therapies is, among other factors, associated with Myc transcription factors that are involved in development and progression of many cancers. Overexpression of N-Myc protein in prostate cancer (PCa) leads to its transformation to advanced neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) that currently has no approved treatments. N-Myc has a short half-life but acts as an NEPC stimulator when it is stabilized by forming a protective complex with Aurora A kinase (AURKA). Therefore, dual-inhibition of N-Myc and AURKA would be an attractive therapeutic avenue for NEPC. Following our computer-aided drug discovery approach, compounds exhibiting potent N-Myc specific inhibition and strong anti-proliferative activity against several N-Myc driven cell lines, were identified. Thereafter, we have developed dual inhibitors of N-Myc and AURKA through structure-based drug design approach by merging our novel N-Myc specific chemical scaffolds with fragments of known AURKA inhibitors. Favorable binding modes of the designed compounds to both N-Myc and AURKA target sites have been predicted by docking. A promising lead compound, 70812, demonstrated low-micromolar potency against both N-Myc and AURKA in vitro assays and effectively suppressed NEPC cell growth.
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14
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Huang Z, Wang T, Xia W, Li Q, Chen X, Liu X, Wei P, Xu W, Lv M. Oblongifolin C reverses GEM resistance via suppressing autophagy flux in bladder cancer cells. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:1431-1440. [PMID: 32765672 PMCID: PMC7388549 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of previous studies have demonstrated that inhibiting autophagy can increase the cellular cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agents in urothelial cancer cells. However, the mechanistic roles of autophagy in gemcitabine (GEM) resistant bladder cancer cells have not been thoroughly investigated. In the present study, immunohistochemistry staining of autophagy marker LC3 was performed in bladder cancer and healthy control tissues and demonstrated an essential role of autophagy in cancer development. A GEM-resistant cell line was established to assess the effects of autophagy on the acquisition of GEM resistance. Western blotting of autophagy markers in GEM-resistant bladder cancer cells suggested that GEM resistance was caused, at least partially, by GEM-induced autophagy. GEM resistance was demonstrated to be reversed by the inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine. In addition, oblongifolin C (OC), a novel autophagic flux inhibitor purified from traditional Chinese medicine, was found to enhance the efficiency of GEM in GEM-resistant bladder cancer cells by inhibiting autophagic flux. In conclusion, data from the present study suggest that autophagy serves an important role in bladder cancer development and GEM resistance. OC treatment has the ability to reverse GEM-resistance in bladder cancer cells by suppressing autophagic flux, thereby providing a potential adjunctive therapeutic option for bladder cancer GEM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilong Huang
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
- Department of Anesthesia, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Wenjun Xia
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Urology, Yucheng People's Hospital, Yucheng, Shandong 251200, P.R. China
| | - Xinlei Chen
- Department of Anesthesia, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Peng Wei
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Wenping Xu
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Meirong Lv
- Department of Nursing, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, P.R. China
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15
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Yang Z, Wang H, Zhang N, Xing T, Zhang W, Wang G, Li C, Yu C. Chaetocin Abrogates the Self-Renewal of Bladder Cancer Stem Cells via the Suppression of the KMT1A-GATA3-STAT3 Circuit. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:424. [PMID: 32626701 PMCID: PMC7311639 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer stem cells (BCSCs) have the abilities of self-renewal, differentiation, and metastasis; confer drug resistance; and exhibit high tumorigenicity. We previously identified that the KMT1A–GATA3–STAT3 axis drives the self-renewal of BCSCs. However, the therapeutic effect of targeting KMT1A in BCSCs remains unknown. In this study, we confirmed that the expression of KMT1A was remarkably higher in BCSCs (3–5-fold) than those in bladder cancer non-stem cells or normal bladder epithelial cells. Among the six KMT1A inhibitors, chaetocin significantly suppressed the cell propagation (inhibition ratio: 65%–88%, IC50 = 24.4–32.5 nM), induced apoptosis (2–5-fold), and caused G1 phase cell cycle arrest (68.9 vs 55.5%) of bladder cancer (BC) cells, without influencing normal bladder epithelial cells. More importantly, chaetocin abrogated the self-renewal of BCSCs (inhibition ratio: 80.1%) via the suppression of the KMT1A–GATA3–STAT3 circuit and other stemness-related pathways. Finally, intravesical instillation of chaetocin remarkably inhibited the growth of xenograft tumors (inhibition ratio: 71–82%) and prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing mice (70 vs 53 days). In sum, chaetocin abrogated the stemness maintenance and tumor growth of BCSCs via the suppression of the KMT1A–GATA3–STAT3 circuit. Chaetocin is an effective inhibitor targeting KMT1A in BCSCs and could be a promising therapeutic strategy for BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Yang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Tianying Xing
- Department of Urology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Guoqing Wang
- Department of Pathogenobiology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chong Li
- Core Facility for Protein Research, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Changyuan Yu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
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16
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Abstract
MYC is a master transcriptional regulator that controls almost all cellular processes. Over the last several decades, researchers have strived to define the context-dependent transcriptional gene programs that are controlled by MYC, as well as the mechanisms that regulate MYC function, in an effort to better understand the contribution of this oncoprotein to cancer progression. There are a wealth of data indicating that deregulation of MYC activity occurs in a large number of cancers and significantly contributes to disease progression, metastatic potential, and therapeutic resistance. Although the therapeutic targeting of MYC in cancer is highly desirable, there remain substantial structural and functional challenges that have impeded direct MYC-targeted drug development and efficacy. While efforts to drug the ‘undruggable’ may seem futile given these challenges and considering the broad reach of MYC, significant strides have been made to identify points of regulation that can be exploited for therapeutic purposes. These include targeting the deregulation of MYC transcription in cancer through small-molecule inhibitors that induce epigenetic silencing or that regulate the G-quadruplex structures within the MYC promoter. Alternatively, compounds that disrupt the DNA-binding activities of MYC have been the long-standing focus of many research groups, since this method would prevent downstream MYC oncogenic activities regardless of upstream alterations. Finally, proteins involved in the post-translational regulation of MYC have been identified as important surrogate targets to reduce MYC activity downstream of aberrant cell stimulatory signals. Given the complex regulation of the MYC signaling pathway, a combination of these approaches may provide the most durable response, but this has yet to be shown. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the different therapeutic strategies being employed to target oncogenic MYC function, with a focus on post-translational mechanisms.
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Gene Expression Analyses in Non Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer Reveals a Role for Alternative Splicing and Tp53 Status. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10362. [PMID: 31316092 PMCID: PMC6637137 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46652-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) represents a crucial problem for the national health care systems due to its high rates of recurrence and the consequent need of frequent follow-ups. Here, gene expression analyses in patients diagnosed as NMIBC were performed to determine those molecular pathways involved in tumor initiation, finding that both MYC and E2F are up regulated and helps to tumor initiation and progression. Our results also support an important involvement of alternative splicing events, modifying key pathways to favour bladder tumor evolution. Finally, since MDM2 showed differential exon usage, mutations in TP53 and its protein expression have been also studied in the same patients. Our data support that recurrence is epigenetically mediated and favoured by an increase protein expression of TP53, which appears more frequently mutated in advanced stages and grades, being associated to a worse prognosis. Therefore, TP53 mutational status could be used as a potential biomarker in the first stages of NMIBC to predict recurrence and prognosis.
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18
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Wang XN, Su XX, Cheng SQ, Sun ZY, Huang ZS, Ou TM. MYC modulators in cancer: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2019; 29:353-367. [PMID: 31068032 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2019.1612878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The important role of MYC in tumorigenesis makes it particularly important to design MYC modulators. Over the past decade, researchers have raised a number of strategies for designing MYC modulators, some of which are already in clinical trials. This paper aims to review the patents of MYC modulators. AREAS COVERED The important biological relevance of c-MYC and the regulation pathways related to c-MYC are briefly introduced. Base on that, the MYC modulators reported in published patents and references primarily for cancer treatment are outlined, highlighting the structures and biological activities. EXPERT OPINION There has been a growing awareness of finding and designing MYC modulators as novel anticancer drugs over recent years. Patents involving the discovery, synthesis, and application of MYC modulators are particularly important for further development in this field. Although finding direct MYC inhibitors or binders is challenging, MYC cannot be simply defined as an undruggable target. There is still substantial evidence proving the concept that MYC modulators can benefit to the treatment of both human hematological malignancies and solid tumors. More efforts should be taken to improve the activity and specificity of MYC modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Na Wang
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Xiao-Xuan Su
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Sui-Qi Cheng
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Zhi-Yin Sun
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Zhi-Shu Huang
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Tian-Miao Ou
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
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19
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The m 6A methyltransferase METTL3 promotes bladder cancer progression via AFF4/NF-κB/MYC signaling network. Oncogene 2019; 38:3667-3680. [PMID: 30659266 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0683-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant modification in eukaryotic messenger RNAs (mRNAs), and plays important roles in many bioprocesses. However, its functions in bladder cancer (BCa) remain elusive. Here, we discovered that methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3), a major RNA N6-adenosine methyltransferase, was significantly up-regulated in human BCa. Knockdown of METTL3 drastically reduced BCa cell proliferation, invasion, and survival in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo. On the other hand, overexpression of METTL3 significantly promoted BCa cell growth and invasion. Through transcriptome sequencing, m6A sequencing and m6A methylated RNA immuno-precipitation quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, we revealed the profile of METTL3-mediated m6A modification in BCa cells for the first time. AF4/FMR2 family member 4 (AFF4), two key regulators of NF-κB pathway (IKBKB and RELA) and MYC were further identified as direct targets of METTL3-mediated m6A modification. In addition, we showed that besides NF-κB, AFF4 binds to the promoter of MYC and promotes its expression, implying a novel multilevel regulatory network downstream of METTL3. Our results uncovered an AFF4/NF-κB/MYC signaling network operated by METTL3-mediated m6A modification and provided insight into the mechanisms of BCa progression.
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20
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Carabet LA, Rennie PS, Cherkasov A. Therapeutic Inhibition of Myc in Cancer. Structural Bases and Computer-Aided Drug Discovery Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:E120. [PMID: 30597997 PMCID: PMC6337544 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Myc (avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog) represents one of the most sought after drug targets in cancer. Myc transcription factor is an essential regulator of cell growth, but in most cancers it is overexpressed and associated with treatment-resistance and lethal outcomes. Over 40 years of research and drug development efforts did not yield a clinically useful Myc inhibitor. Drugging the "undruggable" is problematic, as Myc inactivation may negatively impact its physiological functions. Moreover, Myc is a disordered protein that lacks effective binding pockets on its surface. It is well established that the Myc function is dependent on dimerization with its obligate partner, Max (Myc associated factor X), which together form a functional DNA-binding domain to activate genomic targets. Herein, we provide an overview of the knowledge accumulated to date on Myc regulation and function, its critical role in cancer, and summarize various strategies that are employed to tackle Myc-driven malignant transformation. We focus on important structure-function relationships of Myc with its interactome, elaborating structural determinants of Myc-Max dimer formation and DNA recognition exploited for therapeutic inhibition. Chronological development of small-molecule Myc-Max prototype inhibitors and corresponding binding sites are comprehensively reviewed and particular emphasis is placed on modern computational drug design methods. On the outlook, technological advancements may soon provide the so long-awaited Myc-Max clinical candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia A Carabet
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada.
| | - Paul S Rennie
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada.
| | - Artem Cherkasov
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada.
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21
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Kutkowska J, Strzadala L, Rapak A. Sorafenib in Combination with Betulinic Acid Synergistically Induces Cell Cycle Arrest and Inhibits Clonogenic Activity in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103234. [PMID: 30347681 PMCID: PMC6214124 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most deadly cancers in the world due to late diagnosis and poor response to available treatments. It is important to identify treatment strategies that will increase the efficacy and reduce the toxicity of the currently used therapeutics. In this study, the PDAC cell lines AsPC-1, BxPC-3, and Capan-1 were treated with sorafenib and betulinic acid alone and in combination. We examined the effect of combined treatments on viability (MTS test), proliferation and apoptosis (annexin V staining), cell cycle arrest (PI staining), alterations in signaling pathways (Western blotting), and colony-forming ability. The combination of sorafenib with betulinic acid inhibited the viability and proliferation of PDAC cells without the induction of apoptosis. The antiproliferative effect, caused by G2 cell cycle arrest, was strongly associated with increased expression of p21 and decreased expression of c-Myc and cyclin D1, and was induced only by combined treatment. Additionally, decreased proliferation could also be associated with the inhibition of the P13K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathways. Importantly, combination treatment reduced the colony-forming ability of PDAC cells, as compared to both compounds alone. Collectively, we showed that combined treatment with low concentrations of sorafenib and betulinic acid had the capacity to inhibit proliferation and abolish clonogenic activity in PDAC cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Kutkowska
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy Polish Academy of Science, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Leon Strzadala
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy Polish Academy of Science, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Rapak
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy Polish Academy of Science, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland.
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22
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Su B, Xu T, Bruce JP, Yip KW, Zhang N, Huang Z, Zhang G, Liu FF, Liang J, Yang H, Claret FX. hsa‑miR‑24 suppresses metastasis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by regulating the c‑Myc/epithelial‑mesenchymal transition axis. Oncol Rep 2018; 40:2536-2546. [PMID: 30226609 PMCID: PMC6151896 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Distant metastasis is the major contributor to treatment failure and mortality in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The lack of effective treatment strategies for metastatic NPC is the major cause for the low survival rate. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying NPC metastasis and to identify potential biomarkers for targeted therapy. MicroRNA (miRNAs or miRs) have been shown to play an important role in tumorigenesis and metastasis. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the significance of hsa-miR-24 in NPC metastasis. Significantly lower hsa-miR-24 levels were observed in NPC metastatic tumors and higher hsa-miR-24 levels were associated with longer progression-free and metastasis-free survival durations. hsa-miR-24 overexpression inhibited cell proliferation, invasion and migration. Using bioinformatics approaches together with functional luciferase reporter assays, we demonstrated that the c-Myc 3′-UTR was a direct target of hsa-miR-24 in regulating NPC metastasis. Protein profiling analysis revealed that a high c-Myc expression was inversely associated with metastasis-free overall survival and with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Furthermore, the overexpression of hsa-miR-24 decreased NPC cell invasive ability induced by the overexpression of c-Myc, associated with EMT epithelial marker (E-cadherin) restoration. Thus, on the whole, the findings of this study demonstrate that hsa-miR-24 suppresses metastasis in NPC by regulating the c-Myc/EMT axis, suggesting that hsa-miR-24 may be used as a prognostic factor and as a novel target for the prevention of NPC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojin Su
- Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Jeff P Bruce
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Kenneth W Yip
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
| | - Zeli Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
| | - Guoyi Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
| | - Fei-Fei Liu
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Jiyong Liang
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Huiling Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - François X Claret
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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23
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Qiu H, Li J, Clark LH, Jackson AL, Zhang L, Guo H, Kilgore JE, Gehrig PA, Zhou C, Bae-Jump VL. JQ1 suppresses tumor growth via PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway in endometrial cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:66809-66821. [PMID: 27572308 PMCID: PMC5341839 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of c-Myc is associated with worse outcomes in endometrial cancer, indicating that c-Myc may be a promising target for endometrial cancer therapy. A novel small molecule, JQ1, has been shown to block BRD4 resulting in inhibition of c-Myc expression and tumor growth. Thus, we investigated whether JQ1 can inhibit endometrial cancer growth in cell culture and xenograft models. In PTEN-positive endometrial cancer cells, JQ1 significantly suppressed cell proliferation via induction of G1 phase arrest and apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner, accompanied by a sharp decline in cyclin D1 and CDK4 protein expression. However, PTEN-negative endometrial cancer cells exhibited intrinsic resistance to JQ1, despite significant c-Myc inhibition. Moreover, we found that PTEN and its downstream PI3K/AKT signaling targets were modulated by JQ1, as evidenced by microarray analysis. Silencing of PTEN in PTEN-positive endometrial cancer cells resulted in resistance to JQ1, while upregulation of PTEN in PTEN-negative endometrial cancer cells increased sensitivity to JQ1. In xenografts models of PTEN-positive and PTEN-knock-in endometrial cancer, JQ1 significantly upregulated the expression of PTEN, blocked the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and suppressed tumor growth. These effects were attenuated in PTEN-negative and PTEN-knockdown xenograft models. Thus, JQ1 resistance appears to be highly associated with the status of PTEN expression in endometrial cancer. Our findings suggest that targeting BRD4 using JQ1 might serve as a novel therapeutic strategy in PTEN-positive endometrial cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Qiu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Division of Gynecological Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Leslie H Clark
- Division of Gynecological Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Amanda L Jackson
- Division of Gynecological Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lu Zhang
- Division of Gynecological Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Division of Gynecological Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, China
| | - Joshua E Kilgore
- Division of Gynecological Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Paola A Gehrig
- Division of Gynecological Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Chunxiao Zhou
- Division of Gynecological Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Victoria L Bae-Jump
- Division of Gynecological Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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24
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Suppression of c-Myc and RRM2 expression in pancreatic cancer cells by the sphingosine kinase-2 inhibitor ABC294640. Oncotarget 2018; 7:60181-60192. [PMID: 27517489 PMCID: PMC5312377 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer remains extremely difficult to treat, with the average lifespan following diagnosis being only 3-6 months, resulting in a death to incidence ratio of 0.94. A major reason for this high mortality rate is resistance to the main chemotherapeutic agent used to treat this disease, gemcitabine. Alterations in nucleoside and gemcitabine metabolism, specifically over-expression of ribonucleotide reductase, have been implicated as a major mechanism of resistance to this drug. Here, we show that inhibition of sphingosine kinase-2 by the specific inhibitor ABC294640 is synergistically cytotoxic with gemcitabine toward three human pancreatic cancer cell lines. Treatment with ABC294640 results in decreased expression of both RRM2 and MYC in all three cell lines. Additionally, expression of c-Myc protein and phosphorylation of Rb at S780 both decrease in a dose-dependent manner in response to ABC294640, while acetylation of H3-K9 and p21 levels increase. Pretreatment with the protein phosphatase 1 inhibitor okadaic acid or the ceramide synthase inhibitor fumonisin B1 fails to prevent the effects of ABC294640 on Rb phosphorylation. These data indicate a role for sphingosine kinase-2 in E2F and c-Myc mediated transcription through alteration of histone acetylation and p21 expression. These effects of ABC294640 suggest that it may be an effective agent for pancreatic cancer, particularly in combination with gemcitabine.
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25
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Whitfield JR, Beaulieu ME, Soucek L. Strategies to Inhibit Myc and Their Clinical Applicability. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:10. [PMID: 28280720 PMCID: PMC5322154 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Myc is an oncogene deregulated in most-perhaps all-human cancers. Each Myc family member, c-, L-, and N-Myc, has been connected to tumor progression and maintenance. Myc is recognized as a "most wanted" target for cancer therapy, but has for many years been considered undruggable, mainly due to its nuclear localization, lack of a defined ligand binding site, and physiological function essential to the maintenance of normal tissues. The challenge of identifying a pharmacophore capable of overcoming these hurdles is reflected in the current absence of a clinically-viable Myc inhibitor. The first attempts to inhibit Myc used antisense technology some three decades ago, followed by small molecule inhibitors discovered through "classical" compound library screens. Notable breakthroughs proving the feasibility of systemic Myc inhibition were made with the Myc dominant negative mutant Omomyc, showing both the great promise in targeting this infamous oncogene for cancer treatment as well as allaying fears about the deleterious side effects that Myc inhibition might have on normal proliferating tissues. During this time many other strategies have appeared in an attempt to drug the undruggable, including direct and indirect targeting, knockdown, protein/protein and DNA interaction inhibitors, and translation and expression regulation. The inhibitors range from traditional small molecules to natural chemicals, to RNA and antisense, to peptides and miniproteins. Here, we briefly describe the many approaches taken so far, with a particular focus on their potential clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Whitfield
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Edifici Cellex, Hospital Vall d'Hebron Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Laura Soucek
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Edifici Cellex, Hospital Vall d'HebronBarcelona, Spain; Peptomyc, Edifici Cellex, Hospital Vall d'HebronBarcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis AvançatsBarcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBellaterra, Spain
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Kikuchi A, Suzuki T, Nakazawa T, Iizuka M, Nakayama A, Ozawa T, Kameda M, Shindoh N, Terasaka T, Hirano M, Kuromitsu S. ASP5878, a selective FGFR inhibitor, to treat FGFR3-dependent urothelial cancer with or without chemoresistance. Cancer Sci 2017; 108:236-242. [PMID: 27885740 PMCID: PMC5329164 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
FGF/FGFR gene aberrations such as amplification, mutation and fusion are associated with many types of human cancers including urothelial cancer. FGFR kinase inhibitors are expected to be a targeted therapy for urothelial cancer harboring FGFR3 gene alternations. ASP5878, a selective inhibitor of FGFR1, 2, 3 and 4 under clinical investigation, selectively inhibited cell proliferation of urothelial cancer cell lines harboring FGFR3 point mutation or fusion (UM-UC-14, RT-112, RT4 and SW 780) among 23 urothelial cancer cell lines. Furthermore, ASP5878 inhibited cell proliferation of adriamycin-resistant UM-UC-14 cell line harboring MDR1 overexpression and gemcitabine-resistant RT-112 cell line. The protein expression of c-MYC, an oncoprotein, in gemcitabine-resistant RT-112 cell line was higher than that in RT-112 parental cell line and ASP5878 decreased the c-MYC expression in both RT-112 parental and gemcitabine-resistant RT-112 cell lines. Once-daily oral administration of ASP5878 exerted potent antitumor activities in UM-UC-14, RT-112 and gemcitabine-resistant RT-112 xenograft models without affecting body weight. These findings suggest that ASP5878 has the potential to be an oral targeted therapy against urothelial cancer harboring FGFR3 fusion or FGFR3 point mutation after the acquisition of gemcitabine- or adriamycin-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Kikuchi
- Drug Discovery ResearchAstellas Pharma Inc.Tsukuba‐shiIbarakiJapan
| | - Tomoyuki Suzuki
- Drug Discovery ResearchAstellas Pharma Inc.Tsukuba‐shiIbarakiJapan
| | - Taisuke Nakazawa
- Drug Discovery ResearchAstellas Pharma Inc.Tsukuba‐shiIbarakiJapan
| | - Masateru Iizuka
- Drug Discovery ResearchAstellas Pharma Inc.Tsukuba‐shiIbarakiJapan
| | - Ayako Nakayama
- Drug Discovery ResearchAstellas Pharma Inc.Tsukuba‐shiIbarakiJapan
| | - Tohru Ozawa
- Drug Discovery ResearchAstellas Pharma Inc.Tsukuba‐shiIbarakiJapan
| | - Minoru Kameda
- Drug Discovery ResearchAstellas Pharma Inc.Tsukuba‐shiIbarakiJapan
| | - Nobuaki Shindoh
- Drug Discovery ResearchAstellas Pharma Inc.Tsukuba‐shiIbarakiJapan
| | - Tadashi Terasaka
- Drug Discovery ResearchAstellas Pharma Inc.Tsukuba‐shiIbarakiJapan
| | - Masaaki Hirano
- Drug Discovery ResearchAstellas Pharma Inc.Tsukuba‐shiIbarakiJapan
| | - Sadao Kuromitsu
- Drug Discovery ResearchAstellas Pharma Inc.Tsukuba‐shiIbarakiJapan
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Wang J, Zhao X, Shi J, Pan Y, Chen Q, Leng P, Wang Y. miR-451 suppresses bladder cancer cell migration and invasion via directly targeting c-Myc. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:2049-58. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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28
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Li L, Sun W, Zhang Z, Huang Y. Time-staggered delivery of docetaxel and H1-S6A,F8A peptide for sequential dual-strike chemotherapy through tumor priming and nuclear targeting. J Control Release 2016; 232:62-74. [PMID: 27098443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
While highly effective for slowing cancer progression in principle, the c-Myc inhibitor peptide H1-S6A,F8A (H1) has not performed well in tumor studies, in part because it does not pass efficiently through the nuclear envelope. Here we describe a dual-strike strategy in which tumor cells were treated first with N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer-docetaxel (DTX) conjugates (P-DTX), which arrested cells in the G2/M phase and prolonged the period when the nuclear membrane was disassembled. In the second strike, the cells were then treated with P-H1 conjugates, which entered the nucleus and efficiently inhibited c-Myc. The in vitro studies demonstrated that the combination of P-DTX and P-H1 conjugates was sequence-dependent, and P-DTX followed by P-H1 had synergism, which was significantly more effective than reverse sequential delivery, simultaneous co-delivery or monotherapy with P-DTX or P-H1 alone. The in vivo studies showed that sequential delivery of P-DTX followed by P-H1 remarkably slowed the tumor growth and improved the animal survival. This sequential, dual-strike approach provides new opportunities for nuclear-targeted anticancer drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
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29
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Zhuang C, Li J, Liu Y, Chen M, Yuan J, Fu X, Zhan Y, Liu L, Lin J, Zhou Q, Xu W, Zhao G, Cai Z, Huang W. Tetracycline-inducible shRNA targeting long non-coding RNA PVT1 inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in bladder cancer cells. Oncotarget 2015; 6:41194-203. [PMID: 26517688 PMCID: PMC4747399 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies show that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) may be significant functional regulators in tumor development, including bladder cancer. Here, we found that PVT1 was upregulated in bladder cancer tissues and cells. Further experiments revealed that PVT1 promoted cell proliferation and suppressed cell apoptosis. Furthermore we also used the emerging technology, synthetic biology, to create tetracycline-inducible small hairpin RNA (shRNA) vectors which silenced PVT1 in a dosage-dependent manner to inhibit the progression of bladder cancer. In conclusion, data suggest that PVT1 could be an oncogene and may be a therapeutic target in bladder cancer. Synthetic "tetracycline-on" switch system can be used to quantitatively control the expression of PVT1 in bladder cancer in response to different concentration of doxycycline to suppress the progression of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengle Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Reprogramming Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518039, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfa Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Reprogramming Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518039, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Reprogramming Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518039, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingwei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Reprogramming Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518039, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
- Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiancheng Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Reprogramming Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518039, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Fu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Reprogramming Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518039, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghao Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Reprogramming Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518039, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Reprogramming Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518039, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Medical Reprogramming Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518039, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Reprogramming Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518039, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Reprogramming Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518039, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoping Zhao
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Centerat Shanghai, Shanghai 200000, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiming Cai
- Key Laboratory of Medical Reprogramming Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518039, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiren Huang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Reprogramming Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518039, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
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30
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Tang J, Li X, Jiang X, Xu W, Xu Z, Wang W, Liu B, Lv Q, Zhang W. The association between rs9642880 gene polymorphism and bladder cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:20236-20244. [PMID: 26884936 PMCID: PMC4723781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies had researched the relationship between rs9642880 gene polymorphism and bladder cancer risk, but the results remained unclear. The comprehensive meta-analysis was performed to clarify this possible association. Relevant articles were searched from Pubmed, Embase and web of science. Odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess the strength of the association. The assessment of publication bias was conducted by Begg's funnel plots and Egger's regression test. A total of 7 casecontrol studies involving 4072 cases and 4898 controls were included in our study. Overall, an obvious relationship between rs9642880 polymorphism and increased risk of bladder cancer were detected in all models. Besides, the positive results were observed among both Caucasians and Asians when stratified by ethnicity. Moreover, when stratified by genotyping method, the significant results were detected in all genotyping methods except Sequenom. In addition, in the subgroup analysis by source of control, significant results were detected in both population and hospital based controls. This present meta-analysis with accurate and reliable results indicated that the T allele of SNP rs9642880 confers susceptibility to bladder cancer in both Asian and Caucasian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University140# Han Zhong Rd, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University140# Han Zhong Rd, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuping Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University140# Han Zhong Rd, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Urology, Yixing People’s Hospital75# Tong Zhen Guan Rd, Yixing 214200, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weizhang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University140# Han Zhong Rd, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University140# Han Zhong Rd, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University140# Han Zhong Rd, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bianjiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University140# Han Zhong Rd, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University140# Han Zhong Rd, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University140# Han Zhong Rd, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
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Xu N, Li Z, Yu Z, Yan F, Liu Y, Lu X, Yang W. MicroRNA-33b suppresses migration and invasion by targeting c-Myc in osteosarcoma cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115300. [PMID: 25546234 PMCID: PMC4278906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs have emerged as fundamental regulators in gene expression through silencing gene expression at the post-transcriptional and translational levels. Osteosarcoma is the most common type of primary malignant bone tumor and is characterized by complex genetic changes and resistance to conventional treatments. In our study, the role of miR-33b in the progression and metastasis of osteosarcoma was investigated. Our results showed that miR-33b was significantly downregulated in osteosarcoma tissue and cell lines. Overexpression of miR-33b significantly inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in the MG-63 osteosarcoma cell line. Moreover, we also showed that c-Myc was negatively regulated by miR-33b at the posttranscriptional level, via a specific target site within the 3′UTR. Overexpression of c-Myc impaired miR-33b-induced inhibition of proliferation and invasion in osteosarcoma cells. The expression of c-Myc was frequently downregulated in osteosarcoma tumors and cell lines and was inversely correlated with miR-33b expression. Thus, our findings suggest that miR-33b inhibits osteosarcoma cells migration and invasion by targeting the c-Myc gene, acting as tumor suppressor. The findings of this study contribute to current understanding of the functions of miR-33b in osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23, Youzheng St, Nangang, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zimu Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23, Youzheng St, Nangang, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhange Yu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23, Youzheng St, Nangang, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23, Youzheng St, Nangang, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23, Youzheng St, Nangang, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaofeng Lu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23, Youzheng St, Nangang, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Weiliang Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23, Youzheng St, Nangang, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- * E-mail:
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