1
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Morales AE, Gumenick R, Genovese CM, Jang YY, Ouedraogo A, Ibáñez de Garayo M, Pannellini T, Patel S, Bott ME, Alvarez J, Mun SS, Totonchy J, Gautam A, Delgado de la Mora J, Chang S, Wirth D, Horenstein M, Dao T, Scheinberg DA, Rubinstein PG, Semeere A, Martin J, Godfrey CC, Moser CB, Matining RM, Campbell TB, Borok MZ, Krown SE, Cesarman E. Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) antigen is overexpressed in Kaposi Sarcoma and is regulated by KSHV vFLIP. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011881. [PMID: 38190392 PMCID: PMC10898863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
In people living with HIV, Kaposi Sarcoma (KS), a vascular neoplasm caused by KS herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV-8), remains one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Individuals living with HIV, receiving otherwise effective antiretroviral therapy, may present with extensive disease requiring chemotherapy. Hence, new therapeutic approaches are needed. The Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) protein is overexpressed and associated with poor prognosis in several hematologic and solid malignancies and has shown promise as an immunotherapeutic target. We found that WT1 was overexpressed in >90% of a total 333 KS biopsies, as determined by immunohistochemistry and image analysis. Our largest cohort from ACTG, consisting of 294 cases was further analyzed demonstrating higher WT1 expression was associated with more advanced histopathologic subtypes. There was a positive correlation between the proportion of infected cells within KS tissues, assessed by expression of the KSHV-encoded latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA), and WT1 positivity. Areas with high WT1 expression showed sparse T-cell infiltrates, consistent with an immune evasive tumor microenvironment. We show that major oncogenic isoforms of WT1 are overexpressed in primary KS tissue and observed WT1 upregulation upon de novo infection of endothelial cells with KSHV. KSHV latent viral FLICE-inhibitory protein (vFLIP) upregulated total and major isoforms of WT1, but upregulation was not seen after expression of mutant vFLIP that is unable to bind IKKƴ and induce NFκB. siRNA targeting of WT1 in latent KSHV infection resulted in decreased total cell number and pAKT, BCL2 and LANA protein expression. Finally, we show that ESK-1, a T cell receptor-like monoclonal antibody that recognizes WT1 peptides presented on MHC HLA-A0201, demonstrates increased binding to endothelial cells after KSHV infection or induction of vFLIP expression. We propose that oncogenic isoforms of WT1 are upregulated by KSHV to promote tumorigenesis and immunotherapy directed against WT1 may be an approach for KS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayana E. Morales
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ruby Gumenick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Caitlyn M. Genovese
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yun Yeong Jang
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ariene Ouedraogo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Maite Ibáñez de Garayo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Tania Pannellini
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sanjay Patel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Matthew E. Bott
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Julio Alvarez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sung Soo Mun
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Totonchy
- School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Archana Gautam
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jesus Delgado de la Mora
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Chang
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Dagmar Wirth
- Model Systems for Infection and Immunity, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marcelo Horenstein
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Tao Dao
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David A. Scheinberg
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Paul G. Rubinstein
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, John H. Stroger Jr Hospital of Cook County (Cook County Hospital), Ruth M. Rothstein Core Center, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Aggrey Semeere
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jeffrey Martin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Catherine C. Godfrey
- Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator, Department of State, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Carlee B. Moser
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Roy M. Matining
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thomas B. Campbell
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Margaret Z. Borok
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Susan E. Krown
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (emerita), New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ethel Cesarman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
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Luo W, Hoang H, Liao Y, Pan J, Ayello J, Cairo MS. A humanized orthotopic mouse model for preclinical evaluation of immunotherapy in Ewing sarcoma. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1277987. [PMID: 37868989 PMCID: PMC10587429 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1277987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of novel cancer immunotherapy approaches is revolutionizing the treatment for cancer. Current small animal models for most cancers are syngeneic or genetically engineered mouse models or xenograft models based on immunodeficient mouse strains. These models have been limited in evaluating immunotherapy regimens due to the lack of functional human immune system. Development of animal models for bone cancer faces another challenge in the accessibility of tumor engraftment sites. Here, we describe a protocol to develop an orthotopic humanized mouse model for a bone and soft tissue sarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, by transplanting fresh human cord blood CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells into young NSG-SGM3 mice combined with subsequent Ewing sarcoma patient derived cell engraftment in the tibia of the humanized mice. We demonstrated early and robust reconstitution of human CD45+ leukocytes including T cells, B cells, natural killer cells and monocytes. Ewing sarcoma xenograft tumors successfully orthotopically engrafted in the humanized mice with minimal invasive procedures. We validated the translational utility of this orthotopic humanized model by evaluating the safety and efficacy of an immunotherapy antibody, magrolimab. Treatment with magrolimab induces CD47 blockade resulting in significantly decreased primary tumor growth, decreased lung metastasis and prolonged animal survival in the established humanized model. Furthermore, the humanized model recapitulated the dose dependent toxicity associated with the CD47 blockade as observed in patients in clinical trials. In conclusion, this orthotopic humanized mouse model of Ewing sarcoma represents an improved platform for evaluating immunotherapy in bone and soft tissue sarcoma, such as Ewing sarcoma. With careful design and optimization, this model is generalizable for other bone malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Hai Hoang
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Yanling Liao
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Jian Pan
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Janet Ayello
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Mitchell S. Cairo
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
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Morris VS, Ghazi H, Fletcher DM, Guinn BA. A Direct Comparison, and Prioritisation, of the Immunotherapeutic Targets Expressed by Adult and Paediatric Acute Myeloid Leukaemia Cells: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9667. [PMID: 37298623 PMCID: PMC10253696 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is characterized by impaired myeloid differentiation resulting in an accumulation of immature blasts in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. Although AML can occur at any age, the incidence peaks at age 65. The pathobiology of AML also varies with age with associated differences in incidence, as well as the frequency of cytogenetic change and somatic mutations. In addition, 5-year survival rates in paediatrics are 60-75% but fall to 5-15% in older AML patients. This systematic review aimed to determine whether the altered genes in AML affect the same molecular pathways, indifferent of patient age, and, therefore, whether patients could benefit from the repurposing drugs or the use of the same immunotherapeutic strategies across age boundaries to prevent relapse. Using a PICO framework and PRISMA-P checklist, relevant publications were identified using five literature databases and assessed against an inclusion criteria, leaving 36 articles, and 71 targets for therapy, for further analysis. QUADAS-2 was used to determine the risk of bias and perform a quality control step. We then priority-ranked the list of cancer antigens based on predefined and pre-weighted objective criteria as part of an analytical hierarchy process used for dealing with complex decisions. This organized the antigens according to their potential to act as targets for the immunotherapy of AML, a treatment that offers an opportunity to remove residual leukaemia cells at first remission and improve survival rates. It was found that 80% of the top 20 antigens identified in paediatric AML were also within the 20 highest scoring immunotherapy targets in adult AML. To analyse the relationships between the targets and their link to different molecular pathways, PANTHER and STRING analyses were performed on the 20 highest scoring immunotherapy targets for both adult and paediatric AML. There were many similarities in the PANTHER and STRING results, including the most prominent pathways being angiogenesis and inflammation mediated by chemokine and cytokine signalling pathways. The coincidence of targets suggests that the repurposing of immunotherapy drugs across age boundaries could benefit AML patients, especially when used in combination with conventional therapies. However, due to cost implications, we would recommend that efforts are focused on ways to target the highest scoring antigens, such as WT1, NRAS, IDH1 and TP53, although in the future other candidates may prove successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa S. Morris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull HU6 7RX, UK;
| | - Hanya Ghazi
- Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull HU6 7RX, UK;
| | - Daniel M. Fletcher
- Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, Kingston upon Hull HU6 7RX, UK;
| | - Barbara-ann Guinn
- Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, Kingston upon Hull HU6 7RX, UK;
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Morales E, Olson M, Iglesias F, Dahiya S, Luetkens T, Atanackovic D. Role of immunotherapy in Ewing sarcoma. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2020-000653. [PMID: 33293354 PMCID: PMC7725096 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (ES) is thought to arise from mesenchymal stem cells and is the second most common bone sarcoma in pediatric patients and young adults. Given the dismal overall outcomes and very intensive therapies used, there is an urgent need to explore and develop alternative treatment modalities including immunotherapies. In this article, we provide an overview of ES biology, features of ES tumor microenvironment (TME) and review various tumor-associated antigens that can be targeted with immune-based approaches including cancer vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, T cell receptor-transduced T cells, and chimeric antigen receptor T cells. We highlight key reasons for the limited efficacy of various immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of ES to date. These factors include absence of human leukocyte antigen class I molecules from the tumor tissue, lack of an ideal surface antigen, and immunosuppressive TME due to the presence of myeloid-derived suppressor cells, F2 fibrocytes, and M2-like macrophages. Lastly, we offer insights into strategies for novel therapeutics development in ES. These strategies include the development of gene-modified T cell receptor T cells against cancer–testis antigen such as XAGE-1, surface target discovery through detailed profiling of ES surface proteome, and combinatorial approaches. In summary, we provide state-of-the-art science in ES tumor immunology and immunotherapy, with rationale and recommendations for future therapeutics development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Morales
- Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Michael Olson
- Cancer Immunotherapy, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Fiorella Iglesias
- Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Saurabh Dahiya
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tim Luetkens
- Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Cancer Immunotherapy, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah/Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Djordje Atanackovic
- Cancer Immunotherapy, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA .,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah/Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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5
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Angiogenesis pattern and H3.3 histone mutation in aggressive and non-aggressive central giant cell lesions. Arch Oral Biol 2021; 130:105218. [PMID: 34364170 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate angiogenesis in central giant cell lesions (CGCL) and its association with biological behavior. In addition, investigation of the histone H3.3 mutation was performed. DESIGN Thirty-eight cases of CGCL were classified as aggressive (n = 9) or nonaggressive (n = 29). Cases were submitted to immunohistochemistry to compare angiogenesis using Wilms' tumor protein 1 (WT1), platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (CD31) and endoglin (CD105) between groups. To verify the presence of genic mutation, histone H3.3 was investigated. RESULTS WT1 was expressed in mononuclear and giant cells of all cases. CD31 and CD105 were expressed in CGCL microvessels, with a higher CD105 microvascular density than CD31. No statistically significant difference was observed between groups. None of the cases studied showed the histone mutation. CONCLUSIONS There was no difference between aggressive and nonaggressive lesions regarding the angiogenic markers. The expression of WT1 and CD105 suggests that CGCL presents a tumoral vascular pattern with high neoangiogenic activity. The absence of histone mutation may indicate that CGCL is not a true giant cell tumor.
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Molina ER, Chim LK, Barrios S, Ludwig JA, Mikos AG. Modeling the Tumor Microenvironment and Pathogenic Signaling in Bone Sarcoma. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2020; 26:249-271. [PMID: 32057288 PMCID: PMC7310212 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2019.0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Investigations of cancer biology and screening of potential therapeutics for efficacy and safety begin in the preclinical laboratory setting. A staple of most basic research in cancer involves the use of tissue culture plates, on which immortalized cell lines are grown in monolayers. However, this practice has been in use for over six decades and does not account for vital elements of the tumor microenvironment that are thought to aid in initiation, propagation, and ultimately, metastasis of cancer. Furthermore, information gleaned from these techniques does not always translate to animal models or, more crucially, clinical trials in cancer patients. Osteosarcoma (OS) and Ewing sarcoma (ES) are the most common primary tumors of bone, but outcomes for patients with metastatic or recurrent disease have stagnated in recent decades. The unique elements of the bone tumor microenvironment have been shown to play critical roles in the pathogenesis of these tumors and thus should be incorporated in the preclinical models of these diseases. In recent years, the field of tissue engineering has leveraged techniques used in designing scaffolds for regenerative medicine to engineer preclinical tumor models that incorporate spatiotemporal control of physical and biological elements. We herein review the clinical aspects of OS and ES, critical elements present in the sarcoma microenvironment, and engineering approaches to model the bone tumor microenvironment. Impact statement The current paradigm of cancer biology investigation and therapeutic testing relies heavily on monolayer, monoculture methods developed over half a century ago. However, these methods often lack essential hallmarks of the cancer microenvironment that contribute to tumor pathogenesis. Tissue engineers incorporate scaffolds, mechanical forces, cells, and bioactive signals into biological environments to drive cell phenotype. Investigators of bone sarcomas, aggressive tumors that often rob patients of decades of life, have begun to use tissue engineering techniques to devise in vitro models for these diseases. Their efforts highlight how critical elements of the cancer microenvironment directly affect tumor signaling and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R. Molina
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - Letitia K. Chim
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - Sergio Barrios
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - Joseph A. Ludwig
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, Texas
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Antagonistic activities of CDC14B and CDK1 on USP9X regulate WT1-dependent mitotic transcription and survival. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1268. [PMID: 32152317 PMCID: PMC7063047 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15059-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of mitosis secures cellular integrity and its failure critically contributes to the development, maintenance, and treatment resistance of cancer. In yeast, the dual phosphatase Cdc14 controls mitotic progression by antagonizing Cdk1-mediated protein phosphorylation. By contrast, specific mitotic functions of the mammalian Cdc14 orthologue CDC14B have remained largely elusive. Here, we find that CDC14B antagonizes CDK1-mediated activating mitotic phosphorylation of the deubiquitinase USP9X at serine residue 2563, which we show to be essential for USP9X to mediate mitotic survival. Starting from an unbiased proteome-wide screening approach, we specify Wilms' tumor protein 1 (WT1) as the relevant substrate that becomes deubiquitylated and stabilized by serine 2563-phosphorylated USP9X in mitosis. We further demonstrate that WT1 functions as a mitotic transcription factor and specify CXCL8/IL-8 as a target gene of WT1 that conveys mitotic survival. Together, we describe a ubiquitin-dependent signaling pathway that directs a mitosis-specific transcription program to regulate mitotic survival.
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Lu J, Gu Y, Li Q, Zhong H, Wang X, Zheng Z, Hu W, Wen L. Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) as a prognosis factor in gynecological cancers: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e11485. [PMID: 29995811 PMCID: PMC6076078 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000011485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The oncogenic role of Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) which is regarded as a promising target antigen for cancer immunotherapy has been demonstrated in many types of cancer, but the relationship between expression of WT1 and the prognosis value in gynecological cancer reminds unclear.We performed a meta-analysis with thirteen published studies including 2205 patients searched from PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, whose results are expressed by overall survival (OS) or disease-specific survival (DSS) or disease-free survival or relapse/recurrence-free survival (RFS) or progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with gynecological cancer. The hazard ratio (HR) with its 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated to investigate prognostic of WT1 expression in patients with gynecological cancer.Finally, the overexpression of WT1 was borderlinely associated with poor OS (metaHR = 1.51, 95% CI = 0.98-2.31) in univariate model. We found a significant association with poor DSS (metaHR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.24-2.08) and DFS/RFS/PFS (metaHR = 2.06, 95% CI = 1.22-3.46). The subgroup analyses revealed that the expression of WT1 predicted the poor DSS (metaHR = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.42-2.73), and DFS/RFS/PFS (metaHR = 2.51, 95% CI = 1.81-3.48) in patients with ovarian cancer. In summary, WT1 overexpression indicates a poor prognosis in patients with some gynecological tumors, but more studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Lu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University
| | - Yang Gu
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hong’ai Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian
| | - Huanxin Zhong
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoxue Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University
| | - Zhenxia Zheng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University
| | - Wenfeng Hu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University
| | - Lanling Wen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University
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Wang Q, Huang T, Shu X, Zhao SG, Liang Y, Muhammad T, Gao F, Zhao H, Liu HB. Wilms’ Tumor 1 Overexpression in Granulosa Cells Is Associated with Polycystic Ovaries in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Patients. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2018; 83:241-246. [DOI: 10.1159/000486784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Tanner JM, Bensard C, Wei P, Krah NM, Schell JC, Gardiner J, Schiffman J, Lessnick SL, Rutter J. EWS/FLI is a Master Regulator of Metabolic Reprogramming in Ewing Sarcoma. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 15:1517-1530. [PMID: 28720588 PMCID: PMC5668171 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is a bone malignancy driven by a translocation event resulting in the fusion protein EWS/FLI1 (EF). EF functions as an aberrant and oncogenic transcription factor that misregulates the expression of thousands of genes. Previous work has focused principally on determining important transcriptional targets of EF, as well as characterizing important regulatory partnerships in EF-dependent transcriptional programs. Less is known, however, about EF-dependent metabolic changes or their role in Ewing sarcoma biology. Therefore, the metabolic effects of silencing EF in Ewing sarcoma cells were determined. Metabolomic analyses revealed distinct separation of metabolic profiles in EF-knockdown versus control-knockdown cells. Mitochondrial stress tests demonstrated that knockdown of EF increased respiratory as well as glycolytic functions. Enzymes and metabolites in several metabolic pathways were altered, including de novo serine synthesis and elements of one-carbon metabolism. Furthermore, phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) was found to be highly expressed in Ewing sarcoma and correlated with worse patient survival. PHGDH knockdown or pharmacologic inhibition in vitro caused impaired proliferation and cell death. Interestingly, PHGDH modulation also led to elevated histone expression and methylation. These studies demonstrate that the translocation-derived fusion protein EF is a master regulator of metabolic reprogramming in Ewing sarcoma, diverting metabolites toward biosynthesis. As such, these data suggest that the metabolic aberrations induced by EF are important contributors to the oncogenic biology of these tumors.Implications: This previously unexplored role of EWS/FLI1-driven metabolic changes expands the understanding of Ewing sarcoma biology, and has potential to significantly inform development of therapeutic strategies. Mol Cancer Res; 15(11); 1517-30. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Tanner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Claire Bensard
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Peng Wei
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Nathan M Krah
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - John C Schell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jamie Gardiner
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Joshua Schiffman
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Stephen L Lessnick
- Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jared Rutter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Obier N, Cauchy P, Assi SA, Gilmour J, Lie-A-Ling M, Lichtinger M, Hoogenkamp M, Noailles L, Cockerill PN, Lacaud G, Kouskoff V, Bonifer C. Cooperative binding of AP-1 and TEAD4 modulates the balance between vascular smooth muscle and hemogenic cell fate. Development 2016; 143:4324-4340. [PMID: 27802171 PMCID: PMC5201045 DOI: 10.1242/dev.139857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The transmission of extracellular signals into the nucleus involves inducible transcription factors, but how different signalling pathways act in a cell type-specific fashion is poorly understood. Here, we studied the regulatory role of the AP-1 transcription factor family in blood development using embryonic stem cell differentiation coupled with genome-wide transcription factor binding and gene expression analyses. AP-1 factors respond to MAP kinase signalling and comprise dimers of FOS, ATF and JUN proteins. To examine genes regulated by AP-1 and to examine how it interacts with other inducible transcription factors, we abrogated its global DNA-binding activity using a dominant-negative FOS peptide. We show that FOS and JUN bind to and activate a specific set of vascular genes and that AP-1 inhibition shifts the balance between smooth muscle and hematopoietic differentiation towards blood. Furthermore, AP-1 is required for de novo binding of TEAD4, a transcription factor connected to Hippo signalling. Our bottom-up approach demonstrates that AP-1- and TEAD4-associated cis-regulatory elements form hubs for multiple signalling-responsive transcription factors and define the cistrome that regulates vascular and hematopoietic development by extrinsic signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Obier
- Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Pierre Cauchy
- Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Salam A Assi
- Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jane Gilmour
- Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Michael Lie-A-Ling
- CRUK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Monika Lichtinger
- Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Maarten Hoogenkamp
- Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Laura Noailles
- Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Peter N Cockerill
- Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Georges Lacaud
- CRUK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Valerie Kouskoff
- CRUK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Constanze Bonifer
- Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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13
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Avin BA, Umbricht CB, Zeiger MA. Human telomerase reverse transcriptase regulation by DNA methylation, transcription factor binding and alternative splicing (Review). Int J Oncol 2016; 49:2199-2205. [PMID: 27779655 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The catalytic subunit of telomerase, human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), plays an essential role in telomere maintenance to oppose cellular senescence and, is highly regulated in normal and cancerous cells. Regulation of hTERT occurs through multiple avenues, including a unique pattern of CpG promoter methylation and alternative splicing. Promoter methylation affects the binding of transcription factors, resulting in changes in expression of the gene. In addition to expression level changes, changes in promoter binding can affect alternative splicing in a cotranscriptional manner. The alternative splicing of hTERT results in either the full length transcript which can form the active telomerase complex with hTR, or numerous inactive isoforms. Both regulation strategies are exploited in cancer to activate telomerase, however, the exact mechanism is unknown. Therefore, unraveling the link between promoter methylation status and alternative splicing for hTERT could expose yet another level of hTERT regulation. In an attempt to provide insight into the cellular control of active telomerase in cancer, this review will discuss our current perspective on CpG methylation of the hTERT promoter region, summarize the different forms of alternatively spliced variants, and examine examples of transcription factor binding that affects splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Avin
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Christopher B Umbricht
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Martha A Zeiger
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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14
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In Vivo Assays for Assessing the Role of the Wilms' Tumor Suppressor 1 (Wt1) in Angiogenesis. Methods Mol Biol 2016. [PMID: 27417962 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-4023-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The Wilms' tumor suppressor gene (WT1) is widely expressed during neovascularization, but it is almost entirely absent in quiescent adult vasculature. However, in vessels undergoing angiogenesis, WT1 is dramatically upregulated. Studies have shown Wt1 has a role in both tumor and ischemic angiogenesis, but the mechanism of Wt1 action in angiogenic tissue remains to be elucidated. Here, we describe two methods for induction of in vivo angiogenesis (subcutaneous sponge implantation, femoral artery ligation) that can be used to assess the influence of Wt1 on new blood vessel formation. Subcutaneously implanted sponges stimulate an inflammatory and fibrotic response including cell infiltration and angiogenesis. Femoral artery ligation creates ischemia in the distal hindlimb and produces an angiogenic response to reperfuse the limb which can be quantified in vivo by laser Doppler flowmetry. In both of these models, the role of Wt1 in the angiogenic process can be assessed using histological/immunohistochemical staining, molecular analysis (qPCR) and flow cytometry. Furthermore, combined with suitable genetic modifications, these models can be used to explore the causal relationship between Wt1 expression and angiogenesis and to trace the lineage of cells expressing Wt1. This approach will help to clarify the importance of Wt1 in regulating neovascularization in the adult, and its potential as a therapeutic target.
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15
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Insights into the molecular roles of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs—syndecans) in autocrine and paracrine growth factor signaling in the pathogenesis of Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:11573-11588. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5118-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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16
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Wang J, Jiang W, Yan Y, Chen C, Yu Y, Wang B, Zhao H. Knockdown of EWSR1/FLI1 expression alters the transcriptome of Ewing sarcoma cells in vitro. J Bone Oncol 2016; 5:153-158. [PMID: 28008375 PMCID: PMC5154700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma breakpoint region 1 (EWSR1) fusion with Friend leukemia integration 1 transcription factor (FLI1) induced by a translocation of chromosome 11 with 22 contributes to Ewing sarcoma development. To date, the precise molecular mechanisms about EWSR1/FLI1 involving in Ewing sarcoma development remains to be defined. This study explored the potential critical gene targets of EWSR1/FLI1 knockdown in Ewing sarcoma cells on the gene expression profile based on online dataset, performed Limma algorithm for differentially expressed genes identification, constructed the transcriptional factor (TF)-gene regulatory network based on integrate transcriptional regulatory element database (TRED). The data showed up- and down-regulation of differentially expressed genes over time and peaked at 72 h after EWSR1/FLI1 knockdown in Ewing sarcoma cells. SMAD3 were up-regulated and FLI1, MYB, E2F1, ETS2, WT1 were down-regulated with more than half of their targets were down-regulated after EWSR1/FLI1 knockdown. The Gene Ontology (GO) and pathway annotation of these differentially expressed genes showed a consistent trend in each group of samples. Totally, there were 355 differentially expressed genes occurring in all five comparison groups of different time points, in which 39 genes constructed a dysregulated TF-gene network in Ewing sarcoma cell line A673 after EWSR1/FLI1 knockdown. These data demonstrated that knockdown of EWSR1/FLI1 expression led to transcriptome changes in Ewing sarcoma cells and that Ewing sarcoma development and progression caused by altered EWSR1/FLI1 expression may be associated with more complex transcriptome changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihan Wang
- Clinical Laboratory of Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Wenyan Jiang
- Clinical Laboratory of Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Yuzhu Yan
- Clinical Laboratory of Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Chu Chen
- Clinical Laboratory of Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Clinical Laboratory of Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Biao Wang
- Clinical Laboratory of Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Heping Zhao
- Clinical Laboratory of Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710054, China
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17
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Kim SK, Park YK. Ewing sarcoma: a chronicle of molecular pathogenesis. Hum Pathol 2016; 55:91-100. [PMID: 27246176 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sarcomas have traditionally been classified according to their chromosomal alterations regardless of whether they accompany simple or complex genetic changes. Ewing sarcoma, a classic small round cell bone tumor, is a well-known mesenchymal malignancy that results from simple sarcoma-specific genetic alterations. The genetic alterations are translocations between genes of the TET/FET family (TLS/FUS, EWSR1, and TAF15) and genes of the E26 transformation-specific (ETS) family. In this review, we intend to summarize a chronicle of molecular findings of Ewing sarcoma including recent advances and explain resultant molecular pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Kyum Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Koo Park
- Department of Pathology, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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18
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Xu W, Luo F, Sun B, Ye H, Li J, Shi L, Liu Y, Lu X, Wang B, Wang Q, Liu Q, Zhang A. HIF-2α, acting via miR-191, is involved in angiogenesis and metastasis of arsenite-transformed HBE cells. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 5:66-78. [PMID: 30090327 PMCID: PMC6060623 DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00225g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic is a well established human carcinogen that causes diseases of the lung. Some studies have suggested that hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in human lung cancer; however, their molecular mechanisms that causally contribute to arsenite-caused malignant transformation of cells remain unclear. To elucidate the mechanisms of angiogenesis and metastasis of lung cancer caused by arsenite, we investigated the role of HIF-2α regulation of miRNA-191 (miR-191) in the angiogenic and metastatic properties of human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells transformed by arsenite. In HBE cells, HIF-2α binds to the hypoxia response element (HRE) in the promoter region of miR-191 and initiates transcription of miR-191. Blocking of HIF-2α with siRNA inhibited the up-regulation of miR-191, Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) protein, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and the down-regulation of brain acid-soluble protein 1 (BASP1). In arsenite-transformed HBE (T-HBE) cells, down-regulation of HIF-2α by siRNA blocked the process of angiogenesis and decreased their neoplastic properties and metastatic capacity, which were reversed by over-expression of miR-191 or by up-regulating WT1. Thus, HIF-2α up-regulates WT1 via miR-191, both of which are involved in the angiogenesis and metastasis of T-HBE cells. The results present a better understanding of the processes involved in lung cancer caused by arsenite exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Xu
- Institute of Toxicology , School of Public Health , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing 211166 , Jiangsu , People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology , Ministry of Education , School of Public Health , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing 211166 , Jiangsu , People's Republic of China . ; ; Tel: +86-25-8686-8424
| | - Fei Luo
- Institute of Toxicology , School of Public Health , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing 211166 , Jiangsu , People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology , Ministry of Education , School of Public Health , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing 211166 , Jiangsu , People's Republic of China . ; ; Tel: +86-25-8686-8424
| | - Baofei Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control , Ministry of Education , School of Public Health , Guiyang Medical University , Guiyang 550025 , Guizhou , People's Republic of China . ; ; Tel: +86-851-8841-6171
| | - Hua Ye
- School of Medicine , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , Jiangsu , People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control , Ministry of Education , School of Public Health , Guiyang Medical University , Guiyang 550025 , Guizhou , People's Republic of China . ; ; Tel: +86-851-8841-6171
| | - Le Shi
- Institute of Toxicology , School of Public Health , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing 211166 , Jiangsu , People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology , Ministry of Education , School of Public Health , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing 211166 , Jiangsu , People's Republic of China . ; ; Tel: +86-25-8686-8424
| | - Yi Liu
- Institute of Toxicology , School of Public Health , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing 211166 , Jiangsu , People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology , Ministry of Education , School of Public Health , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing 211166 , Jiangsu , People's Republic of China . ; ; Tel: +86-25-8686-8424
| | - Xiaolin Lu
- Institute of Toxicology , School of Public Health , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing 211166 , Jiangsu , People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology , Ministry of Education , School of Public Health , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing 211166 , Jiangsu , People's Republic of China . ; ; Tel: +86-25-8686-8424
| | - Bairu Wang
- Institute of Toxicology , School of Public Health , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing 211166 , Jiangsu , People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology , Ministry of Education , School of Public Health , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing 211166 , Jiangsu , People's Republic of China . ; ; Tel: +86-25-8686-8424
| | - Qingling Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control , Ministry of Education , School of Public Health , Guiyang Medical University , Guiyang 550025 , Guizhou , People's Republic of China . ; ; Tel: +86-851-8841-6171
| | - Qizhan Liu
- Institute of Toxicology , School of Public Health , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing 211166 , Jiangsu , People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology , Ministry of Education , School of Public Health , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing 211166 , Jiangsu , People's Republic of China . ; ; Tel: +86-25-8686-8424
| | - Aihua Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control , Ministry of Education , School of Public Health , Guiyang Medical University , Guiyang 550025 , Guizhou , People's Republic of China . ; ; Tel: +86-851-8841-6171
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19
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The roadmap of WT1 protein expression in the human fetal heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 90:139-45. [PMID: 26686990 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Wilms' Tumor-1 (WT1) is essential for cardiac development. Deletion of Wt1 in mice results in disturbed epicardial and myocardial formation and lack of cardiac vasculature, causing embryonic lethality. Little is known about the role of WT1 in the human fetal heart. Therefore, as a first step, we analyzed the expression pattern of WT1 protein during human cardiac development from week 4 till week 20. WT1 expression was apparent in epicardial, endothelial and endocardial cells in a spatiotemporal manner. The expression of WT1 follows a pattern starting at the epicardium and extending towards the lumen of the heart, with differences in timing and expression levels between the atria and ventricles. The expression of WT1 in cardiac arterial endothelial cells reduces in time, whereas WT1 expression in the endothelial cells of cardiac veins and capillaries remains present at all stages studied. This study provides for the first time a detailed description of the expression of WT1 protein during human cardiac development, which indicates an important role for WT1 also in human cardiogenesis.
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20
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Knott MML, Dallmayer M, Grünewald TGP. Next steps in preventing Ewing sarcoma progression. Future Oncol 2015; 12:1-4. [PMID: 26615856 DOI: 10.2217/fon.15.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Max M L Knott
- Laboratory for Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology of the LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marlene Dallmayer
- Laboratory for Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology of the LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas G P Grünewald
- Laboratory for Pediatric Sarcoma Biology, Institute of Pathology of the LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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21
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Harwood JL, Alexander JH, Mayerson JL, Scharschmidt TJ. Targeted Chemotherapy in Bone and Soft-Tissue Sarcoma. Orthop Clin North Am 2015; 46:587-608. [PMID: 26410647 DOI: 10.1016/j.ocl.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Historically surgical intervention has been the mainstay of therapy for bone and soft-tissue sarcomas, augmented with adjuvant radiation for local control. Although cytotoxic chemotherapy revolutionized the treatment of many sarcomas, classic treatment regimens are fraught with side effects while outcomes have plateaued. However, since the approval of imatinib in 2002, research into targeted chemotherapy has increased exponentially. With targeted therapies comes the potential for decreased side effects and more potent, personalized treatment options. This article reviews the evolution of medical knowledge regarding sarcoma, the basic science of sarcomatogenesis, and the major targets and pathways now being studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared L Harwood
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University, 725 Prior Hall, 376 West 10 Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - John H Alexander
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University, 725 Prior Hall, 376 West 10 Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Joel L Mayerson
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University, 725 Prior Hall, 376 West 10 Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Thomas J Scharschmidt
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University, 725 Prior Hall, 376 West 10 Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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22
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The density of microvessels positive for Wilms' tumour-1 protein (WT-1) is an independent predictor of recurrence risk in meningiomas. Brain Tumor Pathol 2015; 32:202-9. [PMID: 25773860 DOI: 10.1007/s10014-015-0217-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Wilms' tumour-1 (WT-1) protein m-RNA was recently demonstrated in meningiomas, suggesting the potential application of WT-1 immunotherapy in these tumours. The aim of the present study was to analyze the immunohistochemical expression of WT-1 protein, its correlation with the clinico-pathological variables and association with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, in a series of 60 meningiomas of different histotype and histological grade. None of the cases expressed WT-1 in the neoplastic cells, while endothelial expression was evidenced in a variable number of tumour vessels in all the meningiomas. The density of microvessels positive for WT-1 (WT-1 MVD) was significantly higher in meningiomas showing higher histological grade (P = 0.0191), growth fraction (P = 0.0201), expression of VEGF (P = 0.0288) and recurrence risk (P = 0.022). In addition, high WT-1 MVD was a significant independent predictive factor for a shorter recurrence-free survival (RFS) in patients with completely resected meningiomas (P = 0.0028). In conclusion, this study shows that WT-1 MVD is correlated with the biological aggressiveness of meningiomas. Although no staining for WT-1 was evidenced in the neoplastic cells of these tumours, WT-1 endothelial expression in the tumour vessels might represent a target for WT-1 immunotherapy in the aim of reducing their blood supply and growth.
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23
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Qi XW, Zhang F, Wu H, Liu JL, Zong BG, Xu C, Jiang J. Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) expression and prognosis in solid cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8924. [PMID: 25748047 PMCID: PMC4352850 DOI: 10.1038/srep08924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Though proposed as a promising target antigen for cancer immunotherapy, the prognostic value of Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) in solid tumors remains inconclusive. Here, we report a systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between WT1 expression and prognosis in solid tumors. PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar were searched to identify studies exploring the impact of WT1 on clinical outcomes, including overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), disease-free survival (DFS), relapse/recurrence-free survival (RFS) or progression-free survival (PFS), in solid cancer patients. Hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were applied to assess the strength of these associations. Finally, a total of 29 eligible studies with 4090 patients were identified for qualitative analysis, and 22 studies with 3620 patients were enrolled for quantitative synthesis. Overall, positive expression of WT1 was significantly associated with worse OS (metaHR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.11–1.97) and DFS/RFS/PFS (metaHR = 2.14, 95% CI = 1.42–3.21). Subgroup analyses showed that WT1 positive expression could independently predict unfavorable DFS/RFS/PFS (metaHR = 1.86, 95%CI = 1.04–3.35). In summary, our study suggests that WT1 may be a potential marker to predict DFS/RFS/PFS in solid tumor patients. Further studies are needed to confirm the role of WT1 expression in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-wei Qi
- 1] Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China [2] Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Wu
- Department of Oncology, Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun-lan Liu
- Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bei-ge Zong
- Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuan Xu
- 1] Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China [2] Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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24
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Cardiac endothelial cells express Wilms' tumor-1: Wt1 expression in the developing, adult and infarcted heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 81:127-35. [PMID: 25681586 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction is the leading cause of death worldwide. Due to their limited regenerative capacity lost cardiomyocytes are replaced by a non-contractile fibrotic scar tissue. The epicardial layer of the heart provides cardiac progenitor cells during development. Because this layer regains embryonic characteristics in the adult heart after cardiac injury, it could serve as a promising source for resident cardiac progenitor cells. Wilms' tumor-1 (Wt1) is associated with the activation and reactivation of the epicardium and therefore potentially important for the differentiation and regenerative capacity of the epicardium. To gain more insight into the regulation of Wt1 we examined the spatiotemporal expression pattern of Wt1 during murine development and after cardiac injury. Interestingly, we found that Wt1 is expressed in the majority of the cardiac endothelial cells within the myocardial ventricular layer of the developing heart from E12.5 onwards. In the adult heart only a subset of coronary endothelial cells remains positive for Wt1. After myocardial infarction Wt1 is temporally upregulated in the endothelial cells of the infarcted area and the border zone of the heart. In vitro experiments show that endothelial Wt1 expression can be induced by hypoxia. We show that Wt1 is associated with endothelial cell proliferation: Wt1 expression is higher in proliferating endothelial cells, Wt1 knockdown inhibits the proliferation of endothelial cells, and Wt1 regulates CyclinD1 expression. Finally, endothelial cells lacking Wt1 are not capable to establish a proper vascular network in vitro. Together, these results suggest a possible role for Wt1 in cardiac vessel formation in development and disease.
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25
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The Wilms' tumour suppressor Wt1 is a major regulator of tumour angiogenesis and progression. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5852. [PMID: 25510679 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, activation of metastasis and avoidance of immune destruction are important for cancer progression. These biological capabilities are, apart from cancer cells, mediated by different cell types, including endothelial, haematopoietic progenitor and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. We show here that all these cell types frequently express the Wilms' tumour suppressor Wt1, which transcriptionally controls expression of Pecam-1 (CD31) and c-kit (CD117). Inducible conditional knockout of Wt1 in endothelial, haematopoietic and myeloid-derived suppressor cells is sufficient to cause regression of tumour vascularization and an enhanced immune response, leading to decreased metastasis, regression of established tumours and enhanced survival. Thus, Wt1 is an important regulator of cancer growth via modulation of tumour vascularization, immune response and metastasis formation.
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