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Brubaker AL, Bensard C, MacConmara M, Elbetanony A, Attia M, Sanchez R, Schnickel G. Extended duration of machine perfusion: Maximizing organ utilization. Liver Transpl 2023; 29:1242-1244. [PMID: 37432896 DOI: 10.1097/lvt.0000000000000212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleah L Brubaker
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery, UC San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Claire Bensard
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery, UC San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ramon Sanchez
- Department of Anesthesia, UC San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Gabriel Schnickel
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery, UC San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
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Nowinski SM, Solmonson AD, Rusin SF, Bensard C, Bott AJ, Morgan JT, Fogarty S, Lettlova S, Berg JA, Gygi SP, Winge DR, Deberardinis R, Rutter JP. Mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis: not just another way to make fatty acids. FASEB J 2020. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.09469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Vázquez-Arreguín K, Bensard C, Schell JC, Swanson E, Chen X, Rutter J, Tantin D. Oct1/Pou2f1 is selectively required for colon regeneration and regulates colon malignancy. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007687. [PMID: 31059499 PMCID: PMC6522070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Oct1/Pou2f1 promotes poised gene expression states, mitotic stability, glycolytic metabolism and other characteristics of stem cell potency. To determine the effect of Oct1 loss on stem cell maintenance and malignancy, we deleted Oct1 in two different mouse gut stem cell compartments. Oct1 deletion preserved homeostasis in vivo and the ability to establish organoids in vitro, but blocked the ability to recover from treatment with dextran sodium sulfate, and the ability to maintain organoids after passage. In a chemical model of colon cancer, loss of Oct1 in the colon severely restricted tumorigenicity. In contrast, loss of one or both Oct1 alleles progressively increased tumor burden in a colon cancer model driven by loss-of-heterozygosity of the tumor suppressor gene Apc. The different outcomes are consistent with prior findings that Oct1 promotes mitotic stability, and consistent with differentially expressed genes between the two models. Oct1 ChIPseq using HCT116 colon carcinoma cells identifies target genes associated with mitotic stability, metabolism, stress response and malignancy. This set of gene targets overlaps significantly with genes differentially expressed in the two tumor models. These results reveal that Oct1 is selectively required for recovery after colon damage, and that Oct1 has potent effects in colon malignancy, with outcome (pro-oncogenic or tumor suppressive) dictated by tumor etiology. Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Approximately 35% of diagnosed patients eventually succumb to disease. The high incidence and mortality due to colon cancer demand a better understanding of factors controlling the physiology and pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal tract. Previously, we and others showed that the widely expressed transcription factor Oct1 is expressed at higher protein levels in stem cells, including intestinal stem cells. Here we use deletion of a conditional mouse Oct1 (Pou2f1) allele in two different intestinal stem cell compartments to study gut homeostasis. We then proceed to investigate the effect of Oct1 loss in colon regeneration and malignancy. The results indicate that Oct1 loss is dispensable for maintenance of the mouse gut, but required for recovery after damage to the colon epithelium. We also find that Oct1 loss has opposing effects in two different mouse colon cancer models, and further that the two models are associated with different gene expression signatures. The differentially expressed genes are enriched for Oct1 targets, suggesting that differential gene control by Oct1 is one mechanism underlying the different outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Vázquez-Arreguín
- Department of Pathology and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Claire Bensard
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - John C. Schell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Eric Swanson
- Department of Pathology and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Xinjian Chen
- Department of Pathology and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Jared Rutter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Dean Tantin
- Department of Pathology and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wei P, Dove KK, Bensard C, Schell JC, Rutter J. The Force Is Strong with This One: Metabolism (Over)powers Stem Cell Fate. Trends Cell Biol 2018; 28:551-559. [PMID: 29555207 PMCID: PMC6005741 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Compared to their differentiated progeny, stem cells are often characterized by distinct metabolic landscapes that emphasize anaerobic glycolysis and a lower fraction of mitochondrial carbohydrate oxidation. Until recently, the metabolic program of stem cells had been thought to be a byproduct of the environment, rather than an intrinsic feature determined by the cell itself. However, new studies highlight the impact of metabolic behavior on the maintenance and function of intestinal stem cells and hair follicle stem cells. This Review summarizes and discusses the evidence that metabolism is not a mere consequence of, but rather influential on stem cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wei
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Katja K Dove
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Claire Bensard
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - John C Schell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jared Rutter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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Tanner JM, Bensard C, Wei P, Krah NM, Schell JC, Gardiner J, Schiffman J, Lessnick SL, Rutter J. EWS/FLI is a Master Regulator of Metabolic Reprogramming in Ewing Sarcoma. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 15:1517-1530. [PMID: 28720588 PMCID: PMC5668171 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is a bone malignancy driven by a translocation event resulting in the fusion protein EWS/FLI1 (EF). EF functions as an aberrant and oncogenic transcription factor that misregulates the expression of thousands of genes. Previous work has focused principally on determining important transcriptional targets of EF, as well as characterizing important regulatory partnerships in EF-dependent transcriptional programs. Less is known, however, about EF-dependent metabolic changes or their role in Ewing sarcoma biology. Therefore, the metabolic effects of silencing EF in Ewing sarcoma cells were determined. Metabolomic analyses revealed distinct separation of metabolic profiles in EF-knockdown versus control-knockdown cells. Mitochondrial stress tests demonstrated that knockdown of EF increased respiratory as well as glycolytic functions. Enzymes and metabolites in several metabolic pathways were altered, including de novo serine synthesis and elements of one-carbon metabolism. Furthermore, phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) was found to be highly expressed in Ewing sarcoma and correlated with worse patient survival. PHGDH knockdown or pharmacologic inhibition in vitro caused impaired proliferation and cell death. Interestingly, PHGDH modulation also led to elevated histone expression and methylation. These studies demonstrate that the translocation-derived fusion protein EF is a master regulator of metabolic reprogramming in Ewing sarcoma, diverting metabolites toward biosynthesis. As such, these data suggest that the metabolic aberrations induced by EF are important contributors to the oncogenic biology of these tumors.Implications: This previously unexplored role of EWS/FLI1-driven metabolic changes expands the understanding of Ewing sarcoma biology, and has potential to significantly inform development of therapeutic strategies. Mol Cancer Res; 15(11); 1517-30. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Tanner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Claire Bensard
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Peng Wei
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Nathan M Krah
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - John C Schell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jamie Gardiner
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Joshua Schiffman
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Stephen L Lessnick
- Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jared Rutter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Schell JC, Wisidagama DR, Bensard C, Zhao H, Wei P, Tanner J, Flores A, Mohlman J, Sorensen LK, Earl CS, Olson KA, Miao R, Waller TC, Delker D, Kanth P, Jiang L, DeBerardinis RJ, Bronner MP, Li DY, Cox JE, Christofk HR, Lowry WE, Thummel CS, Rutter J. Control of intestinal stem cell function and proliferation by mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism. Nat Cell Biol 2017; 19:1027-1036. [PMID: 28812582 PMCID: PMC6137334 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Most differentiated cells convert glucose to pyruvate in the cytosol through glycolysis, followed by pyruvate oxidation in the mitochondria. These processes are linked by the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC), which is required for efficient mitochondrial pyruvate uptake. In contrast, proliferative cells, including many cancer and stem cells, perform glycolysis robustly but limit fractional mitochondrial pyruvate oxidation. We sought to understand the role this transition from glycolysis to pyruvate oxidation plays in stem cell maintenance and differentiation. Loss of the MPC in Lgr5-EGFP-positive stem cells, or treatment of intestinal organoids with an MPC inhibitor, increases proliferation and expands the stem cell compartment. Similarly, genetic deletion of the MPC in Drosophila intestinal stem cells also increases proliferation, whereas MPC overexpression suppresses stem cell proliferation. These data demonstrate that limiting mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism is necessary and sufficient to maintain the proliferation of intestinal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C. Schell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Dona R. Wisidagama
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Claire Bensard
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Helong Zhao
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Peng Wei
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jason Tanner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Aimee Flores
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jeffrey Mohlman
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Lise K. Sorensen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Christian S. Earl
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Kristofor A. Olson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Ren Miao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - T. Cameron Waller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Don Delker
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Priyanka Kanth
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Lei Jiang
- Children’s Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Ralph J. DeBerardinis
- Children’s Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Mary P. Bronner
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Dean Y. Li
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - James E. Cox
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Heather R. Christofk
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - William E. Lowry
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Carl S. Thummel
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jared Rutter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Farnsworth N, Bensard C, Bryant SJ. The role of the PCM in reducing oxidative stress induced by radical initiated photoencapsulation of chondrocytes in poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012; 20:1326-35. [PMID: 22796510 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2012.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objectives for this study were to determine whether radical initiated photopolymerizations typically employed for cell encapsulations lead to oxidative stress incurred by chondrocytes and whether the development of a pericellular matrix (PCM) decreases this oxidative stress and has longer-term benefits on chondrocyte function. METHODS Freshly isolated bovine chondrocytes were encapsulated in poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels devoid of a PCM or with a PCM, confirmed by immunocytochemistry (IC), and cultured for up to 2 weeks. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and damage to cell membrane by lipid peroxidation were accomplished using carboxy-2,7-difluorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (carboxy-H(2)DFFDA) and by malondialdehyde (MDA) content, respectively. Gene expression and proteoglycan synthesis were analyzed using reverse transcription (RT)-quantitative PCR (qPCR) and (35)SO(4) incorporation, respectively. RESULTS The photopolymerization reaction, which alone generates radicals and extracellular ROS, led to oxidative stress in chondrocytes evidenced by increased intracellular ROS and lipid peroxidation. The presence of a PCM decreased intracellular ROS and abrogated membrane lipid peroxidation, improved aggrecan, collagen II and collagen VI expression, and enhanced proteoglycan synthesis. CONCLUSIONS The development of the PCM prior to photoencapsulation in PEG hydrogels reduces oxidative stress and improves chondrocyte anabolic activity. Our data suggest this reduction occurs by decreased ROS diffusion into the cell and decreased membrane damage. Our findings suggest that minimizing oxidative stress, such as through the presence of a PCM, may have long-term beneficial effects on tissue elaboration when employing photopolymerizations to encapsulate chondrocytes for cartilage tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Farnsworth
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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