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Eeda V, Patil NY, Joshi AD, Awasthi V. Advancements in metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease research: Diagnostics, small molecule developments, and future directions. Hepatol Res 2024; 54:222-234. [PMID: 38149861 PMCID: PMC10923026 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.14008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic (dysfunction)-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), formerly known as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, is a growing global health concern with no approved pharmacological treatments. At the same time, there are no standard methods to definitively screen for the presence of MASLD because of its progressive nature and symptomatic commonality with other disorders. Recent advances in molecular understanding of MASLD pathophysiology have intensified research on development of new drug molecules, repurposing of existing drugs approved for other indications, and an educated use of dietary supplements for its treatment and prophylaxis. This review focused on depicting the latest advancements in MASLD research related to small molecule development for prophylaxis or treatment and diagnosis, with emphasis on mechanistic basis at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkateswararao Eeda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Nikhil Yuvaraj Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Aditya Dilip Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Vibhudutta Awasthi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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2
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Karimi-Sales E, Mohaddes G, Alipour MR. Hepatoprotection of capsaicin in alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases. Arch Physiol Biochem 2024; 130:38-48. [PMID: 34396890 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2021.1962913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are common causes of chronic liver disease that share the range of steatosis, steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and finally, hepatocellular carcinoma. They are identified by the dysregulation of disease-specific signalling pathways and unique microRNAs. Capsaicin is an active ingredient of chilli pepper that acts as an agonist of transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily 1. It seems that the protective role of capsaicin against NAFLD and ALD is linked to its anti-steatotic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic effects. Capsaicin-induced inhibiting metabolic syndrome and gut dysbiosis and increasing bile acids production are also involved in its anti-NAFLD role. This review summarises the different molecular mechanisms underlying the protective role of capsaicin against NAFLD and ALD. More experimental studies are needed to clarify the effects of capsaicin on the expression of genes involved in hepatic lipid metabolism and hepatocytes apoptosis in NAFLD and ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Karimi-Sales
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Gisou Mohaddes
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Alipour
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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3
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Su M, She Y, Deng M, Guo Y, Li Y, Liu G, Zhang H, Sun B, Liu D. The Effect of Capsaicin on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, Immunity and Gut Micro-Organisms of Calves. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2309. [PMID: 37508086 PMCID: PMC10376287 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Capsaicin is the active ingredient of the red pepper plant of the genus Capsicum. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different doses of capsaicin on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immunity, fecal fermentation parameters and gut microbial composition in nursing calves. Twenty-four newborn Holstein calves were randomly assigned to three treatment groups, which each consisted of eight calves. The milk replacer was supplemented with 0, 0.15 or 0.3 mL/d of capsaicin in each of the three treatment groups. During the 4-week experiment, intake was recorded daily, body weight and body size parameters were measured at the beginning and end of the trial and serum samples and rectal fecal samples were collected at the end of the trial to determine serum parameters, fecal fermentation parameters and fecal microbiome compartments. The results showed that both doses of capsaicin had no negative effect on the growth performance or the fecal fermentation parameters of calves, and the higher dose (0.3 mL/d) of capsaicin significantly improved the antioxidant capacity and immunity of calves. The calves in the high-dose capsaicin-treated group had lower fecal scores than those recorded in the control group. High doses of capsaicin increased glutathione antioxidant enzyme, superoxide dismutase, immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M and interleukin-10 levels and decreased malondialdehyde and bound bead protein levels. In addition, capsaicin regulated the gut microbiota, reducing the abundance of diarrhea-associated bacteria, such as Eggerthella, Streptococcus, Enterococcus and Enterobacteriaceae, in the gut of calves in the treated group. Therefore, high doses of capsaicin can improve the antioxidant and immune capacity of calves without affecting growth performance, as well as improve the gut microbiological environment, which enables the healthy growth of calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minqiang Su
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yuanhang She
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ming Deng
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yongqing Guo
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yaokun Li
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Guangbin Liu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Healthy Sheep Breeding and Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Baoli Sun
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Dewu Liu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Healthy Sheep Breeding and Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
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Forlano R, Sivakumar M, Mullish BH, Manousou P. Gut Microbiota—A Future Therapeutic Target for People with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158307. [PMID: 35955434 PMCID: PMC9368436 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents an increasing cause of liver disease, affecting one-third of the population worldwide. Despite many medications being in the pipeline to treat the condition, there is still no pharmaceutical agent licensed to treat the disease. As intestinal bacteria play a crucial role in the pathogenesis and progression of liver damage in patients with NAFLD, it has been suggested that manipulating the microbiome may represent a therapeutical option. In this review, we summarise the latest evidence supporting the manipulation of the intestinal microbiome as a potential therapy for treating liver disease in patients with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Forlano
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London W2 1NY, UK; (R.F.); (B.H.M.)
| | - Mathuri Sivakumar
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Benjamin H. Mullish
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London W2 1NY, UK; (R.F.); (B.H.M.)
| | - Pinelopi Manousou
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London W2 1NY, UK; (R.F.); (B.H.M.)
- Correspondence:
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5
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Araújo MC, Soczek SHS, Pontes JP, Marques LAC, Santos GS, Simão G, Bueno LR, Maria-Ferreira D, Muscará MN, Fernandes ES. An Overview of the TRP-Oxidative Stress Axis in Metabolic Syndrome: Insights for Novel Therapeutic Approaches. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081292. [PMID: 35455971 PMCID: PMC9030853 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a complex pathology characterized by visceral adiposity, insulin resistance, arterial hypertension, and dyslipidaemia. It has become a global epidemic associated with increased consumption of high-calorie, low-fibre food and sedentary habits. Some of its underlying mechanisms have been identified, with hypoadiponectinemia, inflammation and oxidative stress as important factors for MS establishment and progression. Alterations in adipokine levels may favour glucotoxicity and lipotoxicity which, in turn, contribute to inflammation and cellular stress responses within the adipose, pancreatic and liver tissues, in addition to hepatic steatosis. The multiple mechanisms of MS make its clinical management difficult, involving both non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are non-selective calcium channels involved in a plethora of physiological events, including energy balance, inflammation and oxidative stress. Evidence from animal models of disease has contributed to identify their specific contributions to MS and may help to tailor clinical trials for the disease. In this context, the oxidative stress sensors TRPV1, TRPA1 and TRPC5, play major roles in regulating inflammatory responses, thermogenesis and energy expenditure. Here, the interplay between these TRP channels and oxidative stress in MS is discussed in the light of novel therapies to treat this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizael C. Araújo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação, Universidade CEUMA, São Luís 65075-120, MA, Brazil; (M.C.A.); (G.S.S.)
| | - Suzany H. S. Soczek
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil; (S.H.S.S.); (G.S.); (L.R.B.); (D.M.-F.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia Aplicada à Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba 80230-020, PR, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline P. Pontes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís 565085-080, MA, Brazil;
| | - Leonardo A. C. Marques
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (L.A.C.M.); (M.N.M.)
| | - Gabriela S. Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação, Universidade CEUMA, São Luís 65075-120, MA, Brazil; (M.C.A.); (G.S.S.)
| | - Gisele Simão
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil; (S.H.S.S.); (G.S.); (L.R.B.); (D.M.-F.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia Aplicada à Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba 80230-020, PR, Brazil
| | - Laryssa R. Bueno
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil; (S.H.S.S.); (G.S.); (L.R.B.); (D.M.-F.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia Aplicada à Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba 80230-020, PR, Brazil
| | - Daniele Maria-Ferreira
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil; (S.H.S.S.); (G.S.); (L.R.B.); (D.M.-F.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia Aplicada à Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba 80230-020, PR, Brazil
| | - Marcelo N. Muscará
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (L.A.C.M.); (M.N.M.)
| | - Elizabeth S. Fernandes
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil; (S.H.S.S.); (G.S.); (L.R.B.); (D.M.-F.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia Aplicada à Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba 80230-020, PR, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Fang L, Chen X, Shan X, Qiu L, Fan L, Meng S, Song C. Antibiotic accumulation, growth performance, intestinal diversification, and function of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) feed by diets supplemented with different doses of sulfamethoxazole. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:65255-65264. [PMID: 34231147 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15253-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To comprehensively investigate the effects of exposure to legal doses of sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), fishes were exposed to diets supplemented with different doses of SMZ (NS, normal feed; LS, 20 mg/kg·day; MS, 200 mg/kg·day; and HS, 1000 mg/kg·day) for 4 weeks and then fed with normal feed for 4 weeks. General SMZ accumulation, growth performance, intestinal short-chain fatty acids, intestinal flora diversity, composition, and function were systemically evaluated. Results indicated that the SMZ accumulation in O. niloticus muscles, intestinal contents, and aquaculture environment positively correlated to the exposure dose. The growth performance, measured by weight increase, was MS>LS>NS, while HS antibiotics retarded the growth. SMZ-exposed O. niloticus had an increased number of fat particles in the liver and a change in the content of intestinal SCFAs. Moreover, SMZ exposure changed the biological diversity of the intestinal flora and subsequently induced microbiota dysbiosis, primarily inhibiting the growth of Fusobacteria, especially in HS group. Overall, exposure to higher SMZ doses than the recommended ones impair general intestinal functions and provokes health risk in fish. This study highlights the importance of rational and regulated use of SMZ in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longxiang Fang
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 214081, Wuxi, PR China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Environmental Factors (Wuxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 214081, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 100141, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Chen
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 214081, Wuxi, PR China
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, 214081, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangbao Shan
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, 214081, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Qiu
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 214081, Wuxi, PR China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Environmental Factors (Wuxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 214081, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 100141, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Limin Fan
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 214081, Wuxi, PR China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Environmental Factors (Wuxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 214081, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 100141, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, 214081, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunlong Meng
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 214081, Wuxi, PR China.
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Environmental Factors (Wuxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 214081, Wuxi, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 100141, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, 214081, Wuxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chao Song
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 214081, Wuxi, PR China.
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Environmental Factors (Wuxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 214081, Wuxi, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 100141, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, 214081, Wuxi, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Vancells Lujan P, Viñas Esmel E, Sacanella Meseguer E. Overview of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and the Role of Sugary Food Consumption and Other Dietary Components in Its Development. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051442. [PMID: 33923255 PMCID: PMC8145877 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
NAFLD is the world's most common chronic liver disease, and its increasing prevalence parallels the global rise in diabetes and obesity. It is characterised by fat accumulation in the liver evolving to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), an inflammatory subtype that can lead to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Currently, there is no effective pharmacotherapeutic treatment for NAFLD. Treatment is therefore based on lifestyle modifications including changes to diet and exercise, although it is unclear what the most effective form of intervention is. The aim of this review, then, is to discuss the role of specific nutrients and the effects of different dietary interventions on NAFLD. It is well established that an unhealthy diet rich in calories, sugars, and saturated fats and low in polyunsaturated fatty acids, fibre, and micronutrients plays a critical role in the development and progression of this disease. However, few clinical trials have evaluated the effects of nutrition interventions on NAFLD. We, therefore, summarise what is currently known about the effects of macronutrients, foods, and dietary patterns on NAFLD prevention and treatment. Most current guidelines recommend low-calorie, plant-based diets, such as the Mediterranean diet, as the most effective dietary pattern to treat NAFLD. More clinical trials are required, however, to identify the best evidence-based dietary treatment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Vancells Lujan
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Rosselló 149, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (P.V.L.); (E.V.E.)
| | - Esther Viñas Esmel
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Rosselló 149, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (P.V.L.); (E.V.E.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emilio Sacanella Meseguer
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Rosselló 149, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (P.V.L.); (E.V.E.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-932-275539
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Zuo C, Zhang H, Liang S, Teng W, Bao C, Li D, Hu Y, Wang Q, Li Z, Li Y. The alleviation of lipid deposition in steatosis hepatocytes by capsaicin-loaded α-lactalbumin nanomicelles via promoted endocytosis and synergetic multiple signaling pathways. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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9
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Huang W, Kong D. The intestinal microbiota as a therapeutic target in the treatment of NAFLD and ALD. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 135:111235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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10
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Shin MK, Yang SM, Han IS. Capsaicin suppresses liver fat accumulation in high-fat diet-induced NAFLD mice. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2020; 24:214-219. [PMID: 33029298 PMCID: PMC7473188 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2020.1810771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary capsaicin exhibits anti-steatosis activity in obese mice. High-fat diet (HFD)-induced mice is a highly studied approach to develop non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In this study, we determined whether the topical application of capsaicin can improve lesions of NAFLD. The HFD-induced mice were treated with daily topical application of capsaicin for 8 weeks. Topical application of capsaicin reduced liver fat in HFD-fed mice. Capsaicin stimulated carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT)-1 and CD36 expression, which are associated with β-oxidation and fatty acids influx of liver while it decreased the expression of key enzymes involved in the synthesis of fatty acids, such as acetyl Co-A carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid synthase (FAS). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed the elevated level of adiponectin in liver tissue of the capsaicin-treated mice. These results suggest that the topical application of capsaicin suppresses liver fat accumulation through the upregulation of β-oxidation and de novo lipogenesis in HFD-induced NAFLD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Kyung Shin
- Department of Pathology, Hanyang University, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo-Man Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
| | - In-Seob Han
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
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11
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Li R, Lan Y, Chen C, Cao Y, Huang Q, Ho CT, Lu M. Anti-obesity effects of capsaicin and the underlying mechanisms: a review. Food Funct 2020; 11:7356-7370. [DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01467b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of anti-obesity effects of capsaicin in cell models, rodent models and human subjects were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods
- College of Food Science
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou 510642
- China
| | - Yaqi Lan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods
- College of Food Science
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou 510642
- China
| | - Chengyu Chen
- College of Natural Resources and Environment
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou 510642
- China
| | - Yong Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods
- College of Food Science
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou 510642
- China
| | - Qingrong Huang
- Department of Food Science
- Rutgers University
- New Brunswick
- USA
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science
- Rutgers University
- New Brunswick
- USA
| | - Muwen Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods
- College of Food Science
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou 510642
- China
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12
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Raj D, Tomar B, Lahiri A, Mulay SR. The gut-liver-kidney axis: Novel regulator of fatty liver associated chronic kidney disease. Pharmacol Res 2019; 152:104617. [PMID: 31881272 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Increased interest in understanding the liver-kidney axis in health and disease during the last decade unveiled multiple recent evidence that suggested a strong association of fatty liver diseases with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Low-grade systemic inflammation is thought to be the major contributing factor to the pathogenesis of CKD associated with fatty liver. However, other contributing factors largely remained unclear, for example, gut microbiota and intestinal barrier integrity. Homeostasis of the gut microbiome is very crucial for the health of an individual. Imbalance in the gut microbiota leads to various diseases like fatty liver disease and CKD. On the contrary, disease conditions can also distinctly change gut microbiota. In this review, we propose the pathogenic role of the gut-liver-kidney axis in the development and progression of CKD associated with chronic fatty liver diseases, either non-alcoholic fatty liver disease or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in experimental models and humans. Further, we discuss the therapeutic potential and highlight the future research directions for therapeutic targeting of the gut-liver-kidney axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desh Raj
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110001, India
| | - Bhawna Tomar
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Amit Lahiri
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110001, India
| | - Shrikant R Mulay
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110001, India.
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Duseja A, Acharya SK, Mehta M, Chhabra S, Rana S, Das A, Dattagupta S, Dhiman RK, Chawla YK. High potency multistrain probiotic improves liver histology in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): a randomised, double-blind, proof of concept study. BMJ Open Gastroenterol 2019; 6:e000315. [PMID: 31423319 PMCID: PMC6688701 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgast-2019-000315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Pharmacological treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is still evolving. Probiotics could be a promising treatment option, but their effectiveness needs to be established. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a high potency multistrain probiotic in adult patients with NAFLD. Methods Thirty-nine liver biopsy-proven patients with NAFLD were randomised in a double-blind fashion to either lifestyle modifications plus an oral multistrain probiotic (675 billion bacteria daily, n=19) or identical placebo (n=20) for 1 year. Lifestyle modifications included regular exercise for all and control of overweight/obesity (with additional dietary restrictions), hypertension and hyperlipidaemia in those with these risk factors. Primary objective of the study was the histological improvement in NAFLD activity score (NAS) and its components and secondary objectives were improvement in alanine transaminase (ALT) and cytokine profile. Results Thirty (76.9%) out of 39 patients with NAFLD completed the study with 1 year of follow-up. A repeat liver biopsy at 1 year could be done in 10 patients (52.6%) in probiotic group and five patients (25%) in placebo group. In comparison to baseline, hepatocyte ballooning (p=0.036), lobular inflammation (p=0.003) and NAS score (p=0.007) improved significantly at 1 year in the probiotic group. When compared with placebo, the NAS score improved significantly in the probiotic group (p=0.004), along with improvements in hepatocyte ballooning (p=0.05) and hepatic fibrosis (p=0.018). A significant improvement in levels of ALT (p=0.046), leptin (p=0.006), tumour necrosis factor-α (p=0.016) and endotoxins (p=0.017) was observed in probiotic group in comparison to placebo at 1 year. No significant adverse events were reported in the study. Conclusion Patients with NAFLD managed with lifestyle modifications and multistrain probiotic showed significant improvement in liver histology, ALT and cytokines. Trial registration number The clinical trial is registered with CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRYINDIA (CTRI); http://ctri.nic.in, No. CTRI/2008/091/000074
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Duseja
- Department of Hepatology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Subrat K Acharya
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Manu Mehta
- Department of Hepatology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shruti Chhabra
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Satyavati Rana
- Department of Gastroenterology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ashim Das
- Department of Histopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Radha K Dhiman
- Department of Hepatology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Yogesh K Chawla
- Department of Hepatology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Poeker SA, Lacroix C, de Wouters T, Spalinger MR, Scharl M, Geirnaert A. Stepwise Development of an in vitro Continuous Fermentation Model for the Murine Caecal Microbiota. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1166. [PMID: 31191488 PMCID: PMC6548829 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine models are valuable tools to study the role of gut microbiota in health or disease. However, murine and human microbiota differ in species composition, so further investigation of the murine gut microbiota is important to gain a better mechanistic understanding. Continuous in vitro fermentation models are powerful tools to investigate microbe-microbe interactions while circumventing animal testing and host confounding factors, but are lacking for murine gut microbiota. We therefore developed a novel continuous fermentation model based on the PolyFermS platform adapted to the murine caecum and inoculated with immobilized caecal microbiota. We followed a stepwise model development approach by adjusting parameters [pH, retention time (RT), growth medium] to reach fermentation metabolite profiles and marker bacterial levels similar to the inoculum. The final model had a stable and inoculum-alike fermentation profile during continuous operation. A lower pH during startup and continuous operation stimulated bacterial fermentation (115 mM short-chain fatty acids at pH 7 to 159 mM at pH 6.5). Adjustments to nutritive medium, a decreased pH and increased RT helped control the in vitro Enterobacteriaceae levels, which often bloom in fermentation models, to 6.6 log gene copies/mL in final model. In parallel, the Lactobacillus, Lachnospiraceae, and Ruminococcaceae levels were better maintained in vitro with concentrations of 8.5 log gene copies/mL, 8.8 log gene copies/mL and 7.5 log gene copies/mL, respectively, in the final model. An independent repetition with final model parameters showed reproducible results in maintaining the inoculum fermentation metabolite profile and its marker bacterial levels. Microbiota community analysis of the final model showed a decreased bacterial diversity and compositional differences compared to caecal inoculum microbiota. Most of the caecal bacterial families were represented in vitro, but taxa of the Muribaculaceae family were not maintained. Functional metagenomics prediction showed conserved metabolic and functional KEGG pathways between in vitro and caecal inoculum microbiota. To conclude, we showed that a rational and stepwise approach allowed us to model in vitro the murine caecal microbiota and functions. Our model is a first step to develop murine microbiota model systems and offers the potential to study microbiota functionality and structure ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A Poeker
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Lacroix
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tomas de Wouters
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marianne R Spalinger
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Scharl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annelies Geirnaert
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Zhang H, Bai Y, Gao M, Zhang J, Dong G, Yan F, Ma Q, Fu X, Zhang Q, Li C, Shi H, Ning Z, Dai J, Li Z, Ming J, Xue Q, Si C, Xiong H. Hepatoprotective effect of capsaicin against concanavalin A-induced hepatic injury via inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:3029-3038. [PMID: 31217872 PMCID: PMC6556673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Immune-mediated liver injury plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of liver diseases, which can result from viral infections, autoimmunity, alcohol intake, and drug use. Concanavalin A (Con A)-induced hepatitis is a well-characterized murine model with similar pathophysiology to that of human viral and autoimmune hepatitis. Capsaicin, a selective agonist of the transient potential vanilloid subfamily member 1 (TRPV1) receptor, exhibits anti-inflammatory effects on various causes of inflammation. In the present study, we investigated the effect of capsaicin on Con A-induced hepatitis. Capsaicin (1 mg/kg body weight) was administered by intraperitoneal injection, after which (30 minutes), the mice were challenged intravenously with Con A (20 μg/g body weight). We collected serum for plasma transaminase analysis. Pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and hepatocyte apoptosis were assayed by ELISA and TUNEL, respectively. Liver samples were collected for real-time PCR, hematoxylin and eosin staining, and measuring oxidative stress and myeloperoxidase levels. Activation of splenocytes and hepatic mononuclear cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. Compared with control, the capsaicin-treated group showed significantly decreased aminotransferase levels and markedly prolonged mouse survival. Capsaicin pretreatment also attenuated hepatocyte apoptosis and oxidative stress. Furthermore, tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ levels in serum and liver were significantly suppressed, while the percentage of myeloid-derived suppressor cells increased after capsaicin pretreatment. Our findings indicate that capsaicin pretreatment protects mice from Con A-induced hepatic damage and is partially involved in inhibiting hepatocyte apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammatory mediators as well as regulating activation and recruitment of intrahepatic leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical UniversityJining 272067, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of Urology, Jining First People’s HospitalJining 272011, Shandong Province, China
| | - Min Gao
- Clinical Laboratory, Jining First People’s HospitalJining 272011, Shandong Province, China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical UniversityJining 272067, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guanjun Dong
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical UniversityJining 272067, Shandong Province, China
| | - Fenglian Yan
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical UniversityJining 272067, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qun Ma
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical UniversityJining 272067, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xingqin Fu
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical UniversityJining 272067, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qingqing Zhang
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical UniversityJining 272067, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chunxia Li
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical UniversityJining 272067, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hui Shi
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical UniversityJining 272067, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhaochen Ning
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical UniversityJining 272067, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jun Dai
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical UniversityJining 272067, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhihua Li
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical UniversityJining 272067, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jiankuo Ming
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical UniversityJining 272067, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qingjie Xue
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical UniversityJining 272067, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chuanping Si
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical UniversityJining 272067, Shandong Province, China
| | - Huabao Xiong
- Department of Medicine, Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, NY 10029, USA
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Adaszek Ł, Gadomska D, Mazurek Ł, Łyp P, Madany J, Winiarczyk S. Properties of capsaicin and its utility in veterinary and human medicine. Res Vet Sci 2018; 123:14-19. [PMID: 30579138 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The main aim of this paper was to show the variety of capsaicin's properties. Capsaicin is an active component of plants of the Capsicum genus, and is known for its pungency. Capsaicin is used in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Additional properties of capsaicin have been demonstrated, including pain relief, weight loss, body thermoregulation, and antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer activities. Studies of capsaicin's effects on the human and animal organism need to be continued, with special emphasis on new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Adaszek
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences Lublin, 30 Głęboka St., 20-612 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Dagmara Gadomska
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences Lublin, 30 Głęboka St., 20-612 Lublin, Poland
| | - Łukasz Mazurek
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences Lublin, 30 Głęboka St., 20-612 Lublin, Poland
| | - Paweł Łyp
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences Lublin, 30 Głęboka St., 20-612 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jacek Madany
- Department and Clinic of Animal Internal Diseases, University of Life Sciences, 20-612 Lublin, Głęboka 30, Poland
| | - Stanisław Winiarczyk
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences Lublin, 30 Głęboka St., 20-612 Lublin, Poland
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Panchal SK, Bliss E, Brown L. Capsaicin in Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients 2018; 10:E630. [PMID: 29772784 PMCID: PMC5986509 DOI: 10.3390/nu10050630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Capsaicin, the major active constituent of chilli, is an agonist on transient receptor potential vanilloid channel 1 (TRPV1). TRPV1 is present on many metabolically active tissues, making it a potentially relevant target for metabolic interventions. Insulin resistance and obesity, being the major components of metabolic syndrome, increase the risk for the development of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In vitro and pre-clinical studies have established the effectiveness of low-dose dietary capsaicin in attenuating metabolic disorders. These responses of capsaicin are mediated through activation of TRPV1, which can then modulate processes such as browning of adipocytes, and activation of metabolic modulators including AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). Modulation of these pathways by capsaicin can increase fat oxidation, improve insulin sensitivity, decrease body fat, and improve heart and liver function. Identifying suitable ways of administering capsaicin at an effective dose would warrant its clinical use through the activation of TRPV1. This review highlights the mechanistic options to improve metabolic syndrome with capsaicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Panchal
- Functional Foods Research Group, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba QLD 4350, Australia.
| | - Edward Bliss
- Functional Foods Research Group, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba QLD 4350, Australia.
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba QLD 4350, Australia.
| | - Lindsay Brown
- Functional Foods Research Group, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba QLD 4350, Australia.
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba QLD 4350, Australia.
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Gut-Liver Axis Derangement in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. CHILDREN-BASEL 2017; 4:children4080066. [PMID: 28767077 PMCID: PMC5575588 DOI: 10.3390/children4080066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most frequent type of chronic liver disease in the pediatric age group, paralleling an obesity pandemic. A “multiple-hit” hypothesis has been invoked to explain its pathogenesis. The “first hit” is liver lipid accumulation in obese children with insulin resistance. In the absence of significant lifestyle modifications leading to weight loss and increased physical activity, other factors may act as “second hits” implicated in liver damage progression leading to more severe forms of inflammation and hepatic fibrosis. In this regard, the gut–liver axis (GLA) seems to play a central role. Principal players are the gut microbiota, its bacterial products, and the intestinal barrier. A derangement of GLA (namely, dysbiosis and altered intestinal permeability) may promote bacteria/bacterial product translocation into portal circulation, activation of inflammation via toll-like receptors signaling in hepatocytes, and progression from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis (NASH). Among other factors a relevant role has been attributed to the farnesoid X receptor, a nuclear transcriptional factor activated from bile acids chemically modified by gut microbiota (GM) enzymes. The individuation and elucidation of GLA derangement in NAFLD pathomechanisms is of interest at all ages and especially in pediatrics to identify new therapeutic approaches in patients recalcitrant to lifestyle changes. Specific targeting of gut microbiota via pre-/probiotic supplementation, feces transplantation, and farnesoid X receptor modulation appear promising.
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