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Murthy D, Attri KS, Suresh V, Rajacharya GH, Valenzuela CA, Thakur R, Zhao J, Shukla SK, Chaika NV, LaBreck D, Rao CV, Hollingsworth MA, Mehla K, Singh PK. The MUC1-HIF-1α signaling axis regulates pancreatic cancer pathogenesis through polyamine metabolism remodeling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2315509121. [PMID: 38547055 PMCID: PMC10998584 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2315509121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of polyamine metabolism has been implicated in cancer initiation and progression; however, the mechanism of polyamine dysregulation in cancer is not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the role of MUC1, a mucin protein overexpressed in pancreatic cancer, in regulating polyamine metabolism. Utilizing pancreatic cancer patient data, we noted a positive correlation between MUC1 expression and the expression of key polyamine metabolism pathway genes. Functional studies revealed that knockdown of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase 1 (SAT1), a key enzyme involved in polyamine catabolism, attenuated the oncogenic functions of MUC1, including cell survival and proliferation. We further identified a regulatory axis whereby MUC1 stabilized hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α), leading to increased SAT1 expression, which in turn induced carbon flux into the tricarboxylic acid cycle. MUC1-mediated stabilization of HIF-1α enhanced the promoter occupancy of the latter on SAT1 promoter and corresponding transcriptional activation of SAT1, which could be abrogated by pharmacological inhibition of HIF-1α or CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of HIF1A. MUC1 knockdown caused a significant reduction in the levels of SAT1-generated metabolites, N1-acetylspermidine and N8-acetylspermidine. Given the known role of MUC1 in therapy resistance, we also investigated whether inhibiting SAT1 would enhance the efficacy of FOLFIRINOX chemotherapy. By utilizing organoid and orthotopic pancreatic cancer mouse models, we observed that targeting SAT1 with pentamidine improved the efficacy of FOLFIRINOX, suggesting that the combination may represent a promising therapeutic strategy against pancreatic cancer. This study provides insights into the interplay between MUC1 and polyamine metabolism, offering potential avenues for the development of treatments against pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Murthy
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE68198-5950
| | - Kuldeep S. Attri
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE68198-5950
| | - Voddu Suresh
- Department of Oncology Science, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK73104
| | - Girish H. Rajacharya
- Department of Oncology Science, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK73104
| | - Carlos A. Valenzuela
- Department of Oncology Science, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK73104
| | - Ravi Thakur
- Department of Oncology Science, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK73104
| | - Junzhang Zhao
- Department of Oncology Science, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK73104
| | - Surendra K. Shukla
- Department of Oncology Science, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK73104
| | - Nina V. Chaika
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE68198-5950
| | - Drew LaBreck
- Department of Oncology Science, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK73104
| | - Chinthalapally V. Rao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK73104
| | - Michael A. Hollingsworth
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE68198-5950
| | - Kamiya Mehla
- Department of Oncology Science, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK73104
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK73104
- OU Health Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK73104
| | - Pankaj K. Singh
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE68198-5950
- Department of Oncology Science, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK73104
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK73104
- OU Health Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK73104
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Chakraborty P, Kurkalang S, Ghatak S, Das S, Palodhi A, Sarkar S, Dhar R, Chenkual S, Pachuau L, Zohmingthanga J, Pautu JL, Zomuana T, Lalruatfela ST, Zothanzama J, Kumar NS, Maitra A. Deep sequencing reveals recurrent somatic mutations and distinct molecular subgroups in gastric cancer in Mizo population, North East India. Genomics 2023; 115:110741. [PMID: 37967684 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2023.110741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
In India, Mizoram has the highest incidence of gastric cancer (GC) which might be associated with environmental factors such as diet, Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infections, and somatic genomic alterations. We performed PCR cum sequencing and fragment analysis for detection of H. pylori/EBV infection and microsatellite Instability (MSI) in GC patients (N = 68). Somatic mutations were identified by targeted and exome sequencing. We found 87% of GC patients infected with H. pylori and or EBV. Pathogenic infections were mostly mutually exclusive with only 16% of coinfection. TP53, MUC6, and ARID1A were significantly mutated. Two molecular subgroups with distinctive mutational profiles were identified: (1) patients harboring mutations in TP53 and (2) patients harboring mutations in RTK/RAS/PI3-K signaling pathway and chromatin-remodeling genes. Therefore, EBV and H. pylori infections and somatic mutations in the genes involved in RTK/RAS/PI3K signaling pathway, chromatin-remodeling, and TP53 might drive GC development and progression in Mizo patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payel Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram, PIN: 796009, India.
| | - Sillarine Kurkalang
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, West Bengal, PIN: 741251, India.
| | - Souvik Ghatak
- Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram, PIN: 796009, India.
| | - Subrata Das
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, West Bengal, PIN: 741251, India.
| | - Arindam Palodhi
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, West Bengal, PIN: 741251, India.
| | - Sumanta Sarkar
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, West Bengal, PIN: 741251, India.
| | - Ranjan Dhar
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, West Bengal, PIN: 741251, India.
| | - Saia Chenkual
- Zoram Medical College, Falkawn, Mizoram, PIN: 796005, India.
| | - Lalawmpuii Pachuau
- Department of Pathology, Civil Hospital, Aizawl, Mizoram, PIN: -796001, India.
| | | | - Jeremy L Pautu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mizoram State Cancer Institute, Zemabawk, Aizawl, Mizoram, PIN: 796017, India.
| | - Thomas Zomuana
- Department of Surgery, Civil Hospital, Aizawl, Mizoram, PIN: -796001, India.
| | | | - John Zothanzama
- Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram, PIN: 796009, India.
| | | | - Arindam Maitra
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, West Bengal, PIN: 741251, India.
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Anzar I, Malone B, Samarakoon P, Vardaxis I, Simovski B, Fontenelle H, Meza-Zepeda LA, Stratford R, Keung EZ, Burgess M, Tawbi HA, Myklebost O, Clancy T. The interplay between neoantigens and immune cells in sarcomas treated with checkpoint inhibition. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1226445. [PMID: 37799721 PMCID: PMC10548483 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1226445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sarcomas are comprised of diverse bone and connective tissue tumors with few effective therapeutic options for locally advanced unresectable and/or metastatic disease. Recent advances in immunotherapy, in particular immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI), have shown promising outcomes in several cancer indications. Unfortunately, ICI therapy has provided only modest clinical responses and seems moderately effective in a subset of the diverse subtypes. Methods To explore the immune parameters governing ICI therapy resistance or immune escape, we performed whole exome sequencing (WES) on tumors and their matched normal blood, in addition to RNA-seq from tumors of 31 sarcoma patients treated with pembrolizumab. We used advanced computational methods to investigate key immune properties, such as neoantigens and immune cell composition in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Results A multifactorial analysis suggested that expression of high quality neoantigens in the context of specific immune cells in the TME are key prognostic markers of progression-free survival (PFS). The presence of several types of immune cells, including T cells, B cells and macrophages, in the TME were associated with improved PFS. Importantly, we also found the presence of both CD8+ T cells and neoantigens together was associated with improved survival compared to the presence of CD8+ T cells or neoantigens alone. Interestingly, this trend was not identified with the combined presence of CD8+ T cells and TMB; suggesting that a combined CD8+ T cell and neoantigen effect on PFS was important. Discussion The outcome of this study may inform future trials that may lead to improved outcomes for sarcoma patients treated with ICI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irantzu Anzar
- Oslo Cancer Cluster, NEC OncoImmunity AS, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Leonardo A. Meza-Zepeda
- Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Genomics Core Facility, Department of Core Facilities, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Emily Z. Keung
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Melissa Burgess
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Hussein A. Tawbi
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ola Myklebost
- Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Trevor Clancy
- Oslo Cancer Cluster, NEC OncoImmunity AS, Oslo, Norway
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Döring C, Peer K, Bankov K, Bollmann C, Ramaswamy A, Di Fazio P, Wild PJ, Bartsch DK. Whole-exome sequencing of calcitonin-producing pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms indicates a unique molecular signature. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1160921. [PMID: 37771441 PMCID: PMC10522832 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1160921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Calcitonin-producing pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (CT-pNENs) are an extremely rare clinical entity, with approximately 60 cases reported worldwide. While CT-pNENs can mimic the clinical and diagnostic features of medullary thyroid carcinoma, their molecular profile is poorly understood. Methods Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed on tumor and corresponding serum samples of five patients with increased calcitonin serum levels and histologically validated calcitonin-positive CT-pNENs. cBioPortal analysis and DAVID gene enrichment analysis were performed to identify dysregulated candidate genes compared to control databases. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the protein expression of MUC4 and MUC16 in CT-pNEN specimens. Results Mutated genes known in the literature in pNENs like MEN1 (35% of cases), ATRX (18-20% of cases) and PIK3CA (1.4% of cases) were identified in cases of CT-pNENs. New somatic SNVs in ATP4A, HES4, and CAV3 have not been described in CT- pNENs, yet. Pathogenic germline mutations in FGFR4 and DPYD were found in three of five cases. Mutations of CALCA (calcitonin) and the corresponding receptor CALCAR were found in all five tumor samples, but none of them resulted in protein sequelae or clinical relevance. All five tumor cases showed single nucleotide variations (SNVs) in MUC4, and four cases showed SNVs in MUC16, both of which were membrane-bound mucins. Immunohistochemistry showed protein expression of MUC4 in two cases and MUC16 in one case, and the liver metastasis of a third case was double positive for MUC4 and MUC16. The homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) score of all tumors was low. Discussion CT-pNENs have a unique molecular signature compared to other pNEN subtypes, specifically involving the FGFR4, DPYD, MUC4, MUC16 and the KRT family genes. However, a major limitation of our study was the relative small number of only five cases. Therefore, our WES data should be interpreted with caution and the mutation landscape in CT-pNENs needs to be verified by a larger number of patients. Further research is needed to explain differences in pathogenesis compared with other pNENs. In particular, multi-omics data such as RNASeq, methylation and whole genome sequencing could be informative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Döring
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Katharina Peer
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Bankov
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Carmen Bollmann
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Annette Ramaswamy
- Institute of Pathology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Pietro Di Fazio
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Peter Johannes Wild
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Detlef Klaus Bartsch
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Xu X, Xie J, Ling R, Ouyang S, Xiong G, Lu Y, Yun B, Zhang M, Wang W, Liu X, Chen D, Wang C. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis uncovers the origin and intratumoral heterogeneity of parotid pleomorphic adenoma. Int J Oral Sci 2023; 15:38. [PMID: 37679344 PMCID: PMC10484943 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-023-00243-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) is the most common benign tumour in the salivary gland and has high morphological complexity. However, the origin and intratumoral heterogeneity of PA are largely unknown. Here, we constructed a comprehensive atlas of PA at single-cell resolution and showed that PA exhibited five tumour subpopulations, three recapitulating the epithelial states of the normal parotid gland, and two PA-specific epithelial cell (PASE) populations unique to tumours. Then, six subgroups of PASE cells were identified, which varied in epithelium, bone, immune, metabolism, stemness and cell cycle signatures. Moreover, we revealed that CD36+ myoepithelial cells were the tumour-initiating cells (TICs) in PA, and were dominated by the PI3K-AKT pathway. Targeting the PI3K-AKT pathway significantly inhibited CD36+ myoepithelial cell-derived tumour spheres and the growth of PA organoids. Our results provide new insights into the diversity and origin of PA, offering an important clinical implication for targeting the PI3K-AKT signalling pathway in PA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyun Xu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxiang Xie
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongsong Ling
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shengqi Ouyang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gan Xiong
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanwen Lu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bokai Yun
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjin Wang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiqiang Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Demeng Chen
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Cheng Wang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Gaździcka J, Biernacki K, Salatino S, Gołąbek K, Hudy D, Świętek A, Miśkiewicz-Orczyk K, Koniewska A, Misiołek M, Strzelczyk JK. Sequencing Analysis of MUC6 and MUC16 Gene Fragments in Patients with Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Reveals Novel Mutations: A Preliminary Study. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:5645-5661. [PMID: 37504272 PMCID: PMC10377947 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45070356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) calls for better understanding of the mutational landscape of such cases. Mucins (MUCs) are multifunctional glycoproteins expressed by the epithelial cells and may be associated with the epithelial tumour invasion and progression. The present study aimed at the analysis of the sequence of selected MUC6 and MUC16 gene fragments in the tumour, as well as the margin, samples obtained from 18 OPSCC patients. Possible associations between the detected mutations and the clinicopathological and demographic characteristics of the study group were analysed. Sanger sequencing and bioinformatic data analysis of the selected MUC6 and MUC16 cDNA fragments were performed. Our study found 13 and 3 mutations in MUC6 and MUC16, respectively. In particular, one novelty variant found that the MUC6 gene (chr11:1018257 A>T) was the most frequent across our cohort, in both the tumour and the margin samples, and was then classified as a high impact, stop-gain mutation. The current study found novel mutations in MUC6 and MUC16 providing new insight into the genetic alternation in mucin genes among the OPSCC patients. Further studies, including larger cohorts, are recommended to recognise the pattern in which the mutations affect oropharyngeal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadwiga Gaździcka
- Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Biernacki
- Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Silvia Salatino
- Molecular Biology, Core Research Laboratories, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Karolina Gołąbek
- Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Dorota Hudy
- Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Agata Świętek
- Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
- Silesia LabMed Research and Implementation Centre, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Miśkiewicz-Orczyk
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Oncological Laryngology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, C. Skłodowskiej 10, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Anna Koniewska
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Oncological Laryngology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, C. Skłodowskiej 10, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Maciej Misiołek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Oncological Laryngology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, C. Skłodowskiej 10, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Joanna Katarzyna Strzelczyk
- Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
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Cox KE, Liu S, Lwin TM, Hoffman RM, Batra SK, Bouvet M. The Mucin Family of Proteins: Candidates as Potential Biomarkers for Colon Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:1491. [PMID: 36900282 PMCID: PMC10000725 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15051491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucins (MUC1-MUC24) are a family of glycoproteins involved in cell signaling and barrier protection. They have been implicated in the progression of numerous malignancies including gastric, pancreatic, ovarian, breast, and lung cancer. Mucins have also been extensively studied with respect to colorectal cancer. They have been found to have diverse expression profiles amongst the normal colon, benign hyperplastic polyps, pre-malignant polyps, and colon cancers. Those expressed in the normal colon include MUC2, MUC3, MUC4, MUC11, MUC12, MUC13, MUC15 (at low levels), and MUC21. Whereas MUC5, MUC6, MUC16, and MUC20 are absent from the normal colon and are expressed in colorectal cancers. MUC1, MUC2, MUC4, MUC5AC, and MUC6 are currently the most widely covered in the literature regarding their role in the progression from normal colonic tissue to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin E. Cox
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
| | - Shanglei Liu
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Thinzar M. Lwin
- Department of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Robert M. Hoffman
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA 92111, USA
| | - Surinder K. Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Michael Bouvet
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
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Gilson Sena IF, Fernandes LL, Lorandi LL, Santana TV, Cintra L, Lima IF, Iwai LK, Kramer JM, Birbrair A, Heller D. Identification of early biomarkers in saliva in genetically engineered mouse model C(3)1-TAg of breast cancer. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11544. [PMID: 35798767 PMCID: PMC9263110 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14514-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of leading causes of death worldwide in the female population. Deaths from breast cancer could be reduced significantly through earlier and more efficient detection of the disease. Saliva, an oral fluid that contains an abundance of protein biomarkers, has been recognized as a promising diagnostic biofluid that is easy to isolate through non-invasive techniques. Assays on saliva can be performed rapidly and are cost-effective. Therefore, our work aimed to identify salivary biomarkers present in the initial stages of breast cancer, where cell alterations are not yet detectable by histopathological analysis. Using state-of-the-art techniques, we employed a transgenic mouse model of mammary cancer to identify molecular changes in precancerous stage breast cancer through protein analysis in saliva. Through corroborative molecular approaches, we established that proteins related to metabolic changes, inflammatory process and cell matrix degradation are detected in saliva at the onset of tumor development. Our work demonstrated that salivary protein profiles can be used to identify cellular changes associated with precancerous stage breast cancer through non-invasive means even prior to biopsy-evident disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ismael Feitosa Lima
- Laboratory of Applied Toxicology, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (LETA/CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leo Kei Iwai
- Laboratory of Applied Toxicology, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (LETA/CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jill M Kramer
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, The University of Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Alexander Birbrair
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. .,Department of Dermatology, Medical Sciences Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Rm 4385, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA. .,Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Débora Heller
- Post Graduate Program in Dentistry, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Department of Periodontology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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Xu W, Zhang M, Liu L, Yin M, Xu C, Weng Z. Association of mucin family members with prognostic significance in pancreatic cancer patients: A meta-analysis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269612. [PMID: 35709153 PMCID: PMC9202904 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of biomarkers in the early diagnosis and prognosis prediction of tumors has been paid more and more attention by researchers. Mucins are markers that have been found to have an abnormal expression in many tumors in recent years, which have been proved to have a predictive effect on the prognosis of tumors such as cholangiocarcinoma and colon cancer. However, whether it can predict the prognosis of pancreatic cancer remains unknown. The purpose of our study is to investigate whether the mucins and their subtypes are related to the prognosis of patients with pancreatic cancer. METHODS We systematically searched the Pubmed, Embase, and Cochrane Library for all eligible studies on the relationship between mucin and the prognosis of patients with pancreatic cancer up to November 2021. We used R 4.12 to calculate the combined risk ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). For studies that did not provide HR values, we used scientific methods to calculate their values as accurately as possible. We used fixed effect model due to low heterogeneity. Subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis were used to study heterogeneity. The funnel plot and Egger test were used to test whether the publication bias existed. The trim and filling method were used to evaluate the impact of publication bias on the results of the study. RESULTS A total of 18 studies were included in this meta-analysis, including 4 subtypes of mucin family members and 1643 patients. There was a slight heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 24.4%, P = 0.14). Meta-analysis showed that MUC4 (HR = 2.04, 95%CI 1.21;3.45), MUC16 (HR = 2.10, 95%CI 1.31;3.37), and whole mucin (HR = 1.32, 95%CI 1.07;1.63). The expression level was negatively correlated with the prognosis of pancreatic cancer patients, MUC1 (HR = 1.09, 95%CI 0.77;1.54), MUC5 (HR = 1.03, 95%CI 0.47;2.25) The expression level was not related to the prognosis of pancreatic cancer patients. CONCLUSION The meta-analysis demonstrated that the overall expression level of mucin and the expression levels of MUC4 and MUC16 were important prognostic predictors for pancreatic cancer patients. MUC1 and MUC5 had no predictive value for the prognosis of pancreatic cancer patients. Future studies should validate these and other promising biomarkers. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration number is CRD42021291962. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021291962.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Man Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Minyue Yin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunfang Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhen Weng
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Ministry of Education Engineering Center of Hematological Disease, The Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Liu X, Xiao Y, Xiong X, Qi X. MUC21 controls melanoma progression via regulating SLITRK5 and hedgehog signaling pathway. Cell Biol Int 2022; 46:1458-1467. [PMID: 35579188 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mucins are heavily glycosylated proteins secreted by various cell types, to protect the epithelial surface of the gastrointestinal tract from damage. Currently, increasing studies provided evidence to suggest that mucins play an essential role in regulating tumor progression. However, the role of mucins and the underpinning mechanism of how mucins drive melanoma progression remains elusive. In this study, we first demonstrated that mucin 21 (MUC21) expression was significantly upregulated in metastatic melanoma tissues, and a higher MUC21 expression resulted in poor overall survival in melanoma patients by The Cancer Genome Atlas database analysis. In vitro, MUC21 overexpression markedly promoted proliferative properties and aggressive behavior of melanoma cell A375 and A875, as assessed by Cell Counting Kit-8 and transwell assay. In mechanism, we proved that MUC21 suppressed expression of SLITRK5, an integral membrane protein, leading to activation of prosurvival hedgehog pathway and sustained melanoma development. More importantly, we found that combination of hedgehog pathway inhibitor cyclopamine and chemotherapy revealed an improved anticancer effect in MUC21 overexpression xenograft model. Altogether, our study described a novel role of MUC21 in regulating tumor progression, which offers a promising target for melanoma diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yajun Xiao
- Department of Geriatrics, The Third Hospital of Mianyang, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Xia Xiong
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoyi Qi
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
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11
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Liu S, Zhang RF, You Y, You W, Ruan GC, Liu YP, Zhang SY, Li Y, Feng YL, Yan XM, Zhou WX, Li JN, Li J, Qian JM. The genomic landscape of Cronkhite-Canada syndrome: Possible clues for pathogenesis. J Dig Dis 2022; 23:288-294. [PMID: 35678525 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.13101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cronkhite-Canada syndrome (CCS) is a rare hamartomatous polyposis syndrome with a proposed association with chronic autoimmune inflammation. To date, genetic background of patients with CCS remains less investigated. In this study we aimed to explore the genomic landscape of CCS. METHODS Whole exome sequencing was performed on peripheral blood samples extracted from 18 patients with CCS. Potential function-impacting germline variants were filtered by R software. Through systematic data analysis, a number of genetic variants were identified. Enrichment analysis was performed using the R package ClusterProfiler. RESULTS Overall, 3960 low-frequency (<0.05 or not reported in the Exome Aggregation Consortium East Asian, 1000 Genomes, or ESP6500 database) potentially function-impacting germline variants were identified, with 18 genes (FDFT1, LOC400863, MUC3A, MUC4, ZNF806, GXYLT1, MUC6, PABPC3, PSPH, ZFPM1, CIC, LOC283710, ARSD, GOLGA6L2, LOC388282, SLC25A5, TMEM247, WDR89) involved over half the patients. Functional enrichment of these genes revealed several biological processes in relation to innate immune responses and glycosylation. Only one likely pathogenic germline variant of an hamartomatous polyposis syndrome-associated gene, PTCH1, was detected in one patient. CONCLUSIONS CCS has genomic alteration patterns completely distinct from those of traditional hamartomatous polyposis syndrome. The germline mutation landscape indicates potential roles of innate immune responses and glycosylation in the pathogenesis of CCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- Department of Allergy, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Run Feng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan You
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wen You
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ge Chong Ruan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Ping Liu
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Yu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Lu Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Min Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Xun Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Nan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Ming Qian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
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12
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Liu BH, Liu GB, Zhang BB, Shen J, Xie LL, Liu XQ, Yao W, Dong R, Bi YL, Dong KR. Tumor Suppressive Role of MUC6 in Wilms Tumor via Autophagy-Dependent β-Catenin Degradation. Front Oncol 2022; 12:756117. [PMID: 35574418 PMCID: PMC9097904 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.756117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wilms tumor is the most common renal malignancy in children. Known gene mutations account for about 40% of all wilms tumor cases, but the full map of genetic mutations in wilms tumor is far from clear. Whole genome sequencing and RNA sequencing were performed in 5 pairs of wilms tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues to figure out important genetic mutations. Gene knock-down, CRISPR-induced mutations were used to investigate their potential effects in cell lines and in-vivo xenografted model. Mutations in seven novel genes (MUC6, GOLGA6L2, GPRIN2, MDN1, MUC4, OR4L1 and PDE4DIP) occurred in more than one patient. The most prevalent mutation was found in MUC6, which had 7 somatic exonic variants in 4 patients. In addition, TaqMan assay and immunoblot confirmed that MUC6 expression was reduced in WT tissues when compared with control tissues. Moreover, the results of MUC6 knock-down assay and CRISPR-induced MUC6 mutations showed that MUC6 inhibited tumor aggression via autophagy-dependent β-catenin degradation while its mutations attenuated tumor-suppressive effects of MUC6. Seven novel mutated genes (MUC6, GOLGA6L2, GPRIN2, MDN1, MUC4, OR4L1 and PDE4DIP) were found in WT, among which MUC6 was the most prevalent one. MUC6 acted as a tumor suppressive gene through autophagy dependent β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yun-Li Bi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kui-Ran Dong
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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13
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Integration of Multimodal Data from Disparate Sources for Identifying Disease Subtypes. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11030360. [PMID: 35336734 PMCID: PMC8945377 DOI: 10.3390/biology11030360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The diagnostic and treatment strategies of cancer remain generally suboptimal resulting in over-diagnosis or under-treatment. Though many attempts on optimizing treatment decisions by early prediction of disease progression have been undertaken, these efforts yielded only modest success so far due to the heterogeneity of cancer with multifactorial etiology. Here, we propose a deep-learning based data integration model capable of predicting disease progression by integrating collective information available through multiple studies with different cohorts and heterogeneous data types. The results have shown that the proposed data integration pipeline is able to identify disease progression with higher accuracy and robustness compared to using a single cohort, by offering a more complete picture of the specific disease on patients with brain, blood, and pancreatic cancers. Abstract Studies over the past decade have generated a wealth of molecular data that can be leveraged to better understand cancer risk, progression, and outcomes. However, understanding the progression risk and differentiating long- and short-term survivors cannot be achieved by analyzing data from a single modality due to the heterogeneity of disease. Using a scientifically developed and tested deep-learning approach that leverages aggregate information collected from multiple repositories with multiple modalities (e.g., mRNA, DNA Methylation, miRNA) could lead to a more accurate and robust prediction of disease progression. Here, we propose an autoencoder based multimodal data fusion system, in which a fusion encoder flexibly integrates collective information available through multiple studies with partially coupled data. Our results on a fully controlled simulation-based study have shown that inferring the missing data through the proposed data fusion pipeline allows a predictor that is superior to other baseline predictors with missing modalities. Results have further shown that short- and long-term survivors of glioblastoma multiforme, acute myeloid leukemia, and pancreatic adenocarcinoma can be successfully differentiated with an AUC of 0.94, 0.75, and 0.96, respectively.
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14
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King RJ, Shukla SK, He C, Vernucci E, Thakur R, Attri KS, Dasgupta A, Chaika NV, Mulder SE, Abrego J, Murthy D, Gunda V, Pacheco CG, Grandgenett PM, Lazenby AJ, Hollingsworth MA, Yu F, Mehla K, Singh PK. CD73 induces GM-CSF/MDSC-mediated suppression of T cells to accelerate pancreatic cancer pathogenesis. Oncogene 2022; 41:971-982. [PMID: 35001076 PMCID: PMC8840971 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02132-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic alterations regulate cancer aggressiveness and immune responses. Given the poor response of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) to conventional immunotherapies, we investigated the link between metabolic alterations and immunosuppression. Our metabolic enzyme screen indicated that elevated expression of CD73, an ecto-5'-nucleotidase that generates adenosine, correlates with increased aggressiveness. Correspondingly, we observed increased interstitial adenosine levels in tumors from spontaneous PDAC mouse models. Diminishing CD73 by genetic manipulations ablated in vivo tumor growth, and decreased myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in orthotopic mouse models of PDAC. A high-throughput cytokine profiling demonstrated decreased GM-CSF in mice implanted with CD73 knockdowns. Furthermore, we noted increased IFN-γ expression by intratumoral CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in pancreatic tumors with CD73 knockdowns. Depletion of CD4+ T cells, but not CD8+ T cells abrogated the beneficial effects of decreased CD73. We also observed that splenic MDSCs from Nt5e knockdown tumor-bearing mice were incompetent in suppressing T cell activation in the ex vivo assays. Replenishing GM-CSF restored tumor growth in Nt5e knockout tumors, which was reverted by MDSC depletion. Finally, anti-CD73 antibody treatment significantly improved gemcitabine efficacy in orthotopic models. Thus, targeting the adenosine axis presents a novel therapeutic opportunity for improving the anti-tumoral immune response against PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J. King
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA. 68198
| | - Surendra K. Shukla
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA. 68198
| | - Chunbo He
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA. 68198
| | - Enza Vernucci
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA. 68198
| | - Ravi Thakur
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA. 68198
| | - Kuldeep S. Attri
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA. 68198
| | - Aneesha Dasgupta
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA. 68198
| | - Nina V. Chaika
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA. 68198
| | - Scott E. Mulder
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA. 68198
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA. 68198
| | - Jaime Abrego
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA. 68198
| | - Divya Murthy
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA. 68198
| | - Venugopal Gunda
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA. 68198
| | - Camila G. Pacheco
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA. 68198
| | - Paul M. Grandgenett
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA. 68198
| | - Audrey J. Lazenby
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA. 68198
| | - Michael A. Hollingsworth
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA. 68198
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA. 68198
| | - Fang Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA. 68198
| | - Kamiya Mehla
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA. 68198
| | - Pankaj K. Singh
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA. 68198
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA. 68198
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA. 68198
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA. 68198
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15
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King RJ, Qiu F, Yu F, Singh PK. Metabolic and Immunological Subtypes of Esophageal Cancer Reveal Potential Therapeutic Opportunities. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:667852. [PMID: 34307352 PMCID: PMC8295652 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.667852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal cancer has the sixth highest rate of cancer-associated deaths worldwide, with many patients displaying metastases and chemotherapy resistance. We sought to find subtypes to see if precision medicine could play a role in finding new potential targets and predicting responses to therapy. Since metabolism not only drives cancers but also serves as a readout, metabolism was examined as a key reporter for differences. METHODS Unsupervised and supervised classification methods, including hierarchical clustering, partial least squares discriminant analysis, k-nearest neighbors, and machine learning techniques, were used to discover and display two major subgroups. Genes, pathways, gene ontologies, survival, and immune differences between the groups were further examined, along with biomarkers between the groups and against normal tissue. RESULTS Esophageal cancer had two major unique metabolic profiles observed between the histological subtypes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). The metabolic differences suggest that ESCC depends on glycolysis, whereas EAC relies more on oxidative metabolism, catabolism of glycolipids, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain. We also noted a robust prognostic risk associated with COQ3 expression. In addition to the metabolic alterations, we noted significant alterations in key pathways regulating immunity, including alterations in cytokines and predicted immune infiltration. ESCC appears to have increased signature associated with dendritic cells, Th17, and CD8 T cells, the latter of which correlate with survival in ESCC. We bioinformatically observed that ESCC may be more responsive to checkpoint inhibitor therapy than EAC and postulate targets to enhance therapy further. Lastly, we highlight correlations between differentially expressed enzymes and the potential immune status. CONCLUSION Overall, these results highlight the extreme differences observed between the histological subtypes and may lead to novel biomarkers, therapeutic strategies, and differences in therapeutic response for targeting each esophageal cancer subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J. King
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Fang Qiu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Fang Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Pankaj K. Singh
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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16
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Saab-Chalhoub MW, Guo X, Shi Q, Chernock RD, Lewis JS. Low Grade Papillary Sinonasal (Schneiderian) Carcinoma: A Series of Five Cases of a Unique Malignant Neoplasm with Comparison to Inverted Papilloma and Conventional Nonkeratinizing Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Head Neck Pathol 2021; 15:1221-1234. [PMID: 34041710 PMCID: PMC8633211 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-021-01335-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
There have been a few case reports and one small series of low grade papillary sinonasal (Schneiderian) carcinomas (LGPSC) which mimic papillomas but have overtly invasive growth and which occasionally metastasize. We describe the morphologic, clinical, immunohistochemical, and molecular features of five patients with LGPSC compared with eight cases each of inverted papilloma (IP) and conventional nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) with papillary growth. All LGPSC were nested with predominantly pushing invasion, no stromal reaction, and frequent surface papillary growth. All consisted of one cell type only, with polygonal cells with round nuclei, no (or limited) cytologic atypia, low mitotic activity, and prominent neutrophilic infiltrate. One patient had slightly more infiltrative bone invasion, another lymphovascular, perineural, and skeletal muscle invasion, and a third nodal metastasis after 17 years. By comparison, IPs had bland cytology, neutrophilic microabscesses, mixed immature squamous, goblet cell, and respiratory epithelium, and extremely low mitotic activity. Nonkeratinizing SCCs had basaloid-appearing cells with nuclear pleomorphism, brisk mitotic activity, and apoptosis. All LGPSC were p63 positive. Mitotic activity and Ki67 indices were significantly higher for LGPSCs than IPs and significantly lower than NKSCCs, while p53 immunohistochemistry in LGPSC was identical to nonkeratinizing SCC and higher than for IP. Sequencing showed all five tumors to harbor a MUC6 mutation, one tumor to harbor CDKN2A and PIK3R1 mutations, and one tumor to harbor a NOTCH1 mutation. All LGPSC lacked EGFR and KRAS mutations and lacked copy number variations of any main cancer genes. At a median follow up of 12 months, two LGPSC recurred locally, and one patient died after massive local recurrences and nodal metastases. LGPSC is a distinct, de novo sinonasal carcinoma that can be differentiated from papillomas by morphology and selected immunohistochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario W. Saab-Chalhoub
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Xingyi Guo
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Qiuying Shi
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Rebecca D. Chernock
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - James S. Lewis
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA ,grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA ,grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 3020D Vanderbilt University Hospital, Nashville, TN 37232-7415 USA
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17
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Mucin expression, epigenetic regulation and patient survival: A toolkit of prognostic biomarkers in epithelial cancers. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188538. [PMID: 33862149 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Twenty mucin genes have been identified and classified in two groups (encoding secreted and membrane-bound proteins). Secreted mucins participate in mucus formation by assembling a 3-dimensional network via oligomerization, whereas membrane-bound mucins are anchored to the outer membrane mediating extracellular interactions and cell signaling. Both groups have been associated with carcinogenesis progression in epithelial cancers, and are therefore considered as potential therapeutic targets. In the present review, we discuss the link between mucin expression patterns and patient survival and propose mucins as prognosis biomarkers of epithelial cancers (esophagus, gastric, pancreatic, colorectal, lung, breast or ovarian cancers). We also investigate the relationship between mucin expression and overall survival in the TCGA dataset. In particular, epigenetic mechanisms regulating mucin gene expression, such as aberrant DNA methylation and histone modification, are interesting as they are also associated with diagnosis or prognosis significance. Indeed, mucin hypomethylation has been shown to be associated with carcinogenesis progression and was linked to prognosis in colon cancer or pancreatic cancer patients. Finally we describe the relationship between mucin expression and non-coding RNAs that also may serve as biomarkers. Altogether the concomitant knowledge of specific mucin-pattern expression and epigenetic regulation could be translated as biomarkers with a better specificity/sensitivity performance in several epithelial cancers.
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18
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Holstein E, Dittmann A, Kääriäinen A, Pesola V, Koivunen J, Pihlajaniemi T, Naba A, Izzi V. The Burden of Post-Translational Modification (PTM)-Disrupting Mutations in the Tumor Matrisome. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1081. [PMID: 33802493 PMCID: PMC7959462 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the occurrence of mutations affecting post-translational modification (PTM) sites in matrisome genes across different tumor types, in light of their genomic and functional contexts and in comparison with the rest of the genome. METHODS This study spans 9075 tumor samples and 32 tumor types from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Pan-Cancer cohort and identifies 151,088 non-silent mutations in the coding regions of the matrisome, of which 1811 affecting known sites of hydroxylation, phosphorylation, N- and O-glycosylation, acetylation, ubiquitylation, sumoylation and methylation PTM. RESULTS PTM-disruptive mutations (PTMmut) in the matrisome are less frequent than in the rest of the genome, seem independent of cell-of-origin patterns but show dependence on the nature of the matrisome protein affected and the background PTM types it generally harbors. Also, matrisome PTMmut are often found among structural and functional protein regions and in proteins involved in homo- and heterotypic interactions, suggesting potential disruption of matrisome functions. CONCLUSIONS Though quantitatively minoritarian in the spectrum of matrisome mutations, PTMmut show distinctive features and damaging potential which might concur to deregulated structural, functional, and signaling networks in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Holstein
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; (E.H.); (A.D.); (A.K.); (V.P.); (J.K.); (T.P.)
| | - Annalena Dittmann
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; (E.H.); (A.D.); (A.K.); (V.P.); (J.K.); (T.P.)
| | - Anni Kääriäinen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; (E.H.); (A.D.); (A.K.); (V.P.); (J.K.); (T.P.)
| | - Vilma Pesola
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; (E.H.); (A.D.); (A.K.); (V.P.); (J.K.); (T.P.)
| | - Jarkko Koivunen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; (E.H.); (A.D.); (A.K.); (V.P.); (J.K.); (T.P.)
| | - Taina Pihlajaniemi
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; (E.H.); (A.D.); (A.K.); (V.P.); (J.K.); (T.P.)
| | - Alexandra Naba
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Valerio Izzi
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; (E.H.); (A.D.); (A.K.); (V.P.); (J.K.); (T.P.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
- Finnish Cancer Institute, 00130 Helsinki, Finland
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19
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Deregulated Immune Pathway Associated with Palbociclib Resistance in Preclinical Breast Cancer Models: Integrative Genomics and Transcriptomics. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020159. [PMID: 33504001 PMCID: PMC7912104 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6 inhibitors have been widely used to treat advanced hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Despite promising clinical outcomes, almost all patients eventually acquire resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors. Here, we screened genes associated with palbociclib resistance through genomics and transcriptomics in preclinical breast cancer models. Palbociclib-resistant cells were generated by exposing hormone receptor-positive breast cancer cell lines to palbociclib. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) and a mRNA microarray were performed to compare the genomic and transcriptomic landscape between both palbociclib-sensitive and resistant cells. Microarray analysis revealed 651 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), while WES revealed 107 clinically significant mutated genes. Furthermore, pathway analysis of both DEGs and mutated genes revealed immune pathway deregulation in palbociclib-resistant cells. Notably, DEG annotation revealed activation of type I interferon pathway, activation of immune checkpoint inhibitory pathway, and suppression of immune checkpoint stimulatory pathway in palbociclib-resistant cells. Moreover, mutations in NCOR1, MUC4, and MUC16 genes found in palbociclib-resistant cells were annotated to be related to the immune pathway. In conclusion, our genomics and transcriptomics analysis using preclinical model, revealed that deregulated immune pathway is an additional mechanism of CDK4/6 inhibitor resistance besides the activation of cyclin E-CDK2 pathway and loss of RB, etc. Further studies are warranted to evaluate whether immune pathways may be a therapeutic target to overcome CDK4/6 inhibitor resistance.
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20
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Ratan C, Cicily K D D, Nair B, Nath LR. MUC Glycoproteins: Potential Biomarkers and Molecular Targets for Cancer Therapy. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2021; 21:132-152. [PMID: 33200711 DOI: 10.2174/1568009620666201116113334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
MUC proteins have great significance as prognostic and diagnostic markers as well as a potential target for therapeutic interventions in most cancers of glandular epithelial origin. These are high molecular weight glycosylated proteins located in the epithelial lining of several tissues and ducts. Mucins belong to a heterogeneous group of large O-glycoproteins that can be either secreted or membrane-bound. Glycosylation, a post-translational modification affects the biophysical, functional and biochemical properties and provides structural complexity for these proteins. Aberrant expression and glycosylation of mucins contribute to tumour survival and proliferation in many cancers, which in turn activates numerous signalling pathways such as NF-kB, ERα, HIF, MAPK, p53, c-Src, Wnt and JAK-STAT, etc. This subsequently induces cancer cell growth, proliferation and metastasis. The present review mainly demonstrates the functional aspects of MUC glycoproteins along with its unique signalling mechanism and role of aberrant glycosylation in cancer progression and therapeutics. The importance of MUC proteins and its subtypes in a wide spectrum of cancers including but not limited to breast cancer, colorectal cancer, endometrial and cervical cancer, lung cancer, primary liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer and ovarian cancer has been exemplified with significance in targeting the same. Several patents associated with the MUC proteins in the field of cancer therapy are also emphasized in the current review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chameli Ratan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P. O., Kochi, Kerala 682041, India
| | - Dalia Cicily K D
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P. O., Kochi, Kerala 682041, India
| | - Bhagyalakshmi Nair
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P. O., Kochi, Kerala 682041, India
| | - Lekshmi R Nath
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P. O., Kochi, Kerala 682041, India
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21
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Genome-Wide Characterization of RNA Editing Sites in Primary Gastric Adenocarcinoma through RNA-seq Data Analysis. Int J Genomics 2020; 2020:6493963. [PMID: 33415135 PMCID: PMC7768588 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6493963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA editing is a posttranscriptional nucleotide modification in humans. Of the various types of RNA editing, the adenosine to inosine substitution is the most widespread in higher eukaryotes, which is mediated by the ADAR family enzymes. Inosine is recognized by the biological machinery as guanosine; therefore, editing could have substantial functional effects throughout the genome. RNA editing could contribute to cancer either by exclusive editing of tumor suppressor/promoting genes or by introducing transcriptomic diversity to promote cancer progression. Here, we provided a comprehensive overview of the RNA editing sites in gastric adenocarcinoma and highlighted some of their possible contributions to gastric cancer. RNA-seq data corresponding to 8 gastric adenocarcinoma and their paired nontumor counterparts were retrieved from the GEO database. After preprocessing and variant calling steps, a stringent filtering pipeline was employed to distinguish potential RNA editing sites from SNPs. The identified potential editing sites were annotated and compared with those in the DARNED database. Totally, 12362 high-confidence adenosine to inosine RNA editing sites were detected across all samples. Of these, 12105 and 257 were known and novel editing events, respectively. These editing sites were unevenly distributed across genomic regions, and nearly half of them were located in 3′UTR. Our results revealed that 4868 editing sites were common in both normal and cancer tissues. From the remaining sites, 3985 and 3509 were exclusive to normal and cancer tissues, respectively. Further analysis revealed a significant number of differentially edited events among these sites, which were located in protein coding genes and microRNAs. Given the distinct pattern of RNA editing in gastric adenocarcinoma and adjacent normal tissue, edited sites have the potential to serve as the diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in gastric cancer.
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22
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Wang S, You L, Dai M, Zhao Y. Mucins in pancreatic cancer: A well-established but promising family for diagnosis, prognosis and therapy. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:10279-10289. [PMID: 32745356 PMCID: PMC7521221 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucins are a family of multifunctional glycoproteins that mostly line the surface of epithelial cells in the gastrointestinal tract and exert pivotal roles in gut lubrication and protection. Pancreatic cancer is a lethal disease with poor early diagnosis, limited therapeutic effects, and high numbers of cancer‐related deaths. In this review, we introduce the expression profiles of mucins in the normal pancreas, pancreatic precursor neoplasia and pancreatic cancer. Mucins in the pancreas contribute to biological processes such as the protection, lubrication and moisturization of epithelial tissues. They also participate in the carcinogenesis of pancreatic cancer and are used as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Herein, we discuss the important roles of mucins that lead to the lethality of pancreatic adenocarcinoma, particularly MUC1, MUC4, MUC5AC and MUC16 in disease progression, and present a comprehensive analysis of the clinical application of mucins and their promising roles in cancer treatment to gain a better understanding of the role of mucins in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunda Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lei You
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Menghua Dai
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yupei Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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23
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Izzi V, Davis MN, Naba A. Pan-Cancer Analysis of the Genomic Alterations and Mutations of the Matrisome. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2046. [PMID: 32722287 PMCID: PMC7463652 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a master regulator of all cellular functions and a major component of the tumor microenvironment. We previously defined the "matrisome" as the ensemble of genes encoding ECM proteins and proteins modulating ECM structure or function. While compositional and biomechanical changes in the ECM regulate cancer progression, no study has investigated the genomic alterations of matrisome genes in cancers and their consequences. Here, mining The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data, we found that copy number alterations and mutations are frequent in matrisome genes, even more so than in the rest of the genome. We also found that these alterations are predicted to significantly impact gene expression and protein function. Moreover, we identified matrisome genes whose mutational burden is an independent predictor of survival. We propose that studying genomic alterations of matrisome genes will further our understanding of the roles of this compartment in cancer progression and will lead to the development of innovative therapeutic strategies targeting the ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Izzi
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland;
- Finnish Cancer Institute, 00130 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Martin N. Davis
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Alexandra Naba
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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24
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Chen M, Mithraprabhu S, Ramachandran M, Choi K, Khong T, Spencer A. Utility of Circulating Cell-Free RNA Analysis for the Characterization of Global Transcriptome Profiles of Multiple Myeloma Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11060887. [PMID: 31242667 PMCID: PMC6628062 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11060887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the utility of extracellular RNA (exRNA) derived from the plasma of multiple myeloma (MM) patients for whole transcriptome characterization. exRNA from 10 healthy controls (HC), five newly diagnosed (NDMM), and 12 relapsed and refractory (RRMM) MM patients were analyzed and compared. We showed that ~45% of the exRNA genes were protein-coding genes and ~85% of the identified genes were covered >70%. Compared to HC, we identified 632 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in MM patients, of which 26 were common to NDMM and RRMM. We further identified 54 and 191 genes specific to NDMM and RRMM, respectively, and these included potential biomarkers such as LINC00863, MIR6754, CHRNE, ITPKA, and RGS18 in NDMM, and LINC00462, PPBP, RPL5, IER3, and MIR425 in RRMM, that were subsequently validated using droplet digital PCR. Moreover, single nucleotide polymorphisms and small indels were identified in the exRNA, including mucin family genes that demonstrated different rates of mutations between NDMM and RRMM. This is the first whole transcriptome study of exRNA in hematological malignancy and has provided the basis for the utilization of exRNA to enhance our understanding of the MM biology and to identify potential biomarkers relevant to the diagnosis and prognosis of MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoshan Chen
- Myeloma Research Group, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases (ACBD), Clinical Central School, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia.
| | - Sridurga Mithraprabhu
- Myeloma Research Group, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases (ACBD), Clinical Central School, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia.
- Malignant Haematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne 3004, Australia.
| | - Malarmathy Ramachandran
- Myeloma Research Group, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases (ACBD), Clinical Central School, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia.
- Malignant Haematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne 3004, Australia.
| | - Kawa Choi
- Myeloma Research Group, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases (ACBD), Clinical Central School, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia.
- Malignant Haematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne 3004, Australia.
| | - Tiffany Khong
- Myeloma Research Group, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases (ACBD), Clinical Central School, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia.
- Malignant Haematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne 3004, Australia.
| | - Andrew Spencer
- Myeloma Research Group, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases (ACBD), Clinical Central School, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia.
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25
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Chang WH, Forde D, Lai AG. Dual prognostic role of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenases in ten cancer types: implications for cell cycle regulation and cell adhesion maintenance. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2019; 39:23. [PMID: 31036064 PMCID: PMC6489267 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-019-0369-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor hypoxia is associated with metastasis and resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Genes involved in oxygen-sensing are clinically relevant and have significant implications for prognosis. In this study, we examined the pan-cancer prognostic significance of oxygen-sensing genes from the 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenase family. Methods A multi-cohort, retrospective study of transcriptional profiles of 20,752 samples of 25 types of cancer was performed to identify pan-cancer prognostic signatures of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenase gene family (a family of oxygen-dependent enzymes consisting of 61 genes). We defined minimal prognostic gene sets using three independent pancreatic cancer cohorts (n = 681). We identified two signatures, each consisting of 5 genes. The ability of the signatures in predicting survival was tested using Cox regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses. Results Signature 1 (KDM8, KDM6B, P4HTM, ALKBH4, ALKBH7) and signature 2 (KDM3A, P4HA1, ASPH, PLOD1, PLOD2) were associated with good and poor prognosis. Signature 1 was prognostic in 8 cohorts representing 6 cancer types (n = 2627): bladder urothelial carcinoma (P = 0.039), renal papillary cell carcinoma (P = 0.013), liver cancer (P = 0.033 and P = 0.025), lung adenocarcinoma (P = 0.014), pancreatic adenocarcinoma (P < 0.001 and P = 0.040), and uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (P < 0.001). Signature 2 was prognostic in 12 cohorts representing 9 cancer types (n = 4134): bladder urothelial carcinoma (P = 0.039), cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma (P = 0.035), head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (P = 0.038), renal clear cell carcinoma (P = 0.012), renal papillary cell carcinoma (P = 0.002), liver cancer (P < 0.001, P < 0.001), lung adenocarcinoma (P = 0.011), pancreatic adenocarcinoma (P = 0.002, P = 0.018, P < 0.001), and gastric adenocarcinoma (P = 0.004). Multivariate Cox regression confirmed independent clinical relevance of the signatures in these cancers. ROC curve analyses confirmed superior performance of the signatures to current tumor staging benchmarks. KDM8 was a potential tumor suppressor down-regulated in liver and pancreatic cancers and an independent prognostic factor. KDM8 expression was negatively correlated with that of cell cycle regulators. Low KDM8 expression in tumors was associated with loss of cell adhesion phenotype through HNF4A signaling. Conclusion Two pan-cancer prognostic signatures of oxygen-sensing genes were identified. These genes can be used for risk stratification in ten diverse cancer types to reveal aggressive tumor subtypes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40880-019-0369-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Hoong Chang
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX37FZ, UK
| | - Donall Forde
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX37FZ, UK
| | - Alvina G Lai
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX37FZ, UK.
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26
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Integrated Somatic and Germline Whole-Exome Sequencing Analysis in Women with Lung Cancer after a Previous Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11040441. [PMID: 30925779 PMCID: PMC6520745 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11040441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Women treated for breast cancer (BC) are at risk of developing secondary tumors, such as lung cancer (LC). Since rare germline variants have been linked to multiple cancer development, we hypothesized that BC survivors might be prone to develop LC as a result of harboring rare variants. Sixty patients with LC with previous BC (the study population; SP) and 53 women with either BC or LC and no secondary cancer (control population; CP) were enrolled. Whole exome sequencing was performed in both tumors and unaffected tissues from 28/60 SP patients, and in germline DNA from 32/53 CP. Candidate genes were validated in the remaining individuals from both populations. We found two main mutational signature profiles: S1 (C>T) in all BCs and 16/28 LCs, and S2 (C>A) which is strongly associated with smoking, in 12/28 LCs. The burden test over rare germline variants in S1-LC vs CP identified 248 genes. Validation confirmed GSN as significantly associated with LC in never-smokers. In conclusion, our data suggest two signatures involved in LC onset in women with previous BC. One of these signatures is linked to smoking. Conversely, regardless of smoking habit, in a subgroup of BC survivors genetic susceptibility may contribute to LC risk.
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27
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Jonckheere N, Van Seuningen I. Integrative analysis of the cancer genome atlas and cancer cell lines encyclopedia large-scale genomic databases: MUC4/MUC16/MUC20 signature is associated with poor survival in human carcinomas. J Transl Med 2018; 16:259. [PMID: 30236127 PMCID: PMC6149062 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1632-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MUC4 is a membrane-bound mucin that promotes carcinogenetic progression and is often proposed as a promising biomarker for various carcinomas. In this manuscript, we analyzed large scale genomic datasets in order to evaluate MUC4 expression, identify genes that are correlated with MUC4 and propose new signatures as a prognostic marker of epithelial cancers. METHODS Using cBioportal or SurvExpress tools, we studied MUC4 expression in large-scale genomic public datasets of human cancer (the cancer genome atlas, TCGA) and cancer cell line encyclopedia (CCLE). RESULTS We identified 187 co-expressed genes for which the expression is correlated with MUC4 expression. Gene ontology analysis showed they are notably involved in cell adhesion, cell-cell junctions, glycosylation and cell signaling. In addition, we showed that MUC4 expression is correlated with MUC16 and MUC20, two other membrane-bound mucins. We showed that MUC4 expression is associated with a poorer overall survival in TCGA cancers with different localizations including pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer, colon cancer, lung adenocarcinoma, lung squamous adenocarcinoma, skin cancer and stomach cancer. We showed that the combination of MUC4, MUC16 and MUC20 signature is associated with statistically significant reduced overall survival and increased hazard ratio in pancreatic, colon and stomach cancer. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, this study provides the link between (i) MUC4 expression and clinical outcome in cancer and (ii) MUC4 expression and correlated genes involved in cell adhesion, cell-cell junctions, glycosylation and cell signaling. We propose the MUC4/MUC16/MUC20high signature as a marker of poor prognostic for pancreatic, colon and stomach cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Jonckheere
- Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172-JPARC-Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Team "Mucins, epithelial differentiation and carcinogenesis", Univ. Lille, 59000, Lille, France.
| | - Isabelle Van Seuningen
- Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172-JPARC-Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Team "Mucins, epithelial differentiation and carcinogenesis", Univ. Lille, 59000, Lille, France.
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28
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Sikdar N, Saha G, Dutta A, Ghosh S, Shrikhande SV, Banerjee S. Genetic Alterations of Periampullary and Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: An Overview. Curr Genomics 2018; 19:444-463. [PMID: 30258276 PMCID: PMC6128383 DOI: 10.2174/1389202919666180221160753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic Ductal AdenoCarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal malignancies of all solid cancers. Precancerous lesions for PDAC include PanIN, IPMNs and MCNs. PDAC has a poor prognosis with a 5-year survival of approximately 6%. Whereas Periampulary AdenoCarcinoma (PAC) having four anatomic subtypes, pancreatic, Common Bile Duct (CBD), ampullary and duodenum shows relative better prognosis. The highest incidence of PDAC has been reported with black with respect to white population. Similarly, incidence rate of PAC also differs with different ethnic populations. Several lifestyle, environmental and occupational exposures including long-term diabetes, obesity, and smoking, have been linked to PDAC, however, for PAC the causal risk factors were poorly described. It is now clear that PDAC and PAC are a multi-stage process resulting from the accumulation of genomic alterations in the somatic DNA of normal cells as well as inherited mutations. Approximately 10% of PDAC have a familial inheritance. Germline mutations in CDKN2A, BRCA2, STK11, PALB2, PRSS1, etc., as well as certain syndromes have been well associated with predisposition to PDAC. KRAS, CDKN2A, TP53 and SMAD4 are the 4 "mountains" (high-frequency driver genes) which have been known to earliest somatic alterations for PDAC while relatively less frequent in PAC. Our understanding of the molecular carcinogenesis has improved in the last few years due to extensive research on PDAC which was not well explored in case of PAC. The genetic alterations that have been identified in PDAC and different subgroups of PAC are important implications for the development of genetic screening test, early diagnosis, and prognostic genetic markers. The present review will provide a brief overview of the incidence and prevalence of PDAC and PAC, mainly, increased risk in India, the several kinds of risk factors associated with the diseases as well as required genetic alterations for disease initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilabja Sikdar
- Address correspondence to this author at the Human Genetics Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203, B.T. Road Kolkata 700108, India; Tel (1): +91-33
-25773240 (L); (2): +91-9830780397 (M); Fax: +91 33 35773049;, E-mail:
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29
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Falasiri S, Rahman T, Tu YN, Fawcett TJ, Blanck G. Germline cytoskeletal and extra-cellular matrix-related single nucleotide variations associated with distinct cancer survival rates. Gene 2018; 669:91-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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30
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Pengelly RJ, Rowaiye B, Pickard K, Moran B, Dayal S, Tapper W, Mirnezami A, Cecil T, Mohamed F, Carr N, Ennis S. Analysis of Mutation and Loss of Heterozygosity by Whole-Exome Sequencing Yields Insights into Pseudomyxoma Peritonei. J Mol Diagn 2018; 20:635-642. [PMID: 29936255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP) is a clinical syndrome characterized by gross mucinous ascites originating from a disseminated intraperitoneal neoplasm. Although typically confined to the abdomen, mortality is high if untreated. Biomarkers, including genetic mutation profiles, may aid treatment selection and decision making. We applied whole-exome sequencing to five patients diagnosed with low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasms, using paired tumor and germline samples identify biomarkers. Multiple bioinformatic approaches were applied to these data to assess both somatic mutation profiles and loss of heterozygosity events. Mutation profiles of the tumors were consistent with deamination of methylcytosine being the prevailing mechanism. Pathogenic mutations were identified in both KRAS and GNAS in all samples, and further mutations in genes implicated in PMP, namely FGFR2, APC, SMAD2, and FAT4. No TP53 somatic mutations were identified, matching expectations for low-grade tumors. Four of five samples exhibited clonal loss of heterozygosity; these regions were further examined and found to contain genes harboring pathogenic somatic mutations in some samples. RNF43 was hereby implicated in the pathogenesis of PMP of appendiceal origin, having previously been found to increase sensitivity to Wnt signaling and to have involvement in similar mucinous tumors. In conclusion, we have investigated the mutation profile of PMP of appendiceal origin and provided the first report of RNF43 involvement in its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuben J Pengelly
- Department of Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Babatunde Rowaiye
- Peritoneal Malignancy Institute, Basingstoke and North Hampshire Hospital, Basingstoke, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Pickard
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Brendan Moran
- Peritoneal Malignancy Institute, Basingstoke and North Hampshire Hospital, Basingstoke, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjeev Dayal
- Peritoneal Malignancy Institute, Basingstoke and North Hampshire Hospital, Basingstoke, United Kingdom
| | - William Tapper
- Department of Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Mirnezami
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Cecil
- Peritoneal Malignancy Institute, Basingstoke and North Hampshire Hospital, Basingstoke, United Kingdom
| | - Faheez Mohamed
- Peritoneal Malignancy Institute, Basingstoke and North Hampshire Hospital, Basingstoke, United Kingdom
| | - Norman Carr
- Peritoneal Malignancy Institute, Basingstoke and North Hampshire Hospital, Basingstoke, United Kingdom.
| | - Sarah Ennis
- Department of Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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31
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Nikolouzakis TK, Vassilopoulou L, Fragkiadaki P, Sapsakos TM, Papadakis GZ, Spandidos DA, Tsatsakis AM, Tsiaoussis J. Improving diagnosis, prognosis and prediction by using biomarkers in CRC patients (Review). Oncol Rep 2018; 39:2455-2472. [PMID: 29565457 PMCID: PMC5983921 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the most common cancers. In fact, it is placed in the third place among the most diagnosed cancer in men, after lung and prostate cancer, and in the second one for the most diagnosed cancer in women, following breast cancer. Moreover, its high mortality rates classifies it among the leading causes of cancer‑related death worldwide. Thus, in order to help clinicians to optimize their practice, it is crucial to introduce more effective tools that will improve not only early diagnosis, but also prediction of the most likely progression of the disease and response to chemotherapy. In that way, they will be able to decrease both morbidity and mortality of their patients. In accordance with that, colon cancer research has described numerous biomarkers for diagnostic, prognostic and predictive purposes that either alone or as part of a panel would help improve patient's clinical management. This review aims to describe the most accepted biomarkers among those proposed for use in CRC divided based on the clinical specimen that is examined (tissue, faeces or blood) along with their restrictions. Lastly, new insight in CRC monitoring will be discussed presenting promising emerging biomarkers (telomerase activity, telomere length and micronuclei frequency).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Loukia Vassilopoulou
- Laboratory of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Persefoni Fragkiadaki
- Laboratory of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Theodoros Mariolis Sapsakos
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Histology, Nursing School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Z. Papadakis
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Computer Sciences (ICS), Computational Biomedicine Laboratory (CBML), 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Demetrios A. Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Aristides M. Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - John Tsiaoussis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
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32
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Murthy D, Attri KS, Singh PK. Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Signaling Pathway in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Progression, Pathogenesis, and Therapeutics. Front Physiol 2018; 9:335. [PMID: 29670543 PMCID: PMC5893816 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive malignancy characterized by its sudden manifestation, rapid progression, poor prognosis, and limited therapeutic options. Genetic alterations in key signaling pathways found in early pancreatic lesions are pivotal for the development and progression of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplastic lesions into invasive carcinomas. More than 90% of PDAC tumors harbor driver mutations in K-Ras that activate various downstream effector-signaling pathways, including the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. The PI3K pathway also responds to stimuli from various growth factor receptors present on the cancer cell surface that, in turn, modulate downstream signaling cascades. Thus, the inositide signaling acts as a central node in the complex cellular signaling networks to impact cancer cell growth, motility, metabolism, and survival. Also, recent publications highlight the importance of PI3K signaling in stromal cells, whereby PI3K signaling modifies the tumor microenvironment to dictate disease outcome. The high incidence of mutations in the PI3K signaling cascade, accompanied by activation of parallel signaling pathways, makes PI3K a promising candidate for drug therapy. In this review, we describe the role of PI3K signaling in pancreatic cancer development and progression. We also discuss the crosstalk between PI3K and other major cellular signaling cascades, and potential therapeutic opportunities for targeting pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Murthy
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Kuldeep S Attri
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Pankaj K Singh
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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