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Elshazly AM, Xu J, Melhem N, Abdulnaby A, Elzahed AA, Saleh T, Gewirtz DA. Is Autophagy Targeting a Valid Adjuvant Strategy in Conjunction with Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors? Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2989. [PMID: 39272847 PMCID: PMC11394573 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16172989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) represent a relatively large class of small-molecule inhibitors that compete with ATP for the catalytic binding site of tyrosine kinase proteins. While TKIs have demonstrated effectiveness in the treatment of multiple malignancies, including chronic myelogenous leukemia, gastrointestinal tumors, non-small cell lung cancers, and HER2-overexpressing breast cancers, as is almost always the case with anti-neoplastic agents, the development of resistance often imposes a limit on drug efficacy. One common survival response utilized by tumor cells to ensure their survival in response to different stressors, including anti-neoplastic drugs, is that of autophagy. The autophagic machinery in response to TKIs in multiple tumor models has largely been shown to be cytoprotective in nature, although there are a number of cases where autophagy has demonstrated a cytotoxic function. In this review, we provide an overview of the literature examining the role that autophagy plays in response to TKIs in different preclinical tumor model systems in an effort to determine whether autophagy suppression or modulation could be an effective adjuvant strategy to increase efficiency and/or overcome resistance to TKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Elshazly
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College St., Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Jingwen Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Nebras Melhem
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
| | - Alsayed Abdulnaby
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Aya A Elzahed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Tareq Saleh
- Department of Pharmacology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
| | - David A Gewirtz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College St., Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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2
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Banjan B, Vishwakarma R, Ramakrishnan K, Dev RR, Kalath H, Kumar P, Soman S, Raju R, Revikumar A, Rehman N, Abhinand CS. Targeting AFP-RARβ complex formation: a potential strategy for treating AFP-positive hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-024-10915-8. [PMID: 38955977 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-024-10915-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a glycoprotein primarily expressed during embryogenesis, with declining levels postnatally. Elevated AFP levels correlate with pathological conditions such as liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Recent investigations underscore AFP's intracellular role in HCC progression, wherein it forms complexes with proteins like Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), Caspase 3 (CASP3), and Retinoic acid receptors and Retinoid X receptors (RAR/RXR). RAR and RXR regulate gene expression linked to cell death and tumorigenesis in normal physiology. AFP impedes RAR/RXR dimerization, nuclear translocation, and function, promoting gene expression favoring cancer progression in HCC that provoked us to target AFP as a drug candidate. Despite extensive studies, inhibitors targeting AFP to disrupt complex formation and activities remain scarce. In this study, employing protein-protein docking, amino acid residues involved in AFP-RARβ interaction were identified, guiding the definition of AFP's active site for potential inhibitor screening. Currently, kinase inhibitors play a significant role in cancer treatment and, the present study explores the potential of repurposing FDA-approved protein kinase inhibitors to target AFP. Molecular docking with kinase inhibitors revealed Lapatinib as a candidate drug of the AFP-RARβ complex. Molecular dynamics simulations and binding energy calculations, employing Mechanic/Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area (MM-PBSA), confirmed Lapatinib's stability with AFP. The study suggests Lapatinib's potential in disrupting the AFP-RARβ complex, providing a promising avenue for treating molecularly stratified AFP-positive HCC or its early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavya Banjan
- Centre for Integrative Omics Data Science, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Riya Vishwakarma
- Centre for Integrative Omics Data Science, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Krishnapriya Ramakrishnan
- Centre for Integrative Omics Data Science, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Radul R Dev
- Centre for Integrative Omics Data Science, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Haritha Kalath
- Centre for Integrative Omics Data Science, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Nitte (Deemed to Be University), Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, NGSMPS, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Sowmya Soman
- Centre for Integrative Omics Data Science, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Rajesh Raju
- Centre for Integrative Omics Data Science, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Mangalore, 575018, India
- Centre for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine (CSBMM), Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Amjesh Revikumar
- Centre for Integrative Omics Data Science, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Mangalore, 575018, India
- Kerala Genome Data Centre, Kerala Development and Innovation Strategic Council, Vazhuthacaud, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695014, India
| | - Niyas Rehman
- Centre for Integrative Omics Data Science, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Mangalore, 575018, India.
| | - Chandran S Abhinand
- Centre for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine (CSBMM), Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India.
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3
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Qiang Z, Wan J, Chen X, Wang H. Mechanisms and therapeutic targets of ErbB family receptors in hepatocellular carcinoma: a narrative review. Transl Cancer Res 2024; 13:3156-3178. [PMID: 38988928 PMCID: PMC11231811 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-24-837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objective Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly heterogeneous and aggressive tumor. In recent years, the incidence of HCC has been increasing worldwide. Despite notable advancements in treatment methodologies, the prognosis of HCC patients remains unsatisfactory. ErbB family proteins play important roles in the occurrence, progression, and metastasis of HCC, and their abnormal expression is often closely associated with poor patient prognosis. This article sought to investigate the current status and research progress of ErbB family protein targeted therapy in HCC in recent years to provide a reference for basic research and clinical treatment. Methods We performed a comprehensive, narrative review of the latest literature to define the current progress of ErbB family receptors in HCC in both the pre-clinical and clinical arenas. Key Content and Findings The ErbB family belongs to the tyrosine kinase (TK) receptor family that comprises four members. These members are closely associated with proliferation, cell cycle regulation, and migration during HCC development through multiple signaling pathways. ErbB-targeted therapy has shown tremendous potential and prospects in the treatment of HCC. Conclusions Through in-depth research and the application of ErbB-targeted therapy, broader avenues will be opened for the treatment of HCC and other tumors, leading to more personalized and precise treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyuan Qiang
- Division of Liver Surgery, Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Wan
- West China Centre of Excellence for Pancreatitis, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiangzheng Chen
- Division of Liver Surgery, Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haichuan Wang
- Division of Liver Surgery, Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Dyshlovoy SA, Hauschild J, Venz S, Krisp C, Kolbe K, Zapf S, Heinemann S, Fita KD, Shubina LK, Makarieva TN, Guzii AG, Rohlfing T, Kaune M, Busenbender T, Mair T, Moritz M, Poverennaya EV, Schlüter H, Serdyuk V, Stonik VA, Dierlamm J, Bokemeyer C, Mohme M, Westphal M, Lamszus K, von Amsberg G, Maire CL. Rhizochalinin Exhibits Anticancer Activity and Synergizes with EGFR Inhibitors in Glioblastoma In Vitro Models. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:4994-5005. [PMID: 37733943 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Rhizochalinin (Rhiz) is a recently discovered cytotoxic sphingolipid synthesized from the marine natural compound rhizochalin. Previously, Rhiz demonstrated high in vitro and in vivo efficacy in various cancer models. Here, we report Rhiz to be highly active in human glioblastoma cell lines as well as in patient-derived glioma-stem like neurosphere models. Rhiz counteracted glioblastoma cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis, G2/M-phase cell cycle arrest, and inhibition of autophagy. Proteomic profiling followed by bioinformatic analysis suggested suppression of the Akt pathway as one of the major biological effects of Rhiz. Suppression of Akt as well as IGF-1R and MEK1/2 kinase was confirmed in Rhiz-treated GBM cells. In addition, Rhiz pretreatment resulted in a more pronounced inhibitory effect of γ-irradiation on the growth of patient-derived glioma-spheres, an effect to which the Akt inhibition may also contribute decisively. In contrast, EGFR upregulation, observed in all GBM neurospheres under Rhiz treatment, was postulated to be a possible sign of incipient resistance. In line with this, combinational therapy with EGFR-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors synergistically increased the efficacy of Rhiz resulting in dramatic inhibition of GBM cell viability as well as a significant reduction of neurosphere size in the case of combination with lapatinib. Preliminary in vitro data generated using a parallel artificial membrane permeability (PAMPA) assay suggested that Rhiz cannot cross the blood brain barrier and therefore alternative drug delivery methods should be used in the further in vivo studies. In conclusion, Rhiz is a promising new candidate for the treatment of human glioblastoma, which should be further developed in combination with EGFR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A Dyshlovoy
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum - University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20251, Germany
- Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds, Institute of Science-Intensive Technologies and Advanced Materials, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690922, Russian Federation
| | - Jessica Hauschild
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum - University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20251, Germany
| | - Simone Venz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald 17489, Germany
- Interfacultary Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald 17489, Germany
| | - Christoph Krisp
- Section / Core Facility Mass Spectrometric Proteomics, Center of Diagnostics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20251, Germany
| | - Katharina Kolbe
- Laboratory for Brain Tumor Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20251, Germany
| | - Svenja Zapf
- Laboratory for Brain Tumor Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20251, Germany
| | - Sarina Heinemann
- Laboratory for Brain Tumor Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20251, Germany
| | - Krystian D Fita
- Laboratory for Brain Tumor Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20251, Germany
| | - Larisa K Shubina
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russian Federation
| | - Tatyana N Makarieva
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russian Federation
| | - Alla G Guzii
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russian Federation
| | - Tina Rohlfing
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum - University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20251, Germany
| | - Moritz Kaune
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum - University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20251, Germany
| | - Tobias Busenbender
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum - University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20251, Germany
| | - Thomas Mair
- Section / Core Facility Mass Spectrometric Proteomics, Center of Diagnostics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20251, Germany
| | - Manuela Moritz
- Section / Core Facility Mass Spectrometric Proteomics, Center of Diagnostics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20251, Germany
| | - Ekaterina V Poverennaya
- Laboratory of Proteoform Interactomics, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow 119121, Russian Federation
| | - Hartmut Schlüter
- Section / Core Facility Mass Spectrometric Proteomics, Center of Diagnostics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20251, Germany
| | - Volodymyr Serdyuk
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20251, Germany
| | - Valentin A Stonik
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russian Federation
| | - Judith Dierlamm
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum - University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20251, Germany
| | - Carsten Bokemeyer
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum - University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20251, Germany
| | - Malte Mohme
- Laboratory for Brain Tumor Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20251, Germany
| | - Manfred Westphal
- Laboratory for Brain Tumor Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20251, Germany
| | - Katrin Lamszus
- Laboratory for Brain Tumor Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20251, Germany
| | - Gunhild von Amsberg
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum - University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20251, Germany
- Martini-Klinik, Prostate Cancer Center, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20251, Germany
| | - Cecile L Maire
- Laboratory for Brain Tumor Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20251, Germany
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5
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Alamón C, Dávila B, Cerecetto H, Couto M. Exploring the cell death mechanisms of cytotoxic [1,2,3]triazolylcarborane lead compounds against U87 MG human glioblastoma cells. Chem Biol Drug Des 2023; 101:1435-1445. [PMID: 36746676 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Moving towards high-grade glioma drug discovery, this study aimed to detect the mechanism of cellular death (apoptosis, necrosis and/or autophagy) induced by three carboranyl-based lead compounds. For that, we performed in U87 MG cells, flow cytometry experiments, as the gold standard technique, as well as confocal microscopy and 1 H-NMR experiments as non-invasive assays. We selected three hybrid leads (1-3) from the in-house-library and the corresponding parent compounds, and recognized tyrosine kinase inhibitors (lapatinib, sunitinib and erlotinib) to put to the test in these experiments. Flow cytometry with Annexin V-FITC/DAPI staining showed that leads 1 and 3 and lapatinib mainly induced necrosis in U87 MG upon a 24 h treatment at IC50 dose; meanwhile, hybrid 2, sunitinib and erlotinib seem to induce apoptosis in such cells. In general, confocal microscopy studies were in agreement with flow cytometry observing loss of cell membrane integrity in necrotic cells and features of apoptosis, that is, chromatin condensation, in apoptotic cells. Finally, NMR results showed that glioblastoma cells treated with hybrid 1, 3 or lapatinib displayed changes in CH2 /CH3 signal ratio and choline signals that could indicate necrotic cell death mechanism: meanwhile, 2-, sunitinib- or erlotinib-treated cells showed apoptotic characteristic behaviors. Additionally, carboranyl-hybrid 2 also produced autophagy in U87 MG cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Alamón
- Grupo de Química Orgánica Medicinal, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Belén Dávila
- Grupo de Química Orgánica Medicinal, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Hugo Cerecetto
- Grupo de Química Orgánica Medicinal, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Área de Radiofarmacia, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Marcos Couto
- Grupo de Química Orgánica Medicinal, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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6
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Chen Y, Zhang Z, Henson ES, Cuddihy A, Haigh K, Wang R, Haigh JJ, Gibson SB. Autophagy inhibition by TSSC4 (tumor suppressing subtransferable candidate 4) contributes to sustainable cancer cell growth. Autophagy 2021; 18:1274-1296. [PMID: 34530675 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1973338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell growth is dependent upon the sustainability of proliferative signaling and resisting cell death. Macroautophagy/autophagy promotes cancer cell growth by providing nutrients to cells and preventing cell death. This is in contrast to autophagy promoting cell death under some conditions. The mechanism regulating autophagy-mediated cancer cell growth remains unclear. Herein, we demonstrate that TSSC4 (tumor suppressing subtransferable candidate 4) is a novel tumor suppressor that suppresses cancer cell growth and tumor growth and prevents cell death induction during excessive growth by inhibiting autophagy. The oncogenic proteins ERBB2 (erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2) and the activation EGFR mutant (EGFRvIII, epidermal growth factor receptor variant III) promote cell growth and TSSC4 expression in breast cancer and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells, respectively. In EGFRvIII-expressing GBM cells, TSSC4 knockout shifted the function of autophagy from a pro-cell survival role to a pro-cell death role during prolonged cell growth. Furthermore, the interaction of TSSC4 with MAP1LC3/LC3 (microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3) via its conserved LC3-interacting region (LIR) contributes to its inhibition of autophagy. Finally, TSSC4 suppresses tumorsphere formation and tumor growth by inhibiting autophagy and maintaining cell survival in tumorspheres. Taken together, sustainable cancer cell growth can be achieved by autophagy inhibition via TSSC4 expression.ABBREVIATIONS: 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; ACTB: actin beta; CQ: chloroquine; EGFRvIII: epidermal growth factor receptor variant III; ERBB2: erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2; GBM: glioblastoma multiforme; LIR: LC3-interacting region; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule Associated protein 1 light chain 3; TSSC4: tumor suppressing subtransferable candidate 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Chen
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Zhaoying Zhang
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Elizabeth S Henson
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Andrew Cuddihy
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Katharina Haigh
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ruobing Wang
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jody J Haigh
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Spencer B Gibson
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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7
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Álvarez-Mercado AI, Caballeria-Casals A, Rojano-Alfonso C, Chávez-Reyes J, Micó-Carnero M, Sanchez-Gonzalez A, Casillas-Ramírez A, Gracia-Sancho J, Peralta C. Insights into Growth Factors in Liver Carcinogenesis and Regeneration: An Ongoing Debate on Minimizing Cancer Recurrence after Liver Resection. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091158. [PMID: 34572344 PMCID: PMC8470173 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma has become a leading cause of cancer-associated mortality throughout the world, and is of great concern. Currently used chemotherapeutic drugs in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma lead to severe side effects, thus underscoring the need for further research to develop novel and safer therapies. Liver resection in cancer patients is routinely performed. After partial resection, liver regeneration is a perfectly calibrated response apparently sensed by the body’s required liver function. This process hinges on the effect of several growth factors, among other molecules. However, dysregulation of growth factor signals also leads to growth signaling autonomy and tumor progression, so control of growth factor expression may prevent tumor progression. This review describes the role of some of the main growth factors whose dysregulation promotes liver tumor progression, and are also key in regenerating the remaining liver following resection. We herein summarize and discuss studies focused on partial hepatectomy and liver carcinogenesis, referring to hepatocyte growth factor, insulin-like growth factor, and epidermal growth factor, as well as their suitability as targets in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Finally, and given that drugs remain one of the mainstay treatment options in liver carcinogenesis, we have reviewed the current pharmacological approaches approved for clinical use or research targeting these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I. Álvarez-Mercado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, 18016 Armilla, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.I.Á.-M.); (C.P.)
| | - Albert Caballeria-Casals
- Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Department, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.C.-C.); (C.R.-A.); (M.M.-C.)
| | - Carlos Rojano-Alfonso
- Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Department, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.C.-C.); (C.R.-A.); (M.M.-C.)
| | - Jesús Chávez-Reyes
- Facultad de Medicina e Ingeniería en Sistemas Computacionales Matamoros, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Matamoros 87300, Mexico; (J.C.-R.); (A.C.-R.)
| | - Marc Micó-Carnero
- Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Department, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.C.-C.); (C.R.-A.); (M.M.-C.)
| | - Alfredo Sanchez-Gonzalez
- Teaching and Research Department, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ciudad Victoria “Bicentenario 2010”, Ciudad Victoria 87087, Mexico;
| | - Araní Casillas-Ramírez
- Facultad de Medicina e Ingeniería en Sistemas Computacionales Matamoros, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Matamoros 87300, Mexico; (J.C.-R.); (A.C.-R.)
- Teaching and Research Department, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ciudad Victoria “Bicentenario 2010”, Ciudad Victoria 87087, Mexico;
| | - Jordi Gracia-Sancho
- Liver Vascular Biology Research Group, Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute, CIBEREHD, 03036 Barcelona, Spain;
- Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Peralta
- Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Department, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.C.-C.); (C.R.-A.); (M.M.-C.)
- Correspondence: (A.I.Á.-M.); (C.P.)
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8
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Wang T, Zhang Q, Wang N, Liu Z, Zhang B, Zhao Y. Research Progresses of Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:3107-3146. [PMID: 33050856 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666201013162144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide, with nearly one million new cases and deaths every year. Owing to the complex pathogenesis, hidden early symptoms, rapidly developing processes, and poor prognosis, the morbidity and mortality of HCC are increasing yearly. With the progress being made in modern medicine, the treatment of HCC is no longer limited to traditional methods. Targeted therapy and immunotherapy have emerged to treat advanced and metastatic HCC in recent years. Since Sorafenib is the first molecular targeting drug against angiogenesis, targeted drugs for HCC are continually emerging. Moreover, immunotherapy plays a vital role in clinical trials. In particular, the application of immune checkpoint inhibitors, which have received increasing attention in the field of cancer treatment, is a possible research path. Interestingly, these two therapies generally complement each other at some stages of HCC, bringing new hope for patients with advanced HCC. In this paper, we discuss the research progress of targeted therapy and immunotherapy for HCC in recent years, which will provide a reference for the further development of drugs for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Qiting Zhang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Ziqi Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, the PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Yufen Zhao
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
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9
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Flessa CM, Kyrou I, Nasiri-Ansari N, Kaltsas G, Papavassiliou AG, Kassi E, Randeva HS. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Autophagy in the Pathogenesis of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): Current Evidence and Perspectives. Curr Obes Rep 2021; 10:134-161. [PMID: 33751456 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-021-00431-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common causes of chronic liver disease with rising prevalence worldwide. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge supporting the role of ER stress and autophagy processes in NAFLD pathogenesis and progression. We also highlight the interrelation between these two pathways and the impact of ER stress and autophagy modulators on NAFLD treatment. RECENT FINDINGS The pathophysiological mechanisms involved in NAFLD progression are currently under investigation. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the concomitant unfolded protein response (UPR) seem to contribute to its pathogenesis mainly due to high ER content in the liver which exerts significant metabolic functions and can be dysregulated. Furthermore, disruption of autophagy processes has also been identified in NAFLD. The crucial role of these two pathways in NAFLD is underlined by the fact that they have recently emerged as promising targets of therapeutic interventions. There is a greater need for finding the natural/chemical compounds and drugs which can modulate the ER stress pathway and autophagy for the treatment of NAFLD. Clarifying the inter-relation between these two pathways and their interaction with inflammatory and apoptotic mechanisms will allow the development of additional therapeutic options which can better target and reprogram the underlying pathophysiological pathways, aiming to attenuate NAFLD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina-Maria Flessa
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Ioannis Kyrou
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK
- Aston Medical Research Institute, Aston Medical School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, B4 7ET, Birmingham, UK
- Division of Translational and Experimental Medicine, Metabolic and Vascular Health, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Narjes Nasiri-Ansari
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Gregory Kaltsas
- Endocrine Unit, 1st Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, Laiko Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios G Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Eva Kassi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece.
- Endocrine Unit, 1st Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, Laiko Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece.
| | - Harpal S Randeva
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK.
- Division of Translational and Experimental Medicine, Metabolic and Vascular Health, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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10
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Zein L, Fulda S, Kögel D, van Wijk SJL. Organelle-specific mechanisms of drug-induced autophagy-dependent cell death. Matrix Biol 2020; 100-101:54-64. [PMID: 33321172 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The conserved catabolic process of autophagy is an important control mechanism that degrades cellular organelles, debris and pathogens in autolysosomes. Although autophagy primarily protects against cellular insults, nutrient starvation or oxidative stress, hyper-activation of autophagy is also believed to cause autophagy-dependent cell death (ADCD). ADCD is a caspase-independent form of programmed cell death (PCD), characterized by an over-activation of autophagy, leading to prominent self-digestion of cellular material in autolysosomes beyond the point of cell survival. ADCD plays important roles in the development of lower organisms, but also in the response of cancer cells upon exposure of specific drugs or natural compounds. Importantly, the induction of ADCD as an alternative cell death pathway is of special interest in apoptosis-resistant cancer types and serves as an attractive and potential therapeutic option. Although the mechanisms of ADCD are diverse and not yet fully understood, both non-selective (bulk) autophagy and organelle-specific types of autophagy are believed to be involved in this type of cell death. Accordingly, several ADCD-inducing drugs are known to trigger severe mitochondrial damage and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, whereas the contribution of other cell organelles, like ribosomes or peroxisomes, to the control of ADCD is not well understood. In this review, we highlight the general mechanisms of ADCD and discuss the current evidence for mitochondria- and ER-specific killing mechanisms of ADCD-inducing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Zein
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Komturstrasse 3a, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Simone Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Komturstrasse 3a, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Donat Kögel
- Experimental Neurosurgery, Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sjoerd J L van Wijk
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Komturstrasse 3a, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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11
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The Role of Autophagy in Liver Cancer: Crosstalk in Signaling Pathways and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13120432. [PMID: 33260729 PMCID: PMC7760785 DOI: 10.3390/ph13120432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved lysosomal-dependent pathway for degrading cytoplasmic proteins, macromolecules, and organelles. Autophagy-related genes (Atgs) are the core molecular machinery in the control of autophagy, and several major functional groups of Atgs coordinate the entire autophagic process. Autophagy plays a dual role in liver cancer development via several critical signaling pathways, including the PI3K-AKT-mTOR, AMPK-mTOR, EGF, MAPK, Wnt/β-catenin, p53, and NF-κB pathways. Here, we review the signaling pathways involved in the cross-talk between autophagy and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and analyze the status of the development of novel HCC therapy by targeting the core molecular machinery of autophagy as well as the key signaling pathways. The induction or the inhibition of autophagy by the modulation of signaling pathways can confer therapeutic benefits to patients. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the cross-link of autophagy and HCC may extend to translational studies that may ultimately lead to novel therapy and regimen formation in HCC treatment.
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12
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Sai S, Kim EH, Vares G, Suzuki M, Yu D, Horimoto Y, Hayashi M. Combination of carbon-ion beam and dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor, lapatinib, effectively destroys HER2 positive breast cancer stem-like cells. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:2371-2386. [PMID: 32905515 PMCID: PMC7471364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate whether carbon-ion beam alone, or in combination with lapatinib, has a beneficial effect in targeting HER2-positive breast cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) compared to that of X-rays, human breast CSCs derived from BT474 and SKBR3 cell lines were treated with a carbon-ion beam or X-rays irradiation alone or in combination with lapatinib, and then cell viability, spheroid formation assays, apoptotic analyses, gene expression analysis of related genes, and immunofluorescent γ-H2AX foci assays were performed. Spheroid formation assays confirmed that ESA+/CD24- cells have CSC properties compared to ESA-/CD24+ cells. CSCs were more highly enriched after X-ray irradiation combined with lapatinib, whereas carbon-ion beam combined with lapatinib significantly decreased the proportion of CSCs. Carbon-ion beam combined with lapatinib significantly suppressed spheroid formation compared to X-rays combined with lapatinib or carbon ion beam alone. Cell cycle analysis showed that carbon ion beam combined with lapatinib predominantly enhanced sub-G1 and G2/M arrested population compared to that of carbon-ion beam, X-ray treatments alone. Carbon-ion beam combined with lapatinib significantly enhanced apoptosis and carbon-ion beam alone dose-dependently increased autophagy-related expression of Beclin1 and in combination with lapatinib greatly enhanced ATG7 expression at protein levels. In addition, a large-sized γH2AX foci in CSCs were induced by carbon ion beam combined with lapatinib treatment in CSCs compared to cells receiving X-rays or carbon-ion beam alone. Altogether, combination of carbon-ion beam irradiation and lapatinib has a high potential to kill HER2-positive breast CSCs, causing severe irreparable DNA damage, enhanced autophagy, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sei Sai
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChiba, Japan
| | - Eun Ho Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic UniversityNam-gu, Daegu 42472, South Korea
| | - Guillaume Vares
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST), Advanced Medical Instrumentation UnitTancha 1919-1, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Masao Suzuki
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChiba, Japan
| | - Dong Yu
- School of Radiological Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215006, China
| | - Yoshiya Horimoto
- Department of Breast Oncology, Juntendo University School of Medicine2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Hayashi
- Breast Center, Dokkyo Medical University Hospital880 Kita-Kobayashi, Mibu-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
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13
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BCL2L10/BECN1 modulates hepatoma cells autophagy by regulating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:350-370. [PMID: 30696802 PMCID: PMC6366968 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate BCL2L10 and BECN1 expression and their effect on autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We found that BCL2L10 expression was low in hepatoma tissues and cells. Overexpression of BCL2L10 decreased the activity of hepatoma cells. To analyze autophagic flux, we monitored the formation of autophagic vesicles by fluorescence protein method. Autophagy-related protein LC3B-II was accumulated and P62 was decreased, which indicated that autophagy was induced by BECN1, while BCL2L10 could suppress this trend. Immunofluorescence assay showed that BCL2L10 and Beclin 1 were co-located in hepatoma cells. Immunoprecipitation showed that BCL2L10 could inhibit the autophagy of hepatoma cells by combining with Beclin 1. ELISA and co-immunoprecipitation suggested that the combination between BCL2L10 and Beclin 1 reduced the bond between Beclin 1 and PI3KC3. Based on Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway was significantly upregulated in HCC. In conclusions, BCL2L10 had a low expression in HCC tissues and cells, which could release BECN1 to induce autophagy of hepatoma cells by downregulating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
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14
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You G, Long X, Song F, Huang J, Tian M, Xiao Y, Deng S, Wu Q. Metformin Activates the AMPK-mTOR Pathway by Modulating lncRNA TUG1 to Induce Autophagy and Inhibit Atherosclerosis. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:457-468. [PMID: 32099330 PMCID: PMC7006854 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s233932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Metformin has been shown to inhibit the proliferation and migration of vascular wall cells. However, the mechanism through which metformin acts on atherosclerosis (AS) via the long non-coding RNA taurine up-regulated gene 1 (lncRNA TUG1) is still unknown. Thus, this research investigated the effect of metformin and lncRNA TUG1 on AS. Methods First, qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression of lncRNA TUG1 in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Then, the correlation between metformin and TUG1 expression in vitro and their effects on proliferation, migration, and autophagy in vascular wall cells were examined. Furthermore, in vivo experiments were performed to verify the anti-AS effect of metformin and TUG1 to provide a new strategy for the prevention and treatment of AS. Results qRT-PCR results suggested that lncRNA TUG1 expression was robustly upregulated in patients with CHD. In vitro experiments indicated that after metformin administration, the expression of lncRNA TUG1 decreased in a time-dependent manner. Metformin and TUG1 knockdown via small interfering RNA both inhibited proliferation and migration while promoted autophagy via the AMPK/mTOR pathway in vascular wall cells. In vivo experiments with a rat AS model further demonstrated that metformin and sh-TUG1 could inhibit the progression of AS. Conclusion Taken together, our data demonstrate that metformin might function to prevent AS by activating the AMPK/mTOR pathway via lncRNA TUG1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganhua You
- Guizhou University School of Medicine, Guiyang 550025, People's Republic of China.,Guizhou Institute for Food and Drug Control, Guiyang 550004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangshu Long
- Department of Cardiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang 550002, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cardiology, People's Hospital of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550002, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Song
- Department of Cardiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang 550002, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cardiology, People's Hospital of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang 550002, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cardiology, People's Hospital of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550002, People's Republic of China
| | - Maobo Tian
- Department of Cardiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang 550002, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cardiology, People's Hospital of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Xiao
- Department of Cardiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang 550002, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cardiology, People's Hospital of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550002, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyan Deng
- Department of Cardiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang 550002, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cardiology, People's Hospital of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550002, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang 550002, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cardiology, People's Hospital of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550002, People's Republic of China
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15
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Pérez-Hernández M, Arias A, Martínez-García D, Pérez-Tomás R, Quesada R, Soto-Cerrato V. Targeting Autophagy for Cancer Treatment and Tumor Chemosensitization. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1599. [PMID: 31635099 PMCID: PMC6826429 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a tightly regulated catabolic process that facilitates nutrient recycling from damaged organelles and other cellular components through lysosomal degradation. Deregulation of this process has been associated with the development of several pathophysiological processes, such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. In cancer, autophagy has opposing roles, being either cytoprotective or cytotoxic. Thus, deciphering the role of autophagy in each tumor context is crucial. Moreover, autophagy has been shown to contribute to chemoresistance in some patients. In this regard, autophagy modulation has recently emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment and chemosensitization of tumors, and has already demonstrated positive clinical results in patients. In this review, the dual role of autophagy during carcinogenesis is discussed and current therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting autophagy for the treatment of cancer, both under preclinical and clinical development, are presented. The use of autophagy modulators in combination therapies, in order to overcome drug resistance during cancer treatment, is also discussed as well as the potential challenges and limitations for the use of these novel therapeutic strategies in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pérez-Hernández
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08905 Barcelona, Spain.
- Oncobell Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Alain Arias
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08905 Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Integral Adult Dentistry, Research Centre for Dental Sciences (CICO), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile.
- Research Group of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Adventista de Chile, Chillán 3780000, Chile.
| | - David Martínez-García
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08905 Barcelona, Spain.
- Oncobell Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ricardo Pérez-Tomás
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08905 Barcelona, Spain.
- Oncobell Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Roberto Quesada
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain.
| | - Vanessa Soto-Cerrato
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08905 Barcelona, Spain.
- Oncobell Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
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16
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Leu YS, Chen YJ, Chen CC, Huang HL. Induction of Autophagic Death of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells by Armillaridin from Armillaria mellea. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2019; 47:1365-1380. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x19500708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The honey mushroom, Armillaria mellea, is known to have medicinal qualities and has been used in recent years as a health food and dietary supplement worldwide. In Asia, it is commonly consumed as an herbal medicine, being a key component of the Chinese preparation “Tien-ma”. Here, we examined the antitumor effects of armillaridin, a bioactive compound isolated from A. mellea, on human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. Armillaridin inhibited the growth of human Huh7, HepG2, and HA22T HCC cells, and its cytotoxicity was confirmed by observations of its induction of mitochondrial transmembrane potential collapse. However, armillaridin treatment did not result in large numbers of cells with fragmented chromosomal DNA, suggesting that apoptosis was not responsible for these effects. We therefore tested for signs of autophagic cell death following armillaridin administration. Armillaridin induced LC3 aggregation in green fluorescent protein-LC3-overexpressing cells. Moreover, flow cytometry and immunoblotting revealed that it increased the number of acridine orange-positive cells and upregulated autophagy-related proteins, respectively. Furthermore, armillaridin cytotoxicity was suppressed by the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine. In summary, our results indicated that armillaridin induces HCC cell death by autophagy, and demonstrated the potential of armillaridin as an antihepatoma agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Shing Leu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Jen Chen
- Department of Medical Research and Department of Radiation Oncology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute of Pharmacology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chien-Chih Chen
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Lan Huang
- Department of Bioscience Technology, College of Health Science, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
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17
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Li JJ, Yang Z, Huang ZS. Progress in basic and clinical research on molecular targeted therapy for primary hepatic carcinoma. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2019; 27:643-650. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v27.i10.643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As the second most common cancer in the world, primary liver cancer has become one of the most common causes of cancer-related death in China, causing great pain and financial burden to patients and their families. Traditional treatment methods have not achieved satisfactory results so far, and people are gradually turning their attention to targeted drug therapy, which has many advantages, such as accuracy and little adverse reactions. Previous studies have shown that the introduction of targeted drug sorafenib can improve the survival of patients with primary liver cancer and open a new era of tumor targeted therapy. In recent years, molecular targeted therapy for liver cancer has become a research hotspot. A variety of new molecular targeted drugs have been found to be able to improve the prognosis of patients with advanced liver cancer. The purpose of this article is to review the progress in basic and clinical research on molecular targeted therapy for primary hepatic carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ji Li
- Graduate College, Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zhe Yang
- Graduate College, Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zan-Song Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Guangxi Clinical Medical Research Center for Hepatobiliary Diseases Baise 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
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18
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Mele L, la Noce M, Paino F, Regad T, Wagner S, Liccardo D, Papaccio G, Lombardi A, Caraglia M, Tirino V, Desiderio V, Papaccio F. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase blockade potentiates tyrosine kinase inhibitor effect on breast cancer cells through autophagy perturbation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:160. [PMID: 30987650 PMCID: PMC6466760 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1164-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Background Glucose-6-phospate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is the limiting enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) correlated to cancer progression and drug resistance. We previously showed that G6PD inhibition leads to Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) stress often associated to autophagy deregulation. The latter can be induced by target-based agents such as Lapatinib, an anti-HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) largely used in breast cancer treatment. Methods Here we investigate whether G6PD inhibition causes autophagy alteration, which can potentiate Lapatinib effect on cancer cells. Immunofluorescence and flow cytometry for LC3B and lysosomes tracker were used to study autophagy in cells treated with lapatinib and/or G6PD inhibitors (polydatin). Immunoblots for LC3B and p62 were performed to confirm autophagy flux analyses together with puncta and colocalization studies. We generated a cell line overexpressing G6PD and performed synergism studies on cell growth inhibition induced by Lapatinib and Polydatin using the median effect by Chou-Talay. Synergism studies were additionally validated with apoptosis analysis by annexin V/PI staining in the presence or absence of autophagy blockers. Results We found that the inhibition of G6PD induced endoplasmic reticulum stress, which was responsible for the deregulation of autophagy flux. Indeed, G6PD blockade caused a consistent increase of autophagosomes formation independently from mTOR status. Cells engineered to overexpress G6PD became resilient to autophagy and resistant to lapatinib. On the other hand, G6PD inhibition synergistically increased lapatinib-induced cytotoxic effect on cancer cells, while autophagy blockade abolished this effect. Finally, in silico studies showed a significant correlation between G6PD expression and tumour relapse/resistance in patients. Conclusions These results point out that autophagy and PPP are crucial players in TKI resistance, and highlight a peculiar vulnerability of breast cancer cells, where impairment of metabolic pathways and autophagy could be used to reinforce TKI efficacy in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Mele
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Luciano Armanni, 5, 80138 Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Marcella la Noce
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Luciano Armanni, 5, 80138 Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Paino
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Tarik Regad
- Department Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy.,The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Sarah Wagner
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Davide Liccardo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Luciano Armanni, 5, 80138 Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Papaccio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Luciano Armanni, 5, 80138 Napoli, Naples, Italy.
| | - Angela Lombardi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Luciano Armanni, 5, 80138 Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Caraglia
- Department Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy.,Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Biogem Scarl, Ariano Irpino, Avellino, Italy
| | - Virginia Tirino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Luciano Armanni, 5, 80138 Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Desiderio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Luciano Armanni, 5, 80138 Napoli, Naples, Italy.
| | - Federica Papaccio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Luciano Armanni, 5, 80138 Napoli, Naples, Italy
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19
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Yang Z, Li JJ, Huang ZS. Progress in basic and clinical research of targeted drugs for primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2019; 27:450-458. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v27.i7.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common malignancies of the digestive system. Traditional treatment is not effective for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Sorafenib is the first molecule-targeted drug for hepatocellular carcinoma treatment. The emergence of molecule-targeted drugs provided a new choice for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. In recent years, thanks to the development of immunotherapy, many new molecule-targeted drugs have been found to significantly improve the prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, targeted drugs have become a research hotspot. This article reviews the progress in basic and clinical research of molecule-targeted drugs for hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Yang
- Graduate School of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jian-Ji Li
- Graduate School of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zan-Song Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Hepatobiliary Diseases, Baise 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
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20
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Li ZR, Ma T, Guo YJ, Hu B, Niu SH, Suo FZ, Du LN, You YH, Kang WT, Liu S, Mamun M, Song QM, Pang JR, Zheng YC, Liu HM. Sanggenon O induced apoptosis of A549 cells is counterbalanced by protective autophagy. Bioorg Chem 2019; 87:688-698. [PMID: 30953888 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sanggenon O (SO) is a Diels-Alder type adduct extracted fromMorus alba, which has been used for its anti-inflammatory action in the Oriental medicine. However, whether it has regulatory effect on human cancer cell proliferation and what the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Here, we found that SO could significantly inhibit the growth and proliferation of A549 cells and induce its pro-apoptotic action through a caspase-dependent pathway. It could also impair the mitochondria which can be reflected by mitochondrial membrane permeabilization. Besides, SQSTM1 up-regulation and autophagic flux measurement demonstrated that exposure to SO led to autophagosome accumulation, which plays a protective role in SO-treated cells. In addition, knocking down of LC3B increased SO triggered apoptotic cell rates. These results indicated that SO has great potential as a promising candidate combined with autophagy inhibitor for the treatment of NSCLC. In conclusion, our results identified a novel mechanism by which SO exerts potent anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Rui Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education of China, PR China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Ting Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education of China, PR China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Yan-Jia Guo
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education of China, PR China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Bo Hu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education of China, PR China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Sheng-Hui Niu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education of China, PR China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Feng-Zhi Suo
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education of China, PR China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Lin-Na Du
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education of China, PR China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Ying-Hua You
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education of China, PR China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Wen-Ting Kang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education of China, PR China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Shuan Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education of China, PR China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Maa Mamun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education of China, PR China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Qi-Meng Song
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education of China, PR China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Jing-Ru Pang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education of China, PR China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Yi-Chao Zheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education of China, PR China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
| | - Hong-Min Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education of China, PR China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
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21
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Lin X, Peng Z, Wang X, Zou J, Chen D, Chen Z, Li Z, Dong B, Gao J, Shen L. Targeting autophagy potentiates antitumor activity of Met-TKIs against Met-amplified gastric cancer. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:139. [PMID: 30760701 PMCID: PMC6374362 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1314-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Met tyrosine kinase inhibitors (Met-TKIs) subjected to ongoing clinical trials are a promising option for Met-amplified gastric cancer (GC), but how to optimize their antitumor activity especially with combination schemes remains unclear. Since autophagy is known to be initiated by Met-TKIs, we investigated its underlying mechanisms and therapeutic potentials of Met-TKIs combined with autophagy inhibitors against Met-amplified GC. As expected, four Met-TKIs induced autophagy in Met-amplified GC cells marked by p62 degradation, LC3-II accumulation and increased LC3-positive puncta. Autophagy flux activation by Met-TKIs was further validated with combined lysosomal inhibitors, bafilomycin A1 (Baf A1) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ). Molecular investigations reveal that autophagy induction along with mTOR and ULK1 de-phosphorylation upon Met-TKI treatment could be relieved by hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and mTOR agonist MHY1485 (MHY), suggesting that autophagy was initiated by Met-TKIs via Met/mTOR/ULK1 cascade. Intriguingly, Met-TKIs further suppressed cell survival and tumor growth in the presence of autophagy blockade in Met-amplified GC preclinical models. Thus, these findings indicate Met/mTOR/ULK1 cascade responsible for Met-TKI-mediated autophagy and Met-TKIs combined with autophagy inhibitors as a promising choice to treat Met-amplified GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Lin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Zhi Peng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Jianling Zou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Dongshao Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Zuhua Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Zhongwu Li
- Department of Pathology, Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Bin Dong
- Department of Pathology, Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China.
| | - Lin Shen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China.
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22
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Ke PY. Diverse Functions of Autophagy in Liver Physiology and Liver Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E300. [PMID: 30642133 PMCID: PMC6358975 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process by which eukaryotic cells eliminate cytosolic materials through vacuole-mediated sequestration and subsequent delivery to lysosomes for degradation, thus maintaining cellular homeostasis and the integrity of organelles. Autophagy has emerged as playing a critical role in the regulation of liver physiology and the balancing of liver metabolism. Conversely, numerous recent studies have indicated that autophagy may disease-dependently participate in the pathogenesis of liver diseases, such as liver hepatitis, steatosis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the functions of autophagy in hepatic metabolism and the contribution of autophagy to the pathophysiology of liver-related diseases. Moreover, the impacts of autophagy modulation on the amelioration of the development and progression of liver diseases are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yuan Ke
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan.
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan.
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23
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Wang X, Deng Q, Feng K, Chen S, Jiang J, Xia F, Ma K, Bie P. Insufficient radiofrequency ablation promotes hepatocellular carcinoma cell progression via autophagy and the CD133 feedback loop. Oncol Rep 2018; 40:241-251. [PMID: 29749472 PMCID: PMC6059746 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Insufficient radiofrequency ablation (iRFA) often leads to residual hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression. However, the mechanism is still poorly understood. In the present study, we demonstrated that LC3B protein expression levels were significantly increased in the residual hepatocellular carcinoma cells after radiofrequency ablation (RFA) treatment in vivo. Moreover, iRFA promoted autophagy, autophagosome formation and autophagic flux in Huh-7 and SMMC7721 cell lines in vitro. In addition, iRFA induced HCC cell viability and invasion. However, blockade of autophagy by the autophagosome inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) suppressed iRFA-induced cell viability and invasion. Furthermore, we revealed that the expression of liver cancer stem cell marker CD133 was also significantly increased in the residual hepatocellular carcinoma cells after RFA treatment in vivo, and was positively correlated with LC3B protein expression. iRFA also promoted CD133 protein expression in Huh-7 and SMMC7721 cell lines in vitro. CD133 was localized to autophagosomes, and was suppressed by 3-MA or chloroquine (CQ) after iRFA treatment. CD133 downregulation also suppressed iRFA-induced cell viability, invasion and autophagy. Collectively, our results indicated that RFA may promote residual HCC cell progression by autophagy and CD133 feedback loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Qingsong Deng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Kai Feng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Shihan Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Jiayun Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Feng Xia
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Kuansheng Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Ping Bie
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
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24
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Nazim UM, Moon JH, Lee YJ, Seol JW, Park SY. PPARγ activation by troglitazone enhances human lung cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis via autophagy flux. Oncotarget 2018; 8:26819-26831. [PMID: 28460464 PMCID: PMC5432299 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) transmembrane cytokine superfamily, such as TNFα and Fas ligand (FasL), play crucial roles in inflammation and immunity. TRAIL is a member of this superfamily with the ability to selectively trigger cancer cell death but does not motive cytotoxicity to most normal cells. Troglitazone are used in the cure of type II diabetes to reduce blood glucose levels and improve the sensitivity of an amount of tissues to insulin. In this study, we revealed that troglitazone could trigger TRAIL-mediated apoptotic cell death in human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Pretreatment of troglitazone induced activation of PPARγ in a dose-dependent manner. In addition conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II and PPARγ was suppressed in the presence of GW9662, a well-characterized PPARγ antagonist. Treatment with troglitazone resulted in a slight increase in conversion rate of LC3-I to LC3-II and significantly decreased p62 expression levels in a dose-dependent manner. This indicates that troglitazone induced autophagy flux activation in human lung cancer cells. Inhibition of autophagy flux applying a specific inhibitor and genetically modified ATG5 siRNA enclosed troglitazone-mediated enhancing effect of TRAIL. These data demonstrated that activation of PPARγ mediated by troglitazone enhances human lung cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis via autophagy flux and also suggest that troglitazone may be a combination therapeutic target with TRAIL protein in TRAIL-resistant cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uddin Md Nazim
- Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54596, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hong Moon
- Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54596, South Korea
| | - You-Jin Lee
- Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54596, South Korea
| | - Jae-Won Seol
- Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54596, South Korea
| | - Sang-Youel Park
- Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54596, South Korea
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25
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Urasaki Y, Zhang C, Cheng JX, Le TT. Quantitative Assessment of Liver Steatosis and Affected Pathways with Molecular Imaging and Proteomic Profiling. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3606. [PMID: 29483581 PMCID: PMC5826939 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22082-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Current assessment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with histology is time-consuming, insensitive to early-stage detection, qualitative, and lacks information on etiology. This study explored alternative methods for fast and quantitative assessment of NAFLD with hyperspectral stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy and nanofluidic proteomics. Hyperspectral SRS microscopy quantitatively measured liver composition of protein, DNA, and lipid without labeling and sensitively detected early-stage steatosis in a few minutes. On the other hand, nanofluidic proteomics quantitatively measured perturbations to the post-translational modification (PTM) profiles of selective liver proteins to identify affected cellular signaling and metabolic pathways in a few hours. Perturbations to the PTM profiles of Akt, 4EBP1, BID, HMGCS2, FABP1, and FABP5 indicated abnormalities in multiple cellular processes including cell cycle regulation, PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling cascade, autophagy, ketogenesis, and fatty acid transport. The integrative deployment of hyperspectral SRS microscopy and nanofluidic proteomics provided fast, sensitive, and quantitative assessment of liver steatosis and affected pathways that overcame the limitations of histology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyo Urasaki
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, 10530 Discovery Drive, Las Vegas, NV, 89135, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering & Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Boston University, 8 St. Mary's St, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering & Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Boston University, 8 St. Mary's St, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Thuc T Le
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, 10530 Discovery Drive, Las Vegas, NV, 89135, USA.
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26
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Circular RNA GRB10 as a competitive endogenous RNA regulating nucleus pulposus cells death in degenerative intervertebral disk. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:319. [PMID: 29476072 PMCID: PMC5833826 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0232-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is an important factor leading to low back pain, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Compared with normal nucleus pulposus (NP) tissues, the expression of circ-GRB10 was downregulated in IDD. Furthermore, overexpression of circ-GRB10 inhibited NP cell apoptosis. circ-GRB10 could sequester miR-328-5p, which could potentially lead to the upregulation of target genes related to cell proliferation via the ErbB pathway. In conclusion, the present study revealed that circ-GRB10/miR-328-5p/ERBB2 signaling pathway is involved in IDD development, suggesting that circ-GRB10 might be a novel therapeutic target for IDD.
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27
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Wang H, Wang Y, Qian L, Wang X, Gu H, Dong X, Huang S, Jin M, Ge H, Xu C, Zhang Y. RNF216 contributes to proliferation and migration of colorectal cancer via suppressing BECN1-dependent autophagy. Oncotarget 2018; 7:51174-51183. [PMID: 27203674 PMCID: PMC5239467 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Originally identified as an E3 ligase regulating toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, ring finger protein 216 (RNF216) also plays an essential role in autophagy, which is fundamental to cellular homeostasis. Autophagy dysfunction leads to an array of pathological events, including tumor formation. In this study, we found that RNF216 was upregulated in human colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues and cell lines, and was associated with progression of CRC. RNF216 promoted CRC cell proliferation and migration in vitro and in vivo, largely by enhancing proteasomal degradation of BECN1, a key autophagy regulator and tumor suppressor. RNF216 restricted CRC cell autophagy through BECN1 inhibition under nutritional starvation conditions. RNF216 knockdown increased the autophagy, limiting CRC cell proliferation and migration. Moreover, BECN1 knockdown or autophagy inhibition restored proliferation and migration of RNF216-knockdown CRC cells. Collectively, our results suggested that RNF216 promoted CRC cell proliferation and migration by negatively regulating BECN1-dependent autophagy. This makes RNF216 as a potential biomarker and novel therapeutic target for inhibiting CRC development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) and Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & SJTUSM, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) and Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & SJTUSM, Shanghai, China
| | - Liu Qian
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) and Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & SJTUSM, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) and Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & SJTUSM, Shanghai, China
| | - Hailiang Gu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Dong
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shiqian Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) and Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & SJTUSM, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Jin
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) and Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & SJTUSM, Shanghai, China
| | - Hailiang Ge
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) and Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & SJTUSM, Shanghai, China
| | - Congfeng Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) and Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & SJTUSM, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyun Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) and Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & SJTUSM, Shanghai, China
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28
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To KKW, Wu WKK, Loong HHF. PPARgamma agonists sensitize PTEN-deficient resistant lung cancer cells to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors by inducing autophagy. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 823:19-26. [PMID: 29378193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to develop novel drug combination strategy to overcome drug resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR TKIs) in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a nuclear receptor, which upon activation upregulates phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) to inhibit cell signaling downstream of PI3K to mediate apoptosis. To this end, PTEN loss is a known mechanism contributing to resistance to EGFR TKIs. Therefore, PPARγ agonists are hypothesized to overcome EGFR TKI resistance. Using human NSCLC cell models with PTEN deficiency, the potentiation of EGFR TKI anticancer activity by PPARγ agonists was evaluated. PPARγ agonists were found to upregulate PTEN, subsequently inhibiting the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and thus enhancing the anticancer activity of gefitinib (a first generation EGFR TKI). Chemical and genetic inhibition of PPARγ were shown to prevent this potentiation of anticancer activity by PPARγ agonists, thus confirming the crucial role played by PPARγ activation. Interestingly, the tested PPARγ agonists were also found to induce autophagy, as evidenced by the increased expression of an autophagy marker LC3-II and the autophagic degradation of p62/SQSTM1. PPARγ agonists-induced autophagic cell death was believed to contribute to the circumvention of resistance in PTEN-deficient cells because the genetic silencing of ATG5 (an autophagy mediator) was found to eliminate the drug potentiation effect by the PPARγ agonists. Our findings thus provide the basis for the rational and personalized use of PPARγ agonists in combination with EGFR TKIs in lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth K W To
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Lo Kwee-Seong Integrated Biomedical Sciences Building, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Room 801N, Area 39, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - William K K Wu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Herbert H F Loong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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29
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Gao M, Li C, Xu M, Liu Y, Liu S. LncRNA UCA1 attenuates autophagy-dependent cell death through blocking autophagic flux under arsenic stress. Toxicol Lett 2017; 284:195-204. [PMID: 29248574 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is a naturally toxin which exists ubiquitously in foods and various environment media, incurring diverse toxicities and health problems. Previous studies have shown that oxidative stress, genotoxic damage and pro-apoptotic pathways are ascribed to As-associated detrimental effects. Meanwhile, epigenetic regulations (such as miRNAs and histone modifications) were also reported to contribute to As-induced adverse effects. Nonetheless, whether long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) are indispensable for the regulation of As-induced biological outcomes are nearly unknown. In this study, we identified that a lncRNA UCA1 was markedly induced by As treatment in human hepatocytes. Functional assessments revealed that UCA1 played a critical role in protecting hepatocytes from As-induced autophagy inhibition. Furthermore, through RNA-seq assay, oxidative stress induced growth inhibitor 1 (OSGIN1) was uncovered to be the most responsive target downstream of UCA1, and miR-184 acted as an intermediate for the regulation of UCA1 on the level of OSGIN1 through a competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) mechanism. Further mechanistic investigations demonstrated that UCA1/OSGIN1 signaling contributed to As-induced autophagic flux blockage through activating mTOR/p70S6 K cascade, resulting in compromised cell death. Collectively, our study deciphered a lncRNA-dictated molecular mechanism responsible for As toxicity: UCA1 leads a protective role against As-induced cell death through blocking autophagic flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Changying Li
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ming Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Lu MR, Huang HL, Chiou WF, Huang RL. Induction of Apoptosis by Tithonia diversifolia in Human Hepatoma Cells. Pharmacogn Mag 2017; 13:702-706. [PMID: 29200736 PMCID: PMC5701414 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.218113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Traditional Chinese herb Tithonia diversifolia, belonging to the Compositae family, has long been applied for the treatment of liver diseases. In recent years, many reports also indicated that it possesses hepato-protective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities. Objective: In this study, we evaluated whether T. diversifolia is an effective therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Materials and Methods: Dry leaves of T. Diversifolia were first extracted in ethyl acetate, then further fractionated by different ratio of n-hexane-ethyl acetate (8:2→0:1) or methanol as fractions 1-6 (Td-F1 to Td-F6), respectively. We first showed that the ethyl acetate extracts of T. diversifolia leaves (Td-L-EA) exhibits growth inhibition on human hepatoma HepG2 cells. To further check the extracts-induced apoptosis, microscopic observation, fragmented chromosomal DNA electrophoresis, apoptotic DNA-detection ELISA assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot analysis were performed. Results: After isolating the effective fractions from Td-L-EA, we found strong cytotoxic effects of fraction-2 (Td-F2). By further analyzing the mechanisms of cytotoxic activities using microscopic observation, fragmented chromosomal DNA electrophoresis, apoptotic DNA-detection ELISA assay, and flow cytometry, we found that induction of apoptosis such as DNA fragmentation increased the apoptosis rate and the apoptosis sub-G1 populations in Td-F2-treated HepG2 cells. In addition, we also confirmed Td-F2-induced degradation of caspase-8, caspase-9, caspase-3, and caspase-3 substrate PARP. Besides, Td-F2 also increased the Bcl-2 proapoptotic family protein Bax expression. Conclusion: In short, our results clearly showed the induction of apoptosis by ethyl acetate extracts of T. diversifolia leaves in human hepatoma HepG2 cells, suggesting its potential application as an antitumor agent. SUMMARY T. Diversifolia leaves were first extracted in ethyl acetate, then further fractionated by different ratio of n-hexane/ethyl acetate (8:2→0:1) or methanol. These extracts exhibit growth inhibition on human hepatoma (HCC) HepG2 cells. n-Hexane/ethyl acetate (6:4) extract (Td-F2) induces apoptosis of HCC.
Abbreviations used:T. diversifolia, Tithonia diversifolia; HCC, Hepatocellular carcinoma DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide; HRP, horseradish peroxidase; MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide; OD, optical density; SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; PARP, Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase; PBS, phosphate buffered saline; PI, propidium iodide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ren Lu
- Department of Life Science, National Taitung University, Taitung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Huey-Lan Huang
- Department of Bioscience Technology, College of Health Science, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wen-Fei Chiou
- Department of Life Science, National Taitung University, Taitung, Taiwan, ROC.,National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ray-Ling Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Meiho University, Pingtung, Taiwan, ROC
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Ma S, Dielschneider RF, Henson ES, Xiao W, Choquette TR, Blankstein AR, Chen Y, Gibson SB. Ferroptosis and autophagy induced cell death occur independently after siramesine and lapatinib treatment in breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182921. [PMID: 28827805 PMCID: PMC5565111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a cell death pathway characterized by iron-dependent accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the cell. The combination of siramesine, a lysosome disruptor, and lapatinib, a dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has been shown to synergistically induce cell death in breast cancer cells mediated by ferroptosis. These treatments also induce autophagy but its role in this synergistic cell death is unclear. In this study, we determined that siramesine and lapatinib initially induced ferroptosis but changes to an autophagy induced cell death after 24 hours. Furthermore, we found that intracellular iron level increased in a time dependent manner following treatment accompanied by an increase in ROS. Using the iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO) or the ROS scavenger alpha-tocopherol decreased both autophagy flux and cell death. We further discovered that decreased expression of the iron storage protein, ferritin was partially dependent upon autophagy degradation. In contrast, the expression of transferrin, which is responsible for the transport of iron into cells, is increased following treatment with lapatinib alone or in combination with siramesine. This indicates that ferroptosis and autophagy induced cell death occur independently but both are mediated by iron dependent ROS generation in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Ma
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Radiobiology (Ministry of Health), School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Rebecca F. Dielschneider
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Elizabeth S. Henson
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Wenyan Xiao
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Tricia R. Choquette
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Anna R. Blankstein
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Yongqiang Chen
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Spencer B. Gibson
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Eg5 Overexpression Is Predictive of Poor Prognosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients. DISEASE MARKERS 2017; 2017:2176460. [PMID: 28684886 PMCID: PMC5480051 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2176460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Eg5 (kinesin spindle protein) plays an essential role in mitosis. Inhibition of Eg5 function results in cell cycle arrest at mitosis, which leads to cell death. To date, Eg5 expression and its prognostic significance have not been studied in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this study, 26 freshly frozen HCC tissue samples and matched peritumoral tissue samples were evaluated with a one-step qPCR test and immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis was conducted on 156 HCC samples to investigate the relationships among Eg5 expression, clinicopathological factors, and prognosis. Eg5 mRNA and protein expression levels were significantly higher in HCC tissues relative to matched noncancerous tissues (p < 0.05). High Eg5 protein expression was significantly related to liver cirrhosis (p = 0.038) and TNM stage (p = 0.008). Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox regression analyses revealed that Eg5 overexpression (p = 0.001), liver cirrhosis (p = 0.009), and TNM stage (p = 0.025) were independent prognostic factors for overall survival. These findings indicate that Eg5 expression can be used as a biomarker of poor prognosis and as a novel therapeutic target for HCC.
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Henson E, Chen Y, Gibson S. EGFR Family Members' Regulation of Autophagy Is at a Crossroads of Cell Survival and Death in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9040027. [PMID: 28338617 PMCID: PMC5406702 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9040027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathways are altered in many cancers contributing to increased cell survival. These alterations are caused mainly through increased expression or mutation of EGFR family members EGFR, ErbB2, ErbB3, and ErbB4. These receptors have been successfully targeted for cancer therapy. Specifically, a monoclonal antibody against ErbB2, trastuzumab, and a tyrosine kinase inhibitor against EGFR, gefitinib, have improved the survival of breast and lung cancer patients. Unfortunately, cancer patients frequently become resistant to these inhibitors. This has led to investigating how EGFR can contribute to cell survival and how cancer cells can overcome inhibition of its signaling. Indeed, it is coming into focus that EGFR signaling goes beyond a single signal triggering cell proliferation and survival and is a sensor that regulates the cell’s response to microenvironmental stresses such as hypoxia. It acts as a switch that modulates the ability of cancer cells to survive. Autophagy is a process of self-digestion that is inhibited by EGFR allowing cancer cells to survive under stresses that would normally cause death and become resistant to chemotherapy. Inhibiting EGFR signaling allows autophagy to contribute to cell death. This gives new opportunities to develop novel therapeutic strategies to treat cancers that rely on EGFR signaling networks and autophagy. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of EGFR family member regulation of autophagy in cancer cells and how new therapeutic strategies could be developed to overcome drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Henson
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, 675 McDermot Ave., Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada.
| | - Yongqiang Chen
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, 675 McDermot Ave., Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada.
| | - Spencer Gibson
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, 675 McDermot Ave., Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada.
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Saralamma VVG, Kim EH, Lee HJ, Raha S, Lee WS, Heo JD, Lee SJ, Won CK, Kim GS. Flavonoids: A new generation molecule to stimulate programmed cell deaths in cancer cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.12729/jbtr.2017.18.1.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Lee JY, Hong M, Lee J, Lee S, Kim KM, Park C, Lim HY. An investigation of the role of gene copy number variations in sorafenib sensitivity in metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma patients. J Cancer 2017; 8:730-736. [PMID: 28382134 PMCID: PMC5381160 DOI: 10.7150/jca.17887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly aggressive tumor with limited treatment options. While sorafenib has recently been shown to provide a survival advantage in patients with advanced HCC, the overall outcomes such as time to progression (TTP) and overall survival (OS) ought to be further improved. To that end, several targeted agents aimed at amplified oncogenes such as HER2 and FGFR2 have recently been developed. In this study, we aimed to identify genetic markers in the form of copy number variations (CNVs) that influence clinical outcomes post-sorafenib treatment in advanced HCC patients. Methods: We surveyed 38 metastatic HCC patients who were treated with sorafenib for the presence of CNVs using the NanoString nCounter assay. Results: The median TTP and OS for all patients were 2.7 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.0-3.3 months) and 13.4 months (95% CI: 8.4-18.4 months), respectively. Several genes previously implicated in liver cancer were amplified, including CCND1 (n = 4), CDKN1A (n = 2), KRAS (n = 2), MDM2 (n = 1), and ERBB2 (n = 1). However, we found no correlations between CNVs and survival in our sorafenib-treated patients. Conclusions: The clinical features and biomarkers that account for sensitivity to sorafenib in HCC are complicated and remain unclear. Further investigation to identify predictive biomarkers and therapeutic strategies, including combining sorafenib with other target agents, are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yun Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea;; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Mineui Hong
- Center for Companion Diagnostics, Innovative Cancer Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea;; Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeeyun Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sujin Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Mee Kim
- Center for Companion Diagnostics, Innovative Cancer Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea;; Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheolkeun Park
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Yeong Lim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Cirmi S, Ferlazzo N, Lombardo GE, Maugeri A, Calapai G, Gangemi S, Navarra M. Chemopreventive Agents and Inhibitors of Cancer Hallmarks: May Citrus Offer New Perspectives? Nutrients 2016; 8:E698. [PMID: 27827912 PMCID: PMC5133085 DOI: 10.3390/nu8110698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruits and vegetables have long been recognized as potentially important in the prevention of cancer risk. Thus, scientific interest in nutrition and cancer has grown over time, as shown by increasing number of experimental studies about the relationship between diet and cancer development. This review attempts to provide an insight into the anti-cancer effects of Citrus fruits, with a focus on their bioactive compounds, elucidating the main cellular and molecular mechanisms through which they may protect against cancer. Scientific literature was selected for this review with the aim of collecting the relevant experimental evidence for the anti-cancer effects of Citrus fruits and their flavonoids. The findings discussed in this review strongly support their potential as anti-cancer agents, and may represent a scientific basis to develop nutraceuticals, food supplements, or complementary and alternative drugs in a context of a multi-target pharmacological strategy in the oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santa Cirmi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina I-98168, Italy.
| | - Nadia Ferlazzo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina I-98168, Italy.
| | - Giovanni E Lombardo
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro I-88100, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Maugeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina I-98168, Italy.
| | - Gioacchino Calapai
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina I-98125, Italy.
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina I-98125, Italy.
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems (ISASI), National Research Council (CNR), Pozzuoli I-80078, Italy.
| | - Michele Navarra
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina I-98168, Italy.
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Liu L, Huang P, Wang Z, Chen N, Tang C, Lin Z, Peng P. Inhibition of eEF-2 kinase sensitizes human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells to lapatinib-induced apoptosis through the Src and Erk pathways. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:813. [PMID: 27756261 PMCID: PMC5069787 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2853-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have reported that eEF-2 kinase is associated with tumour cell sensitivity to certain therapies. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between eEF-2 kinase and lapatinib, a dual inhibitor of EGFR and HER-2, in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells. Methods The effect of treatment on the growth and proliferation of NPC cells was measured by three methods: cell counting, crystal violet staining and colony counting. Apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry to determine Annexin V-APC/7-AAD and cleaved PARP levels, and the results were further confirmed by Western blot analysis. The expression of eEF-2 kinase and the impacts of different treatments on different signalling pathways were analysed by Western blot analysis. Results The expression of eEF-2 kinase was significantly associated with NPC cell sensitivity to lapatinib. Therefore, suppression of this kinase could increase the cytocidal effect of lapatinib, as well as reduce cell viability and colony formation. Furthermore, inhibition of eEF-2 kinase, by either RNA interference (eEF-2 kinase siRNA or shRNA) or pharmacological inhibition (NH125), enhanced lapatinib-induced apoptosis of NPC cells. The results also showed that lapatinib combined with NH125 had a synergistic effect in NPC cells. In addition, mechanistic analyses revealed that downregulation of the ERK1/2 and Src pathways, but not the AKT pathway, was involved in this sensitizing effect. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that targeting eEF-2 kinase may improve the efficacy of therapeutic interventions such as lapatinib in NPC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun-Yat-Sen University, 52 Mei Hua Road East, Zhu Hai, 519000, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - PeiYu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Department of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - ZhiHui Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun-Yat-Sen University, 52 Mei Hua Road East, Zhu Hai, 519000, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun-Yat-Sen University, 52 Mei Hua Road East, Zhu Hai, 519000, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Con Tang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun-Yat-Sen University, Zhu Hai, China
| | - Zhong Lin
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun-Yat-Sen University, 52 Mei Hua Road East, Zhu Hai, 519000, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - PeiJian Peng
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun-Yat-Sen University, 52 Mei Hua Road East, Zhu Hai, 519000, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
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Liu L, Wang ZH, Han J, Tang C, Chen N, Lin Z, Peng PJ. Everolimus enhances cellular cytotoxicity of lapatinib via the eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase pathway in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:6195-6201. [PMID: 27785067 PMCID: PMC5067011 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s115309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has a high relapse and metastatic rates; hence, development of new therapeutics is an immediate requirement. Lapatinib and everolimus have been demonstrated to be effective in the treatment of several carcinomas. This preclinical study aimed to investigate the effect and mechanism of lapatinib combined with everolimus on NPC cells. Methods The Cell Counting Kit 8 and colony formation assay were used to detect the effect of lapatinib alone or lapatinib combined with everolimus on the growth and proliferation of cells. Apoptosis was tested by flow cytometry and was further confirmed by western blot. The targets of lapatinib and the effects of lapatinib or everolimus on the eukaryotic elongation factor-2 (eEF-2) kinase pathway were analyzed by western blot, which also evaluated autophagy activity. Results Lapatinib inhibited the cellular viability and colony formation in NPC cells. At 24–72 h, the average half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of lapatinib were ranging from 3 to 5 μM. This study further found that lapatinib induced both apoptosis and autophagy in NPC cells, and this autophagic activity was described as type II programmed cell death via an eEF-2 kinase-dependent pathway. In addition, augmentation of lapatinib-induced autophagy by mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor everolimus enhanced the cytocidal effect of lapatinib in NPC cells via the mTOR/S6 kinase/eEF-2 kinase pathway. Conclusion This study reveals that everolimus can sensitize NPC cells to lapatinib by the activation of eEF-2 kinase and provides a potential model of combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology
| | | | - Jun Han
- Department of Medical Oncology
| | - Con Tang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun-Yat-Sen University, Zhu Hai, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
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Shi H, Zhang W, Zhi Q, Jiang M. Lapatinib resistance in HER2+ cancers: latest findings and new concepts on molecular mechanisms. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:10.1007/s13277-016-5467-2. [PMID: 27726101 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5467-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the era of new and mostly effective molecular targeted therapies, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive (HER2+) cancers are still intractable diseases. Lapatinib, a dual epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has greatly improved breast cancer prognosis in recent years after the initial introduction of trastuzumab (Herceptin). However, clinical evidence indicates the existence of both primary unresponsiveness and secondary lapatinib resistance, which leads to the failure of this agent in HER2+ cancer patients. It remains a major clinical challenge to target the oncogenic pathways with drugs having low resistance. Multiple pathways are involved in the occurrence of lapatinib resistance, including the pathways of receptor tyrosine kinase, non-receptor tyrosine kinase, autophagy, apoptosis, microRNA, cancer stem cell, tumor metabolism, cell cycle, and heat shock protein. Moreover, understanding the relationship among these mechanisms may contribute to future tumor combination therapies. Therefore, it is of urgent necessity to elucidate the precise mechanisms of lapatinib resistance and improve the therapeutic use of this agent in clinic. The present review, in the hope of providing further scientific support for molecular targeted therapies in HER2+ cancers, discusses about the latest findings and new concepts on molecular mechanisms underlying lapatinib resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiping Shi
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China
| | - Weili Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangcheng People's Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215131, China
| | - Qiaoming Zhi
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China.
| | - Min Jiang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China.
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Cao L, Walker MP, Vaidya NK, Fu M, Kumar S, Kumar A. Cocaine-Mediated Autophagy in Astrocytes Involves Sigma 1 Receptor, PI3K, mTOR, Atg5/7, Beclin-1 and Induces Type II Programed Cell Death. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 53:4417-30. [PMID: 26243186 PMCID: PMC4744147 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9377-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine, a commonly used drug of abuse, has been shown to cause neuropathological dysfunction and damage in the human brain. However, the role of autophagy in this process is not defined. Autophagy, generally protective in nature, can also be destructive leading to autophagic cell death. This study was designed to investigate whether cocaine induces autophagy in the cells of CNS origin. We employed astrocyte, the most abundant cell in the CNS, to define the effects of cocaine on autophagy. We measured levels of the autophagic marker protein LC3II in SVGA astrocytes after exposure with cocaine. The results showed that cocaine caused an increase in LC3II level in a dose- and time-dependent manner, with the peak observed at 1 mM cocaine after 6-h exposure. This result was also confirmed by detecting LC3II in SVGA astrocytes using confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Next, we sought to explore the mechanism by which cocaine induces the autophagic response. We found that cocaine-induced autophagy was mediated by sigma 1 receptor, and autophagy signaling proteins p-mTOR, Atg5, Atg7, and p-Bcl-2/Beclin-1 were also involved, and this was confirmed by using selective inhibitors and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). In addition, we found that chronic treatment with cocaine resulted in cell death, which is caspase-3 independent and can be ameliorated by autophagy inhibitor. Therefore, this study demonstrated that cocaine induces autophagy in astrocytes and is associated with autophagic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Cao
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Mary P Walker
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry Center of Excellence in Musculoskeletal and Dental Tissues, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Naveen K Vaidya
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Mingui Fu
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Anil Kumar
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.
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Chen YJ, Fang LW, Su WC, Hsu WY, Yang KC, Huang HL. Lapatinib induces autophagic cell death and differentiation in acute myeloblastic leukemia. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:4453-64. [PMID: 27499639 PMCID: PMC4959590 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s105664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Lapatinib is an oral-form dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR or ErbB/Her) superfamily members with anticancer activity. In this study, we examined the effects and mechanism of action of lapatinib on several human leukemia cells lines, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells. We found that lapatinib inhibited the growth of human AML U937, HL-60, NB4, CML KU812, MEG-01, and ALL Jurkat T cells. Among these leukemia cell lines, lapatinib induced apoptosis in HL-60, NB4, and Jurkat cells, but induced nonapoptotic cell death in U937, K562, and MEG-01 cells. Moreover, lapatinib treatment caused autophagic cell death as shown by positive acridine orange staining, the massive formation of vacuoles as seen by electronic microscopy, and the upregulation of LC3-II, ATG5, and ATG7 in AML U937 cells. Furthermore, autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine and knockdown of ATG5, ATG7, and Beclin-1 using short hairpin RNA (shRNA) partially rescued lapatinib-induced cell death. In addition, the induction of phagocytosis and ROS production as well as the upregulation of surface markers CD14 and CD68 was detected in lapatinib-treated U937 cells, suggesting the induction of macrophagic differentiation in AML U937 cells by lapatinib. We also noted the synergistic effects of the use of lapatinib and cytotoxic drugs in U937 leukemia cells. These results indicate that lapatinib may have potential for development as a novel antileukemia agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jen Chen
- Department of Medical Research; Department of Radiation Oncology, Mackay Memorial Hospital; Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University; Institute of Pharmacology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei
| | - Li-Wen Fang
- Department of Nutrition, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung
| | - Wen-Chi Su
- Research Center for Emerging Viruses, China Medical University Hospital; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung
| | | | | | - Huey-Lan Huang
- Department of Bioscience Technology, College of Health Science, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Huang Z, Zhou L, Chen Z, Nice EC, Huang C. Stress management by autophagy: Implications for chemoresistance. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:23-32. [PMID: 26757106 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center; West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy; Chengdu People's Republic of China
- Department of Neurology; the Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College; Haikou Hainan People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center; West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy; Chengdu People's Republic of China
| | - Zhibin Chen
- Department of Neurology; the Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College; Haikou Hainan People's Republic of China
| | - Edouard C. Nice
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Monash University; Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Canhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center; West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy; Chengdu People's Republic of China
- Central Laboratory of Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College; Haikou Hainan People's Republic of China
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Raha S, Yumnam S, Hong GE, Lee HJ, Saralamma VVG, Park HS, Heo JD, Lee SJ, Kim EH, Kim JA, Kim GS. Naringin induces autophagy-mediated growth inhibition by downregulating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR cascade via activation of MAPK pathways in AGS cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2015. [PMID: 26201693 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Naringin, one of the major bioflavonoid of Citrus, has been demonstrated as potential anticancer agent. However, the underlying anticancer mechanism still needs to be explored further. This study investigated the inhibitory effect of Naringin on human AGS cancer cells. AGS cell proliferation was inhibited by Naringin in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Naringin did not induce apoptotic cell death, determined by no DNA fragmentation and the reduced Bax/Bcl-xL ratio. Growth inhibitory role of Naringin was observed by western blot analysis demonstrating downregulation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR cascade with an upregulated p21CIPI/WAFI. Formation of cytoplasmic vacuoles and autophagosomes were observed in Naringin-treated AGS cells, further confirmed by the activation of autophagic proteins Beclin 1 and LC3B with a significant phosphorylation of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Collectively, our observed results determined that anti-proliferative activity of Naringin in AGS cancer cells is due to suppression of PI3K/Akt/mTOR cascade via induction of autophagy with activated MAPKs. Thus, the present finding suggests that Naringin induced autophagy- mediated growth inhibition shows potential as an alternative therapeutic agent for human gastric carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchismita Raha
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 plus project), Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Silvia Yumnam
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 plus project), Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong Eun Hong
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 plus project), Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jeong Lee
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 plus project), Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Venu Venkatarame Gowda Saralamma
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 plus project), Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Soo Park
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 plus project), Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Doo Heo
- Gyeongnam Department of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Toxicology Screening Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju 666-844, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Joon Lee
- Gyeongnam Department of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Toxicology Screening Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju 666-844, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hee Kim
- Department of Nursing Science, International University of Korea, Moonsan, Jinju 660-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-A Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, International University of Korea, Moonsan, Jinju 660-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Gon Sup Kim
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 plus project), Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
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Sheng Y, Sun B, Xie X, Li N, Dong D. DMH1 (4-[6-(4-isopropoxyphenyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-yl]quinoline) inhibits chemotherapeutic drug-induced autophagy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2015; 5:330-6. [PMID: 26579463 PMCID: PMC4629267 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous work found that DMH1 (4-[6-(4-isopropoxyphenyl)pyrazolo [1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-yl]quinoline) was a novel autophagy inhibitor. Here, we aimed to investigate the effects of DMH1 on chemotherapeutic drug-induced autophagy as well as the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs in different cancer cells. We found that DMH1 inhibited tamoxifen- and cispcis-diaminedichloroplatinum (II) (CDDP)-induced autophagy responses in MCF-7 and HeLa cells, and potentiated the anti-tumor activity of tamoxifen and CDDP for both cells. DMH1 inhibited 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-induced autophagy responses in MCF-7 and HeLa cells, but did not affect the anti-tumor activity of 5-FU for these two cell lines. DMH1 itself did not induce cell death in MCF-7 and HeLa cells, but inhibited the proliferation of these cells. In conclusion, DMH1 inhibits chemotherapeutic drug-induced autophagy response and the enhancement of efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs by DMH1 is dependent on the cell sensitivity to drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Deli Dong
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 451 86671354; fax: +86 451 86667511.
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45
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Cell death by autophagy: emerging molecular mechanisms and implications for cancer therapy. Oncogene 2015; 34:5105-13. [PMID: 25619832 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a tightly-regulated catabolic process of cellular self-digestion by which cellular components are targeted to lysosomes for their degradation. Key functions of autophagy are to provide energy and metabolic precursors under conditions of starvation and to alleviate stress by removal of damaged proteins and organelles, which are deleterious for cell survival. Therefore, autophagy appears to serve as a pro-survival stress response in most settings. However, the role of autophagy in modulating cell death is highly dependent on the cellular context and its extent. There is an increasing evidence for cell death by autophagy, in particular in developmental cell death in lower organisms and in autophagic cancer cell death induced by novel cancer drugs. The death-promoting and -executing mechanisms involved in the different paradigms of autophagic cell death (ACD) are very diverse and complex, but a draft scenario of the key molecular targets involved in ACD is beginning to emerge. This review provides an up-to-date and comprehensive report on the molecular mechanisms of drug-induced autophagy-dependent cell death and highlights recent key findings in this exciting field of research.
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Akl MR, Ayoub NM, Ebrahim HY, Mohyeldin MM, Orabi KY, Foudah AI, El Sayed KA. Araguspongine C induces autophagic death in breast cancer cells through suppression of c-Met and HER2 receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:288-311. [PMID: 25580621 PMCID: PMC4306938 DOI: 10.3390/md13010288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases are key regulators of cellular growth and proliferation. Dysregulations of receptor tyrosine kinases in cancer cells may promote tumorigenesis by multiple mechanisms including enhanced cell survival and inhibition of cell death. Araguspongines represent a group of macrocyclic oxaquinolizidine alkaloids isolated from the marine sponge Xestospongia species. This study evaluated the anticancer activity of the known oxaquinolizidine alkaloids araguspongines A, C, K and L, and xestospongin B against breast cancer cells. Araguspongine C inhibited the proliferation of multiple breast cancer cell lines in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, araguspongine C-induced autophagic cell death in HER2-overexpressing BT-474 breast cancer cells was characterized by vacuole formation and upregulation of autophagy markers including LC3A/B, Atg3, Atg7, and Atg16L. Araguspongine C-induced autophagy was associated with suppression of c-Met and HER2 receptor tyrosine kinase activation. Further in-silico docking studies and cell-free Z-LYTE assays indicated the potential of direct interaction between araguspongine C and the receptor tyrosine kinases c-Met and HER2 at their kinase domains. Remarkably, araguspongine C treatment resulted in the suppression of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling cascade in breast cancer cells undergoing autophagy. Induction of autophagic death in BT-474 cells was also associated with decreased levels of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor upon treatment with effective concentration of araguspongine C. In conclusion, results of this study are the first to reveal the potential of araguspongine C as an inhibitor to receptor tyrosine kinases resulting in the induction of autophagic cell death in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed R Akl
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, 1800 Bienville Drive, Monroe, LA 71201, USA.
| | - Nehad M Ayoub
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| | - Hassan Y Ebrahim
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, 1800 Bienville Drive, Monroe, LA 71201, USA.
| | - Mohamed M Mohyeldin
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, 1800 Bienville Drive, Monroe, LA 71201, USA.
| | - Khaled Y Orabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Center, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait.
| | - Ahmed I Foudah
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, 1800 Bienville Drive, Monroe, LA 71201, USA.
| | - Khalid A El Sayed
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, 1800 Bienville Drive, Monroe, LA 71201, USA.
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Huang W, Wu QD, Zhang M, Kong YL, Cao PR, Zheng W, Xu JH, Ye M. Novel Hsp90 inhibitor FW-04-806 displays potent antitumor effects in HER2-positive breast cancer cells as a single agent or in combination with lapatinib. Cancer Lett 2015; 356:862-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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48
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Liu YN, Wang YX, Liu XF, Jiang LP, Yang G, Sun XC, Geng CY, Li QJ, Chen M, Yao XF. Citreoviridin induces ROS-dependent autophagic cell death in human liver HepG2 cells. Toxicon 2014; 95:30-7. [PMID: 25553592 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Citreoviridin (CIT) is one of toxic mycotoxins derived from fungal species in moldy cereals. Whether CIT exerts hepatotoxicity and the precise molecular mechanisms of CIT hepatotoxicity are not completely elucidated. In this study, the inhibitor of autophagosome formation, 3-methyladenine, protected the cells against CIT cytotoxicity, and the autophagy stimulator rapamycin further decreased the cell viability of CIT-treated HepG2 cells. Knockdown of Atg5 with Atg5 siRNA alleviated CIT-induced cell death. These finding suggested the hypothesis that autophagic cell death contributed to CIT-induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells. CIT increased the autophagosome number in HepG2 cells observed under a transmission electron microscope, and this effect was confirmed by the elevated LC3-II levels detected through Western blot. Reduction of P62 protein levels and the result of LC3 turnover assay indicated that the accumulation of autophagosomes in the CIT-treated HepG2 cells was due to increased formation rather than impaired degradation. The pretreatment of HepG2 cells with the ROS inhibitor NAC reduced autophagosome formation and reversed the CIT cytotoxicity, indicating that CIT-induced autophagic cell death was ROS-dependent. In summary, ROS-dependent autophagic cell death of HpeG2 cells described in this study may help to elucidate the underlying mechanism of CIT cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dalian Medical University, 9 W Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, PR China; Liaoning Anti-Degenerative Diseases Natural Products Engineering Research Center, 9 W Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, PR China
| | - Yue-Xia Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dalian Medical University, 9 W Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, PR China; Liaoning Anti-Degenerative Diseases Natural Products Engineering Research Center, 9 W Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, PR China
| | - Xiao-Fang Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dalian Medical University, 9 W Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, PR China
| | - Li-Ping Jiang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dalian Medical University, 9 W Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, PR China; Liaoning Anti-Degenerative Diseases Natural Products Engineering Research Center, 9 W Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, PR China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dalian Medical University, 9 W Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, PR China
| | - Xian-Ce Sun
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dalian Medical University, 9 W Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, PR China; Liaoning Anti-Degenerative Diseases Natural Products Engineering Research Center, 9 W Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, PR China
| | - Cheng-Yan Geng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dalian Medical University, 9 W Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, PR China
| | - Qiu-Juan Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dalian Medical University, 9 W Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, PR China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dalian Medical University, 9 W Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Feng Yao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dalian Medical University, 9 W Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, PR China.
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