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Lyu C, Bhimani AK, Draus WT, Weigel R, Chen S. Active Gαi/o mutants accelerate breast tumor metastasis via the c-Src pathway. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.16.524334. [PMID: 36711612 PMCID: PMC9882124 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.16.524334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Constitutively active mutations in the Gαi2 and GαoA subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins have been identified in several human cancers including breast cancer, but their functional significance in tumorigenesis and metastasis has not been well characterized. In this study, we show that expression of the constitutively active GαoAR243H and Gαi2R179C mutants alone was insufficient to induce mammary tumor formation in mice. However, in transgenic mouse models of breast cancer induced by Neu expression or PTEN loss, we found that the Gαi2R179C mutant enhanced spontaneous lung metastasis while having no effect on primary tumor initiation and growth. Additionally, we observed that ectopic expression of the GαoAR243H and Gαi2R179C mutants in tumor cells promote cell migration in vitro as well as dissemination into multiple organs in vivo by activating c-Src signaling. Thus, our study uncovers a critical function of Gαi/o signaling in accelerating breast cancer metastasis via the c-Src pathway. This work is clinically significant, as it can potentially pave the way to personalized therapies for patients who present with active Gαi/o mutations or elevated Gαi/o signaling by targeting c-Src to inhibit breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cancan Lyu
- The Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa
| | - Aarzoo K Bhimani
- The Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa
| | - William T Draus
- The Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa
| | | | - Songhai Chen
- The Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa
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2
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Fedorova O, Parfenyev S, Daks A, Shuvalov O, Barlev NA. The Role of PTEN in Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153786. [PMID: 35954450 PMCID: PMC9367281 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The PTEN phosphatase is a ubiquitously expressed tumor suppressor, which inhibits the PI3K/AKT pathway in the cell. The PI3K/AKT pathway is considered to be one of the main signaling pathways that drives the proliferation of cancer cells. Furthermore, the same pathway controls the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT is an evolutionarily conserved developmental program, which, upon aberrant reactivation, is also involved in the formation of cancer metastases. Importantly, metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-associated deaths. In this review, we discuss the literature data that highlight the role of PTEN in EMT. Based on this knowledge, we speculate about new possible strategies for cancer treatment. Abstract Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog deleted on Chromosome 10 (PTEN) is one of the critical tumor suppressor genes and the main negative regulator of the PI3K pathway. PTEN is frequently found to be inactivated, either partially or fully, in various malignancies. The PI3K/AKT pathway is considered to be one of the main signaling cues that drives the proliferation of cells. Perhaps it is not surprising, then, that this pathway is hyperactivated in highly proliferative tumors. Importantly, the PI3K/AKT pathway also coordinates the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is pivotal for the initiation of metastases and hence is regarded as an attractive target for the treatment of metastatic cancer. It was shown that PTEN suppresses EMT, although the exact mechanism of this effect is still not fully understood. This review is an attempt to systematize the published information on the role of PTEN in the development of malignant tumors, with a main focus on the regulation of the PI3K/AKT pathway in EMT.
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3
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Lyu C, Ye Y, Lensing MM, Wagner KU, Weigel RJ, Chen S. Targeting Gi/o protein-coupled receptor signaling blocks HER2-induced breast cancer development and enhances HER2-targeted therapy. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e150532. [PMID: 34343132 PMCID: PMC8492335 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.150532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
GPCRs are highly desirable drug targets for human disease. Although GPCR dysfunction drives development and progression of many tumors, including breast cancer (BC), targeting individual GPCRs has limited efficacy as a cancer therapy because numerous GPCRs are activated. Here, we sought a new way of blocking GPCR activation in HER2+ BC by targeting a subgroup of GPCRs that couple to Gi/o proteins (Gi/o-GPCRs). In mammary epithelial cells of transgenic mouse models, and BC cell lines, HER2 hyperactivation altered GPCR expression, particularly, Gi/o-GPCR expression. Gi/o-GPCR stimulation transactivated EGFR and HER2 and activated the PI3K/AKT and Src pathways. If we uncoupled Gi/o-GPCRs from their cognate Gi/o proteins by pertussis toxin (PTx), then BC cell proliferation and migration was inhibited in vitro and HER2-driven tumor formation and metastasis were suppressed in vivo. Moreover, targeting Gi/o-GPCR signaling via PTx, PI3K, or Src inhibitors enhanced HER2-targeted therapy. These results indicate that, in BC cells, HER2 hyperactivation drives aberrant Gi/o-GPCR signaling and Gi/o-GPCR signals converge on the PI3K/AKT and Src signaling pathways to promote cancer progression and resistance to HER2-targeted therapy. Our findings point to a way to pharmacologically deactivate GPCR signaling to block tumor growth and enhance therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cancan Lyu
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, United States of America
| | - Yuanchao Ye
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, United States of America
| | - Maddison M Lensing
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, United States of America
| | - Kay-Uwe Wagner
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, United States of America
| | - Ronald J Weigel
- Department of Surgery, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, United States of America
| | - Songhai Chen
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, United States of America
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4
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Organismal roles for the PI3Kα and β isoforms: their specificity, redundancy or cooperation is context-dependent. Biochem J 2021; 478:1199-1225. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PI3Ks are important lipid kinases that produce phosphoinositides phosphorylated in position 3 of the inositol ring. There are three classes of PI3Ks: class I PI3Ks produce PIP3 at plasma membrane level. Although D. melanogaster and C. elegans have only one form of class I PI3K, vertebrates have four class I PI3Ks called isoforms despite being encoded by four different genes. Hence, duplication of these genes coincides with the acquisition of coordinated multi-organ development. Of the class I PI3Ks, PI3Kα and PI3Kβ, encoded by PIK3CA and PIK3CB, are ubiquitously expressed. They present similar putative protein domains and share PI(4,5)P2 lipid substrate specificity. Fifteen years after publication of their first isoform-selective pharmacological inhibitors and genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) that mimic their complete and specific pharmacological inhibition, we review the knowledge gathered in relation to the redundant and selective roles of PI3Kα and PI3Kβ. Recent data suggest that, further to their redundancy, they cooperate for the integration of organ-specific and context-specific signal cues, to orchestrate organ development, physiology, and disease. This knowledge reinforces the importance of isoform-selective inhibitors in clinical settings.
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Gross C, Banerjee A, Tiwari D, Longo F, White AR, Allen AG, Schroeder-Carter LM, Krzeski JC, Elsayed NA, Puckett R, Klann E, Rivero RA, Gourley SL, Bassell GJ. Isoform-selective phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibition ameliorates a broad range of fragile X syndrome-associated deficits in a mouse model. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:324-333. [PMID: 30061744 PMCID: PMC6300538 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0150-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Defects in the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway are shared characteristics in several brain disorders, including the inherited intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder, fragile X syndrome (FXS). PI3K signaling therefore could serve as a therapeutic target for FXS and other brain disorders. However, broad inhibition of such a central signal transduction pathway involved in essential cellular functions may produce deleterious side effects. Pharmacological strategies that selectively correct the overactive components of the PI3K pathway while leaving other parts of the pathway intact may overcome these challenges. Here, we provide the first evidence that disease mechanism-based PI3K isoform-specific inhibition may be a viable treatment option for FXS. FXS is caused by loss of the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), which translationally represses specific messenger RNAs, including the PI3K catalytic isoform p110β. FMRP deficiency increases p110β protein levels and activity in FXS mouse models and in cells from subjects with FXS. Here, we show that a novel, brain-permeable p110β-specific inhibitor, GSK2702926A, ameliorates FXS-associated phenotypes on molecular, cellular, behavioral, and cognitive levels in two different FMRP-deficient mouse models. Rescued phenotypes included increased PI3K downstream signaling, protein synthesis rates, and dendritic spine density, as well as impaired social interaction and higher-order cognition. Several p110β-selective inhibitors, for example, a molecule from the same chemotype as GSK2702926A, are currently being evaluated in clinical trials to treat cancer. Our results suggest that repurposing p110β inhibitors to treat cognitive and behavioral defects may be a promising disease-modifying strategy for FXS and other brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Gross
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
| | - Anwesha Banerjee
- 0000 0001 0941 6502grid.189967.8Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Durgesh Tiwari
- 0000 0000 9025 8099grid.239573.9Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - Francesco Longo
- 0000 0004 1936 8753grid.137628.9Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003 USA
| | - Angela R. White
- 0000 0000 9025 8099grid.239573.9Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - A. G. Allen
- 0000 0001 0941 6502grid.189967.8Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA ,0000 0001 0941 6502grid.189967.8Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Lindsay M. Schroeder-Carter
- 0000 0000 9025 8099grid.239573.9Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - Joseph C. Krzeski
- 0000 0000 9025 8099grid.239573.9Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - Nada A. Elsayed
- 0000 0000 9025 8099grid.239573.9Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - Rosemary Puckett
- 0000 0004 1936 8753grid.137628.9Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003 USA
| | - Eric Klann
- 0000 0004 1936 8753grid.137628.9Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003 USA
| | - Ralph A. Rivero
- 0000 0004 0393 4335grid.418019.5GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426 USA
| | - Shannon L. Gourley
- 0000 0001 0941 6502grid.189967.8Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA ,0000 0001 0941 6502grid.189967.8Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA ,0000 0001 0941 6502grid.189967.8Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA
| | - Gary J. Bassell
- 0000 0001 0941 6502grid.189967.8Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA ,0000 0001 0941 6502grid.189967.8Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
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6
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Wang Q, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Zhao X. Yak OXGR1 promotes fibroblast proliferation via the PI3K/AKT pathways. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:6729-6740. [PMID: 30520130 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxoglutarate receptor 1 (OXGR1), as one of the intermediates in G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), plays a crucial role in the citric acid cycle receptor of α-ketoglutarate and metabolism. GPCR can control the cell proliferation by regulating the downstream signaling of G protein signaling pathways. The PI3K/AKT pathway transmits the downstream signals of GPCRs and receptor tyrosine kinases. However, the specific role of OXGR1 promoting cell proliferation and differentiation are still unknown. In current study, the over-expression vector and knockdown sequence of yak OXGR1 were transfected into yak fibroblasts, and the effects were detected by a series of assays. The results revealed that OXGR1 expression in yak lung parenchyma tissue was significantly higher than that of other tissues. In yak fibroblasts, the upregulated expression of OXGR1 resulted in activating the PIK3CG (downstream signal) of the PI3K/AKT1 pathway that can upregulated the expression of proliferation genes ( CDK1, PCNA, and CyclinD1) and promote cell proliferation. Conversely, the downregulated expression of OXGR1 inhibited cell proliferation via PI3K/AKT1 pathway. Cell cycle and cell proliferation assays demonstrated that over-expression of OXGR1 can enhanced the DNA synthesis and promoted yak fibroblasts proliferation. While the conversely, knockdown of OXGR1 can decreased DNA synthesis and inhibited cell proliferation. These results illustrated that changes of OXGR1 expression can trigger the fibroblasts proliferation via PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, which indicating that OXGR1 is a novel regulator for cell proliferation and differentiation. Furthermore, these results provide evidence supporting the functional role of GPCRs-PI3K-AKT1 and OXGR1 in cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Quanwei Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xingxu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou, China
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7
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Pridham KJ, Varghese RT, Sheng Z. The Role of Class IA Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-Bisphosphate 3-Kinase Catalytic Subunits in Glioblastoma. Front Oncol 2017; 7:312. [PMID: 29326882 PMCID: PMC5736525 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of cancer including glioblastoma, the most common and aggressive form of brain cancer. Targeting the PI3K pathway to treat glioblastoma has been tested in the clinic with modest effect. In light of the recent finding that PI3K catalytic subunits (PIK3CA/p110α, PIK3CB/p110β, PIK3CD/p110δ, and PIK3CG/p110γ) are not functionally redundant, it is imperative to determine whether these subunits play divergent roles in glioblastoma and whether selectively targeting PI3K catalytic subunits represents a novel and effective strategy to tackle PI3K signaling. This article summarizes recent advances in understanding the role of PI3K catalytic subunits in glioblastoma and discusses the possibility of selective blockade of one PI3K catalytic subunit as a treatment option for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Pridham
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States.,Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Robin T Varghese
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Zhi Sheng
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States.,Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States.,Faculty of Health Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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8
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ErbB2-positive mammary tumors can escape PI3K-p110α loss through downregulation of the Pten tumor suppressor. Oncogene 2017; 36:6059-6066. [PMID: 28783168 PMCID: PMC5808977 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women and 30% will be diagnosed with an ErbB2-positive cancer. Forty percent of ErbB2-positive breast tumors have an activating mutation in p110α, a catalytic subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). Clinical and experimental data show that breast tumors treated with a p110α-specific inhibitor often circumvent inhibition and resume growth. To understand this mechanism of resistance, we crossed a p110α conditional (p110αflx/flx) mouse model with mice that overexpresses the ErbB2/Neu-IRES-Cre transgene (NIC) specifically in the mammary epithelium. Although mammary-specific deletion of p110α dramatically delays tumor onset, tumors eventually arise and are dependent on p110β. Through biochemical analyses we find that a proportion of p110α-deficient tumors (23%) display downregulation of the Pten tumor suppressor. We further demonstrate that loss of one allele of PTEN is sufficient to shift isoform dependency from p110α to p110β in vivo. These results provide insight into the molecular mechanism by which ErbB2-positive breast cancer escapes p110α inhibition.
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9
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Upregulated WDR26 serves as a scaffold to coordinate PI3K/ AKT pathway-driven breast cancer cell growth, migration, and invasion. Oncotarget 2017; 7:17854-69. [PMID: 26895380 PMCID: PMC4951255 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway transmits signals downstream of receptor tyrosine kinases and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), and is one of the most dysregulated pathways in breast cancer. PI3Ks and AKTs consist of multiple isoforms that play distinct and even opposite roles in breast cancer cell growth and metastasis. However, it remains unknown how the activities of various PI3K and AKT isoforms are coordinated during breast cancer progression. Previously, we showed WDR26 is a novel WD40 protein that binds Gβγ and promotes Gβγ signaling. Here, we demonstrate that WDR26 is overexpressed in highly malignant breast tumor cell lines and human breast cancer samples, and that WDR26 overexpression correlates with shortened survival of breast cancer patients. In highly malignant cell lines (MDA-MB231, DU4475 and BT549), downregulation of WDR26 expression selectively alleviated GPCR- but not EGF receptor-stimulated PI3K/AKT signaling and tumor cell growth, migration and invasion. In contrast, in a less malignant cell line (MCF7), WDR26 overexpression had the opposite effect. Additional studies indicate that downstream of GPCR stimulation, WDR26 serves as a scaffold that fosters assembly of a specific signaling complex consisting of Gβγ, PI3Kβ and AKT2. In an orthotopic xenograft mouse model of breast cancer, disrupting formation of this complex, by overexpressing WDR26 mutants in MDA-MB231 cells, abrogated PI3K/AKT activation and tumor cell growth and metastasis. Together, our results identify a novel mechanism regulating GPCR-dependent activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling axis in breast tumor cells, and pinpoint WDR26 as a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer.
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10
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Scott WJ, Hentemann MF, Rowley RB, Bull CO, Jenkins S, Bullion AM, Johnson J, Redman A, Robbins AH, Esler W, Fracasso RP, Garrison T, Hamilton M, Michels M, Wood JE, Wilkie DP, Xiao H, Levy J, Stasik E, Liu N, Schaefer M, Brands M, Lefranc J. Discovery and SAR of Novel 2,3-Dihydroimidazo[1,2-c]quinazoline PI3K Inhibitors: Identification of Copanlisib (BAY 80-6946). ChemMedChem 2016; 11:1517-30. [PMID: 27310202 PMCID: PMC5094563 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K) pathway is aberrantly activated in many disease states, including tumor cells, either by growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases or by the genetic mutation and amplification of key pathway components. A variety of PI3K isoforms play differential roles in cancers. As such, the development of PI3K inhibitors from novel compound classes should lead to differential pharmacological and pharmacokinetic profiles and allow exploration in various indications, combinations, and dosing regimens. A screening effort aimed at the identification of PI3Kγ inhibitors for the treatment of inflammatory diseases led to the discovery of the novel 2,3‐dihydroimidazo[1,2‐c]quinazoline class of PI3K inhibitors. A subsequent lead optimization program targeting cancer therapy focused on inhibition of PI3Kα and PI3Kβ. Herein, initial structure–activity relationship findings for this class and the optimization that led to the identification of copanlisib (BAY 80‐6946) as a clinical candidate for the treatment of solid and hematological tumors are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Scott
- Global Development, Global Program Management, Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Inc., Whippany, NJ, 07981, USA.
| | | | - R Bruce Rowley
- Former Bayer Research Center, West Haven, CT, 16516, USA
| | - Cathy O Bull
- Former Bayer Research Center, West Haven, CT, 16516, USA
| | - Susan Jenkins
- Former Bayer Research Center, West Haven, CT, 16516, USA
| | - Ann M Bullion
- Former Bayer Research Center, West Haven, CT, 16516, USA
| | | | - Anikó Redman
- Former Bayer Research Center, West Haven, CT, 16516, USA
| | | | - William Esler
- Former Bayer Research Center, West Haven, CT, 16516, USA
| | | | | | - Mark Hamilton
- Former Bayer Research Center, West Haven, CT, 16516, USA
| | - Martin Michels
- Global Drug Discovery, Project Management Drug Discovery, Bayer Pharma AG, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jill E Wood
- Former Bayer Research Center, West Haven, CT, 16516, USA
| | - Dean P Wilkie
- Former Bayer Research Center, West Haven, CT, 16516, USA
| | - Hong Xiao
- Former Bayer Research Center, West Haven, CT, 16516, USA
| | - Joan Levy
- Former Bayer Research Center, West Haven, CT, 16516, USA
| | - Enrico Stasik
- Global Drug Discovery, TRG Oncology, Bayer Pharma AG, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ningshu Liu
- Global Drug Discovery, TRG Oncology, Bayer Pharma AG, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina Schaefer
- Global Drug Discovery, Structural Biology, Bayer Pharma AG, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Brands
- Global Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry Berlin, Bayer Pharma AG, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julien Lefranc
- Global Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry Berlin, Bayer Pharma AG, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
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11
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Riquelme I, Tapia O, Leal P, Sandoval A, Varga MG, Letelier P, Buchegger K, Bizama C, Espinoza JA, Peek RM, Araya JC, Roa JC. miR-101-2, miR-125b-2 and miR-451a act as potential tumor suppressors in gastric cancer through regulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2016; 39:23-33. [PMID: 26458815 PMCID: PMC4751587 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-015-0247-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) is a deadly malignancy worldwide. In the past, it has been shown that cellular signaling pathway alterations play a crucial role in the development of GC. In particular, deregulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway seems to affect multiple GC functions including growth, proliferation, metabolism, motility and angiogenesis. Targeting alterations in this pathway by microRNAs (miRNAs) represents a potential therapeutic strategy, especially in inhibitor-resistant tumors. The objective of this study was to evaluate the expression of 3 pre-selected miRNAs, miR-101-2, miR-125b-2 and miR-451a, in a series of primary GC tissues and matched non-GC tissues and in several GC-derived cell lines, and to subsequently evaluate the functional role of these miRNAs. METHODS Twenty-five primary GC samples, 25 matched non-GC samples and 3 GC-derived cell lines, i.e., AGS, MKN28 and MKN45, were included in this study. miRNA and target gene expression levels were assessed by quantitative RT-PCR and western blotting, respectively. Subsequently, cell viability, clone formation, cell death, migration and invasion assays were performed on AGS cells. RESULTS miR-101-2, miR-125b-2 and miR-451a were found to be down-regulated in the primary GC tissues and the GC-derived cell lines tested. MiRNA mimic transfections significantly reduced cell viability and colony formation, increased cell death and reduced cell migration and invasion in AGS cells. We also found that exogenous expression of miR-101-2, miR-125b-2 and miR-451a decreased the expression of their putative targets MTOR, PIK3CB and TSC1, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our expression analyses and in vitro functional assays suggest that miR-101-2, miR-125b-2 and miR-451a act as potential tumor suppressors in primary GCs as well as in GC-derived AGS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Riquelme
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Pathology Department, School of Medicine, BIOREN-CEGIN, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Alemania 0458, 4810296 Temuco, Chile
| | - Oscar Tapia
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Pathology Department, School of Medicine, BIOREN-CEGIN, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Alemania 0458, 4810296 Temuco, Chile
| | - Pamela Leal
- Molecular Biology and Biomedicine Lab, CEGIN-BIOREN, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Alemania 0458, 4810296 Temuco, Chile
| | - Alejandra Sandoval
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Pathology Department, School of Medicine, BIOREN-CEGIN, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Alemania 0458, 4810296 Temuco, Chile
| | - Matthew G. Varga
- Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue Nashville, 37232 Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Pablo Letelier
- School of Health Sciences, Universidad Catolica de Temuco, Manuel Montt 56, 4813302 Temuco, Chile
| | - Kurt Buchegger
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Pathology Department, School of Medicine, BIOREN-CEGIN, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Alemania 0458, 4810296 Temuco, Chile
| | - Carolina Bizama
- Department of Pathology, UC Centre for Investigational Oncology (CITO), Advanced Centre for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Marcoleta 377, 7th Floor, 8330024 Santiago, Chile
| | - Jaime A. Espinoza
- Department of Pathology, UC Centre for Investigational Oncology (CITO), Advanced Centre for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Marcoleta 377, 7th Floor, 8330024 Santiago, Chile
| | - Richard M. Peek
- Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue Nashville, 37232 Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Araya
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Alemania 0458, 4810296 Temuco, Chile
| | - Juan Carlos Roa
- Department of Pathology, UC Centre for Investigational Oncology (CITO), Advanced Centre for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Marcoleta 377, 7th Floor, 8330024 Santiago, Chile
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12
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Beretta M, Bauer M, Hirsch E. PI3K signaling in the pathogenesis of obesity: The cause and the cure. Adv Biol Regul 2015; 58:1-15. [PMID: 25512233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
With the steady rise in the incidence of obesity and its associated comorbidities, in the last decades research aimed at understanding molecular mechanisms that control body weight has gained new interest. Fat gain is frequently associated with chronic adipose tissue inflammation and with peripheral as well as central metabolic derangements, resulting in an impaired hypothalamic regulation of energy homeostasis. Recent attention has focused on the role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) in both immune and metabolic response pathways, being involved in the pathophysiology of obesity and its associated metabolic diseases. In this review, we focus on distinct PI3K isoforms, especially class I PI3Ks, mediating inflammatory cells recruitment to the enlarged fat as well as intracellular responses to key hormonal regulators of fat storage, both in adipocytes and in the central nervous system. This integrated view of PI3K functions may ultimately help to develop new therapeutic interventions for the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Beretta
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Emilio Hirsch
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
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13
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McCubrey JA, Steelman LS, Bertrand FE, Davis NM, Sokolosky M, Abrams SL, Montalto G, D'Assoro AB, Libra M, Nicoletti F, Maestro R, Basecke J, Rakus D, Gizak A, Demidenko ZN, Cocco L, Martelli AM, Cervello M. GSK-3 as potential target for therapeutic intervention in cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 5:2881-911. [PMID: 24931005 PMCID: PMC4102778 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) was initially identified and studied in the regulation of glycogen synthesis. GSK-3 functions in a wide range of cellular processes. Aberrant activity of GSK-3 has been implicated in many human pathologies including: bipolar depression, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cancer, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and others. In some cases, suppression of GSK-3 activity by phosphorylation by Akt and other kinases has been associated with cancer progression. In these cases, GSK-3 has tumor suppressor functions. In other cases, GSK-3 has been associated with tumor progression by stabilizing components of the beta-catenin complex. In these situations, GSK-3 has oncogenic properties. While many inhibitors to GSK-3 have been developed, their use remains controversial because of the ambiguous role of GSK-3 in cancer development. In this review, we will focus on the diverse roles that GSK-3 plays in various human cancers, in particular in solid tumors. Recently, GSK-3 has also been implicated in the generation of cancer stem cells in various cell types. We will also discuss how this pivotal kinase interacts with multiple signaling pathways such as: PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTORC1, Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK, Wnt/beta-catenin, Hedgehog, Notch and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology,Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University Greenville, NC 27858 USA
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14
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Schwartz S, Wongvipat J, Trigwell CB, Hancox U, Carver BS, Rodrik-Outmezguine V, Will M, Yellen P, de Stanchina E, Baselga J, Scher HI, Barry ST, Sawyers CL, Chandarlapaty S, Rosen N. Feedback suppression of PI3Kα signaling in PTEN-mutated tumors is relieved by selective inhibition of PI3Kβ. Cancer Cell 2015; 27:109-22. [PMID: 25544636 PMCID: PMC4293347 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In PTEN-mutated tumors, we show that PI3Kα activity is suppressed and PI3K signaling is driven by PI3Kβ. A selective inhibitor of PI3Kβ inhibits the Akt/mTOR pathway in these tumors but not in those driven by receptor tyrosine kinases. However, inhibition of PI3Kβ only transiently inhibits Akt/mTOR signaling because it relieves feedback inhibition of IGF1R and other receptors and thus causes activation of PI3Kα and a rebound in downstream signaling. This rebound is suppressed and tumor growth inhibition enhanced with combined inhibition of PI3Kα and PI3Kβ. In PTEN-deficient models of prostate cancer, this effective inhibition of PI3K causes marked activation of androgen receptor activity. Combined inhibition of both PI3K isoforms and androgen receptor results in major tumor regressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarit Schwartz
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - John Wongvipat
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Cath B Trigwell
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Urs Hancox
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Brett S Carver
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Vanessa Rodrik-Outmezguine
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Marie Will
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Paige Yellen
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Elisa de Stanchina
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - José Baselga
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Howard I Scher
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Simon T Barry
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Charles L Sawyers
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sarat Chandarlapaty
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Neal Rosen
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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15
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Ranzani M, Annunziato S, Calabria A, Brasca S, Benedicenti F, Gallina P, Naldini L, Montini E. Lentiviral vector-based insertional mutagenesis identifies genes involved in the resistance to targeted anticancer therapies. Mol Ther 2014; 22:2056-2068. [PMID: 25195596 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The high transduction efficiency of lentiviral vectors in a wide variety of cells makes them an ideal tool for forward genetics screenings addressing issues of cancer research. Although molecular targeted therapies have provided significant advances in tumor treatment, relapses often occur by the expansion of tumor cell clones carrying mutations that confer resistance. Identification of the culprits of anticancer drug resistance is fundamental for the achievement of long-term response. Here, we developed a new lentiviral vector-based insertional mutagenesis screening to identify genes that confer resistance to clinically relevant targeted anticancer therapies. By applying this genome-wide approach to cell lines representing two subtypes of HER2(+) breast cancer, we identified 62 candidate lapatinib resistance genes. We validated the top ranking genes, i.e., PIK3CA and PIK3CB, by showing that their forced expression confers resistance to lapatinib in vitro and found that their mutation/overexpression is associated to poor prognosis in human breast tumors. Then, we successfully applied this approach to the identification of erlotinib resistance genes in pancreatic cancer, thus showing the intrinsic versatility of the approach. The acquired knowledge can help identifying combinations of targeted drugs to overcome the occurrence of resistance, thus opening new horizons for more effective treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ranzani
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Current address: Experimental Cancer Genetics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stefano Annunziato
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Current address: Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Calabria
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Brasca
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Benedicenti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Pierangela Gallina
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Naldini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Eugenio Montini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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16
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Brooks K, Ranall M, Spoerri L, Stevenson A, Gunasingh G, Pavey S, Meunier F, Gonda TJ, Gabrielli B. Decatenation checkpoint-defective melanomas are dependent on PI3K for survival. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2014; 27:813-21. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Brooks
- Translational Research Institute; The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute; Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Max Ranall
- Translational Research Institute; The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute; Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Loredana Spoerri
- Translational Research Institute; The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute; Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Alex Stevenson
- Translational Research Institute; The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute; Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Gency Gunasingh
- Translational Research Institute; The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute; Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Sandra Pavey
- Translational Research Institute; The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute; Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Fred Meunier
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research; Queensland Brain Institute; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Thomas J. Gonda
- Translational Research Institute; The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute; Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Brian Gabrielli
- Translational Research Institute; The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute; Brisbane Qld Australia
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17
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Abstract
Recent groundbreaking discoveries have revealed that IGF-1, Ras, MEK, AMPK, TSC1/2, FOXO, PI3K, mTOR, S6K, and NFκB are involved in the aging process. This is remarkable because the same signaling molecules, oncoproteins and tumor suppressors, are well-known targets for cancer therapy. Furthermore, anti-cancer drugs aimed at some of these targets have been already developed. This arsenal could be potentially employed for anti-aging interventions (given that similar signaling molecules are involved in both cancer and aging). In cancer, intrinsic and acquired resistance, tumor heterogeneity, adaptation, and genetic instability of cancer cells all hinder cancer-directed therapy. But for anti-aging applications, these hurdles are irrelevant. For example, since anti-aging interventions should be aimed at normal postmitotic cells, no selection for resistance is expected. At low doses, certain agents may decelerate aging and age-related diseases. Importantly, deceleration of aging can in turn postpone cancer, which is an age-related disease.
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18
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Liu N, Rowley BR, Bull CO, Schneider C, Haegebarth A, Schatz CA, Fracasso PR, Wilkie DP, Hentemann M, Wilhelm SM, Scott WJ, Mumberg D, Ziegelbauer K. BAY 80-6946 is a highly selective intravenous PI3K inhibitor with potent p110α and p110δ activities in tumor cell lines and xenograft models. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:2319-30. [PMID: 24170767 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0993-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Because of the complexity derived from the existence of various phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) isoforms and their differential roles in cancers, development of PI3K inhibitors with differential pharmacologic and pharmacokinetic profiles would allow best exploration in different indications, combinations, and dosing regimens. Here, we report BAY 80-6946, a highly selective and potent pan-class I PI3K inhibitor with sub-nanomolar IC50s against PI3Kα and PI3Kδ. BAY 80-6946 exhibited preferential inhibition (about 10-fold) of AKT phosphorylation by PI3Kα compared with PI3Kβ in cells. BAY 80-6946 showed superior antitumor activity (>40-fold) in PIK3CA mutant and/or HER2 overexpression as compared with HER2-negative and wild-type PIK3CA breast cancer cell lines. In addition, BAY 80-6946 revealed potent activity to induce apoptosis in a subset of tumor cells with aberrant activation of PI3K as a single agent. In vivo, single intravenous administration of BAY 80-6946 exhibited higher exposure and prolonged inhibition of pAKT levels in tumors versus plasma. BAY 80-6946 is efficacious in tumors with activated PI3K when dosed either continuously or intermittently. Thus, BAY 80-6946 induced 100% complete tumor regression when dosed as a single agent every second day in rats bearing HER2-amplified and PIK3CA-mutated KPL4 breast tumors. In combination with paclitaxel, weekly dosing of BAY 80-6946 is sufficient to reach sustained response in all animals bearing patient-derived non-small cell lung cancer xenografts, despite a short plasma elimination half-life (1 hour) in mice. Thus, BAY 80-6946 is a promising agent with differential pharmacologic and pharmacokinetic properties for the treatment of PI3K-dependent human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningshu Liu
- Corresponding Author: Ningshu Liu, Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Muellerstr 178, Berlin 13342, Germany.
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19
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Juvin V, Malek M, Anderson KE, Dion C, Chessa T, Lecureuil C, Ferguson GJ, Cosulich S, Hawkins PT, Stephens LR. Signaling via class IA Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K) in human, breast-derived cell lines. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75045. [PMID: 24124465 PMCID: PMC3790768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We have addressed the differential roles of class I Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K) in human breast-derived MCF10a (and iso-genetic derivatives) and MDA-MB 231 and 468 cells. Class I PI3Ks are heterodimers of p110 catalytic (α, β, δ and γ) and p50-101 regulatory subunits and make the signaling lipid, phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4,5)P3) that can activate effectors, eg protein kinase B (PKB), and responses, eg migration. The PtdIns(3,4,5)P3-3-phosphatase and tumour-suppressor, PTEN inhibits this pathway. p110α, but not other p110s, has a number of onco-mutant variants that are commonly found in cancers. mRNA-seq data shows that MCF10a cells express p110β>>α>δ with undetectable p110γ. Despite this, EGF-stimulated phosphorylation of PKB depended upon p110α-, but not β- or δ- activity. EGF-stimulated chemokinesis, but not chemotaxis, was also dependent upon p110α, but not β- or δ- activity. In the presence of single, endogenous alleles of onco-mutant p110α (H1047R or E545K), basal, but not EGF-stimulated, phosphorylation of PKB was increased and the effect of EGF was fully reversed by p110α inhibitors. Cells expressing either onco-mutant displayed higher basal motility and EGF-stimulated chemokinesis.This latter effect was, however, only partially-sensitive to PI3K inhibitors. In PTEN(-/-) cells, basal and EGF-stimulated phosphorylation of PKB was substantially increased, but the p110-dependency was variable between cell types. In MDA-MB 468s phosphorylation of PKB was significantly dependent on p110β, but not α- or δ- activity; in PTEN(-/-) MCF10a it remained, like the parental cells, p110α-dependent. Surprisingly, loss of PTEN suppressed basal motility and EGF-stimulated chemokinesis. These results indicate that; p110α is required for EGF signaling to PKB and chemokinesis, but not chemotaxis; onco-mutant alleles of p110α augment signaling in the absence of EGF and may increase motility, in part, via acutely modulating PI3K-activity-independent mechanisms. Finally, we demonstrate that there is not a universal mechanism that up-regulates p110β function in the absence of PTEN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carine Dion
- The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tamara Chessa
- The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Sabina Cosulich
- The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Astrazeneca, Macclesfield United Kingdom
| | | | - Len R. Stephens
- The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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20
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Yu H, Moore ML, Erhard K, Hardwicke MA, Lin H, Luengo JI, McSurdy-Freed J, Plant R, Qu J, Raha K, Rominger CM, Schaber MD, Spengler MD, Rivero RA. [3a,4]-Dihydropyrazolo[1,5a]pyrimidines: Novel, Potent, and Selective Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase β Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:230-4. [PMID: 24900655 DOI: 10.1021/ml300330m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of novel [3a,4]dihydropyrazolo[1,5a]pyrimidines were identified, which were highly potent and selective inhibitors of PI3Kβ. The template afforded the opportunity to develop novel SAR for both the hinge-binding (R3) and back-pocket (R4) substitutents. While cellular potency was relatively modest due to high protein binding, the series displayed low clearance in rat, mouse, and monkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyi Yu
- Cancer
Metabolism Chemistry, ‡Cancer Metabolism Biology, §Cancer Metabolism DMPK, ∥Computational Chemistry,
Platform Technology Sciences, and ⊥Screening and Compound Profiling, Platform
Technology Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426,
United States
| | - Michael L. Moore
- Cancer
Metabolism Chemistry, ‡Cancer Metabolism Biology, §Cancer Metabolism DMPK, ∥Computational Chemistry,
Platform Technology Sciences, and ⊥Screening and Compound Profiling, Platform
Technology Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426,
United States
| | - Karl Erhard
- Cancer
Metabolism Chemistry, ‡Cancer Metabolism Biology, §Cancer Metabolism DMPK, ∥Computational Chemistry,
Platform Technology Sciences, and ⊥Screening and Compound Profiling, Platform
Technology Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426,
United States
| | - Mary Ann Hardwicke
- Cancer
Metabolism Chemistry, ‡Cancer Metabolism Biology, §Cancer Metabolism DMPK, ∥Computational Chemistry,
Platform Technology Sciences, and ⊥Screening and Compound Profiling, Platform
Technology Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426,
United States
| | - Hong Lin
- Cancer
Metabolism Chemistry, ‡Cancer Metabolism Biology, §Cancer Metabolism DMPK, ∥Computational Chemistry,
Platform Technology Sciences, and ⊥Screening and Compound Profiling, Platform
Technology Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426,
United States
| | - Juan I. Luengo
- Cancer
Metabolism Chemistry, ‡Cancer Metabolism Biology, §Cancer Metabolism DMPK, ∥Computational Chemistry,
Platform Technology Sciences, and ⊥Screening and Compound Profiling, Platform
Technology Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426,
United States
| | - Jeanelle McSurdy-Freed
- Cancer
Metabolism Chemistry, ‡Cancer Metabolism Biology, §Cancer Metabolism DMPK, ∥Computational Chemistry,
Platform Technology Sciences, and ⊥Screening and Compound Profiling, Platform
Technology Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426,
United States
| | - Ramona Plant
- Cancer
Metabolism Chemistry, ‡Cancer Metabolism Biology, §Cancer Metabolism DMPK, ∥Computational Chemistry,
Platform Technology Sciences, and ⊥Screening and Compound Profiling, Platform
Technology Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426,
United States
| | - Junya Qu
- Cancer
Metabolism Chemistry, ‡Cancer Metabolism Biology, §Cancer Metabolism DMPK, ∥Computational Chemistry,
Platform Technology Sciences, and ⊥Screening and Compound Profiling, Platform
Technology Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426,
United States
| | - Kaushik Raha
- Cancer
Metabolism Chemistry, ‡Cancer Metabolism Biology, §Cancer Metabolism DMPK, ∥Computational Chemistry,
Platform Technology Sciences, and ⊥Screening and Compound Profiling, Platform
Technology Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426,
United States
| | - Cynthia M. Rominger
- Cancer
Metabolism Chemistry, ‡Cancer Metabolism Biology, §Cancer Metabolism DMPK, ∥Computational Chemistry,
Platform Technology Sciences, and ⊥Screening and Compound Profiling, Platform
Technology Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426,
United States
| | - Michael D. Schaber
- Cancer
Metabolism Chemistry, ‡Cancer Metabolism Biology, §Cancer Metabolism DMPK, ∥Computational Chemistry,
Platform Technology Sciences, and ⊥Screening and Compound Profiling, Platform
Technology Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426,
United States
| | - Michael D. Spengler
- Cancer
Metabolism Chemistry, ‡Cancer Metabolism Biology, §Cancer Metabolism DMPK, ∥Computational Chemistry,
Platform Technology Sciences, and ⊥Screening and Compound Profiling, Platform
Technology Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426,
United States
| | - Ralph A. Rivero
- Cancer
Metabolism Chemistry, ‡Cancer Metabolism Biology, §Cancer Metabolism DMPK, ∥Computational Chemistry,
Platform Technology Sciences, and ⊥Screening and Compound Profiling, Platform
Technology Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426,
United States
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21
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Chappell WH, Abrams SL, Franklin RA, LaHair MM, Montalto G, Cervello M, Martelli AM, Nicoletti F, Candido S, Libra M, Polesel J, Talamini R, Milella M, Tafuri A, Steelman LS, McCubrey JA. Ectopic NGAL expression can alter sensitivity of breast cancer cells to EGFR, Bcl-2, CaM-K inhibitors and the plant natural product berberine. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:4447-61. [PMID: 23159854 PMCID: PMC3552927 DOI: 10.4161/cc.22786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL, a.k.a Lnc2) is a member of the lipocalin family and has diverse roles. NGAL can stabilize matrix metalloproteinase-9 from autodegradation. NGAL is considered as a siderocalin that is important in the transport of iron. NGAL expression has also been associated with certain neoplasias and is implicated in the metastasis of breast cancer. In a previous study, we examined whether ectopic NGAL expression would alter the sensitivity of breast epithelial, breast and colorectal cancer cells to the effects of the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin. While abundant NGAL expression was detected in all the cells infected with a retrovirus encoding NGAL, this expression did not alter the sensitivity of these cells to doxorubicin as compared with empty vector-transduced cells. We were also interested in determining the effects of ectopic NGAL expression on the sensitivity to small-molecule inhibitors targeting key signaling molecules. Ectopic NGAL expression increased the sensitivity of MCF-7 breast cancer cells to EGFR, Bcl-2 and calmodulin kinase inhibitors as well as the natural plant product berberine. Furthermore, when suboptimal concentrations of certain inhibitors were combined with doxorubicin, a reduction in the doxorubicin IC 50 was frequently observed. An exception was observed when doxorubicin was combined with rapamycin, as doxorubicin suppressed the sensitivity of the NGAL-transduced MCF-7 cells to rapamycin when compared with the empty vector controls. In contrast, changes in the sensitivities of the NGAL-transduced HT-29 colorectal cancer cell line and the breast epithelial MCF-10A cell line were not detected compared with empty vector-transduced cells. Doxorubicin-resistant MCF-7/Dox (R) cells were examined in these experiments as a control drug-resistant line; it displayed increased sensitivity to EGFR and Bcl-2 inhibitors compared with empty vector transduced MCF-7 cells. These results indicate that NGAL expression can alter the sensitivity of certain cancer cells to small-molecule inhibitors, suggesting that patients whose tumors exhibit elevated NGAL expression or have become drug-resistant may display altered responses to certain small-molecule inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H. Chappell
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology; Brody School of Medicine; East Carolina University; Greenville, NC USA
| | - Stephen L. Abrams
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology; Brody School of Medicine; East Carolina University; Greenville, NC USA
| | - Richard A. Franklin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology; Brody School of Medicine; East Carolina University; Greenville, NC USA
| | - Michelle M. LaHair
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology; Brody School of Medicine; East Carolina University; Greenville, NC USA
| | - Giuseppe Montalto
- Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties; University of Palermo; Palermo, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare “Alberto Monroy”; Palermo, Italy
| | - Melchiorre Cervello
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare “Alberto Monroy”; Palermo, Italy
| | - Alberto M. Martelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences; Università di Bologna; Bologna, Italy
- Institute of Molecular Genetics; National Research Council-Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute; Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Saverio Candido
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences; University of Catania; Catania, Italy
| | - Massimo Libra
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences; University of Catania; Catania, Italy
| | - Jerry Polesel
- Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Centro di Riferimento Oncologico; IRCCS; Aviano, Italy
| | - Renato Talamini
- Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Centro di Riferimento Oncologico; IRCCS; Aviano, Italy
| | | | - Agostino Tafuri
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology and Hematology; University of Rome, Sapienza; Rome, Italy
| | - Linda S. Steelman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology; Brody School of Medicine; East Carolina University; Greenville, NC USA
| | - James A. McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology; Brody School of Medicine; East Carolina University; Greenville, NC USA
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22
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McCubrey JA, Steelman LS, Chappell WH, Sun L, Davis NM, Abrams SL, Franklin RA, Cocco L, Evangelisti C, Chiarini F, Martelli AM, Libra M, Candido S, Ligresti G, Malaponte G, Mazzarino MC, Fagone P, Donia M, Nicoletti F, Polesel J, Talamini R, Bäsecke J, Mijatovic S, Maksimovic-Ivanic D, Michele M, Tafuri A, Dulińska-Litewka J, Laidler P, D'Assoro AB, Drobot L, Umezawa D, Montalto G, Cervello M, Demidenko ZN. Advances in targeting signal transduction pathways. Oncotarget 2012; 3:1505-21. [PMID: 23455493 PMCID: PMC3681490 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past few years, significant advances have occurred in both our understanding of the complexity of signal transduction pathways as well as the isolation of specific inhibitors which target key components in those pathways. Furthermore critical information is being accrued regarding how genetic mutations can affect the sensitivity of various types of patients to targeted therapy. Finally, genetic mechanisms responsible for the development of resistance after targeted therapy are being discovered which may allow the creation of alternative therapies to overcome resistance. This review will discuss some of the highlights over the past few years on the roles of key signaling pathways in various diseases, the targeting of signal transduction pathways and the genetic mechanisms governing sensitivity and resistance to targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, USA.
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23
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Blagosklonny MV. Rapalogs in cancer prevention: anti-aging or anticancer? Cancer Biol Ther 2012; 13:1349-54. [PMID: 23151465 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.22859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Common cancer is an age-related disease. Slow aging is associated with reduced and delayed carcinogenesis. Calorie restriction (CR), the most studied anti-aging intervention, prevents cancer by slowing down the aging process. Evidence is emerging that CR decelerates aging by deactivating MTOR (Target of Rapamycin). Rapamycin and other rapalogs suppress cellular senescence, slow down aging and postpone age-related diseases including cancer. At the same time, rapalogs are approved for certain cancer treatments. Can cancer prevention be explained by direct targeting of cancer cells? Or does rapamycin prevent cancer indirectly through slowing down the aging process? Increasing evidence points to the latter scenario.
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24
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McCubrey JA, Steelman LS, Chappell WH, Abrams SL, Montalto G, Cervello M, Nicoletti F, Fagone P, Malaponte G, Mazzarino MC, Candido S, Libra M, Bäsecke J, Mijatovic S, Maksimovic-Ivanic D, Milella M, Tafuri A, Cocco L, Evangelisti C, Chiarini F, Martelli AM. Mutations and deregulation of Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR cascades which alter therapy response. Oncotarget 2012; 3:954-87. [PMID: 23006971 PMCID: PMC3660063 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR cascades are often activated by genetic alterations in upstream signaling molecules such as receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK). Certain components of these pathways, RAS, NF1, BRAF, MEK1, DUSP5, PP2A, PIK3CA, PIK3R1, PIK3R4, PIK3R5, IRS4, AKT, NFKB1, MTOR, PTEN, TSC1, and TSC2 may also be activated/inactivated by mutations or epigenetic silencing. Upstream mutations in one signaling pathway or even in downstream components of the same pathway can alter the sensitivity of the cells to certain small molecule inhibitors. These pathways have profound effects on proliferative, apoptotic and differentiation pathways. Dysregulation of components of these cascades can contribute to: resistance to other pathway inhibitors, chemotherapeutic drug resistance, premature aging as well as other diseases. This review will first describe these pathways and discuss how genetic mutations and epigenetic alterations can result in resistance to various inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
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25
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Abstract
National Cancer Institute has announced 24 provocative questions on cancer. Here I try to answer some of them by linking the dots of existing knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V Blagosklonny
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, BLSC, L3-312, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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Kotula L. Abi1, a critical molecule coordinating actin cytoskeleton reorganization with PI-3 kinase and growth signaling. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:2790-4. [PMID: 22617151 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Coordination of actin cytoskeletal reorganization with growth and proliferation signals is a key cellular process that is not fully understood. PI-3 kinase is one of the central nodes for distributing growth and proliferation signals downstream from growth factor receptors to the nucleus. Although PI-3 kinase function has been associated with actin cytoskeleton remodeling, satisfactory explanations of the mechanisms mediating this regulation have been elusive. Here we propose that interaction of the Abi1 protein with the p85 regulatory subunit of PI-3 kinase represents the link between growth receptor signaling and actin cytoskeleton remodeling. This function of Abi1, which involves WAVE complex, was initially observed in macropinocytosis, and may explain the coincident dysregulation of PI-3 kinase and actin cytoskeleton in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leszek Kotula
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA.
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27
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Abstract
In recent years, numerous new targets have been identified and new experimental therapeutics have been developed. Importantly, existing non-cancer drugs found novel use in cancer therapy. And even more importantly, new original therapeutic strategies to increase potency, selectivity and decrease detrimental side effects have been evaluated. Here we review some recent advances in targeting cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoya N Demidenko
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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28
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Zhao Y, Duan S, Zeng X, Liu C, Davies NM, Li B, Forrest ML. Prodrug strategy for PSMA-targeted delivery of TGX-221 to prostate cancer cells. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:1705-16. [PMID: 22494444 DOI: 10.1021/mp3000309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
TGX-221 is a potent, selective, and cell membrane permeable inhibitor of the PI3K p110β catalytic subunit. Recent studies showed that TGX-221 has antiproliferative activity against PTEN-deficient tumor cell lines including prostate cancers. The objective of this study was to develop an encapsulation system for parenterally delivering TGX-221 to the target tissue through a prostate-specific membrane aptamer (PSMAa10) with little or no side effects. In this study, PEG-PCL micelles were formulated to encapsulate the drug, and a prodrug strategy was pursued to improve the stability of the carrier system. Fluorescence imaging studies demonstrated that the cellular uptake of both drug and nanoparticles was significantly improved by targeted micelles in a PSMA positive cell line. The area under the plasma concentration time curve of the micelle formulation in nude mice was 2.27-fold greater than that of the naked drug, and the drug clearance rate was 6.16-fold slower. These findings suggest a novel formulation approach for improving site-specific drug delivery of a molecular-targeted prostate cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqi Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas , Simons Laboratories, 2095 Constant Ave. Rm. 136B, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
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29
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Blagosklonny MV. Molecular damage in cancer: an argument for mTOR-driven aging. Aging (Albany NY) 2011; 3:1130-41. [PMID: 22246147 PMCID: PMC3273893 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite common belief, accumulation of molecular damage does not play a key role in aging. Still, cancer (an age-related disease) is initiated by molecular damage. Cancer and aging share a lot in common including the activation of the TOR pathway. But the role of molecular damage distinguishes cancer and aging. Furthermore, an analysis of the role of both damage and aging in cancer argues against "a decline, caused by accumulation of molecular damage" as a cause of aging. I also discuss how random molecular damage, via rounds of multiplication and selection, brings about non-random hallmarks of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V Blagosklonny
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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30
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Ye ZW, Ghalali A, Högberg J, Stenius U. Silencing p110β prevents rapid depletion of nuclear pAkt. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 415:613-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.10.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Adams JR, Schachter NF, Liu JC, Zacksenhaus E, Egan SE. Elevated PI3K signaling drives multiple breast cancer subtypes. Oncotarget 2011; 2:435-47. [PMID: 21646685 PMCID: PMC3248195 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Most human breast tumors have mutations that elevate signaling through a key metabolic pathway that is induced by insulin and a number of growth factors. This pathway serves to activate an enzyme known as phosphatidylinositol 3' kinase (PI3K) as well as to regulate proteins that signal in response to lipid products of PI3K. The specific mutations that activate this pathway in breast cancer can occur in genes coding for tyrosine kinase receptors, adaptor proteins linked to PI3K, catalytic and regulatory subunits of PI3K, serine/threonine kinases that function downstream of PI3K, and also phosphatidylinositol 3' phosphatase tumor suppressors that function to antagonize this pathway. While each genetic change results in net elevation of PI3K pathway signaling, and all major breast cancer subtypes show pathway activation, the specific mutation(s) involved in any one tumor may play an important role in defining tumor subtype, prognosis and even sensitivity to therapy. Here, we describe mouse models of breast cancer with elevated PI3K signaling, and how they may be used to guide development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R. Adams
- 1 Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 101 College St., East Tower
- 2 The Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nathan F. Schachter
- 1 Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 101 College St., East Tower
- 2 The Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeff C. Liu
- 3 Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute–University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eldad Zacksenhaus
- 3 Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute–University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- 4 The Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sean E. Egan
- 1 Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 101 College St., East Tower
- 2 The Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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