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Huayamares SG, Loughrey D, Kim H, Dahlman JE, Sorscher EJ. Nucleic acid-based drugs for patients with solid tumours. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2024; 21:407-427. [PMID: 38589512 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-024-00883-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The treatment of patients with advanced-stage solid tumours typically involves a multimodality approach (including surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy and/or immunotherapy), which is often ultimately ineffective. Nucleic acid-based drugs, either as monotherapies or in combination with standard-of-care therapies, are rapidly emerging as novel treatments capable of generating responses in otherwise refractory tumours. These therapies include those using viral vectors (also referred to as gene therapies), several of which have now been approved by regulatory agencies, and nanoparticles containing mRNAs and a range of other nucleotides. In this Review, we describe the development and clinical activity of viral and non-viral nucleic acid-based treatments, including their mechanisms of action, tolerability and available efficacy data from patients with solid tumours. We also describe the effects of the tumour microenvironment on drug delivery for both systemically administered and locally administered agents. Finally, we discuss important trends resulting from ongoing clinical trials and preclinical testing, and manufacturing and/or stability considerations that are expected to underpin the next generation of nucleic acid agents for patients with solid tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian G Huayamares
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David Loughrey
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hyejin Kim
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - James E Dahlman
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Eric J Sorscher
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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2
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Hassanen EI, Morsy EA, Abuowarda M, Ibrahim MA, Shaalan M. Silver and gold nanoparticles as a novel approach to fight Sarcoptic mange in rabbits. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10618. [PMID: 38724594 PMCID: PMC11081955 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60736-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Various kinds of pets have been known to contract the ectoparasite Sarcoptes scabiei. Current acaricides are becoming less effective because of the resistance developed by the mite besides their adverse effects on the general activity and reproductive performance of domestic pets. For this reason, the present study aims to discover a novel and safe approach using silver and gold nanoparticles to fight Sarcoptic mange in rabbits as well as to explain their mechanism of action. 15 pet rabbits with clinical signs of Sarcoptic mange that were confirmed by the microscopic examination were used in our study. All rabbits used in this study were assessed positive for the presence of different developing stages of S. scabiei. Three groups of rabbits (n = 5) were used as follows: group (1) didn't receive any treatment, and group (2 and 3) was treated with either AgNPs or GNPs, respectively. Both nanoparticles were applied daily on the affected skin areas via a dressing and injected subcutaneously once a week for 2 weeks at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg bwt. Our results revealed that all rabbits were severely infested and took a mean score = 3. The skin lesions in rabbits that didn't receive any treatments progressed extensively and took a mean score = of 4. On the other hand, all nanoparticle-treated groups displayed marked improvement in the skin lesion and took an average score of 0-1. All NPs treated groups showed remarkable improvement in the microscopic pictures along with mild iNOS, TNF-α, and Cox-2 expression. Both nanoparticles could downregulate the m-RNA levels of IL-6 and IFγ and upregulate IL-10 and TGF-1β genes to promote skin healing. Dressing rabbits with both NPs didn't affect either liver and kidney biomarkers or serum Ig levels indicating their safety. Our residual analysis detected AgNPs in the liver of rabbits but did not detect any residues of GNPs in such organs. We recommend using GNPs as an alternative acaricide to fight rabbit mange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman I Hassanen
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, P.O. Box 12211, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Eman A Morsy
- Department of Poultry Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, P.O. Box 12211, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mai Abuowarda
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, P.O. Box 12211, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa A Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, P.O. Box 12211, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Shaalan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, P.O. Box 12211, Giza, Egypt
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Science, Bratislava, Slovakia
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3
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Guo F, Li Y, Yu W, Fu Y, Zhang J, Cao H. Recent Progress of Small Interfering RNA Delivery on the Market and Clinical Stage. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:2081-2096. [PMID: 38630656 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are promising therapeutic strategies, and five siRNA drugs have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Commission (EC). This marks a significant milestone in the development of siRNA for clinical applications. The approved siRNA agents can effectively deliver siRNAs to the liver and treat liver-related diseases. Currently, researchers have developed diverse delivery platforms for transporting siRNAs to different tissues such as the brain, lung, muscle, and others, and a large number of siRNA drugs are undergoing clinical trials. Here, these delivery technologies and the latest advancements in clinical applications are summarized, and this Review provides a concise overview of the strategies employed for siRNA delivery to both hepatic and extrahepatic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Shandong 264003, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong 264000, China
| | - Yan Li
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong 264000, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong 264117, China
| | - Wenjun Yu
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong 264000, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong 264117, China
| | - Yuanlei Fu
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong 264000, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong 264117, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Shandong 264003, China
| | - Haiqiang Cao
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong 264000, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong 264117, China
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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Belgrad J, Fakih HH, Khvorova A. Nucleic Acid Therapeutics: Successes, Milestones, and Upcoming Innovation. Nucleic Acid Ther 2024; 34:52-72. [PMID: 38507678 PMCID: PMC11302270 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2023.0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid-based therapies have become the third major drug class after small molecules and antibodies. The role of nucleic acid-based therapies has been strengthened by recent regulatory approvals and tremendous clinical success. In this review, we look at the major obstacles that have hindered the field, the historical milestones that have been achieved, and what is yet to be resolved and anticipated soon. This review provides a view of the key innovations that are expanding nucleic acid capabilities, setting the stage for the future of nucleic acid therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Belgrad
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hassan H. Fakih
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anastasia Khvorova
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Kim W, Ye Z, Simonenko V, Shahi A, Malikzay A, Long S, Xu JJ, Lu A, Horng JH, Wu CR, Chen PJ, Lu P, Evans DM. Codelivery of TGFβ and Cox2 siRNA inhibits HCC by promoting T-cell penetration into the tumor and improves response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. NAR Cancer 2024; 6:zcad059. [PMID: 38204925 PMCID: PMC10776204 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcad059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Upregulation of TGFβ and Cox2 in the tumor microenvironment results in blockade of T-cell penetration into the tumor. Without access to tumor antigens, the T-cell response will not benefit from administration of the immune checkpoint antibodies. We created an intravenous polypeptide nanoparticle that can deliver two siRNAs (silencing TGFβ and Cox2). Systemic administration in mice, bearing a syngeneic orthotopic hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), delivers the siRNAs to various cells in the liver, and significantly reduces the tumor. At 2 mg/kg (BIW) the nanoparticle demonstrated a single agent action and induced tumor growth inhibition to undetectable levels after five doses. Reducing the siRNAs to 1mg/kg BIW demonstrated greater inhibition in the presence of PD-L1 mAbs. After only three doses BIW, we could still recover a smaller tumor and, in tumor sections, showed an increase in penetration of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells deeper into the remaining tumor that was not evident in animals treated with non-silencing siRNA. The combination of TGFβ and Cox2 siRNA co-administered in a polypeptide nanoparticle can act as a novel therapeutic alone against HCC and may augment the activity of the immune checkpoint antibodies. Silencing TGFβ and Cox2 converts an immune excluded (cold) tumor into a T-cell inflamed (hot) tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wookhyun Kim
- Sirnaomics Inc., 20511 Seneca Meadows Parkway, Suite 200, Germantown, MD 20876, USA
| | - Zhou Ye
- Sirnaomics Inc., 20511 Seneca Meadows Parkway, Suite 200, Germantown, MD 20876, USA
| | - Vera Simonenko
- Sirnaomics Inc., 20511 Seneca Meadows Parkway, Suite 200, Germantown, MD 20876, USA
| | - Aashirwad Shahi
- Sirnaomics Inc., 20511 Seneca Meadows Parkway, Suite 200, Germantown, MD 20876, USA
| | - Asra Malikzay
- Sirnaomics Inc., 20511 Seneca Meadows Parkway, Suite 200, Germantown, MD 20876, USA
| | - Steven Z Long
- Sirnaomics Inc., 20511 Seneca Meadows Parkway, Suite 200, Germantown, MD 20876, USA
| | - John J Xu
- Suzhou Sirnaomics Pharmaceuticals, Ltd., Biobay, Suzhou, China
| | - Alan Lu
- Sirnaomics Inc., 20511 Seneca Meadows Parkway, Suite 200, Germantown, MD 20876, USA
| | - Jau-Hau Horng
- National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 1, Section 1, Ren’ai Rd, Zhongzheng District, Taipei City 100, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Ru Wu
- National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 1, Section 1, Ren’ai Rd, Zhongzheng District, Taipei City 100, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jer Chen
- National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 1, Section 1, Ren’ai Rd, Zhongzheng District, Taipei City 100, Taiwan
| | - Patrick Y Lu
- Sirnaomics Inc., 20511 Seneca Meadows Parkway, Suite 200, Germantown, MD 20876, USA
| | - David M Evans
- Sirnaomics Inc., 20511 Seneca Meadows Parkway, Suite 200, Germantown, MD 20876, USA
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Abbas DB, Griffin M, Fahy EJ, Spielman AF, Guardino NJ, Pu A, Lintel H, Lorenz HP, Longaker MT, Wan DC. Establishing a Xenograft Model with CD-1 Nude Mice to Study Human Skin Wound Repair. Plast Reconstr Surg 2024; 153:121-128. [PMID: 36988644 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000010465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A significant gap exists in the translatability of small-animal models to human subjects. One important factor is poor laboratory models involving human tissue. Thus, the authors have created a viable postnatal human skin xenograft model using athymic mice. METHODS Discarded human foreskins were collected following circumcision. All subcutaneous tissue was removed from these samples sterilely. Host CD-1 nude mice were then anesthetized, and dorsal skin was sterilized. A 1.2-cm-diameter, full-thickness section of dorsal skin was excised. The foreskin sample was then placed into the full-thickness defect in the host mice and sutured into place. Xenografts underwent dermal wounding using a 4-mm punch biopsy after engraftment. Xenografts were monitored for 14 days after wounding and then harvested. RESULTS At 14 days postoperatively, all mice survived the procedure. Grossly, the xenograft wounds showed formation of a human scar at postoperative day 14. Hematoxylin and eosin and Masson trichome staining confirmed scar formation in the wounded human skin. Using a novel artificial intelligence algorithm using picrosirius red staining, scar formation was confirmed in human wounded skin compared with the unwounded skin. Histologically, CD31 + immunostaining confirmed vascularization of the xenograft. The xenograft exclusively showed human collagen type I, CD26 + , and human nuclear antigen in the human scar without any staining of these human markers in the murine skin. CONCLUSION The proposed model demonstrates wound healing to be a local response from tissue resident human fibroblasts and allows for reproducible evaluation of human skin wound repair in a preclinical model. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT Radiation-induced fibrosis is a widely prevalent clinical phenomenon without a well-defined treatment at this time. This study will help establish a small-animal model to better understand and develop novel therapeutics to treat irradiated human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren B Abbas
- From the Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine
| | | | - Evan J Fahy
- From the Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine
| | | | | | - Adrian Pu
- From the Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine
| | - Hendrik Lintel
- From the Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine
| | - H Peter Lorenz
- From the Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine
| | - Michael T Longaker
- From the Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Derrick C Wan
- From the Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine
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7
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Jia L, Guo R, Ying J, Xiong J, Jiang H. A bibliometric and visualized research on global trends of scar, 2011-2021. Burns 2023; 49:1557-1565. [PMID: 37217380 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2023.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pathological scars are the results of abnormal wound healing, which not only affect the appearance, but may also be accompanied by significant psychosocial burdens. In this study, we aimed to conduct a bibliometric and visualized analysis on pathological scars and provide directions for future research. METHODS The articles on scar research from 2011 to 2021 in the Web of Science Core Collection database were collected. The bibliometrics records were retrieved and analyzed with Excel, CiteSpace V and VOSviewer. RESULTS A total of 944 scar research records published between 2011 and 2021 were collected. Publication output has shown an upward trend as a whole. China ranked first in terms of country contributions (418 publications, 5176 citations), while Germany, with only 22 studies published, had the highest average citation rate (57.18). Shanghai Jiaotong University was the institution with the largest number of related articles published, followed by the fourth military medical university, the University of Alberta and the Second military medical university. Wound repair and regeneration, Burns, Journal of Burn Care & Research, Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology published the most research in this field. Dahai Hu was the most prolific author, while Rei Ogawa was the most cited. The cluster analysis of the reference contributions and keywords indicated that current research hotspots mainly include pathogenesis, treatment strategies, and the safety evaluation of new scar treatment options. CONCLUSION This study provides a comprehensive summary and analysis of the current status and research trends of pathological scars. International research interest in pathological scars is on the rise, and high-quality studies related to the field have also increased in the last decade. The pathogenesis of pathological scars, treatment strategies, such as fractional ablative CO2 laser and molecular targeted therapy, and the safety evaluation of new treatment options will be the focus of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Jia
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Rong Guo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Jianghui Ying
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Jiachao Xiong
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China.
| | - Hua Jiang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China.
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8
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Ranasinghe P, Addison ML, Dear JW, Webb DJ. Small interfering RNA: Discovery, pharmacology and clinical development-An introductory review. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:2697-2720. [PMID: 36250252 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-transcriptional gene silencing targets and degrades mRNA transcripts, silencing the expression of specific genes. RNA interference technology, using synthetic structurally well-defined short double-stranded RNA (small interfering RNA [siRNA]), has advanced rapidly in recent years. This introductory review describes the utility of siRNA, by exploring the underpinning biology, pharmacology, recent advances and clinical developments, alongside potential limitations and ongoing challenges. Mediated by the RNA-induced silencing complex, siRNAs bind to specific complementary mRNAs, which are subsequently degraded. siRNA therapy offers advantages over other therapeutic approaches, including ability of specifically designed siRNAs to potentially target any mRNA and improved patient adherence through infrequent administration associated with a very long duration of action. Key pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic challenges include targeted administration, poor tissue penetration, nuclease inactivation, rapid renal elimination, immune activation and off-target effects. These have been overcome by chemical modification of siRNA and/or by utilising a range of delivery systems, increasing bioavailability and stability to allow successful clinical translation. Patisiran (hereditary transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis) was the first licensed siRNA, followed by givosiran (acute hepatic porphyria), lumasiran (primary hyperoxaluria type 1) and inclisiran (familial hypercholesterolaemia), which all use N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) linkage for effective liver-directed delivery. Others are currently under development for indications varying from rare genetic diseases to common chronic non-communicable diseases (hypertension, cancer). Technological advances are paving the way for broader clinical use. Ongoing challenges remain in targeting organs beyond the liver and reaching special sites (e.g., brain). By overcoming these barriers, siRNA therapy has the potential to substantially widen its therapeutic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanga Ranasinghe
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Melisande L Addison
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - James W Dear
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David J Webb
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Molinar C, Tannous M, Meloni D, Cavalli R, Scomparin A. Current Status and Trends in Nucleic Acids for Cancer Therapy: A Focus on Polysaccharide-Based Nanomedicines. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2300102. [PMID: 37212473 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The efficacious delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids to cancer still remains an open issue. Through the years, several strategies are developed for the encapsulation of genetic molecules exploiting different materials, such as viral vectors, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), and polymeric nanoparticles (NPs). Indeed, the rapid approval by regulatory authorities and the wide use of LNPs complexing the mRNA coding for the spark protein for COVID-19 vaccination paved the way for the initiation of several clinical trials exploiting lipid nanoparticles for cancer therapy. Nevertheless, polymers still represent a valuable alternative to lipid-based formulations, due to the low cost and the chemical flexibility that allows for the conjugation of targeting ligands. This review will analyze the status of the ongoing clinical trials for cancer therapy, including vaccination and immunotherapy approaches, exploiting polymeric materials. Among those nanosized carriers, sugar-based backbones are an interesting category. A cyclodextrin-based carrier (CALAA-01) is the first polymeric material to enter a clinical trial complexed with siRNA for cancer therapy, and chitosan is one of the most characterized non-viral vectors able to complex genetic material. Finally, the recent advances in the use of sugar-based polymers (oligo- and polysaccharides) for the complexation of nucleic acids in advanced preclinical stage will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Molinar
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, Torino, 10125, Italy
| | - Maria Tannous
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, Torino, 10125, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, Torino, 10125, Italy
| | - Domitilla Meloni
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, Torino, 10125, Italy
| | - Roberta Cavalli
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, Torino, 10125, Italy
| | - Anna Scomparin
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, Torino, 10125, Italy
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10
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Cherkashina OL, Morgun EI, Rippa AL, Kosykh AV, Alekhnovich AV, Stoliarzh AB, Terskikh VV, Vorotelyak EA, Kalabusheva EP. Blank Spots in the Map of Human Skin: The Challenge for Xenotransplantation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12769. [PMID: 37628950 PMCID: PMC10454653 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Most of the knowledge about human skin homeostasis, development, wound healing, and diseases has been accumulated from human skin biopsy analysis by transferring from animal models and using different culture systems. Human-to-mouse xenografting is one of the fundamental approaches that allows the skin to be studied in vivo and evaluate the ongoing physiological processes in real time. Humanized animals permit the actual techniques for tracing cell fate, clonal analysis, genetic modifications, and drug discovery that could never be employed in humans. This review recapitulates the novel facts about mouse skin self-renewing, regeneration, and pathology, raises issues regarding the gaps in our understanding of the same options in human skin, and postulates the challenges for human skin xenografting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga L. Cherkashina
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena I. Morgun
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra L. Rippa
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasiya V. Kosykh
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander V. Alekhnovich
- Federal Government-Financed Institution “National Medical Research Center of High Medical Technologies n.a. A.A. Vishnevsky”, 143421 Krasnogorsk, Russia
| | - Aleksey B. Stoliarzh
- Federal Government-Financed Institution “National Medical Research Center of High Medical Technologies n.a. A.A. Vishnevsky”, 143421 Krasnogorsk, Russia
| | - Vasiliy V. Terskikh
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A. Vorotelyak
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina P. Kalabusheva
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
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Kidzeru EB, Lebeko M, Sharma JR, Nkengazong L, Adeola HA, Ndlovu H, P Khumalo N, Bayat A. Immune cells and associated molecular markers in dermal fibrosis with focus on raised cutaneous scars. Exp Dermatol 2023; 32:570-587. [PMID: 36562321 PMCID: PMC10947010 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Raised dermal scars including hypertrophic, and keloid scars as well as scalp-associated fibrosing Folliculitis Keloidalis Nuchae (FKN) are a group of fibrotic raised dermal lesions that mostly occur following cutaneous injury. They are characterized by increased extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, primarily excessive collagen type 1 production by hyperproliferative fibroblasts. The extent of ECM deposition is thought to be proportional to the severity of local skin inflammation leading to excessive fibrosis of the dermis. Due to a lack of suitable study models, therapy for raised dermal scars remains ill-defined. Immune cells and their associated markers have been strongly associated with dermal fibrosis. Therefore, modulation of the immune system and use of anti-inflammatory cytokines are of potential interest in the management of dermal fibrosis. In this review, we will discuss the importance of immune factors in the pathogenesis of raised dermal scarring. The aim here is to provide an up-to-date comprehensive review of the literature, from PubMed, Scopus, and other relevant search engines in order to describe the known immunological factors associated with raised dermal scarring. The importance of immune cells including mast cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, and relevant molecules such as cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, antibodies, transcription factors, and other immune-associated molecules as well as tissue lymphoid aggregates identified within raised dermal scars will be presented. A growing body of evidence points to a shift from proinflammatory Th1 response to regulatory/anti-inflammatory Th2 response being associated with the development of fibrogenesis in raised dermal scarring. In summary, a better understanding of immune cells and associated molecular markers in dermal fibrosis will likely enable future development of potential immune-modulated therapeutic, diagnostic, and theranostic targets in raised dermal scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvis Banboye Kidzeru
- Wound Healing And Keloid Scar Unit, Medical Research Council (South Africa), Hair and Skin Research Laboratory, Division of Dermatology, Department of MedicineUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
- Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, and Immunology Laboratory (LAMMII)Centre for Research on Health and Priority Pathologies (CRSPP)Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies (IMPM), Ministry of Scientific Research and InnovationYaoundéCameroon
| | - Maribanyana Lebeko
- Wound Healing And Keloid Scar Unit, Medical Research Council (South Africa), Hair and Skin Research Laboratory, Division of Dermatology, Department of MedicineUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
- Present address:
Cape Biologix Technologies (PTY, LTD)Cape TownSouth Africa
| | - Jyoti Rajan Sharma
- Wound Healing And Keloid Scar Unit, Medical Research Council (South Africa), Hair and Skin Research Laboratory, Division of Dermatology, Department of MedicineUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Francie van Zijl Drive, Parow ValleyCape TownSouth Africa
- Present address:
Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Francie van Zijl Drive, Parow ValleyCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Lucia Nkengazong
- Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, and Immunology Laboratory (LAMMII)Centre for Research on Health and Priority Pathologies (CRSPP)Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies (IMPM), Ministry of Scientific Research and InnovationYaoundéCameroon
| | - Henry Ademola Adeola
- Wound Healing And Keloid Scar Unit, Medical Research Council (South Africa), Hair and Skin Research Laboratory, Division of Dermatology, Department of MedicineUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Hlumani Ndlovu
- Department of Integrative Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Nonhlanhla P Khumalo
- Wound Healing And Keloid Scar Unit, Medical Research Council (South Africa), Hair and Skin Research Laboratory, Division of Dermatology, Department of MedicineUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Ardeshir Bayat
- Wound Healing And Keloid Scar Unit, Medical Research Council (South Africa), Hair and Skin Research Laboratory, Division of Dermatology, Department of MedicineUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
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12
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Vyas K, Patel MM. Insights on drug and gene delivery systems in liver fibrosis. Asian J Pharm Sci 2023; 18:100779. [PMID: 36845840 PMCID: PMC9950450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2023.100779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Complications of the liver are amongst the world's worst diseases. Liver fibrosis is the first stage of liver problems, while cirrhosis is the last stage, which can lead to death. The creation of effective anti-fibrotic drug delivery methods appears critical due to the liver's metabolic capacity for drugs and the presence of insurmountable physiological impediments in the way of targeting. Recent breakthroughs in anti-fibrotic agents have substantially assisted in fibrosis; nevertheless, the working mechanism of anti-fibrotic medications is not fully understood, and there is a need to design delivery systems that are well-understood and can aid in cirrhosis. Nanotechnology-based delivery systems are regarded to be effective but they have not been adequately researched for liver delivery. As a result, the capability of nanoparticles in hepatic delivery was explored. Another approach is targeted drug delivery, which can considerably improve efficacy if delivery systems are designed to target hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). We have addressed numerous delivery strategies that target HSCs, which can eventually aid in fibrosis. Recently genetics have proved to be useful, and methods for delivering genetic material to the target place have also been investigated where different techniques are depicted. To summarize, this review paper sheds light on the most recent breakthroughs in drug and gene-based nano and targeted delivery systems that have lately shown useful for the treatment of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis.
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13
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Leite CDS, Bonafé GA, Pires OC, dos Santos TW, Pereira GP, Pereira JA, Rocha T, Martinez CAR, Ortega MM, Ribeiro ML. Dipotassium Glycyrrhizininate Improves Skin Wound Healing by Modulating Inflammatory Process. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043839. [PMID: 36835248 PMCID: PMC9965141 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is characterized by a systemic and complex process of cellular and molecular activities. Dipotassium Glycyrrhizinate (DPG), a side product derived from glycyrrhizic acid, has several biological effects, such as being antiallergic, antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, gastroprotective, antitumoral, and anti-inflammatory. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of topical DPG on the healing of cutaneous wounds by secondary intention in an in vivo experimental model. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were used in the experiment, and were randomly divided into six groups of four. Circular excisions were performed and topically treated for 14 days after wound induction. Macroscopic and histopathological analyses were performed. Gene expression was evaluated by real-time qPCR. Our results showed that treatment with DPG caused a decrease in the inflammatory exudate as well as an absence of active hyperemia. Increases in granulation tissue, tissue reepithelization, and total collagen were also observed. Furthermore, DPG treatment reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Tnf-α, Cox-2, Il-8, Irak-2, Nf-kB, and Il-1) while increasing the expression of Il-10, demonstrating anti-inflammatory effects across all three treatment periods. Based on our results, we conclude that DPG attenuates the inflammatory process by promoting skin wound healing through the modulation of distinct mechanisms and signaling pathways, including anti-inflammatory ones. This involves modulation of the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine expression; promotion of new granulation tissue; angiogenesis; and tissue re-epithelialization, all of which contribute to tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila dos Santos Leite
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology and Molecular Biology, São Francisco University Medical School (USF), Bragança Paulista, São Paulo 12916-900, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Tumor Biology and Bioactive Compounds, São Francisco University Medical School (USF), Bragança Paulista, São Paulo 12916-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Alves Bonafé
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Tumor Biology and Bioactive Compounds, São Francisco University Medical School (USF), Bragança Paulista, São Paulo 12916-900, Brazil
| | - Oscar César Pires
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Taubaté University (UNITAU), Taubaté, São Paulo 12030-180, Brazil
| | - Tanila Wood dos Santos
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology and Molecular Biology, São Francisco University Medical School (USF), Bragança Paulista, São Paulo 12916-900, Brazil
| | - Geovanna Pacciulli Pereira
- Department of Surgery and Proctology, São Francisco University (USF), Bragança Paulista, São Paulo 12916-900, Brazil
| | - José Aires Pereira
- Department of Surgery and Proctology, São Francisco University (USF), Bragança Paulista, São Paulo 12916-900, Brazil
| | - Thalita Rocha
- Postgraduate Program in Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences and Health, Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05014-901, Brazil
| | - Carlos Augusto Real Martinez
- Department of Surgery and Proctology, São Francisco University (USF), Bragança Paulista, São Paulo 12916-900, Brazil
| | - Manoela Marques Ortega
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Tumor Biology and Bioactive Compounds, São Francisco University Medical School (USF), Bragança Paulista, São Paulo 12916-900, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Lima Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology and Molecular Biology, São Francisco University Medical School (USF), Bragança Paulista, São Paulo 12916-900, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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14
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Fopase R, Panda C, Rajendran AP, Uludag H, Pandey LM. Potential of siRNA in COVID-19 therapy: Emphasis on in silico design and nanoparticles based delivery. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1112755. [PMID: 36814718 PMCID: PMC9939533 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1112755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated mRNA degradation approach have imparted its eminence against several difficult-to-treat genetic disorders and other allied diseases. Viral outbreaks and resulting pandemics have repeatedly threatened public health and questioned human preparedness at the forefront of drug design and biomedical readiness. During the recent pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2, mRNA-based vaccination strategies have paved the way for a new era of RNA therapeutics. RNA Interference (RNAi) based approach using small interfering RNA may complement clinical management of the COVID-19. RNA Interference approach will primarily work by restricting the synthesis of the proteins required for viral replication, thereby hampering viral cellular entry and trafficking by targeting host as well as protein factors. Despite promising benefits, the stability of small interfering RNA in the physiological environment is of grave concern as well as site-directed targeted delivery and evasion of the immune system require immediate attention. In this regard, nanotechnology offers viable solutions for these challenges. The review highlights the potential of small interfering RNAs targeted toward specific regions of the viral genome and the features of nanoformulations necessary for the entrapment and delivery of small interfering RNAs. In silico design of small interfering RNA for different variants of SARS-CoV-2 has been discussed. Various nanoparticles as promising carriers of small interfering RNAs along with their salient properties, including surface functionalization, are summarized. This review will help tackle the real-world challenges encountered by the in vivo delivery of small interfering RNAs, ensuring a safe, stable, and readily available drug candidate for efficient management of SARS-CoV-2 in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rushikesh Fopase
- Bio-Interface & Environmental Engineering Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Chinmaya Panda
- Bio-Interface & Environmental Engineering Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Amarnath P. Rajendran
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Hasan Uludag
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada,Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada,*Correspondence: Lalit M. Pandey, ; Hasan Uludag,
| | - Lalit M. Pandey
- Bio-Interface & Environmental Engineering Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India,*Correspondence: Lalit M. Pandey, ; Hasan Uludag,
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15
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Komprda T, Sládek Z, Vícenová M, Simonová J, Franke G, Lipový B, Matejovičová M, Kacvinská K, Sabliov C, Astete CE, Levá L, Popelková V, Bátik A, Vojtová L. Effect of Polymeric Nanoparticles with Entrapped Fish Oil or Mupirocin on Skin Wound Healing Using a Porcine Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147663. [PMID: 35887016 PMCID: PMC9318284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The utilization of poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) with entrapped fish oil (FO) loaded in collagen-based scaffolds for cutaneous wound healing using a porcine model is unique for the present study. Full-depth cutaneous excisions (5 × 5 cm) on the pig dorsa were treated with pure collagen scaffold (control, C), empty PLGA NPs (NP), FO, mupirocin (MUP), PLGA NPs with entrapped FO (NP/FO) and PLGA NPs with entrapped MUP (NP/MUP). The following markers were evaluated on days 0, 3, 7, 14 and 21 post-excision: collagen, hydroxyproline (HP), angiogenesis and expressions of the COX2, EGF, COL1A1, COL1A3, TGFB1, VEGFA, CCL5 and CCR5 genes. The hypothesis that NP/FO treatment is superior to FO alone and that it is comparable to NP/MUP was tested. NP/FO treatment increased HP in comparison with both FO alone and NP/MUP (day 14) but decreased (p < 0.05) angiogenesis in comparison with FO alone (day 3). NP/FO increased (p < 0.05) the expression of the CCR5 gene (day 3) and tended (p > 0.05) to increase the expressions of the EGF (day 7, day 14), TGFB1 (day 21) and CCL5 (day 7, day 21) genes as compared with NP/MUP. NP/FO can be suggested as a suitable alternative to NP/MUP in cutaneous wound treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Komprda
- Department of Food Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.S.); (G.F.); (M.M.); (V.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Zbyšek Sládek
- Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (Z.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Monika Vícenová
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.V.); (L.L.)
| | - Jana Simonová
- Department of Food Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.S.); (G.F.); (M.M.); (V.P.)
| | - Gabriela Franke
- Department of Food Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.S.); (G.F.); (M.M.); (V.P.)
| | - Břetislav Lipový
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Institution Shared with University Hospital Brno, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
- Central European Institute of Technology, University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.K.); (L.V.)
| | - Milena Matejovičová
- Department of Food Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.S.); (G.F.); (M.M.); (V.P.)
| | - Katarína Kacvinská
- Central European Institute of Technology, University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.K.); (L.V.)
| | - Cristina Sabliov
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (C.S.); (C.E.A.)
| | - Carlos E. Astete
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (C.S.); (C.E.A.)
| | - Lenka Levá
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.V.); (L.L.)
| | - Vendula Popelková
- Department of Food Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.S.); (G.F.); (M.M.); (V.P.)
| | - Andrej Bátik
- Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (Z.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Lucy Vojtová
- Central European Institute of Technology, University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.K.); (L.V.)
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16
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Atiba A, Abdo W, Ali EK, Abd-Elsalam M, Amer M, Abdel Monsef A, Taha R, Antar S, Mahmoud A. Topical and oral applications of Aloe vera improve healing of deep second-degree burns in rats via modulation of growth factors. Biomarkers 2022; 27:608-617. [PMID: 35734963 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2022.2085800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Burn injuries are underappreciated injuries that cause significant morbidity and mortality. Burn injuries, especially severe burns, trigger immunological and inflammatory responses, metabolic abnormalities, and distributive shock, all of which can be extended to multiple organ failures. Aloe vera (A. vera) has been exploited for its medicinal properties for centuries. The goal of the present study is to examine the therapeutic effect of topical and oral administration of A. vera against deep second-degree burn in rats. Materials and methods: skin burn was created on the back of rats, and wound healing was assessed within the three examined groups; control, topical A. vera and oral A. vera throughout 30 days. Wound tissues were examined histologically, immunohistochemically for the expression of transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1), peroxiredoxin (Prdx6), and mRNA abundance of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was assessed. Results: Our finding showed acceleration of wound contraction with both topical and oral A. vera administration. Maturation of granulation tissues was seen in both A. vera-supplemented groups. The topical application of A. vera revealed marked remodelling of the granulation tissues and higher expression levels of TGF-β1, VEGF, bFGF, and Prdx6 in comparison with control and oral A. vera groups (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Both oral and topical applications of A. vera have beneficial effects in deep second-degree burn wound healing by boosting the growth factors and antioxidant status of skin tissue. The topical treatment was more efficient in accelerating wound healing and hence could be used efficiently to treat second-degree burns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Atiba
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt; (A.A.)
| | - Walied Abdo
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt; (W.A.)
| | - Ehab K Ali
- Departments of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, New Damietta, Egypt; (E.K.A.)
| | - Marwa Abd-Elsalam
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr Elsheikh 33516, Egypt; (M.M.A.)
| | - Mohamed Amer
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, New Damietta, Egypt; (M.E.A.)
| | - Ahmed Abdel Monsef
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, New Damietta, Egypt; (A.S.A.)
| | - Reda Taha
- Departments of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar, University, New Damietta, Egypt; (R.S.T.)
| | - Samar Antar
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University, New Damietta, 34518, Egypt; (S.A.A.)
| | - Ayman Mahmoud
- Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Egypt; (A.M.M.).,Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK; (A.M.M.)
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17
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Chun YY, Tan WWR, Vos MIG, Chan WK, Tey HL, Tan NS, Tan TTY. Scar prevention through topical delivery of gelatin-tyramine-siSPARC nanoplex loaded in dissolvable hyaluronic acid microneedle patch across skin barrier. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:3963-3971. [PMID: 35708018 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00572g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there is no effective method to prevent the formation of hypertrophic scars and keloids, which can cause severe physical and psychological burdens to patients. Secreted protein acidic and cysteine-rich (SPARC) is involved in wound fibrosis by modulating fibroblast functions, causing excessive collagen deposition during wound healing. Thus, the reduction in SPARC gene expression after wounding can contribute to the downstream reduction in collagen production at the wound site and prevent scar formation. In this study, a dissolvable and biocompatible hyaluronic acid (HA) microneedle patch loaded with nanoplexes containing tyramine-modified gelatin and siRNA for SPARC (siSPARC/Gtn-Tyr) was investigated for topical scar prevention. Tyramine-modified gelatin (Gtn-Tyr) provides electrostatic protection and enhances cell internalization for siSPARC. In vitro studies using human dermal fibroblasts showed that both siSPARC/Gtn-Tyr nanoplexes and siSPARC/Gtn-Tyr-loaded microneedle patches can significantly reduce SPARC gene expression (P < 0.05) and do not cause discernable cytotoxic effects. Further studies using a mouse wound model demonstrate that the siSPARC/Gtn-Tyr-loaded microneedle patch can reduce collagen production during wound healing without triggering an immune response. When Gtn-Tyr-siSPARC is administered transdermally at the wound site, effective collagen reduction is achieved through silencing of the matricellular SPARC protein, thus promising the reduction of scar formation. Overall, the siSPARC/Gtn-Tyr loaded microneedle patch can potentially provide an effective transdermal anti-fibrotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yao Chun
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Dr, Singapore 637459.
| | - William Wei Ren Tan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232
| | - Marcus Ivan Gerard Vos
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232
| | - Wen Kiat Chan
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Dr, Singapore 637459.
| | - Hong Liang Tey
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232.,National Skin Centre, 1 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308205.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228
| | - Nguan Soon Tan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Dr, Singapore 637551
| | - Timothy Thatt Yang Tan
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Dr, Singapore 637459.
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18
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Amjadian S, Moradi S, Mohammadi P. The emerging therapeutic targets for scar management: genetic and epigenetic landscapes. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2022; 35:247-265. [PMID: 35696989 PMCID: PMC9533440 DOI: 10.1159/000524990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Wound healing is a complex process including hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling during which an orchestrated array of biological and molecular events occurs to promote skin regeneration. Abnormalities in each step of the wound healing process lead to reparative rather than regenerative responses, thereby driving the formation of cutaneous scar. Patients suffering from scars represent serious health problems such as contractures, functional and esthetic concerns as well as painful, thick, and itchy complications, which generally decrease the quality of life and impose high medical costs. Therefore, therapies reducing cutaneous scarring are necessary to improve patients' rehabilitation. Summary Current approaches to remove scars, including surgical and nonsurgical methods, are not efficient enough, which is in principle due to our limited knowledge about underlying mechanisms of pathological as well as the physiological wound healing process. Thus, therapeutic interventions focused on basic science including genetic and epigenetic knowledge are recently taken into consideration as promising approaches for scar management since they have the potential to provide targeted therapies and improve the conventional treatments as well as present opportunities for combination therapy. In this review, we highlight the recent advances in skin regenerative medicine through genetic and epigenetic approaches to achieve novel insights for the development of safe, efficient, and reproducible therapies and discuss promising approaches for scar management. Key Message Genetic and epigenetic regulatory switches are promising targets for scar management, provided the associated challenges are to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Amjadian
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sharif Moradi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Mohammadi
- Experimental Medicine and Therapy Research, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- *Parvaneh Mohammadi,
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19
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Therapeutic delivery of nucleic acids for skin wound healing. Ther Deliv 2022; 13:339-358. [PMID: 35975470 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2022-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Though wound care has advanced, treating chronic wounds remains a challenge and there are many clinical issues that must be addressed. Gene therapy is a recent approach to treating chronic wounds that remains in its developmental stage. The limited reports available describe the therapeutic applications of various forms of nucleic acid delivery for treating chronic wounds, including DNA, mRNA, siRNA, miRNA and so on. Though these bioactive molecules represent great therapeutic potential, sustaining their bioactivity in the wound bed is a challenge. To overcome this hurdle, delivery systems are also being widely investigated. In this review, nucleic acid-based therapy and its delivery for treating chronic wounds is discussed in detail.
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20
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Jiang K, Zhao D, Ye R, Liu X, Gao C, Guo Y, Zhang C, Zeng J, Wang S, Song J. Transdermal delivery of poly-hyaluronic acid-based spherical nucleic acids for chemogene therapy. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:1834-1846. [PMID: 35040454 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr06353g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Spherical nucleic acid (SNA), as a good gene delivery system, has a good application prospect for transdermal administration in skin disorder treatment. However, most of the traditional SNA core materials are non-degradable materials, so it is worthy of further research. Herein, we report a spherical nucleic acid based on poly-hyaluronic acid (PHA) for the co-delivery of a typical chemotherapeutic drug, doxorubicin (DOX), and an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) against the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1) for the treatment of hypertrophic scars (HS) which are caused by abnormal fibroblast proliferation. Our study showed that PHA-based SNAs simultaneously bearing TIMP-1 ASO and DOX (termed PHAAD) could significantly promote skin penetration, improve the cellular uptake, and effectively down-regulate the TIMP-1 expression and enhance the cytotoxicity of DOX. Moreover, PHAAD nanoparticles facilitated the apoptosis of hypertrophic scar cells, and reduced the burden and progression of hypertrophic scars in a xenografted mouse model without adverse side effects. Thus, our PHA-based SNA represents a new transdermal delivery vehicle for efficient combinatorial chemo and gene therapy, which is expected to treat various skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Jiang
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
| | - Di Zhao
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Ye
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinlong Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Gao
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zeng
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences; The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi Wang
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences; The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Song
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences; The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, People's Republic of China
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21
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Liu X, Ding F, Guo Y, Jiang K, Fu Y, Zhu L, Li M, Zhu X, Zhang C. Complexing the Pre-assembled Brush-like siRNA with Poly(β-amino ester) for Efficient Gene Silencing. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:1857-1867. [PMID: 35107256 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c01182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) has been emerging as a highly selective and effective pharmaceutics for treating broad classes of diseases. However, the practical application of siRNA agent is often hampered by its poor crossing of the cellular membrane barrier and ineffective releasing from endosome to cytoplasm, leading to low gene silencing efficacy for clinical purposes. Thus far, cationic lipid and polymer-based vectors have been extensively explored for gene delivery. Yet condensing the rigid and highly negatively charged siRNA duplex to form a stable complex vehicle usually requires a large load of cationic carriers, prone to raising the toxicity issue for delivery. Herein, we develop a simple strategy that can efficiently condense the siRNAs into nanoparticle vehicles for target gene regulation. In this approach, we first employ a DNA-grafted polycaprolactone (DNA-g-PCL) brush as template to organize the small rigid siRNAs into a large brush-like structure (siRNA-brush) through nucleic acid hybridization. Then, the siRNA-brush assembly is condensed by an ionizable and biodegradable polymer (poly(β-amino ester), PBAE) under acidic buffer condition to form a stable nanoparticle for siRNA delivery. Compared to the free siRNAs with poor complexing capability with PBAE, the large brush-like siRNA assemblies with more complicated topological architecture significantly promotes their electrostatic interaction with PBAE, enabling the formation of complexed nanoparticles at low weight ratio of polymer to siRNA. Additionally, PBAE/siRNA-brush complexes exhibit good biocompatibility and stability under physiological condition, as well as enhanced cellular internalization. When equipped with functional siRNAs, the obtained delivery system demonstrates excellent downregulation of target genes both in vitro and in vivo, through which the progression of hypertrophic scars can be retarded with negligible adverse effects in an xenografted mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlong Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Fei Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Kai Jiang
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yucheng Fu
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Lijuan Zhu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200217, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xinyuan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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22
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Cristóbal L, Asúnsolo Á, Sánchez J, Ortega MA, Álvarez-Mon M, García-Honduvilla N, Buján J, Maldonado AA. Mouse Models for Human Skin Transplantation: A Systematic Review. Cells Tissues Organs 2021; 210:250-259. [PMID: 34521089 DOI: 10.1159/000516154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunodeficient mouse models with human skin xenografts have been developed in the past decades to study different conditions of the skin. Features such as follow-up period and size of the graft are of different relevance depending on the purpose of an investigation. The aim of this study is to analyze the different mouse models grafted with human skin. A systematic review of the literature was performed in line with the PRISMA statement using MEDLINE/PubMed databases from January 1970 to June 2020. Articles describing human skin grafted onto mice were included. Animal models other than mice, skin substitutes, bioengineered skin, postmortem or fetal skin, and duplicated studies were excluded. The mouse strain, origin of human skin, graft dimensions, follow-up of the skin graft, and goals of the study were analyzed. Ninety-one models were included in the final review. Five different applications were found: physiology of the skin (25 models, mean human skin graft size 1.43 cm2 and follow-up 72.92 days), immunology and graft rejection (17 models, mean human skin graft size 1.34 cm2 and follow-up 86 days), carcinogenesis (9 models, mean human skin graft size 1.98 cm2 and follow-up 253 days), skin diseases (25 models, mean human skin graft size 1.55 cm2 and follow-up 86.48 days), and would healing/scars (15 models, mean human skin graft size 2.54 cm2 and follow-up 129 days). The follow-up period was longer in carcinogenesis models (253 ± 233.73 days), and the skin graft size was bigger in wound healing applications (2.54 ± 3.08 cm2). Depending on the research application, different models are suggested. Careful consideration regarding graft size, follow-up, immunosuppression, and costs should be analyzed and compared before choosing any of these mouse models. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review of mouse models with human skin transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Cristóbal
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burn Unit, University Hospital of Getafe, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.,Ramón y Cajal Institute of Healthcare Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Asúnsolo
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Healthcare Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Surgery, Medical and Social Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, The City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jorge Sánchez
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burn Unit, University Hospital of Getafe, Madrid, Spain,
| | - Miguel A Ortega
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.,Ramón y Cajal Institute of Healthcare Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Melchor Álvarez-Mon
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.,Ramón y Cajal Institute of Healthcare Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.,Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology, Oncology Service and Internal Medicine, CIBEREHD, University Hospital Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Natalio García-Honduvilla
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.,Ramón y Cajal Institute of Healthcare Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Buján
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.,Ramón y Cajal Institute of Healthcare Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés A Maldonado
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burn Unit, University Hospital of Getafe, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.,Ramón y Cajal Institute of Healthcare Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.,Department for Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, BG Trauma Center Frankfurt am Main, Academic Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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23
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Chun YY, Yap ZL, Seet LF, Chan HH, Toh LZ, Chu SWL, Lee YS, Wong TT, Tan TTY. Positive-charge tuned gelatin hydrogel-siSPARC injectable for siRNA anti-scarring therapy in post glaucoma filtration surgery. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1470. [PMID: 33446775 PMCID: PMC7809290 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80542-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) therapy is a promising epigenetic silencing strategy. However, its widespread adoption has been severely impeded by its ineffective delivery into the cellular environment. Here, a biocompatible injectable gelatin-based hydrogel with positive-charge tuned surface charge is presented as an effective platform for siRNA protection and delivery. We demonstrate a two-step synthesis of a gelatin-tyramine (Gtn-Tyr) hydrogel with simultaneous charge tunability and crosslinking ability. We discuss how different physiochemical properties of the hydrogel interact with siSPARC (siRNA for secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine), and study the positive-charge tuned gelatin hydrogel as an effective delivery platform for siSPARC in anti-fibrotic treatment. Through in vitro studies using mouse tenon fibroblasts, the positive-charge tuned Gtn-Tyr hydrogel shows sustained siSPARC cellular internalization and effective SPARC silencing with excellent biocompatibility. Similarly, the same hydrogel platform delivering siSPARC in an in vivo assessment employing a rabbit model shows an effective reduction in subconjunctival scarring in post glaucoma filtration surgery, and is non-cytotoxic compared to a commonly used anti-scarring agent, mitomycin-C. Overall, the current siRNA delivery strategy involving the positive-charge tuned gelatin hydrogel shows effective delivery of gene silencing siSPARC for anti-fibrotic treatment. The current charge tunable hydrogel delivery system is simple to fabricate and highly scalable. We believe this delivery platform has strong translational potential for effective siRNA delivery and epigenetic silencing therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yao Chun
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Dr, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
- Ocular Imaging, Singapore Eye Research Institute, 20 College Road Discovery Tower Level 6, The Academia, Singapore, 169856, Singapore
| | - Zhu Li Yap
- Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery, Singapore Eye Research Institute, 20 College Road Discovery Tower Level 6, The Academia, Singapore, 169856, Singapore
- Glaucoma Service, Singapore National Eye Centre, 11 Third Hospital Ave, Singapore, 168751, Singapore
| | - Li Fong Seet
- Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery, Singapore Eye Research Institute, 20 College Road Discovery Tower Level 6, The Academia, Singapore, 169856, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Dr, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Rd, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Hiok Hong Chan
- Glaucoma Service, Singapore National Eye Centre, 11 Third Hospital Ave, Singapore, 168751, Singapore
| | - Li Zhen Toh
- Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery, Singapore Eye Research Institute, 20 College Road Discovery Tower Level 6, The Academia, Singapore, 169856, Singapore
| | - Stephanie W L Chu
- Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery, Singapore Eye Research Institute, 20 College Road Discovery Tower Level 6, The Academia, Singapore, 169856, Singapore
| | - Ying Shi Lee
- Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery, Singapore Eye Research Institute, 20 College Road Discovery Tower Level 6, The Academia, Singapore, 169856, Singapore
- Glaucoma Service, Singapore National Eye Centre, 11 Third Hospital Ave, Singapore, 168751, Singapore
| | - Tina T Wong
- Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery, Singapore Eye Research Institute, 20 College Road Discovery Tower Level 6, The Academia, Singapore, 169856, Singapore.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Dr, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
- Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Rd, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
- Glaucoma Service, Singapore National Eye Centre, 11 Third Hospital Ave, Singapore, 168751, Singapore.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Faculty Ave, Singapore, 639977, Singapore.
| | - Timothy T Y Tan
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Dr, Singapore, 637459, Singapore.
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24
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Teicher BA. TGFβ-Directed Therapeutics: 2020. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 217:107666. [PMID: 32835827 PMCID: PMC7770020 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) pathway is essential during embryo development and in maintaining normal homeostasis. During malignancy, the TGFβ pathway is co-opted by the tumor to increase fibrotic stroma, to promote epithelial to mesenchymal transition increasing metastasis and producing an immune-suppressed microenvironment which protects the tumor from recognition by the immune system. Compelling preclinical data demonstrate the therapeutic potential of blocking TGFβ function in cancer. However, the TGFβ pathway cannot be described as a driver of malignant disease. Two small molecule kinase inhibitors which block the serine-threonine kinase activity of TGFβRI on TGFβRII, a pan-TGFβ neutralizing antibody, a TGFβ trap, a TGFβ antisense agent, an antibody which stabilizes the latent complex of TGFβ and a fusion protein which neutralizes TGFβ and binds PD-L1 are in clinical development. The challenge is how to most effectively incorporate blocking TGFβ activity alone and in combination with other therapeutics to improve treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly A Teicher
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, DCTD, National Cancer Institute, RM 4-W602, MSC 9735, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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25
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Simonenko V, Lu X, Roesch E, Mutisya D, Shao C, Sun Q, Patterson-Orazem A, McNair M, Shanmuganathan A, Lu P, Evans DM. A novel siRNA-gemcitabine construct as a potential therapeutic for treatment of pancreatic cancer. NAR Cancer 2020; 2:zcaa016. [PMID: 34316688 PMCID: PMC8209983 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcaa016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-nucleoside analog gemcitabine has been the standard of care for treating pancreatic cancer. The drug shows good potency in pancreatic cancer cells in vitro but, due to poor bioavailability, requires administration in large doses by infusion and this systemic exposure results in significant toxicity for the patient. Genes have been identified that, when silenced by siRNA, synergize with gemcitabine treatment and offer a means of reducing the gemcitabine dosage required for efficacy. However, benefiting from the synergism between the two agents requires that the gemcitabine and siRNA penetrate the same cells. To ensure co-delivery, we incorporated gemcitabine covalently within siRNAs against targets synergistic with gemcitabine (CHK1 or RAD17). We demonstrated that specific bases within an siRNA can be replaced with gemcitabine to increase efficacy. The result is a single drug molecule that simultaneously co-delivers gemcitabine and a synergistic siRNA. The siRNA–gemcitabine constructs demonstrate a 5–30-fold improvement in potency compared with gemcitabine alone. Co-delivering a CHK1 siRNA–gemcitabine construct together with a WEE1 siRNA resulted in a 10-fold improvement in IC50 compared with gemcitabine alone. These constructs demonstrate efficacy across a wide array of pancreatic tumor cells and may represent a novel therapeutic approach for treating pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Simonenko
- Sirnaomics Inc., Suite 280, 401 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA
| | - Xiaoyong Lu
- Sirnaomics Inc., Suite 280, 401 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA
| | - Eric Roesch
- Sirnaomics Inc., Suite 280, 401 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA
| | - Daniel Mutisya
- Sirnaomics Inc., Suite 280, 401 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA
| | - Chunbo Shao
- Sirnaomics Inc., Suite 280, 401 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA
| | - Qian Sun
- Sirnaomics Inc., Suite 280, 401 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA
| | | | - Marcus McNair
- Sirnaomics Inc., Suite 280, 401 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA
| | | | - Patrick Lu
- Sirnaomics Inc., Suite 280, 401 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA
| | - David M Evans
- Sirnaomics Inc., Suite 280, 401 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA
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26
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Tarvirdipour S, Huang X, Mihali V, Schoenenberger CA, Palivan CG. Peptide-Based Nanoassemblies in Gene Therapy and Diagnosis: Paving the Way for Clinical Application. Molecules 2020; 25:E3482. [PMID: 32751865 PMCID: PMC7435460 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology approaches play an important role in developing novel and efficient carriers for biomedical applications. Peptides are particularly appealing to generate such nanocarriers because they can be rationally designed to serve as building blocks for self-assembling nanoscale structures with great potential as therapeutic or diagnostic delivery vehicles. In this review, we describe peptide-based nanoassemblies and highlight features that make them particularly attractive for the delivery of nucleic acids to host cells or improve the specificity and sensitivity of probes in diagnostic imaging. We outline the current state in the design of peptides and peptide-conjugates and the paradigms of their self-assembly into well-defined nanostructures, as well as the co-assembly of nucleic acids to form less structured nanoparticles. Various recent examples of engineered peptides and peptide-conjugates promoting self-assembly and providing the structures with wanted functionalities are presented. The advantages of peptides are not only their biocompatibility and biodegradability, but the possibility of sheer limitless combinations and modifications of amino acid residues to induce the assembly of modular, multiplexed delivery systems. Moreover, functions that nature encoded in peptides, such as their ability to target molecular recognition sites, can be emulated repeatedly in nanoassemblies. Finally, we present recent examples where self-assembled peptide-based assemblies with "smart" activity are used in vivo. Gene delivery and diagnostic imaging in mouse tumor models exemplify the great potential of peptide nanoassemblies for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Tarvirdipour
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; (S.T.); (X.H.); (V.M.)
- Department of Biosystem Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xinan Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; (S.T.); (X.H.); (V.M.)
| | - Voichita Mihali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; (S.T.); (X.H.); (V.M.)
| | - Cora-Ann Schoenenberger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; (S.T.); (X.H.); (V.M.)
| | - Cornelia G. Palivan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; (S.T.); (X.H.); (V.M.)
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27
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Hu B, Zhong L, Weng Y, Peng L, Huang Y, Zhao Y, Liang XJ. Therapeutic siRNA: state of the art. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:101. [PMID: 32561705 PMCID: PMC7305320 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0207-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 650] [Impact Index Per Article: 162.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is an ancient biological mechanism used to defend against external invasion. It theoretically can silence any disease-related genes in a sequence-specific manner, making small interfering RNA (siRNA) a promising therapeutic modality. After a two-decade journey from its discovery, two approvals of siRNA therapeutics, ONPATTRO® (patisiran) and GIVLAARI™ (givosiran), have been achieved by Alnylam Pharmaceuticals. Reviewing the long-term pharmaceutical history of human beings, siRNA therapy currently has set up an extraordinary milestone, as it has already changed and will continue to change the treatment and management of human diseases. It can be administered quarterly, even twice-yearly, to achieve therapeutic effects, which is not the case for small molecules and antibodies. The drug development process was extremely hard, aiming to surmount complex obstacles, such as how to efficiently and safely deliver siRNAs to desired tissues and cells and how to enhance the performance of siRNAs with respect to their activity, stability, specificity and potential off-target effects. In this review, the evolution of siRNA chemical modifications and their biomedical performance are comprehensively reviewed. All clinically explored and commercialized siRNA delivery platforms, including the GalNAc (N-acetylgalactosamine)-siRNA conjugate, and their fundamental design principles are thoroughly discussed. The latest progress in siRNA therapeutic development is also summarized. This review provides a comprehensive view and roadmap for general readers working in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hu
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Institute of Engineering Medicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Zhong
- National Center for International Biotargeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biotargeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhua Weng
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Institute of Engineering Medicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Peng
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINaM), Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Yuanyu Huang
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Institute of Engineering Medicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yongxiang Zhao
- National Center for International Biotargeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biotargeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xing-Jie Liang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, 100190, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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28
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Kang S, Kim J, Ahn M, Kim J, Heo MG, Min DH, Won C. RNAi nanotherapy for fibrosis: highly durable knockdown of CTGF/CCN-2 using siRNA-DegradaBALL (LEM-S401) to treat skin fibrotic diseases. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:6385-6393. [PMID: 32134425 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr10305h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Skin fibrosis occurs in a variety of human diseases but the current anti-fibrosis treatments are not sufficient. One major cause of fibrotic diseases shared across diverse organ fibrosis is uncontrolled overexpression of the connective tissue growth factor (CTGF, also known as CCN2). Here, we examine the anti-fibrotic activity of RNAi therapy utilizing siRNA against CTGF with a new drug delivery system (DDS), 'DegradaBALL', which is based on porous nanoparticles, for durable CTGF gene silencing. DegradaBALL is a modular DDS having many favorable properties for RNA delivery such as effective intracellular uptake, convenient drug loading, biocompatibility, sustained release profile and biodegradability. DegradaBALL loaded with siCTGF, named 'LEM-S401', showed highly durable and effective CTGF gene-silencing in TGF-β induced lung fibrosis and skin fibrosis model cells, A549 and HaCaT, respectively. In addition, LEM-S401 induced knockdown of collagen types I and III, which are excess extracellular matrix components in fibrotic skin in addition to CTGF in the mouse wound healing model. Most importantly, we showed that LEM-S401 effectively inhibited the formation of hypertrophic scars in wound-associated dermal fibrosis mouse models, during both the epidermis recovery and tissue remodeling process. Our findings suggest that LEM-S401 could be a highly potent therapeutic option for skin fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seounghun Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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29
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Silver Nanoparticles-Composing Alginate/Gelatine Hydrogel Improves Wound Healing In Vivo. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10020390. [PMID: 32102229 PMCID: PMC7075327 DOI: 10.3390/nano10020390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Polymer hydrogels have been suggested as dressing materials for the treatment of cutaneous wounds and tissue revitalization. In this work, we report the development of a hydrogel composed of natural polymers (sodium alginate and gelatin) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with recognized antimicrobial activity for healing cutaneous lesions. For the development of the hydrogel, different ratios of sodium alginate and gelatin have been tested, while different concentrations of AgNO3 precursor (1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mM) were assayed for the production of AgNPs. The obtained AgNPs exhibited a characteristic peak between 430–450 nm in the ultraviolet-visible (UV–Vis) spectrum suggesting a spheroidal form, which was confirmed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Fourier Transform Infra-red (FT–IR) analysis suggested the formation of strong intermolecular interactions as hydrogen bonds and electrostatic attractions between polymers, showing bands at 2920, 2852, 1500, and 1640 cm−1. Significant bactericidal activity was observed for the hydrogel, with a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 0.50 µg/mL against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 53.0 µg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus. AgNPs were shown to be non-cytotoxic against fibroblast cells. The in vivo studies in female Wister rats confirmed the capacity of the AgNP-loaded hydrogels to reduce the wound size compared to uncoated injuries promoting histological changes in the healing tissue over the time course of wound healing, as in earlier development and maturation of granulation tissue. The developed hydrogel with AgNPs has healing potential for clinical applications.
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30
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Lingzhi Z, Meirong L, Xiaobing F. Biological approaches for hypertrophic scars. Int Wound J 2019; 17:405-418. [PMID: 31860941 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Scar formation is usually the pathological consequence of skin trauma. And hypertrophic scars (HSs) frequently occur in people after being injured deeply. HSs are unusually considered as the result of tissue contraction and excessive extracellular matrix component deposition. Myofibroblasts, as the effector cells, mainly differentiated from fibroblasts, play the crucial role in the pathophysiology of HSs. A number of growth factors, inflammatory cytokines involved in the process of HS occurrence. Currently, with in-depth exploration and clinical research of HSs, various creative and effective treatments budded. In here, we summarize the progress in the molecular mechanism of HSs, and review the available biotherapeutic methods for their pathophysiological characteristics. Additionally, we further prospected that the comprehensive therapy may be more suitable for HS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Lingzhi
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li Meirong
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Central Laboratory, Trauma Treatment Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital Hainan Branch, Sanya, China
| | - Fu Xiaobing
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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31
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Weng Y, Xiao H, Zhang J, Liang XJ, Huang Y. RNAi therapeutic and its innovative biotechnological evolution. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:801-825. [PMID: 31034960 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Commission (EC) approved Alnylam Pharmaceuticals' RNA interference (RNAi) therapeutic, ONPATTRO™ (Patisiran), for the treatment of the polyneuropathy of hereditary transthyretin-mediated (hATTR) amyloidosis in adults. This is the first RNAi therapeutic all over the world, as well as the first FDA-approved treatment for this indication. As a milestone event in RNAi pharmaceutical industry, it means, for the first time, people have broken through all development processes for RNAi drugs from research to clinic. With this achievement, RNAi approval may soar in the coming years. In this paper, we introduce the basic information of ONPATTRO and the properties of RNAi and nucleic acid therapeutics, update the clinical and preclinical development activities, review its complicated development history, summarize the key technologies of RNAi at early stage, and discuss the latest advances in delivery and modification technologies. It provides a comprehensive view and biotechnological insights of RNAi therapy for the broader audiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Weng
- Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Haihua Xiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Jinchao Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, PR China
| | - Xing-Jie Liang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Yuanyu Huang
- Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China.
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Abstract
Small-molecule and protein/antibody drugs mainly act on genome-derived proteins to exert pharmacological effects. RNA based therapies hold the promise to expand the range of druggable targets from proteins to RNAs and the genome, as evidenced by several RNA drugs approved for clinical practice and many others under active trials. While chemo-engineered RNA mimics have found their success in marketed drugs and continue dominating basic research and drug development, these molecules are usually conjugated with extensive and various modifications. This makes them completely different from cellular RNAs transcribed from the genome that usually consist of unmodified ribonucleotides or just contain a few posttranscriptional modifications. The use of synthetic RNA mimics for RNA research and drug development is also in contrast with the ultimate success of protein research and therapy utilizing biologic or recombinant proteins produced and folded in living cells instead of polypeptides or proteins synthesized in vitro. Indeed, efforts have been made recently to develop RNA bioengineering technologies for cost-effective and large-scale production of biologic RNA molecules that may better capture the structures, functions, and safety profiles of natural RNAs. In this article, we provide an overview on RNA therapeutics for the treatment of human diseases via RNA interference mechanisms. By illustrating the structural differences between natural RNAs and chemo-engineered RNA mimics, we focus on discussion of a novel class of bioengineered/biologic RNA agents produced through fermentation and their potential applications to RNA research and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ming Yu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
| | - Chao Jian
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Allan H Yu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Mei-Juan Tu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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Effect of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on wound healing using animal models – a review. ACTA VET BRNO 2019. [DOI: 10.2754/avb201887040309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The present review summarizes results of experiments, mostly performed on rodents, regarding the effects of fish oil (FO) and its biologically active constituents, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), on the healing of cutaneous wounds, but also of selected other types of injury. Structure, metabolism and functions of EPA/DHA in an organism are briefly mentioned, with an emphasis on the ability of these long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids to modulate inflammation. Wound healing as a complex programmed sequence of cellular and molecular processes including inflammation, cell migration, angiogenesis, synthesis of provisional matrix, collagen deposition and reepithelialisation is briefly described. Markers for evaluation of the healing process include planimetry indices, tensile strength, quantification of collagen synthesis including hydroxyproline determination, histopathology/immunohistochemistry and genomic/proteomic markers. As far as effects on wound healing are concerned, the main emphasis is put on the outcomes of experiments using a dietary FO/DHA/EPA administration, but the results of experiments with a parenteral application are also mentioned, together with selected relevantin vitrostudies. An important conclusion from the above-mentioned studies is an inconsistency of FO/DHA/EPA effects on wound healing: decreased/increased collagen deposition; lower/higher counts of the inflammatory cells in the healing tissue; increased/decreased concentration of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines; DHA accelerated/delayed wound healing process. Some experiments indicate superiority of DHA over EPA regarding wound healing.
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Transforming growth factor-β3 (TGF-β3) loaded PLGA-b-PEG nanoparticles: Efficacy in preventing cardiac fibrosis induced by TGF-β1. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Oryan A, Alemzadeh E, Tashkhourian J, Nami Ana SF. Topical delivery of chitosan-capped silver nanoparticles speeds up healing in burn wounds: A preclinical study. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 200:82-92. [PMID: 30177212 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of topical application of chitosan-capped silver nanoparticles (Ch/AgNPs) on burn wound healing. The chitosan-capped silver nanoparticles were synthesized in one step from the silver nitrate, sodium borohydride, and chitosan and were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction methods. The antioxidant assay was performed to evaluate the scavenging rate. The effects of Ch/AgNPs on burn wound healing was also evaluated by histopathological, molecular, and biochemical evaluations after 7, 14 and 28 days of treatment in a rat model. In comparison to the negative control and silver sulfadiazine groups, the Ch/AgNPs treated wounds exhibited significantly lower inflammatory reaction as determined by the reduced level of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and neutrophil counts. Treatment by Ch/AgNPs also significantly enhanced re-epithelialization, so that complete epithelialization was achieved in the lesions of the animals of this group, at the 7th day post-wounding. Rapid re-epithelialization, improved granulation tissue formation, reduced IL-1β expression, mild inflammation, and increased transforming growth factor-β1 and basic fibroblast growth factor, at 7 days post-wounding, are convincing reasons to confirm this idea that Ch/AgNPs are effective in speeding up the wound healing stages. Our histopathological findings are in agreement with the molecular and biochemical results and strongly demonstrate that Ch/AgNPs stimulate burn wound healing by decreasing the length of repair phases. Therefore, on the basis of our findings, Ch/AgNPs can be a promising candidate in stimulating wound repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Oryan
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Esmat Alemzadeh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Javad Tashkhourian
- Department of Chemistry, Collage of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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