Changes in glucose metabolism after distal pancreatectomy: a nationwide database study

Quantitative Metabolomics and Lipoprotein Analysis of PDAC Patients Suggests Serum Marker Categories for Pancreatic Function, Pancreatectomy, Cancer Metabolism, and Systemic Disturbances

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is difficult to diagnose in the early stages and lacks reliable biomarkers. The scope of this project was to establish quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to comprehensively study blood serum alterations in PDAC patients. Serum samples from 34 PDAC patients obtained before and after pancreatectomy as well as 83 age- and sex-matched control samples from healthy donors were analyzed with in vitro diagnostics research (IVDr) proton NMR spectroscopy at 600 MHz. Uni- and multivariate statistics were applied to identify significant biofluid alterations. We identified 29 significantly changed metabolites and 98 lipoproteins when comparing serum from healthy controls with those of PDAC patients. The most prominent features were assigned to (i) markers of pancreatic function (e.g., glucose and blood triglycerides), (ii) markers related to surgery (e.g., ketone bodies and blood cholesterols), (iii) PDAC-associated markers (e.g., amino acids and creatine), and (iv) markers for systemic disturbances in PDAC (e.g., gut metabolites DMG, TMAO, DMSO2, and liver lipoproteins). Quantitative serum NMR spectroscopy is suited as a diagnostic tool to investigate PDAC. Remarkably, 2-hydroxybutyrate (2-HB) as a previously suggested marker for insulin resistance was found in extraordinarily high levels only after pancreatectomy, suggesting this metabolite is the strongest marker for pancreatic loss of function.

Mapping global new-onset, worsening, and resolution of diabetes following partial pancreatectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Partial pancreatectomy, commonly used for chronic pancreatitis, or pancreatic lesions, has diverse impacts on endocrine and metabolism system. The study aims to determine the global prevalence of new-onset, worsening, and resolution of diabetes following partial pancreatectomy.

METHODS

The authors searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library from inception to October, 2023. DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model with Logit transformation was used. Sensitivity analysis, meta-regression, and subgroup analysis were employed to investigate determinants of the prevalence of new-onset diabetes.

RESULTS

A total of 82 studies involving 13 257 patients were included. The overall prevalence of new-onset diabetes after partial pancreatectomy was 17.1%. Univariate meta-regression indicated that study size was the cause of heterogeneity. Multivariable analysis suggested that income of country or area had the highest predictor importance (49.7%). For subgroup analysis, the prevalence of new-onset diabetes varied from 7.6% (France, 95% CI: 4.3-13.0) to 38.0% (UK, 95% CI: 28.2-48.8, P <0.01) across different countries. Patients with surgical indications for chronic pancreatitis exhibited a higher prevalence (30.7%, 95% CI: 21.8-41.3) than those with pancreatic lesions (16.4%, 95% CI: 14.3-18.7, P <0.01). The type of surgical procedure also influenced the prevalence, with distal pancreatectomy having the highest prevalence (23.7%, 95% CI: 22.2-25.3, P <0.01). Moreover, the prevalence of worsening and resolution of preoperative diabetes was 41.1 and 25.8%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Postoperative diabetes has a relatively high prevalence in patients undergoing partial pancreatectomy, which calls for attention and dedicated action from primary care physicians, specialists, and health policy makers alike.

Central pancreatectomy prevents postoperative diabetes

BACKGROUND

Central pancreatectomy (CP) can be performed as an alternative surgical approach to distal pancreatectomy (DP) in the treatment of benign or low-grade malignant lesions located in the neck and body of the pancreas, aiming to reduce loss of parenchyma and therefore organ failure. The objective of this study was to evaluate the short- and long-term outcome of CP in comparison to DP.

METHODS

Patients who received CP in a large tertiary care pancreatic surgery center between 2001 and 2020 were identified from a prospectively maintained database and compared via propensity score matching with patients receiving DP during the same time period. Perioperative rate of complications and long-term outcome of pancreatic endocrine and exocrine function were evaluated.

RESULTS

One hundred and seven patients undergoing open CP were compared to 107 patients with open DP. No significant difference in rates or severity of most surgical complications could be found including postoperative pancreatic fistula, intraabdominal fluid collection, delayed gastric emptying and wound infection. However, patients receiving CP had a significantly higher risk of grade C postpancreatectomy hemorrhage (PPH) (CP: 10 patients, 9.3% versus DP: 1 patient, 0.9%; p = .0019). Perioperative mortality was comparable. Long-term follow-up of 60 matched pairs revealed significantly less patients with new-onset diabetes after CP (eight patients, 13.3%) compared to DP (22 patients, 36.7%, p = .0056).

CONCLUSION

CP offers an improved endocrine long-term outcome at the expense of a higher risk of PPH without increased perioperative mortality. As evidence on this parenchyma sparing surgical technique is sparse, more prospective data are needed.

Incidence and Risk Factors for New-Onset Diabetes Mellitus After Surgical Resection of Pancreatic Cystic Lesions: A MarketScan Study

OBJECTIVES

There is a paucity of literature evaluating new-onset diabetes mellitus (NODM) after resection of pancreatic cystic lesions (PCLs). We sought to characterize the incidence and risk factors associated with NODM after partial pancreatectomy for PCLs.

METHODS

We utilized the IBM MarketScan Database (2012-2018) to identify all nondiabetic adults who underwent partial pancreatectomy for PCLs. Patients with any other pancreatic disease were excluded. We performed Kaplan-Meier analysis and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression to define the incidence and risk factors of postoperative NODM.

RESULTS

Among 311 patients, the overall risk (95% confidence interval) of NODM was 9.1% (6.3-12.9%), 15.1% (11.3-20.2%), and 20.2% (15.3-26.4%) at 6, 12 and 24 months, respectively. Multivariable analysis (adjusted hazard ratio; 95% confidence interval) revealed that older age (1.97; 1.04-3.72; 55-64 vs 18-54 years), obesity (2.63; 1.35-5.12), hypertension (1.79; 1.01-3.17), and cardiovascular disease (2.54; 1.02-6.28) were independent predictors of NODM. Rates of NODM were similar after distal pancreatectomy versus pancreaticoduodenectomy.

CONCLUSIONS

Within 2 years, 1 in 5 patients without any other pancreatic disease will develop NODM after partial pancreatectomy for PCLs. Those with advanced age, metabolic syndrome features, and/or cardiovascular disease may benefit from preoperative counseling and intensive postoperative monitoring, education, and treatment for diabetes mellitus.

The impact of preoperative glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) on postoperative complications after elective major abdominal surgery: a meta-analysis

Background

Diabetes is a risk factor for postoperative complications. Previous meta-analyses have shown that elevated glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels are associated with postoperative complications in various surgical populations. However, this is the first meta-analysis to investigate the association between preoperative HbA1c levels and postoperative complications in patients undergoing elective major abdominal surgery.

Methods

PRISMA guidelines were adhered to for this study. Six databases were searched up to April 1, 2020. Primary studies investigating the effect of HbA1c levels on postoperative complications after elective major abdominal surgery were included. Risk of bias and quality of evidence assessments were performed. Data were pooled using a random effects model. Meta-regression was performed to evaluate different HbA1c cut-off values.

Results

Twelve observational studies (25,036 patients) were included. Most studies received a ‘good’ and ‘moderate quality’ score using the NOS and GRADE, respectively. Patients with a high HbA1c had a greater risk of anastomotic leaks (odds ratio [OR]: 2.80, 95% CI [1.63, 4.83], P < 0.001), wound infections (OR: 1.21, 95% CI [1.08, 1.36], P = 0.001), major complications defined as Clavien-Dindo [CD] 3–5 (OR: 2.16, 95% CI [1.54, 3.01], P < 0.001), and overall complications defined as CD 1–5 (OR: 2.12, 95% CI [1.48, 3.04], P < 0.001).

Conclusions

An HbA1c between 6% and 7% is associated with higher risks of anastomotic leaks, wound infections, major complications, and overall postoperative complications. Therefore, guidelines with an HbA1c threshold > 7% may be putting pre-optimized patients at risk. Future randomized controlled trials are needed to explore causation before policy changes are made.

Glucose Tolerance after Pancreatectomy: A Prospective Observational Follow-Up Study of Pancreaticoduodenectomy and Distal Pancreatectomy

BACKGROUND

Effects of pancreatectomy on glucose tolerance have not been clarified, and evidence regarding the difference in postoperative glucose tolerance between pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) and distal pancreatectomy (DP) is lacking.

STUDY DESIGN

This prospective, single-center observational study analyzed 40 patients undergoing PD and 29 patients undergoing DP (Clinical trial registry number UMIN000008122). Glucose tolerance, including insulin secretion (Δ C-peptide immunoreactivity, ΔCPR) and insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, HOMA-IR) were assessed before and 1 month after pancreatectomy using the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and glucagon stimulation test. We assessed long-term hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels in patients, with a follow-up time of 3 years.

RESULTS

Percentages of patients diagnosed with abnormal OGTT decreased after PD (from 12 [30%] to 7 [17.5%] of 40 patients, p = 0.096); however, they increased after DP (from 4 [13.8%] to 8 [27.6%] of 29 patients, p = 0.103), although the changes were not statistically significant. ΔCPR decreased after both PD (from 3.2 to 1.0 ng/mL, p < 0.001) and DP (from 3.3 to 1.8 ng/mL, p < 0.001). HOMA-IR decreased after PD (from 1.10 to 0.68, p < 0.001), but did not change after DP (1.10 and 1.07, p = 0.42). Median HbA1c level was higher after DP than after PD for up to 3 years, but the differences were not statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONS

In comparisons of pre- and 1 month post-pancreatectomy data, glucose tolerance showed improvement after PD, whereas it worsened after DP. Insulin secretion decreased after both PD and DP. Insulin resistance improved after PD, but did not change after DP. Further studies are warranted to clarify mechanisms of improved insulin resistance after PD.

Maintenance Impact of Large Dose of Vitamin C on Proinflammatory Cytokines, Insulin, and Electrocardiographic Parameters of Wistar Rats Following Partial Pancreatectomy

We investigated serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukins (IL-6 and IL-8) in rats undergoing pancreatic wound healing after partial pancreatectomy. In addition, we studied the effects of partial pancreatectomy on the insulin and the electrocardiography (ECG). We proposed that vitamin C (VitC) could have maintenance impact on TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, insulin, and ECG parameters of pancreatic wound healing of Wistar rats that had partial pancreatectomy surgery, if administered in large dose. Thirty-five male adult Wistar rats (180-250 g) were randomized into 7 groups, with 5 rats in each group. Group 1 was control. Groups 2, 3, and 4 (phase 1) received oral 1,000 mg/kg VitC, while groups 5, 6, and 7 (phase 2) received only water and feed ad libitum postoperatively for 14 days. One-quarter (¼) pancreatectomy was performed in groups 2 and 5, half (½) pancreatectomy was performed in groups 3 and 6, and three-quarter (¾) pancreatectomy was performed in groups 4 and 7. Significant (P < 0.5) decrease in IL-6 was observed in phase 1 when compared with the control. Significant increase in IL-6 was observed when compared with control. Significant increase in IL-8 was observed in phase 1 (groups 2 and 3) and phase 2 when compared with the control. Significant decrease in TNF-α was observed in phase 1 when compared with the control. Significant decrease in TNF-α was observed in phase 2 (groups 6 and 7) when compared with the control. Insulin level decreased and increased insignificantly in phase 2 and phase 1, respectively, when compared with the control. Although atrial fibrillation was recorded in phase 2 (group 7), normal ECG was seen in the control and phase 1 (group 2). Large dose vitC may be helpful in the reduction of proinflammatory cytokines as well as elevation of insulin and normalization of ECG in rats that had undergone partial pancreatectomy.

Clinical characteristics, treatment outcomes, and occurrence of diabetes mellitus after pancreatic resection of solid pseudopapillary tumor in children and adolescents: A single institution experience with 51 cases

BACKGROUND

Solid pseudopapillary tumors (SPTs) are rare, but they comprise the majority of pediatric pancreatic neoplasms. However, studies on these conditions in pediatric patients are lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes in children and adolescents with SPTs.

METHODS

This retrospective study included 51 patients with SPTs who had undergone pancreatic tumor resection before the age of 19 years at Samsung Medical Center in Korea (from November 1994 to August 2020). We investigated the postoperative outcomes.

RESULTS

Of the 51 patients with SPTs (female, 88.2%), the median age at diagnosis was 14 years (range, 8-19). The most common symptom was abdominal pain (60.8%), and 14 patients (27.5%) were asymptomatic. The median maximal tumor diameter was 7 cm (range, 1.4-14), and the pancreatic body and/or tail were involved in 68.6% of patients. The short-term complication rate was 21.5%, and the recurrence rate was 5.9%. New-onset diabetes mellitus (NODM) occurred in four patients.

CONCLUSIONS

The ideal treatment for SPTs is complete resection of the tumor; however, long-term postoperative complications including NODM should be monitored carefully, particularly in children and adolescents.

Long term quality of life amongst pancreatectomy patients with diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND

Pancreatogenic diabetes is common after pancreatectomy, and the impact on quality of life (QOL) is poorly understood. The objective of this study was to investigate QOL between diabetic and non-diabetic patients at least five years after pancreatectomy.

METHODS

Patients were recruited from a prospectively maintained institutional database. Participants were administered the Audit of Diabetes-Dependent Quality of Life (ADDQOL). Quality of life was compared between diabetics and non-diabetics using validated European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer questionnaires.

RESULTS

80 individuals completed surveys. 55% were female, 80% non-Hispanic white, 44% underwent Whipple, 48% were cystic neoplasms and 39% were adenocarcinoma. Diabetic patients (42.5%) reported comparable EORTC QLQ-C30 and Pan26 scores to non-diabetic patients. Pre-operative diabetic patients reported more dyspnea (p = 0.02) and greater pain (p = 0.02) than new-onset diabetics. Diabetic patients reported an overall ADDQOL quality of life score 'very good' (IQR: excellent, good) though felt life would be much better without diabetes (IQR: very much better, little better). While operation type was not influential, patients diagnosed with cystic neoplasms were almost twice as likely as those with other pathologies to report that life would be much better without diabetes (p < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

At a median of 9.3 years from pancreatic surgery, ADDQoL scores of patients were similar to cohorts of non-pancreatogenic diabetics in the general population. Patients without cancer were more likely to report that diabetes affected their overall QOL, regardless of operation. This study provides nuanced understanding of long-term QOL to improve the informed consent process and post-operative long-term care.

Impact of preoperative HbA1c on postoperative complications after elective major abdominal surgery: a systematic review protocol

INTRODUCTION

Diabetes has an increasing worldwide prevalence. It is known to be a predisposing factor for postoperative complications. Preoperative glycaemic control strategies should be pursued as glycaemic control could serve as a modifiable risk factor. Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), a marker of 3-month average glycaemic control, has been shown in meta-analyses to predict postoperative complications in cardiothoracic, bariatric and orthopaedic surgery. However, there is no meta-analysis in the major abdominal surgery population, in whom morbidity may be higher due to the nature of the surgery. Understanding the association between HbA1c and postoperative complications could help in preoperative risk prognostication, counselling and glycaemic target selection. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to evaluate all evidence on the association between preoperative HbA1c and postoperative complications in elective major abdominal surgery, and to investigate the threshold HbA1c level before postoperative complication rates increase.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

This review will be performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols guidelines. PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Google Scholar and China National Knowledge Infrastructure will be searched for all original studies. Study selection, data extraction, risk of bias and quality assessment will be conducted by two independent reviewers. The primary outcome is the association between preoperative HbA1c and major postoperative complications (Clavien Dindo 3-5), and the secondary outcome is the association between HbA1c and overall postoperative complications. Data management and synthesis will be performed using Microsoft Excel and Stata to derive pool estimates.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

No ethics approval is required as only secondary data will be used. Findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals and conference presentations.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER

CRD42020167347.

Diabetes-related outcomes after pancreatic surgery

BACKGROUND

The development of pancreatogenic diabetes mellitus (PDM) is a common complication post-pancreatectomy; however, its prevalence has not been described in Australia. We aimed to describe the glycaemic status pre- and post-pancreatectomy, compare patients' clinical characteristics, group according to pre- and post-pancreatectomy diabetes mellitus (DM) status and identify predictors of post-operative PDM.

METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients admitted for pancreatic resection at a single institution from 2011 to 2017. Post-operative DM status was determined at the time of discharge or at 30 days post-operation. Longer term DM onset was as documented in medical record subsequent to admission for pancreatic surgery.

RESULTS

A total of 137 cases were analysed; 13.3% and 24.8% of patients developed post-operative PDM within 30 days and at median of 1 year (range 1-4 years) follow-up, respectively. All patients with pre-existing DM continued to have DM post-operatively. Patients with pre-existing DM were older (P = 0.004) and had a family history of DM (P = 0.020); 8.3% of patients who had undergone pancreaticoduodenectomy versus 17.1% of patients who had undergone distal pancreatectomy developed PDM (P = 0.318). A lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (P = 0.033) was significantly associated with post-operative PDM development. No independent predictors for post-operative PDM were identified.

CONCLUSIONS

The new development of DM within 30 days post-pancreatectomy occurs in approximately one in seven persons. No patients with pre-existing DM demonstrated a remission of DM post-pancreatectomy. These findings suggest that all patients should be screened for DM pre-operatively and followed up post-operatively, particularly those with pre-existing impaired renal function.

Diabetes development after distal pancreatectomy: results of a 10 year series

BACKGROUND

Limited literature is available on the postoperative development of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and new-onset diabetes mellitus (NODM) following Distal Pancreatectomy (DP). We aimed to study the post-surgical clinical evolution of IGT/DM and its association with preoperative glycemic profiles of patients undergoing DP.

METHODS

Pre- and postoperative glycemic laboratories were measured in patients undergoing DP by the senior author from 2007-2017. Multivariate risk factor analysis was performed to determine risk factors for new-onset IGT/DM after DP. Kaplan-Meier curves were constructed for development of NODM postoperatively.

RESULTS

Of 216 included patients, n = 63, n = 68 and n = 85 were preoperatively diagnosed with no-diabetes (No-DM), pre-diabetes (Pre-DM), and diabetes (DM), respectively. At 2-year follow-up, n = 37, n = 80 and n = 99 were classified as No-DM, Pre-DM or DM, respectively. Pre-diabetics had a higher risk of developing postoperative dysglycemia (RR 2.230, 95% CI 1.732-2.870, p = 0.001). Preoperative OGTT>130, HbA1c >6.0, and chronic pancreatitis were risk factors for postoperative DM.

CONCLUSION

40% of patients undergoing DP were unaware of their dysglycemic status (pre-DM or DM) pre-operatively. At 2-year follow-up, 36% non-diabetic and 57% pre-diabetic patients had developed NODM. Appropriate pre-operative diabetic assessment is warranted for all patients undergoing pancreatic resections.

New-Onset Diabetes Mellitus After Distal Pancreatectomy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background and Objective: Endocrine insufficiency must be considered following distal pancreatectomy (DP), because diabetes mellitus can impose a long-term burden on patients. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to identify the incidence and severity of new-onset diabetes mellitus (NODM) after DP for benign and malignant tumors, and other indications. Methods: Articles reporting NODM after DP from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were analyzed. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale or MOGA scale. Inverse variance analysis calculated the overall NODM incidence, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and P values were determined. Subgroup analyses considered pre-existing pancreatic diseases. Results: The quantitative analysis involved 18 articles that described 2356 patients with pancreatic neoplasms or inflammatory lesions. The overall incidence of NODM after DP was 29% (95% CI 25-33). The NODM rates were 23% (95% CI 17-30) and 38% (95% CI 30-45) for patients with pancreatic neoplasms and chronic pancreatitis, respectively. Pre-existing chronic pancreatitis and being male were risks associated with NODM. Conclusion: NODM is fairly common after DP. Surgeons and patients should be aware of postoperative treatment-dependent endocrine dysfunction. Larger cohort studies are required to clarify the risk factors for NODM after DP.

Risk factors for development of diabetes mellitus (Type 3c) after partial pancreatectomy: A systematic review

OBJECTIVES

Type 3c diabetes mellitus (T3cDM) occurring post pancreatectomy can be challenging to treat due to the frequent combination of decreased circulating levels of insulin and glucagon and concurrent exocrine insufficiency. Relatively, little is known regarding the risk factors for development of T3cDM post pancreatectomy. Our aim was to review the literature and assess what is known of the risk factors for the development of new-onset DM following partial pancreatic resection and where possible determines the incidence, time of onset and the management approach to hyperglycaemia in this context.

DESIGN

Medline and Embase databases were reviewed using specific keyword criteria. Original manuscripts published in 1990 or later included. Articles with study population <20, lacking information on new-onset DM, follow-up duration or specifically targeting rare procedures/pathology were excluded. The Newcastle Ottawa Quality Assessment form was applied. Results reported according to PRISMA guidelines. Pooled effect size calculated using random effects model.

PATIENTS

Thirty six articles were identified that described a total of 5636 patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy, 3922 patients having distal pancreatectomy and 315 with central pancreatectomy.

RESULTS

The incidence of new-onset DM was significantly different between different types of resection from 9% to 24% after pancreaticoduodenectomy (pooled estimate 16%; 95% CI: 14%-17%), 3%-40% after distal pancreatectomy (pooled estimate 21%; 95% CI: 16%-25%) and 0%-14% after central pancreatectomy (pooled estimate 6%; 95% CI: 3%-9%). Surgical site, higher preoperative HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose and lower remnant pancreatic volume had strongest associations with new-onset DM.

CONCLUSIONS

This systematic review supports that risk of development of T3cDM is associated with type of pancreatic resection, lower remnant pancreatic volume and higher preoperative HbA1c.

Overall Postoperative Morbidity and Pancreatic Fistula Are Relatively Higher after Central Pancreatectomy than Distal Pancreatic Resection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objective

To compare the intraoperative and postoperative outcomes of central pancreatectomy (CP) with distal pancreatectomy (DP).

Methods

A systematic literature search was performed on electronic databases from MEDLINE, Embase, and PubMed from 1998 to 2018. Statistical analysis and meta-analysis were performed using statistics/data analysis (Stata®) software, version 12.0 (StataCorp LP, College Station, Texas 77845, USA). Dichotomous variables were analyzed by estimation of relative risk (RR) with a 95 percent (%) confidence interval (CI) and continuous variables were analyzed by standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% CI.

Results

Twenty-four studies with 593 CP and 1226 DP were included in the meta-analysis. CP had significantly longer operation time (SMD: 1.03; 95% CI 0.62 to 1.44; P < 0.001) and lengthier postoperative hospital stay (SMD: 0.63; 95% CI 0.20 to 1.05; P < 0.001) and lengthier postoperative hospital stay (SMD: 0.63; 95% CI 0.20 to 1.05; P < 0.001) and lengthier postoperative hospital stay (SMD: 0.63; 95% CI 0.20 to 1.05; P < 0.001) and lengthier postoperative hospital stay (SMD: 0.63; 95% CI 0.20 to 1.05; P < 0.001) and lengthier postoperative hospital stay (SMD: 0.63; 95% CI 0.20 to 1.05; P < 0.001) and lengthier postoperative hospital stay (SMD: 0.63; 95% CI 0.20 to 1.05; P < 0.001) and lengthier postoperative hospital stay (SMD: 0.63; 95% CI 0.20 to 1.05; P < 0.001) and lengthier postoperative hospital stay (SMD: 0.63; 95% CI 0.20 to 1.05; P < 0.001) and lengthier postoperative hospital stay (SMD: 0.63; 95% CI 0.20 to 1.05; P < 0.01). Estimated blood loss was significantly lower in CP (SMD: -0.34; 95% CI -0.58 to -0.09; P = 0.007). Overall postoperative morbidity (RR: 1.30; 95% CI: 1.13 to 1.50; P < 0.001), overall pancreatic fistula (RR: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.20 to 1.66; P < 0.001), clinically relevant fistula (RR: 1.64; 95% CI: 1.25 to 2.16; P < 0.001), and postoperative hemorrhage (RR: 1.90; 95% CI: 1.18 to 3.06; P < 0.05) were all significantly higher after CP. On long-term follow-up, DP patients were more likely to have postoperative exocrine (RR: 0.56; 95% CI: 0.37 to 0.84; P < 0.05) and endocrine (RR: 0.27; 95% CI: 0.18 to 0.40; P < 0.001) insufficiency. There was no statistically significant difference in transfusion requirement, postoperative mortality, reoperation, and tumor recurrence.

Conclusion

CP is associated with significantly higher morbidity and clinically relevant pancreatic fistula. CP should only be reserved for selected patients who require postoperative pancreatic function preservation.

Diabetes-free survival after extended distal pancreatectomy and islet auto transplantation for benign or borderline/malignant lesions of the pancreas

Islet autotransplant is particularly attractive to prevent diabetes after extended pancreatectomy for benign or borderline/malignant pancreas disease. Between 2008 and 2018, 25 patients underwent left extended pancreatectomy (>60%) and islet autotransplant for a neoplasm located in the pancreatic neck or proximal body. Overall, disease-free and diabetes-free survivals were estimated and compared with those observed in 68 nondiabetic patients who underwent distal pancreatectomy for pancreatic neoplasms without islet autotransplant. Median follow-up was 4 years. We observed no deaths and a low morbidity (nonserious procedure-related complications in 2 of 25 patients). Patient and insulin-independent survival rates at 4 years were 100% and 96%, respectively. Glucose homeostasis remained within a nondiabetic range at all times for 19 (73%) of 25 patients. Preoperative glycemic level and insulin resistance were major predictors of diabetes development in these patients. Patients undergoing islet autotransplant had a longer diabetes-free survival than did patients without islet autotransplant (P = .04). In conclusion, islet autotransplant after extended pancreatic resection for neoplasms is a safe and successful procedure for preventing diabetes.