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Tchelougou D, Malaquin N, Cardin GB, Desmul J, Turcotte S, Rodier F. Defining melanoma combination therapies that provide senolytic sensitivity in human melanoma cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1368711. [PMID: 38946802 PMCID: PMC11211604 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1368711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Malignant Melanoma that resists immunotherapy remains the deadliest form of skin cancer owing to poor clinically lasting responses. Alternative like genotoxic or targeted chemotherapy trigger various cancer cell fates after treatment including cell death and senescence. Senescent cells can be eliminated using senolytic drugs and we hypothesize that the targeted elimination of therapy-induced senescent melanoma cells could complement both conventional and immunotherapies. We utilized a panel of cells representing diverse mutational background relevant to melanoma and found that they developed distinct senescent phenotypes in response to treatment. A genotoxic combination therapy of carboplatin-paclitaxel or irradiation triggered a mixed response of cell death and senescence, irrespective of BRAF mutation profiles. DNA damage-induced senescent melanoma cells exhibited morphological changes, residual DNA damage, and increased senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). In contrast, dual targeted inhibition of Braf and Mek triggered a different mixed cell fate response including senescent-like and persister cells. While persister cells could reproliferate, senescent-like cells were stably arrested, but without detectable DNA damage and senescence-associated secretory phenotype. To assess the sensitivity to senolytics we employed a novel real-time imaging-based death assay and observed that Bcl2/Bcl-XL inhibitors and piperlongumine were effective in promoting death of carboplatin-paclitaxel and irradiation-induced senescent melanoma cells, while the mixed persister cells and senescent-like cells resulting from Braf-Mek inhibition remained unresponsive. Interestingly, a direct synergy between Bcl2/Bcl-XL inhibitors and Braf-Mek inhibitors was observed when used out of the context of senescence. Overall, we highlight diverse hallmarks of melanoma senescent states and provide evidence of context-dependent senotherapeutics that could reduce treatment resistance while also discussing the limitations of this strategy in human melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daméhan Tchelougou
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Malaquin
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Guillaume B. Cardin
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jordan Desmul
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Simon Turcotte
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de chirurgie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Francis Rodier
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Radiologie, Radio-oncologie et médicine nucléaire, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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2
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Saleh T, Bloukh S, Hasan M, Al Shboul S. Therapy-induced senescence as a component of tumor biology: Evidence from clinical cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188994. [PMID: 37806641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Therapy-Induced Senescence (TIS) is an established response to anticancer therapy in a variety of cancer models. Ample evidence has characterized the triggers, hallmarks, and functional outcomes of TIS in preclinical studies; however, limited evidence delineates TIS in clinical cancer (human tumor samples). We examined the literature that investigated the induction of TIS in samples derived from human cancers and highlighted the major findings that suggested that TIS represents a main constituent of tumor biology. The most frequently utilized approach to identify TIS in human cancers was to investigate the protein expression of senescence-associated markers (such as cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, Ki67, DNA damage repair response markers, DEC1, and DcR1) via immunohistochemical techniques using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples and/or testing the upregulation of Senescence-Associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) in frozen sections of unfixed tumor samples. Collectively, and in studies where the extent of TIS was determined, TIS was detected in 31-66% of tumors exposed to various forms of chemotherapy. Moreover, TIS was not only limited to both malignant and non-malignant components of tumoral tissue but was also identified in samples of normal (non-transformed) tissue upon chemo- or radiotherapy exposure. Nevertheless, the available evidence continues to be limited and requires a more rigorous assessment of in vivo senescence based on novel approaches and more reliable molecular signatures. The accurate assessment of TIS will be beneficial for determining its relevant contribution to the overall outcome of cancer therapy and the potential translatability of senotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tareq Saleh
- Department of Pharmacology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13115, Jordan.
| | - Sarah Bloukh
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Mira Hasan
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, USA
| | - Sofian Al Shboul
- Department of Pharmacology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13115, Jordan
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3
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Peng J, Lin Z, Chen W, Ruan J, Deng F, Yao L, Rao M, Xiong X, Xu S, Zhang X, Liu X, Sun X. Vemurafenib induces a noncanonical senescence-associated secretory phenotype in melanoma cells which promotes vemurafenib resistance. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17714. [PMID: 37456058 PMCID: PMC10345356 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
More than one half melanoma patients have BRAF gene mutation. BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib is an effective medication for these patients. However, acquired resistance is generally inevitable, the mechanisms of which are not fully understood. Cell senescence and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) are involved in extensive biological functions. This study was designed to explore the possible role of senescent cells in vemurafenib resistance. The results showed that vemurafenib treatment induced BRAF-mutant but not wild-type melanoma cells into senescence, as manifested by positive β-galactosidase staining, cell cycle arrest, enlarged cellular morphology, and cyclin D1/p-Rb pathway inhibition. However, the senescent cells induced by vemurafenib (SenV) did not display DNA damage response, p53/p21 pathway activation, reactive oxygen species accumulation, decline of mitochondrial membrane potential, or secretion of canonical SASP cytokines. Instead, SenV released other cytokines, including CCL2, TIMP2, and NGFR, to protect normal melanoma cells from growth inhibition upon vemurafenib treatment. Xenograft experiments further confirmed that vemurafenib induced melanoma cells into senescence in vivo. The results suggest that vemurafenib can induce robust senescence in BRAFV600E melanoma cells, leading to the release of resistance-conferring cytokines. Both the senescent cells and the resistant cytokines could be potential targets for tackling vemurafenib resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523000, China
- Institute of Aging Research, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523000, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510378, China
| | - Zijun Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523000, China
- Institute of Aging Research, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523000, China
| | - Weichun Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523000, China
- Institute of Aging Research, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523000, China
| | - Jie Ruan
- Institute of Aging Research, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523000, China
| | - Fan Deng
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Lin Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523000, China
- Institute of Aging Research, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523000, China
| | - Minla Rao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523000, China
- Institute of Aging Research, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523000, China
| | - Xingdong Xiong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523000, China
- Institute of Aging Research, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523000, China
| | - Shun Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523000, China
- Institute of Aging Research, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523000, China
| | - Xiangning Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chinese-American Tumor Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Xinguang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523000, China
- Institute of Aging Research, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523000, China
| | - Xuerong Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523000, China
- Institute of Aging Research, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523000, China
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4
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Thompson EL, Pitcher LE, Niedernhofer LJ, Robbins PD. Targeting Cellular Senescence with Senotherapeutics: Development of New Approaches for Skin Care. Plast Reconstr Surg 2022; 150:12S-19S. [PMID: 36170431 PMCID: PMC9529240 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000009668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY Aging of the skin is evidenced by increased wrinkles, age spots, dryness, and thinning with decreased elasticity. Extrinsic and intrinsic factors including UV, pollution, and inflammation lead to an increase in senescent cells (SnCs) in skin with age that contribute to these observed pathological changes. Cellular senescence is induced by multiple types of damage and stress and is characterized by the irreversible exit from the cell cycle with upregulation of cell cycle-dependent kinase inhibitors p16INK4a and p21CIP1. Most SnCs also developed an inflammatory senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) that drives further pathology through paracrine effects on neighboring cells and endocrine effects on cells at a distance. Recently, compounds able to kill senescent cells specifically, termed senolytics, or suppress the SASP, termed senomorphics, have been developed that have the potential to improve skin aging as well as systemic aging in general. Here, we provide a summary of the evidence for a key role in cellular senescence in driving skin aging. In addition, the evidence for the potential application of senotherapeutics for skin treatments is presented. Overall, topical, and possibly oral senotherapeutic treatments have tremendous potential to eventually become a standard of care for skin aging and related skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Thompson
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, University of Minnesota
| | - Louise E Pitcher
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, University of Minnesota
| | - Laura J Niedernhofer
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, University of Minnesota
| | - Paul D Robbins
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, University of Minnesota
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5
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Early Steps of Resistance to Targeted Therapies in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14112613. [PMID: 35681591 PMCID: PMC9179469 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Patients with lung cancer benefit from more effective treatments, such as targeted therapies, and the overall survival has increased in the past decade. However, the efficacy of targeted therapies is limited due to the emergence of resistance. Growing evidence suggests that resistances may arise from a small population of drug-tolerant persister (DTP) cells. Understanding the mechanisms underlying DTP survival is therefore crucial to develop therapeutic strategies to prevent the development of resistance. Herein, we propose an overview of the current scientific knowledge about the characterisation of DTP, and summarise the new therapeutic strategies that are tested to target these cells. Abstract Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among men and women worldwide. Epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) are effective therapies for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients harbouring EGFR-activating mutations, but are not curative due to the inevitable emergence of resistances. Recent in vitro studies suggest that resistance to EGFR-TKI may arise from a small population of drug-tolerant persister cells (DTP) through non-genetic reprogramming, by entering a reversible slow-to-non-proliferative state, before developing genetically derived resistances. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms governing the dynamics of the drug-tolerant state is therefore a priority to provide sustainable therapeutic solutions for patients. An increasing number of molecular mechanisms underlying DTP survival are being described, such as chromatin and epigenetic remodelling, the reactivation of anti-apoptotic/survival pathways, metabolic reprogramming, and interactions with their micro-environment. Here, we review and discuss the existing proposed mechanisms involved in the DTP state. We describe their biological features, molecular mechanisms of tolerance, and the therapeutic strategies that are tested to target the DTP.
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6
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Understanding Molecular Mechanisms of Phenotype Switching and Crosstalk with TME to Reveal New Vulnerabilities of Melanoma. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071157. [PMID: 35406721 PMCID: PMC8997563 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma cells are notorious for their high plasticity and ability to switch back and forth between various melanoma cell states, enabling the adaptation to sub-optimal conditions and therapeutics. This phenotypic plasticity, which has gained more attention in cancer research, is proposed as a new paradigm for melanoma progression. In this review, we provide a detailed and deep comprehensive recapitulation of the complex spectrum of phenotype switching in melanoma, the key regulator factors, the various and new melanoma states, and corresponding signatures. We also present an extensive description of the role of epigenetic modifications (chromatin remodeling, methylation, and activities of long non-coding RNAs/miRNAs) and metabolic rewiring in the dynamic switch. Furthermore, we elucidate the main role of the crosstalk between the tumor microenvironment (TME) and oxidative stress in the regulation of the phenotype switching. Finally, we discuss in detail several rational therapeutic approaches, such as exploiting phenotype-specific and metabolic vulnerabilities and targeting components and signals of the TME, to improve the response of melanoma patients to treatments.
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7
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Najem A, Wouters J, Krayem M, Rambow F, Sabbah M, Sales F, Awada A, Aerts S, Journe F, Marine JC, Ghanem GE. Tyrosine-Dependent Phenotype Switching Occurs Early in Many Primary Melanoma Cultures Limiting Their Translational Value. Front Oncol 2021; 11:780654. [PMID: 34869032 PMCID: PMC8635994 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.780654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of patient-derived primary cell cultures in cancer preclinical assays, including drug screens and genotoxic studies, has increased in recent years. However, their translational value is constrained by several limitations, including variability that can be caused by the culture conditions. Here, we show that the medium composition commonly used to propagate primary melanoma cultures has limited their representability of their tumor of origin and their cellular plasticity, and modified their sensitivity to therapy. Indeed, we established and compared cultures from different melanoma patients propagated in parallel in low-tyrosine (Ham's F10) or in high-tyrosine (Ham's F10 supplemented with tyrosine or RPMI1640 or DMEM) media. Tyrosine is the precursor of melanin biosynthesis, a process particularly active in differentiated melanocytes and melanoma cells. Unexpectedly, we found that the high tyrosine concentrations promoted an early phenotypic drift towards either a mesenchymal-like or senescence-like phenotype, and prevented the establishment of cultures of melanoma cells harboring differentiated features, which we show are frequently present in human clinical biopsies. Moreover, the invasive phenotype emerging in these culture conditions appeared irreversible and, as expected, associated with intrinsic resistance to MAPKi. In sharp contrast, differentiated melanoma cell cultures retained their phenotypes upon propagation in low-tyrosine medium, and importantly their phenotypic plasticity, a key hallmark of melanoma cells. Altogether, our findings underline the importance of culturing melanoma cells in low-tyrosine-containing medium in order to preserve their phenotypic identity of origin and cellular plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Najem
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Oncology (LOCE), Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jasper Wouters
- Center for Brain and Disease Research, VIB-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Human Genetics KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mohammad Krayem
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Oncology (LOCE), Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Florian Rambow
- Center for Cancer Biology, VIB-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oncology KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Malak Sabbah
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Oncology (LOCE), Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - François Sales
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Oncology (LOCE), Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ahmad Awada
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Oncology (LOCE), Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stein Aerts
- Center for Brain and Disease Research, VIB-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Human Genetics KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fabrice Journe
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Oncology (LOCE), Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Université de Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe Marine
- Center for Cancer Biology, VIB-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oncology KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ghanem E Ghanem
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Oncology (LOCE), Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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8
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The Role of Senescent Cells in Acquired Drug Resistance and Secondary Cancer in BRAFi-Treated Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092241. [PMID: 34066966 PMCID: PMC8125319 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Advances in melanoma treatment include v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAF) inhibitors that target the predominant oncogenic mutation found in malignant melanoma. Despite initial success of the BRAF inhibitor (BRAFi) therapies, resistance and secondary cancer often occur. Mechanisms of resistance and secondary cancer rely on upregulation of pro-survival pathways that circumvent senescence. The repeated identification of a cellular senescent phenotype throughout melanoma progression demonstrates the contribution of senescent cells in resistance and secondary cancer development. Incorporating senotherapeutics in melanoma treatment may offer a novel approach for potentially improving clinical outcome. Abstract BRAF is the most common gene mutated in malignant melanoma, and predominately it is a missense mutation of codon 600 in the kinase domain. This oncogenic BRAF missense mutation results in constitutive activation of the mitogen-activate protein kinase (MAPK) pro-survival pathway. Several BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi) have been developed to specifically inhibit BRAFV600 mutations that improve melanoma survival, but resistance and secondary cancer often occur. Causal mechanisms of BRAFi-induced secondary cancer and resistance have been identified through upregulation of MAPK and alternate pro-survival pathways. In addition, overriding of cellular senescence is observed throughout the progression of disease from benign nevi to malignant melanoma. In this review, we discuss melanoma BRAF mutations, the genetic mechanism of BRAFi resistance, and the evidence supporting the role of senescent cells in melanoma disease progression, drug resistance and secondary cancer. We further highlight the potential benefit of targeting senescent cells with senotherapeutics as adjuvant therapy in combating melanoma.
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9
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González-Ruiz L, González-Moles MÁ, González-Ruiz I, Ruiz-Ávila I, Ramos-García P. Prognostic and Clinicopathological Significance of CCND1/Cyclin D1 Upregulation in Melanomas: A Systematic Review and Comprehensive Meta-Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1314. [PMID: 33804108 PMCID: PMC7999631 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the prognostic and clinicopathological significance of cyclin D1 (CD1) overexpression/CCND1 amplification in melanomas. We searched studies published before September 2019 (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus). We evaluated the quality of the studies included (QUIPS tool). The impact of CD1 overexpression/CCND1 amplification on overall survival and relevant clinicopathological characteristic were meta-analyzed. We performed heterogeneity, sensitivity, small-study effects, and subgroup analyses. Forty-one studies and 3451 patients met inclusion criteria. Qualitative evaluation demonstrated that not all studies were performed with the same rigor, finding the greatest risk of bias in the study confounding domain. Quantitative evaluation showed that immunohistochemical CD1 overexpression had a statistical association with Breslow thickness (p = 0.007; OR = 2.09,95% CI = 1.23-3.57), significantly higher frequency of CCND1/cyclin D1 abnormalities has been observed in the primary tumor compared to distant metastases (p = 0.004), revealed also by immunohistochemical overexpression of the protein (p < 0.001; OR = 0.53,95% CI = 0.40-0.71), while the CCND1 gene amplification does not show association (p = 0.43); while gene amplification, on the contrary, appeared more frequently in distant metastases (p = 0.04; OR = 1.70,95% CI = 1.01-2.85) and not in the primary tumor. In conclusion, CCND1/cyclin D1 upregulation is a common molecular oncogenic alteration in melanomas that probably favors the growth and expansion of the primary tumor. This upregulation is mainly consequence to the overexpression of the cyclin D1 protein, and not to gene amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía González-Ruiz
- Dermatology Service, Ciudad Real General University Hospital, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain;
| | - Miguel Ángel González-Moles
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain; (I.G.-R.); (P.R.-G.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain;
- WHO Collaborating Group for Oral Cancer, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Isabel González-Ruiz
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain; (I.G.-R.); (P.R.-G.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain;
| | - Isabel Ruiz-Ávila
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain;
- Pathology Service, San Cecilio Hospital Complex, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Pablo Ramos-García
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain; (I.G.-R.); (P.R.-G.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain;
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10
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Patel NH, Bloukh S, Alwohosh E, Alhesa A, Saleh T, Gewirtz DA. Autophagy and senescence in cancer therapy. Adv Cancer Res 2021; 150:1-74. [PMID: 33858594 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cells can undergo diverse responses to cancer therapy. While apoptosis represents the most desirable outcome, tumor cells can alternatively undergo autophagy and senescence. Both autophagy and senescence have the potential to make complex contributions to tumor cell survival via both cell autonomous and cell non-autonomous pathways. The induction of autophagy and senescence in tumor cells, preclinically and clinically, either individually or concomitantly, has generated interest in the utilization of autophagy modulating and senolytic therapies to target autophagy and senescence, respectively. This chapter summarizes the current evidence for the promotion of autophagy and senescence as fundamental responses to cancer therapy and discusses the complexity of their functional contributions to cell survival and disease outcomes. We also highlight current modalities designed to exploit autophagy and senescence in efforts to improve the efficacy of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nipa H Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; Massey Cancer Center, Goodwin Research Laboratories, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Sarah Bloukh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Enas Alwohosh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Ahmad Alhesa
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Tareq Saleh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - David A Gewirtz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; Massey Cancer Center, Goodwin Research Laboratories, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States.
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11
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Rao M, Shi B, Yuan Y, Wang Y, Chen Y, Liu X, Li X, Zhang M, Liu X, Sun X. The positive correlation between drug addiction and drug dosage in vemurafenib-resistant melanoma cells is underpinned by activation of ERK1/2-FRA-1 pathway. Anticancer Drugs 2020; 31:1026-1037. [PMID: 32868647 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is a kind of highly invasive and deadly diseases. The BRAF inhibitor (BRAFi) such as vemurafenib could achieve a high response rate in melanoma patients with BRAF mutation. However, melanoma cells could easily develop resistance as well as addiction to BRAFi. Based on the drug addiction, intermittent treatment has been proposed to select against BRAFi-resistant melanoma cells. Because different dosages of BRAFi might be used in patients, it is necessary to know about the relationship between drug dosage and the degree of addiction. To address the problem, four drug-resistant melanoma cell sublines (A375/R0.5, A375/R2.0, M14/R0.5 and M14/R2.0) were established by continuously exposure of melanoma A375 or M14 cells to 0.5 or 2.0 μM vemurafenib. Vemurafenib withdrawal resulted in much stronger suppression on clone formation in A375/R2.0 and M14/R2.0, compared with A375/R0.5 and M14/R0.5, respectively. Meanwhile, stronger upregulation of ERK1/2-FRA-1 pathway could be observed in A375/R2.0 and M14/R2.0. Further detection showed that some proinflammatory cytokines downstream of ERK1/2-FRA-1 pathway were upregulated after drug withdrawal, and the conditioned medium collected from the resistant A375 cells could inhibit clone formation. Furthermore, vemurafenib withdrawal resulted in suppressed cell proliferation rather than cell senescence, with stronger effect on A375/R2.0 compared with A375/R0.5. This study suggested that the depth of vemurafenib addiction in resistant melanoma cells is positively correlated to the drug dosage, which might be underpinned by the ERK1/2-FRA-1 pathway and the related cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minla Rao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostic, Institute of Aging Research, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan
| | - Benyan Shi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostic, Institute of Aging Research, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Bao'an District, Songgang People's Hospital, Shenzhen
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostic, Institute of Aging Research, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan
| | | | - Yilin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostic, Institute of Aging Research, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan
- The Second Clinical School
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostic, Institute of Aging Research, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan
- The Second Clinical School
| | - Xiaoyi Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostic, Institute of Aging Research, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan
| | - Mingmeng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostic, Institute of Aging Research, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan
| | - Xinguang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostic, Institute of Aging Research, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan
- Institute of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xuerong Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostic, Institute of Aging Research, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan
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12
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Metabolic Reprogramming in Metastatic Melanoma with Acquired Resistance to Targeted Therapies: Integrative Metabolomic and Proteomic Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051323. [PMID: 32455924 PMCID: PMC7280989 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatments of metastatic melanoma underwent an impressive development over the past few years, with the emergence of small molecule inhibitors targeting mutated proteins, such as BRAF, NRAS, or cKIT. However, since a significant proportion of patients acquire resistance to these therapies, new strategies are currently being considered to overcome this issue. For this purpose, melanoma cell lines with mutant BRAF, NRAS, or cKIT and with acquired resistances to BRAF, MEK, or cKIT inhibitors, respectively, were investigated using both 1H-NMR-based metabonomic and protein microarrays. The 1H-NMR profiles highlighted a similar go and return pattern in the metabolism of the BRAF, NRAS, and cKIT mutated cell lines. Indeed, melanoma cells exposed to mutation-specific inhibitors underwent metabolic disruptions following acute exposure but partially recovered their basal metabolism in long-term exposure, most likely acquiring resistance skills. The protein microarrays inquired about the potential cellular mechanisms used by the resistant cells to escape drug treatment, by showing decreased levels of proteins linked to the drug efficacy, especially in the downstream part of the MAPK signaling pathway. Integrating metabonomic and proteomic findings revealed some metabolic pathways (i.e., glutaminolysis, choline metabolism, glutathione production, glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation) and key proteins (i.e., EPHA2, DUSP4, and HIF-1A) as potential targets to discard drug resistance.
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13
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Madorsky Rowdo FP, Barón A, Gallagher SJ, Hersey P, Emran AA, Von Euw EM, Barrio MM, Mordoh J. Epigenetic inhibitors eliminate senescent melanoma BRAFV600E cells that survive long‑term BRAF inhibition. Int J Oncol 2020; 56:1429-1441. [PMID: 32236593 PMCID: PMC7170042 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.5031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is estimated that ~50% of patients with melanoma harbour B‑Raf (BRAF)V600 driver mutations, with the most common of these being BRAFV600E, which leads to the activation of mitogen‑activated protein kinase proliferative and survival pathways. BRAF inhibitors are used extensively to treat BRAF‑mutated metastatic melanoma; however, acquired resistance occurs in the majority of patients. The effects of long‑term treatment with PLX4032 (BRAFV600 inhibitor) were studied in vitro on sensitive V600E BRAF‑mutated melanoma cell lines. After several weeks of treatment with PLX4032, the majority of the melanoma cells died; however, a proportion of cells remained viable and quiescent, presenting senescent cancer stem cell‑like characteristics. This surviving population was termed SUR cells, as discontinuing treatment allowed the population to regrow while retaining equal drug sensitivity to that of parental cells. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that SUR cells exhibit changes in the expression of 1,415 genes (P<0.05) compared with parental cells. Changes in the expression levels of a number of epigenetic regulators were also observed. These changes and the reversible nature of the senescence state were consistent with epigenetic regulation; thus, it was investigated as to whether the senescent state could be reversed by epigenetic inhibitors. It was found that both parental and SUR cells were sensitive to different histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, such as SAHA and MGCD0103, and to the cyclin‑dependent kinase (CDK)9 inhibitor, CDKI‑73, which induced apoptosis and reduced proliferation both in the parental and SUR populations. The results suggested that the combination of PLX4032 with HDAC and CDK9 inhibitors may achieve complete elimination of SUR cells that persist after BRAF inhibitor treatment, and reduce the development of resistance to BRAF inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Paula Madorsky Rowdo
- Cancerology Laboratory, Leloir Institute‑Biochemical Research Institute of Buenos Aires (IIBBA), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - Antonela Barón
- Cancerology Laboratory, Leloir Institute‑Biochemical Research Institute of Buenos Aires (IIBBA), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - Stuart John Gallagher
- Melanoma Oncology and Immunology Group, Centenary Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Peter Hersey
- Melanoma Oncology and Immunology Group, Centenary Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Abdullah Al Emran
- Melanoma Oncology and Immunology Group, Centenary Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Erika M Von Euw
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology‑Oncology, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - María Marcela Barrio
- Oncology Research Center‑Cancer Foundation (FUCA), Buenos Aires C1426 ANZ, Argentina
| | - José Mordoh
- Cancerology Laboratory, Leloir Institute‑Biochemical Research Institute of Buenos Aires (IIBBA), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
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14
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Saleh T, Bloukh S, Carpenter VJ, Alwohoush E, Bakeer J, Darwish S, Azab B, Gewirtz DA. Therapy-Induced Senescence: An "Old" Friend Becomes the Enemy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040822. [PMID: 32235364 PMCID: PMC7226427 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
For the past two decades, cellular senescence has been recognized as a central component of the tumor cell response to chemotherapy and radiation. Traditionally, this form of senescence, termed Therapy-Induced Senescence (TIS), was linked to extensive nuclear damage precipitated by classical genotoxic chemotherapy. However, a number of other forms of therapy have also been shown to induce senescence in tumor cells independently of direct genomic damage. This review attempts to provide a comprehensive summary of both conventional and targeted anticancer therapeutics that have been shown to induce senescence in vitro and in vivo. Still, the utility of promoting senescence as a therapeutic endpoint remains under debate. Since senescence represents a durable form of growth arrest, it might be argued that senescence is a desirable outcome of cancer therapy. However, accumulating evidence suggesting that cells have the capacity to escape from TIS would support an alternative conclusion, that senescence provides an avenue whereby tumor cells can evade the potentially lethal action of anticancer drugs, allowing the cells to enter a temporary state of dormancy that eventually facilitates disease recurrence, often in a more aggressive state. Furthermore, TIS is now strongly connected to tumor cell remodeling, potentially to tumor dormancy, acquiring more ominous malignant phenotypes and accounts for several untoward adverse effects of cancer therapy. Here, we argue that senescence represents a barrier to effective anticancer treatment, and discuss the emerging efforts to identify and exploit agents with senolytic properties as a strategy for elimination of the persistent residual surviving tumor cell population, with the goal of mitigating the tumor-promoting influence of the senescent cells and to thereby reduce the likelihood of cancer relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tareq Saleh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan; (T.S.); (S.D.)
| | - Sarah Bloukh
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (S.B.); (E.A.); (J.B.); (B.A.)
| | - Valerie J. Carpenter
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA;
| | - Enas Alwohoush
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (S.B.); (E.A.); (J.B.); (B.A.)
| | - Jomana Bakeer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (S.B.); (E.A.); (J.B.); (B.A.)
| | - Sarah Darwish
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan; (T.S.); (S.D.)
| | - Belal Azab
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (S.B.); (E.A.); (J.B.); (B.A.)
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - David A. Gewirtz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA;
- Correspondence:
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15
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González-Ruiz L, González-Moles MÁ, González-Ruiz I, Ruiz-Ávila I, Ayén Á, Ramos-García P. An update on the implications of cyclin D1 in melanomas. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2020; 33:788-805. [PMID: 32147907 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin D1 is a protein encoded by the CCND1 gene, located on 11q13 chromosome, which is a key component of the physiological regulation of the cell cycle. CCND1/cyclin D1 is upregulated in several types of human tumors including melanoma and is currently classified as an oncogene that promotes uncontrolled cell proliferation. Despite the demonstrated importance of CCND1/cyclin D1 as a central oncogene in several types of human tumors, its knowledge in melanoma is still limited. This review examines data published on upregulation of the CCND1 gene and cyclin D1 protein in the melanoma setting, focusing on the pathways and molecular mechanisms involved in the activation of the gene and on the clinical and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia González-Ruiz
- Dermatology Service, Ciudad Real General University Hospital, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | | | | | - Isabel Ruiz-Ávila
- Biohealth Research Institute, Granada, Spain.,Pathology Service, San Cecilio Hospital Complex, Granada, Spain
| | - Ángela Ayén
- Dermatology Service, San Cecilio Hospital Complex, Granada, Spain
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16
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Krayem M, Aftimos P, Najem A, van den Hooven T, van den Berg A, Hovestad-Bijl L, de Wijn R, Hilhorst R, Ruijtenbeek R, Sabbah M, Kerger J, Awada A, Journe F, Ghanem GE. Kinome Profiling to Predict Sensitivity to MAPK Inhibition in Melanoma and to Provide New Insights into Intrinsic and Acquired Mechanism of Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E512. [PMID: 32098410 PMCID: PMC7072684 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibition with the combination of BRAF (Rapidly Accelerated Fibrosarcoma) and MEK (Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase) inhibitors has become the standard of first-line therapy of metastatic melanoma harbouring BRAF V600 mutations. However, about half of the patients present with primary resistance while the remaining develop secondary resistance under prolonged treatment. Thus, there is a need for predictive biomarkers for sensitivity and/or resistance to further refine the patient population likely to benefit from MAPK inhibitors. In this study, we explored a top-down approach using a multiplex kinase assay, first, to discover a kinome signature predicting sensitivity, intrinsic and acquired resistance to MAPK inhibitors in melanoma, and second, to understand the mechanism of resistance using cell lines. Pre-dose tissues from patients (four responders and three non-responders to BRAFi monotherapy) were profiled for phosphotyrosine kinase (PTK) and serine-threonine kinase (STK) activities on a PamChip® peptide microarray in the presence and absence of ex vivo BRAFi. In addition, molecular studies were conducted on four sensitive parental lines, their offspring with acquired resistance to BRAFi and two lines with intrinsic resistance. PTK and STK activities in cell lysates were measured in the presence and absence of ex vivo BRAFi and/or MEKi. In tissue lysates, concentration-dependent ex vivo inhibition of STK and PTK activities with dabrafenib was stronger in responders than in non-responders. This difference was confirmed in cell lines comparing sensitive and resistant ones. Interestingly, common features of resistance were increased activity of receptor tyrosine kinases, Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src (Src) family kinases and protein kinase B (PKB, AKT) signalling. These latter results were confirmed by Western blots. While dabrafenib alone showed an inhibition of STK and PTK activities in both tissues and cell lines, the combination of dabrafenib and trametinib showed an antagonism on the STK activities and a synergism on PTK activities, resulting in stronger inhibitions of overall tyrosine kinase activities. Altogether; these data reveal that resistance of tumours and cell lines to MAPK inhibitors can be predicted using a multiplex kinase assay and is associated with an increase in specific tyrosine kinase activities and globally to AKT signalling in the patient's tissue. Thus, such a predictive kinome signature would help to identify patients with innate resistance to MAPK double inhibition in order to propose other therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Krayem
- Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; (A.N.); (M.S.); (A.A.); (F.J.); (G.E.G.)
| | - Philippe Aftimos
- Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; (P.A.); (J.K.)
| | - Ahmad Najem
- Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; (A.N.); (M.S.); (A.A.); (F.J.); (G.E.G.)
| | - Tim van den Hooven
- PamGene International BV, 5211HH ’s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands; (T.v.d.H.); (A.v.d.B.); (L.H.-B.); (R.d.W.); (R.H.); (R.R.)
| | - Adriënne van den Berg
- PamGene International BV, 5211HH ’s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands; (T.v.d.H.); (A.v.d.B.); (L.H.-B.); (R.d.W.); (R.H.); (R.R.)
| | - Liesbeth Hovestad-Bijl
- PamGene International BV, 5211HH ’s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands; (T.v.d.H.); (A.v.d.B.); (L.H.-B.); (R.d.W.); (R.H.); (R.R.)
| | - Rik de Wijn
- PamGene International BV, 5211HH ’s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands; (T.v.d.H.); (A.v.d.B.); (L.H.-B.); (R.d.W.); (R.H.); (R.R.)
| | - Riet Hilhorst
- PamGene International BV, 5211HH ’s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands; (T.v.d.H.); (A.v.d.B.); (L.H.-B.); (R.d.W.); (R.H.); (R.R.)
| | - Rob Ruijtenbeek
- PamGene International BV, 5211HH ’s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands; (T.v.d.H.); (A.v.d.B.); (L.H.-B.); (R.d.W.); (R.H.); (R.R.)
| | - Malak Sabbah
- Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; (A.N.); (M.S.); (A.A.); (F.J.); (G.E.G.)
| | - Joseph Kerger
- Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; (P.A.); (J.K.)
| | - Ahmad Awada
- Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; (A.N.); (M.S.); (A.A.); (F.J.); (G.E.G.)
- Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; (P.A.); (J.K.)
| | - Fabrice Journe
- Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; (A.N.); (M.S.); (A.A.); (F.J.); (G.E.G.)
| | - Ghanem E. Ghanem
- Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; (A.N.); (M.S.); (A.A.); (F.J.); (G.E.G.)
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17
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Krayem M, Sabbah M, Najem A, Wouters A, Lardon F, Simon S, Sales F, Journe F, Awada A, Ghanem GE, Van Gestel D. The Benefit of Reactivating p53 under MAPK Inhibition on the Efficacy of Radiotherapy in Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1093. [PMID: 31374895 PMCID: PMC6721382 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) in patients with melanoma historically showed suboptimal results, because the disease is often radioresistant due to various mechanisms such as scavenging free radicals by thiols, pigmentary machinery, or enhanced DNA repair. However, radiotherapy has been utilized as adjuvant therapy after the complete excision of primary melanoma and lymph nodes to reduce the rate of nodal recurrences in high-risk patients. The resistance of melanoma cells to radiotherapy may also be in relation with the constitutive activation of the MAPK pathway and/or with the inactivation of p53 observed in about 90% of melanomas. In this study, we aimed to assess the potential benefit of adding RT to BRAF-mutated melanoma cells under a combined p53 reactivation and MAPK inhibition in vitro and in a preclinical animal model. We found that the combination of BRAF inhibition (vemurafenib, which completely shuts down the MAPK pathway), together with p53 reactivation (PRIMA-1Met) significantly enhanced the radiosensitivity of BRAF-mutant melanoma cells. This was accompanied by an increase in both p53 expression and activity. Of note, we found that radiation alone markedly promoted both ERK and AKT phosphorylation, thus contributing to radioresistance. The combination of vemurafenib and PRIMA-1Met caused the inactivation of both MAPK kinase and PI3K/AKT pathways. Furthermore, when combined with radiotherapy, it was able to significantly enhance melanoma cell radiosensitivity. Interestingly, in nude mice bearing melanoma xenografts, the latter triple combination had not only a synergistic effect on tumor growth inhibition, but also a potent control on tumor regrowth in all animals after finishing the triple combination therapy. RT alone had only a weak effect. In conclusion, we provide a basis for a strategy that may overcome the radioresistance of BRAF-mutated melanoma cells to radiotherapy. Whether this will translate into a rational to use radiotherapy in the curative setting in BRAF-mutated melanoma patients deserves consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Krayem
- Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue Héger-Bordet 1, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Malak Sabbah
- Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue Héger-Bordet 1, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ahmad Najem
- Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue Héger-Bordet 1, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - An Wouters
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Filip Lardon
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Stephane Simon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - François Sales
- Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue Héger-Bordet 1, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabrice Journe
- Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue Héger-Bordet 1, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Université de Mons (UMons), Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Ahmad Awada
- Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue Héger-Bordet 1, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ghanem E Ghanem
- Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue Héger-Bordet 1, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dirk Van Gestel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
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18
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Böhme I, Bosserhoff A. Extracellular acidosis triggers a senescence-like phenotype in human melanoma cells. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2019; 33:41-51. [PMID: 31310445 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Acidosis of the tumor microenvironment is a characteristic of solid tumors such as malignant melanoma. Main causes of the extracellular acidification are metabolic alterations in cancer cells. While numerous studies showed that acidosis promotes tumor invasiveness, metastasis, and neoangiogenesis resulting in malignant progression, contrary data reported that acidosis induces cell apoptosis, inhibits cell proliferation, and mediates cell autophagy. Here, we show that low pH (pH 6.7) induces senescent/quiescent phenotype in melanoma cells after long-time treatment defined by induction of SA-ß-galactosidase, upregulation of p21, G1 /G0 cell cycle arrest, and reduction of proliferation. Moreover, we revealed that extracellular acidosis triggers the inhibition of eIF2α and subsequently the activation of ATF4 expression, a key component of the integrated stress response (ISR), indicating an acid-mediated translation reprogramming. Interestingly, we also demonstrated that acidosis represses microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and activates the expression of the receptor tyrosine kinase AXL. This MITFlow /AXLhigh phenotype is correlated with drug resistance and therapeutic outcome in melanoma. Our results suggest that acidosis is an important microenvironmental factor triggering phenotypic plasticity and promoting tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Böhme
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Emil Fischer Center, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anja Bosserhoff
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Emil Fischer Center, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
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