1
|
Wong XK, Ng CS, Yeong KY. Shaping the future of antiviral Treatment: Spotlight on Nucleobase-Containing drugs and their revolutionary impact. Bioorg Chem 2024; 144:107150. [PMID: 38309002 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Nucleobases serve as essential molecular frameworks present in both natural and synthetic compounds that exhibit notable antiviral activity. Through molecular modifications, novel nucleobase-containing drugs (NCDs) have been developed, exhibiting enhanced antiviral activity against a wide range of viruses, including the recently emerged SARS‑CoV‑2. This article provides a detailed examination of the significant advancements in NCDs from 2015 till current, encompassing various aspects concerning their mechanisms of action, pharmacology and antiviral properties. Additionally, the article discusses antiviral prodrugs relevant to the scope of this review. It fills in the knowledge gap by examining the structure-activity relationship and trend of NCDs as therapeutics against a diverse range of viral diseases, either as approved drugs, clinical candidates or as early-stage development prospects. Moreover, the article highlights on the status of this field of study and addresses the prevailing limitations encountered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Khai Wong
- School of Science, Monash University (Malaysia Campus), Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chen Seng Ng
- School of Science, Monash University (Malaysia Campus), Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Keng Yoon Yeong
- School of Science, Monash University (Malaysia Campus), Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Saravanan V, Chagaleti BK, Narayanan PL, Anandan VB, Manoharan H, Anjana GV, Peraman R, Namasivayam SKR, Kavisri M, Arockiaraj J, Muthu Kumaradoss K, Moovendhan M. Discovery and development of COVID-19 vaccine from laboratory to clinic. Chem Biol Drug Des 2024; 103:e14383. [PMID: 37953736 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The world has recently experienced one of the biggest and most severe public health disasters with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) which is one of the most widespread and powerful infections affecting human lungs. Current figures show that the epidemic had reached 216 nations, where it had killed about 6,438,926 individuals and infected 590,405,710. WHO proclaimed the outbreak of the Ebola virus disease (EVD), in 2014 that killed hundreds of people in West Africa. The development of vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 becomes more difficult due to the viral mutation in its non-structural proteins (NSPs) especially NSP2 and NSP3, S protein, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Continuous monitoring of SARS-CoV-2, dynamics of the genomic sequence, and spike protein mutations are very important for the successful development of vaccines with good efficacy. Hence, the vaccine development for SARS-CoV-2 faces specific challenges starting from viral mutation. The requirement of long-term immunity development, safety, efficacy, stability, vaccine allocation, distribution, and finally, its cost is discussed in detail. Currently, 169 vaccines are in the clinical development stage, while 198 vaccines are in the preclinical development stage. The majority of these vaccines belong to the Ps-Protein subunit type which has 54, and the minor BacAg-SPV (Bacterial antigen-spore expression vector) type, at least 1 vaccination. The use of computational methods and models for vaccine development has revolutionized the traditional methods of vaccine development. Further, this updated review highlights the upcoming vaccine development strategies in response to the current pandemic and post-pandemic era, in the field of vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesan Saravanan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu District, India
| | - Bharath Kumar Chagaleti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu District, India
| | - Pavithra Lakshmi Narayanan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu District, India
| | - Vijay Babu Anandan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu District, India
| | - Haritha Manoharan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu District, India
| | - G V Anjana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu District, India
| | - Ramalingam Peraman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hajipur, Hajipur, India
| | - S Karthik Raja Namasivayam
- Department of Research & Innovation, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - M Kavisri
- Department of Civil Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS Deemed University, Chennai, India
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu District, India
| | - Kathiravan Muthu Kumaradoss
- Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Research Lab, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu District, India
| | - Meivelu Moovendhan
- Centre for Ocean Research, Col. Dr. Jeppiar Research Park, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vaswani CM, Varkouhi AK, Gupta S, Ektesabi AM, Tsoporis JN, Yousef S, Plant PJ, da Silva AL, Cen Y, Tseng YC, Batah SS, Fabro AT, Advani SL, Advani A, Leong-Poi H, Marshall JC, Garcia CC, Rocco PRM, Albaiceta GM, Sebastian-Bolz S, Watts TH, Moraes TJ, Capelozzi VL, Dos Santos CC. Preventing occludin tight-junction disruption via inhibition of microRNA-193b-5p attenuates viral load and influenza-induced lung injury. Mol Ther 2023; 31:2681-2701. [PMID: 37340634 PMCID: PMC10491994 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-induced lung injury is associated with loss of pulmonary epithelial-endothelial tight junction integrity. While the alveolar-capillary membrane may be an indirect target of injury, viruses may interact directly and/or indirectly with miRs to augment their replication potential and evade the host antiviral defense system. Here, we expose how the influenza virus (H1N1) capitalizes on host-derived interferon-induced, microRNA (miR)-193b-5p to target occludin and compromise antiviral defenses. Lung biopsies from patients infected with H1N1 revealed increased miR-193b-5p levels, marked reduction in occludin protein, and disruption of the alveolar-capillary barrier. In C57BL/6 mice, the expression of miR-193b-5p increased, and occludin decreased, 5-6 days post-infection with influenza (PR8). Inhibition of miR-193b-5p in primary human bronchial, pulmonary microvascular, and nasal epithelial cells enhanced antiviral responses. miR-193b-deficient mice were resistant to PR8. Knockdown of occludin, both in vitro and in vivo, and overexpression of miR-193b-5p reconstituted susceptibility to viral infection. miR-193b-5p inhibitor mitigated loss of occludin, improved viral clearance, reduced lung edema, and augmented survival in infected mice. Our results elucidate how the innate immune system may be exploited by the influenza virus and how strategies that prevent loss of occludin and preserve tight junction function may limit susceptibility to virus-induced lung injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chirag M Vaswani
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Amir K Varkouhi
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Sahil Gupta
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Amin M Ektesabi
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James N Tsoporis
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sadiya Yousef
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pamela J Plant
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Adriana L da Silva
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; COVID-19 Virus Network from Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation, Brazilian Council for Scientific and Technological Development, and Foundation Carlos Chagas Filho Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Yuchen Cen
- Program in Translational Medicine, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yi-Chieh Tseng
- Program in Translational Medicine, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sabrina S Batah
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre T Fabro
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Suzanne L Advani
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew Advani
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Howard Leong-Poi
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John C Marshall
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cristiana C Garcia
- Laboratory of Respiratory, Exanthematic Viruses, Enterovirus and Viral Emergencies, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Integrated Research Group on Biomarkers. René Rachou Institute, FIOCRUZ Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Patricia R M Rocco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; COVID-19 Virus Network from Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation, Brazilian Council for Scientific and Technological Development, and Foundation Carlos Chagas Filho Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Guillermo M Albaiceta
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Cardiológicos, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain; CIBER-Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Steffen Sebastian-Bolz
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tania H Watts
- Department of Immunology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Theo J Moraes
- Program in Translational Medicine, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Pediatrics University of Toronto and Respirology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Vera L Capelozzi
- Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia C Dos Santos
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kong F, Qadeer A, Xie Y, Jin Y, Li Q, Xiao Y, She K, Zheng X, Li J, Ji S, Zhu Y. Dietary Supplementation of Aspirin Promotes Drosophila Defense against Viral Infection. Molecules 2023; 28:5300. [PMID: 37513173 PMCID: PMC10385701 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid, is widely consumed as a pain reliever and an anti-inflammatory as well as anti-platelet agent. Recently, our studies using the animal model of Drosophila demonstrated that the dietary supplementation of aspirin renovates age-onset intestinal dysfunction and delays organismal aging. Nevertheless, it remains probable that aspirin plays functional roles in other biological activities, for instance antiviral defense reactions. Intriguingly, we observed that the replications of several types of viruses were drastically antagonized in Drosophila macrophage-like S2 cells with the addition of aspirin. Further in vivo experimental approaches illustrate that adult flies consuming aspirin harbor higher resistances to viral infections with respect to flies without aspirin treatment. Mechanistically, aspirin positively contributes to the Drosophila antiviral defense largely through mediating the STING (stimulator of interferon genes) but not the IMD (immune deficiency) signaling pathway. Collectively, our studies uncover a novel biological function of aspirin in modulating Drosophila antiviral immunity and provide theoretical bases for exploring new antiviral treatments in clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanrui Kong
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Abdul Qadeer
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Yali Xie
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Yiheng Jin
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Qingyang Li
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Yihua Xiao
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Kan She
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Xianrui Zheng
- Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou 363000, Fujian, China
| | - Jiashu Li
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Shanming Ji
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Yangyang Zhu
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Polatoğlu I, Oncu‐Oner T, Dalman I, Ozdogan S. COVID-19 in early 2023: Structure, replication mechanism, variants of SARS-CoV-2, diagnostic tests, and vaccine & drug development studies. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e228. [PMID: 37041762 PMCID: PMC10082934 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronaviruses-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a highly pathogenic and transmissible coronavirus. Most cases of COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms, including cough, fever, myalgias, and headache. On the other hand, this coronavirus can lead to severe complications and death in some cases. Therefore, vaccination is the most effective tool to prevent and eradicate COVID-19 disease. Also, rapid and effective diagnostic tests are critical in identifying cases of COVID-19. The COVID-19 pandemic has a dynamic structure on the agenda and contains up-to-date developments. This article has comprehensively discussed the most up-to-date pandemic situation since it first appeared. For the first time, not only the structure, replication mechanism, and variants of SARS-CoV-2 (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Omicron, Delta, Epsilon, Kappa, Mu, Eta, Zeta, Theta, lota, Lambda) but also all the details of the pandemic, such as how it came out, how it spread, current cases, what precautions should be taken, prevention strategies, the vaccines produced, the tests developed, and the drugs used are reviewed in every aspect. Herein, the comparison of diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2 in terms of procedure, accuracy, cost, and time has been presented. The mechanism, safety, efficacy, and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 variants have been evaluated. Drug studies, therapeutic targets, various immunomodulators, and antiviral molecules applied to patients with COVID-19 have been reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilker Polatoğlu
- Department of BioengineeringManisa Celal Bayar UniversityYunusemreManisaTurkey
| | - Tulay Oncu‐Oner
- Department of BioengineeringManisa Celal Bayar UniversityYunusemreManisaTurkey
| | - Irem Dalman
- Department of BioengineeringEge UniversityBornovaIzmirTurkey
| | - Senanur Ozdogan
- Department of BioengineeringManisa Celal Bayar UniversityYunusemreManisaTurkey
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Proteomic Analysis of Proteins Related to Defense Responses in Arabidopsis Plants Transformed with the rolB Oncogene. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031880. [PMID: 36768198 PMCID: PMC9915171 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
During Agrobacterium rhizogenes-plant interaction, the rolB gene is transferred into the plant genome and is stably inherited in the plant's offspring. Among the numerous effects of rolB on plant metabolism, including the activation of secondary metabolism, its effect on plant defense systems has not been sufficiently studied. In this work, we performed a proteomic analysis of rolB-expressing Arabidopsis thaliana plants with particular focus on defense proteins. We found a total of 77 overexpressed proteins and 64 underexpressed proteins in rolB-transformed plants using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and MALDI mass spectrometry. In the rolB-transformed plants, we found a reduced amount of scaffold proteins RACK1A, RACK1B, and RACK1C, which are known as receptors for activated C-kinase 1. The proteomic analysis showed that rolB could suppress the plant immune system by suppressing the RNA-binding proteins GRP7, CP29B, and CP31B, which action are similar to the action of type-III bacterial effectors. At the same time, rolB plants induce the massive biosynthesis of protective proteins VSP1 and VSP2, as well as pathogenesis-related protein PR-4, which are markers of the activated jasmonate pathway. The increased contents of glutathione-S-transferases F6, F2, F10, U19, and DHAR1 and the osmotin-like defense protein OSM34 were found. The defense-associated protein PCaP1, which is required for oligogalacturonide-induced priming and immunity, was upregulated. Moreover, rolB-transformed plants showed the activation of all components of the PYK10 defense complex that is involved in the metabolism of glucosinolates. We hypothesized that various defense systems activated by rolB protect the host plant from competing phytopathogens and created an effective ecological niche for A. rhizogenes. A RolB → RACK1A signaling module was proposed that might exert most of the rolB-mediated effects on plant physiology. Our proteomics data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD037959.
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang X, Zhu J, Zhang D, Liu G. Ribosomal control in RNA virus-infected cells. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1026887. [PMID: 36419416 PMCID: PMC9677555 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1026887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are strictly intracellular parasites requiring host cellular functions to complete their reproduction cycle involving virus infection of host cell, viral genome replication, viral protein translation, and virion release. Ribosomes are protein synthesis factories in cells, and viruses need to manipulate ribosomes to complete their protein synthesis. Viruses use translation initiation factors through their own RNA structures or cap structures, thereby inducing ribosomes to synthesize viral proteins. Viruses also affect ribosome production and the assembly of mature ribosomes, and regulate the recognition of mRNA by ribosomes, thereby promoting viral protein synthesis and inhibiting the synthesis of host antiviral immune proteins. Here, we review the remarkable mechanisms used by RNA viruses to regulate ribosomes, in particular, the mechanisms by which RNA viruses induce the formation of specific heterogeneous ribosomes required for viral protein translation. This review provides valuable insights into the control of viral infection and diseases from the perspective of viral protein synthesis.
Collapse
|
8
|
Receptor for Activated C Kinase1B (OsRACK1B) Impairs Fertility in Rice through NADPH-Dependent H2O2 Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158455. [PMID: 35955593 PMCID: PMC9368841 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The scaffold protein receptor for Activated C Kinase1 (RACK1) regulates multiple aspects of plants, including seed germination, growth, environmental stress responses, and flowering. Recent studies have revealed that RACK1 is associated with NADPH-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling in plants. ROS, as a double-edged sword, can modulate several developmental pathways in plants. Thus, the resulting physiological consequences of perturbing the RACK1 expression-induced ROS balance remain to be explored. Herein, we combined molecular, pharmacological, and ultrastructure analysis approaches to investigate the hypothesized connection using T-DNA-mediated activation-tagged RACK1B overexpressed (OX) transgenic rice plants. In this study, we find that OsRACK1B-OX plants display reduced pollen viability, defective anther dehiscence, and abnormal spikelet morphology, leading to partial spikelet sterility. Microscopic observation of the mature pollen grains from the OX plants revealed abnormalities in the exine and intine structures and decreased starch granules in the pollen, resulting in a reduced number of grains per locule from the OX rice plants as compared to that of the wild-type (WT). Histochemical staining revealed a global increase in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the leaves and roots of the transgenic lines overexpressing OsRACK1B compared to that of the WT. However, the elevated H2O2 in tissues from the OX plants can be reversed by pre-treatment with diphenylidonium (DPI), an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, indicating that the source of H2O2 could be, in part, NADPH oxidase. Expression analysis showed a differential expression of the NADPH/respiratory burst oxidase homolog D (RbohD) and antioxidant enzyme-related genes, suggesting a homeostatic mechanism of H2O2 production and antioxidant enzyme activity. BiFC analysis demonstrated that OsRACK1B interacts with the N-terminal region of RbohD in vivo. Taken together, these data indicate that elevated OsRACK1B accumulates a threshold level of ROS, in this case H2O2, which negatively regulates pollen development and fertility. In conclusion, we hypothesized that an optimal expression of RACK1 is critical for fertility in rice plants.
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang Y, Qiao X, Li Y, Yang Q, Wang L, Liu X, Wang H, Shen H. Role of the receptor for activated C kinase 1 during viral infection. Arch Virol 2022; 167:1915-1924. [PMID: 35763066 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05484-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Viruses can survive only in living cells, where they depend on the host's enzymatic system for survival and reproduction. Virus-host interactions are complex. On the one hand, hosts express host-restricted factors to protect the host cells from viral infections. On the other hand, viruses recruit certain host factors to facilitate their survival and transmission. The identification of host factors critical to viral infection is essential for comprehending the pathogenesis of contagion and developing novel antiviral therapies that specifically target the host. Receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1), an evolutionarily conserved host factor that exists in various eukaryotic organisms, is a promising target for antiviral therapy. This review primarily summarizes the roles of RACK1 in regulating different viral life stages, particularly entry, replication, translation, and release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaorong Qiao
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuhan Li
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingru Yang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaolan Liu
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hua Wang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongxing Shen
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xu X, Zhang QY, Chu XY, Quan Y, Lv BM, Zhang HY. Facilitating Antiviral Drug Discovery Using Genetic and Evolutionary Knowledge. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112117. [PMID: 34834924 PMCID: PMC8626054 DOI: 10.3390/v13112117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the course of human history, billions of people worldwide have been infected by various viruses. Despite rapid progress in the development of biomedical techniques, it is still a significant challenge to find promising new antiviral targets and drugs. In the past, antiviral drugs mainly targeted viral proteins when they were used as part of treatment strategies. Since the virus mutation rate is much faster than that of the host, such drugs feature drug resistance and narrow-spectrum antiviral problems. Therefore, the targeting of host molecules has gradually become an important area of research for the development of antiviral drugs. In recent years, rapid advances in high-throughput sequencing techniques have enabled numerous genetic studies (such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS), clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) screening, etc.) for human diseases, providing valuable genetic and evolutionary resources. Furthermore, it has been revealed that successful drug targets exhibit similar genetic and evolutionary features, which are of great value in identifying promising drug targets and discovering new drugs. Considering these developments, in this article the authors propose a host-targeted antiviral drug discovery strategy based on knowledge of genetics and evolution. We first comprehensively summarized the genetic, subcellular location, and evolutionary features of the human genes that have been successfully used as antiviral targets. Next, the summarized features were used to screen novel druggable antiviral targets and to find potential antiviral drugs, in an attempt to promote the discovery of new antiviral drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Qing-Ye Zhang
- Correspondence: (Q.-Y.Z.); (H.-Y.Z.); Tel.: +86-27-8728-0877 (H.-Y.Z.)
| | | | | | | | - Hong-Yu Zhang
- Correspondence: (Q.-Y.Z.); (H.-Y.Z.); Tel.: +86-27-8728-0877 (H.-Y.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Unconventional viral gene expression mechanisms as therapeutic targets. Nature 2021; 593:362-371. [PMID: 34012080 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03511-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Unlike the human genome that comprises mostly noncoding and regulatory sequences, viruses have evolved under the constraints of maintaining a small genome size while expanding the efficiency of their coding and regulatory sequences. As a result, viruses use strategies of transcription and translation in which one or more of the steps in the conventional gene-protein production line are altered. These alternative strategies of viral gene expression (also known as gene recoding) can be uniquely brought about by dedicated viral enzymes or by co-opting host factors (known as host dependencies). Targeting these unique enzymatic activities and host factors exposes vulnerabilities of a virus and provides a paradigm for the design of novel antiviral therapies. In this Review, we describe the types and mechanisms of unconventional gene and protein expression in viruses, and provide a perspective on how future basic mechanistic work could inform translational efforts that are aimed at viral eradication.
Collapse
|
12
|
Alshammari SO, Dakshanamurthy S, Ullah H. Small compounds targeting tyrosine phosphorylation of Scaffold Protein Receptor for Activated C Kinase1A (RACK1A) regulate auxin mediated lateral root development in Arabidopsis. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1899488. [PMID: 33784940 PMCID: PMC8078533 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1899488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) is WD-40 type scaffold protein, conserved in all eukaryote organisms. Many reports implicated RACK1 in plant hormone signal transduction pathways including in auxin and diverse stress signaling pathways; however, the precise molecular mechanism of its role is not understood. Previously, a group of small compounds targeting the Arabidopsis RACK1A functional site-Tyr248 have been developed. Here, the three different small compounds are used to elucidate the role of RACK1A in auxin mediated lateral root development. Through monitoring the auxin response in the architecture of lateral roots and auxin reporter assays, a small molecule- SD29-12 was found to stabilize the auxin induced RACK1A Tyr248 phosphorylation, thereby stimulating auxin signaling and inducing lateral roots formation. In contrast, two other compounds, SD29 and SD29-14, inhibited auxin induced RACK1A Tyr248 phosphorylation resulting in the inhibition of auxin sensitivity and alternation in the lateral roots formation. Taken together, auxin induced RACK1A Tyr248 phosphorylation is found to be the critical regulatory mechanism for auxin-mediated lateral root development. This work leads to the molecular understanding of the role RACK1A plays in the auxin induced lateral root development signaling pathways. The auxin signal stimulating compound has the potential to be used as auxin-based root inducing bio-stimulant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shifaa O Alshammari
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, USA
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafar Al Batin, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sivanesan Dakshanamurthy
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, USA
- CONTACT Sivanesan Dakshanamurthy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057 United States
| | - Hemayet Ullah
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dube T, Ghosh A, Mishra J, Kompella UB, Panda JJ. Repurposed Drugs, Molecular Vaccines, Immune-Modulators, and Nanotherapeutics to Treat and Prevent COVID-19 Associated with SARS-CoV-2, a Deadly Nanovector. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021; 4:2000172. [PMID: 33173808 PMCID: PMC7645867 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The deadly pandemic, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused due to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has paralyzed the world. Although significant methodological advances have been made in the field of viral detection/diagnosis with 251 in vitro diagnostic tests receiving emergency use approval by the US-FDA, little progress has been made in identifying curative or preventive therapies. This review discusses the current trends and potential future approaches for developing COVID-19 therapeutics, including repurposed drugs, vaccine candidates, immune-modulators, convalescent plasma therapy, and antiviral nanoparticles/nanovaccines/combinatorial nanotherapeutics to surmount the pandemic viral strain. Many potent therapeutic candidates emerging via drug-repurposing could significantly reduce the cost and duration of anti-COVID-19 drug development. Gene/protein-based vaccine candidates that could elicit both humoral and cell-based immunity would be on the frontlines to prevent the disease. Many emerging nanotechnology-based interventions will be critical in the fight against the deadly virus by facilitating early detection and enabling target oriented multidrug therapeutics. The therapeutic candidates discussed in this article include remdesivir, dexamethasone, hydroxychloroquine, favilavir, lopinavir/ritonavir, antibody therapeutics like gimsilumab and TJM2, anti-viral nanoparticles, and nanoparticle-based DNA and mRNA vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taru Dube
- Institute of Nano Science and TechnologyMohaliPunjab160062India
| | - Amrito Ghosh
- Institute of Nano Science and TechnologyMohaliPunjab160062India
| | - Jibanananda Mishra
- School of Bioengineering and BiosciencesLovely Professional UniversityPhagwaraPunjab144411India
| | - Uday B. Kompella
- Nanomedicine and Drug Delivery LaboratoryDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCO80045USA
| | - Jiban Jyoti Panda
- Institute of Nano Science and TechnologyMohaliPunjab160062India
- Nanomedicine and Drug Delivery LaboratoryDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCO80045USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zong Z, Zhang Z, Wu L, Zhang L, Zhou F. The Functional Deubiquitinating Enzymes in Control of Innate Antiviral Immunity. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2002484. [PMID: 33511009 PMCID: PMC7816709 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Innate antiviral immunity is the first line of host defense against invading viral pathogens. Immunity activation primarily relies on the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Viral proteins or nucleic acids mainly engage three classes of PRRs: Toll-like receptors (TLRs), retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), and DNA sensor cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS). These receptors initiate a series of signaling cascades that lead to the production of proinflammatory cytokines and type I interferon (IFN-I) in response to viral infection. This system requires precise regulation to avoid aberrant activation. Emerging evidence has unveiled the crucial roles that the ubiquitin system, especially deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), play in controlling immune responses. In this review, an overview of the most current findings on the function of DUBs in the innate antiviral immune pathways is provided. Insights into the role of viral DUBs in counteracting host immune responses are also provided. Furthermore, the prospects and challenges of utilizing DUBs as therapeutic targets for infectious diseases are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zong
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic SurgeryThe First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310003P. R. China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058P. R. China
| | - Zhengkui Zhang
- Institute of Biology and Medical ScienceSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
| | - Liming Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic SurgeryThe First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310003P. R. China
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic SurgeryThe First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310003P. R. China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058P. R. China
| | - Fangfang Zhou
- Institute of Biology and Medical ScienceSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dong HJ, Zhang R, Kuang Y, Wang XJ. Selective regulation in ribosome biogenesis and protein production for efficient viral translation. Arch Microbiol 2020; 203:1021-1032. [PMID: 33124672 PMCID: PMC7594972 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-02094-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
As intracellular parasites, viruses depend heavily on host cell structures and their functions to complete their life cycle and produce new viral particles. Viruses utilize or modulate cellular translational machinery to achieve efficient replication; the role of ribosome biogenesis and protein synthesis in viral replication particularly highlights the importance of the ribosome quantity and/or quality in controlling viral protein synthesis. Recently reported studies have demonstrated that ribosome biogenesis factors (RBFs) and ribosomal proteins (RPs) act as multifaceted regulators in selective translation of viral transcripts. Here we summarize the recent literature on RBFs and RPs and their association with subcellular redistribution, post-translational modification, enzyme catalysis, and direct interaction with viral proteins. The advances described in this literature establish a rationale for targeting ribosome production and function in the design of the next generation of antiviral agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Jun Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Yu Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Xiao-Jia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Goulding LV, Yang J, Jiang Z, Zhang H, Lea D, Emes RD, Dottorini T, Pu J, Liu J, Chang KC. Thapsigargin at Non-Cytotoxic Levels Induces a Potent Host Antiviral Response that Blocks Influenza A Virus Replication. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101093. [PMID: 32992478 PMCID: PMC7600819 DOI: 10.3390/v12101093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus is a major global pathogen of humans, and there is an unmet need for effective antivirals. Current antivirals against influenza A virus directly target the virus and are vulnerable to mutational resistance. Harnessing an effective host antiviral response is an attractive alternative. We show that brief exposure to low, non-toxic doses of thapsigargin (TG), an inhibitor of the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ ATPase pump, promptly elicits an extended antiviral state that dramatically blocks influenza A virus production. Crucially, oral administration of TG protected mice against lethal virus infection and reduced virus titres in the lungs of treated mice. TG-induced ER stress unfolded protein response appears as a key driver responsible for activating a spectrum of host antiviral defences that include an enhanced type I/III interferon response. Our findings suggest that TG is potentially a viable host-centric antiviral for the treatment of influenza A virus infection without the inherent problem of drug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leah V. Goulding
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK; (L.V.G.); (J.Y.); (R.D.E.); (T.D.)
| | - Jiayun Yang
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK; (L.V.G.); (J.Y.); (R.D.E.); (T.D.)
| | - Zhimin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.J.); (H.Z.); (J.P.); (J.L.)
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.J.); (H.Z.); (J.P.); (J.L.)
| | - Daniel Lea
- Advanced Data Analysis Centre, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK;
| | - Richard D. Emes
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK; (L.V.G.); (J.Y.); (R.D.E.); (T.D.)
- Advanced Data Analysis Centre, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK;
| | - Tania Dottorini
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK; (L.V.G.); (J.Y.); (R.D.E.); (T.D.)
| | - Juan Pu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.J.); (H.Z.); (J.P.); (J.L.)
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.J.); (H.Z.); (J.P.); (J.L.)
| | - Kin-Chow Chang
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK; (L.V.G.); (J.Y.); (R.D.E.); (T.D.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Santos IDA, Grosche VR, Bergamini FRG, Sabino-Silva R, Jardim ACG. Antivirals Against Coronaviruses: Candidate Drugs for SARS-CoV-2 Treatment? Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1818. [PMID: 32903349 PMCID: PMC7438404 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a group of viruses from the family Coronaviridae that can infect humans and animals, causing mild to severe diseases. The ongoing pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) represents a global threat, urging the development of new therapeutic strategies. Here we present a selection of relevant compounds that have been described from 2005 until now as having in vitro and/or in vivo antiviral activities against human and/or animal CoVs. We also present compounds that have reached clinical trials as well as further discussing the potentiality of other molecules for application in (re)emergent CoVs outbreaks. Finally, through rationalization of the data presented herein, we wish to encourage further research encompassing these compounds as potential SARS-CoV-2 drug candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor de Andrade Santos
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Victória Riquena Grosche
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
- Institute of Biosciences, Language and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Robinson Sabino-Silva
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Gomes Jardim
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
- Institute of Biosciences, Language and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Miller CM, Selvam S, Fuchs G. Fatal attraction: The roles of ribosomal proteins in the viral life cycle. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2020; 12:e1613. [PMID: 32657002 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Upon viral infection of a host cell, each virus starts a program to generate many progeny viruses. Although viruses interact with the host cell in numerous ways, one critical step in the virus life cycle is the expression of viral proteins, which are synthesized by the host ribosomes in conjunction with host translation factors. Here we review different mechanisms viruses have evolved to effectively seize host cell ribosomes, the roles of specific ribosomal proteins and their posttranslational modifications on viral RNA translation, or the cellular response to infection. We further highlight ribosomal proteins with extra-ribosomal function during viral infection and put the knowledge of ribosomal proteins during viral infection into the larger context of ribosome-related diseases, known as ribosomopathies. This article is categorized under: Translation > Translation Mechanisms Translation > Translation Regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clare M Miller
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Sangeetha Selvam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Gabriele Fuchs
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, New York, USA.,The RNA Institute, University at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Antiviral drugs have traditionally been developed by directly targeting essential viral components. However, this strategy often fails due to the rapid generation of drug-resistant viruses. Recent genome-wide approaches, such as those employing small interfering RNA (siRNA) or clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) or those using small molecule chemical inhibitors targeting the cellular "kinome," have been used successfully to identify cellular factors that can support virus replication. Since some of these cellular factors are critical for virus replication, but are dispensable for the host, they can serve as novel targets for antiviral drug development. In addition, potentiation of immune responses, regulation of cytokine storms, and modulation of epigenetic changes upon virus infections are also feasible approaches to control infections. Because it is less likely that viruses will mutate to replace missing cellular functions, the chance of generating drug-resistant mutants with host-targeted inhibitor approaches is minimized. However, drug resistance against some host-directed agents can, in fact, occur under certain circumstances, such as long-term selection pressure of a host-directed antiviral agent that can allow the virus the opportunity to adapt to use an alternate host factor or to alter its affinity toward the target that confers resistance. This review describes novel approaches for antiviral drug development with a focus on host-directed therapies and the potential mechanisms that may account for the acquisition of antiviral drug resistance against host-directed agents.
Collapse
|
20
|
Sunita, Sajid A, Singh Y, Shukla P. Computational tools for modern vaccine development. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:723-735. [PMID: 31545127 PMCID: PMC7227725 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1670035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines play an essential role in controlling the rates of fatality and morbidity. Vaccines not only arrest the beginning of different diseases but also assign a gateway for its elimination and reduce toxicity. This review gives an overview of the possible uses of computational tools for vaccine design. Moreover, we have described the initiatives of utilizing the diverse computational resources by exploring the immunological databases for developing epitope-based vaccines, peptide-based drugs, and other resources of immunotherapeutics. Finally, the applications of multi-graft and multivalent scaffolding, codon optimization and antibodyomics tools in identifying and designing in silico vaccine candidates are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunita
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi
| | - Andaleeb Sajid
- National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yogendra Singh
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi
| | - Pratyoosh Shukla
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| |
Collapse
|