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Patra S, Naik PP, Mahapatra KK, Alotaibi MR, Patil S, Patro BS, Sethi G, Efferth T, Bhutia SK. Recent advancement of autophagy in polyploid giant cancer cells and its interconnection with senescence and stemness for therapeutic opportunities. Cancer Lett 2024; 590:216843. [PMID: 38579893 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Recurrent chemotherapy-induced senescence and resistance are attributed to the polyploidization of cancer cells that involve genomic instability and poor prognosis due to their unique form of cellular plasticity. Autophagy, a pre-dominant cell survival mechanism, is crucial during carcinogenesis and chemotherapeutic stress, favouring polyploidization. The selective autophagic degradation of essential proteins associated with cell cycle progression checkpoints deregulate mitosis fidelity and genomic integrity, imparting polyploidization of cancer cells. In connection with cytokinesis failure and endoreduplication, autophagy promotes the formation, maintenance, and generation of the progeny of polyploid giant cancer cells. The polyploid cancer cells embark on autophagy-guarded elevation in the expression of stem cell markers, along with triggered epithelial and mesenchymal transition and senescence. The senescent polyploid escapers represent a high autophagic index than the polyploid progeny, suggesting regaining autophagy induction and subsequent autophagic degradation, which is essential for escaping from senescence/polyploidy, leading to a higher proliferative phenotypic progeny. This review documents the various causes of polyploidy and its consequences in cancer with relevance to autophagy modulation and its targeting for therapeutic intervention as a novel therapeutic strategy for personalized and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srimanta Patra
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Prajna Paramita Naik
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India; Department of Zoology Panchayat College, Bargarh, 768028, Odisha, India
| | - Kewal Kumar Mahapatra
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India; Department of Agriculture and Allied Sciences (Zoology), C. V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar, 752054, Odisha, India
| | - Moureq Rashed Alotaibi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT, 84095, USA
| | - Birija Sankar Patro
- Chemical Biology Section, Bio-Organic Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600, Singapore
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sujit Kumar Bhutia
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
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Strippoli R, Niayesh-Mehr R, Adelipour M, Khosravi A, Cordani M, Zarrabi A, Allameh A. Contribution of Autophagy to Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition Induction during Cancer Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:807. [PMID: 38398197 PMCID: PMC10886827 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16040807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) is a dedifferentiation process implicated in many physio-pathological conditions including tumor transformation. EMT is regulated by several extracellular mediators and under certain conditions it can be reversible. Autophagy is a conserved catabolic process in which intracellular components such as protein/DNA aggregates and abnormal organelles are degraded in specific lysosomes. In cancer, autophagy plays a controversial role, acting in different conditions as both a tumor suppressor and a tumor-promoting mechanism. Experimental evidence shows that deep interrelations exist between EMT and autophagy-related pathways. Although this interplay has already been analyzed in previous studies, understanding mechanisms and the translational implications of autophagy/EMT need further study. The role of autophagy in EMT is not limited to morphological changes, but activation of autophagy could be important to DNA repair/damage system, cell adhesion molecules, and cell proliferation and differentiation processes. Based on this, both autophagy and EMT and related pathways are now considered as targets for cancer therapy. In this review article, the contribution of autophagy to EMT and progression of cancer is discussed. This article also describes the multiple connections between EMT and autophagy and their implication in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Strippoli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy;
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, I.R.C.C.S., 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Reyhaneh Niayesh-Mehr
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran P.O. Box 14115-331, Iran;
| | - Maryam Adelipour
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 61357-15794, Iran;
| | - Arezoo Khosravi
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Okan University, Istanbul 34959, Türkiye;
| | - Marco Cordani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul 34396, Türkiye;
- Department of Research Analytics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Abdolamir Allameh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran P.O. Box 14115-331, Iran;
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Chi H, Huang J, Yan Y, Jiang C, Zhang S, Chen H, Jiang L, Zhang J, Zhang Q, Yang G, Tian G. Unraveling the role of disulfidptosis-related LncRNAs in colon cancer: a prognostic indicator for immunotherapy response, chemotherapy sensitivity, and insights into cell death mechanisms. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1254232. [PMID: 37916187 PMCID: PMC10617599 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1254232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Colon cancer, a prevalent and deadly malignancy worldwide, ranks as the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Disulfidptosis stress triggers a unique form of programmed cell death known as disulfidoptosis, characterized by excessive intracellular cystine accumulation. This study aimed to establish reliable bioindicators based on long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) associated with disulfidptosis-induced cell death, providing novel insights into immunotherapeutic response and prognostic assessment in patients with colon adenocarcinoma (COAD). Methods: Univariate Cox proportional hazard analysis and Lasso regression analysis were performed to identify differentially expressed genes strongly associated with prognosis. Subsequently, a multifactorial model for prognostic risk assessment was developed using multiple Cox proportional hazard regression. Furthermore, we conducted comprehensive evaluations of the characteristics of disulfidptosis response-related LncRNAs, considering clinicopathological features, tumor microenvironment, and chemotherapy sensitivity. The expression levels of prognosis-related genes in COAD patients were validated using quantitative real-time fluorescence PCR (qRT-PCR). Additionally, the role of ZEB1-SA1 in colon cancer was investigated through CCK8 assays, wound healing experiment and transwell experiments. Results: disulfidptosis response-related LncRNAs were identified as robust predictors of COAD prognosis. Multifactorial analysis revealed that the risk score derived from these LncRNAs served as an independent prognostic factor for COAD. Patients in the low-risk group exhibited superior overall survival (OS) compared to those in the high-risk group. Accordingly, our developed Nomogram prediction model, integrating clinical characteristics and risk scores, demonstrated excellent prognostic efficacy. In vitro experiments demonstrated that ZEB1-SA1 promoted the proliferation and migration of COAD cells. Conclusion: Leveraging medical big data and artificial intelligence, we constructed a prediction model for disulfidptosis response-related LncRNAs based on the TCGA-COAD cohort, enabling accurate prognostic prediction in colon cancer patients. The implementation of this model in clinical practice can facilitate precise classification of COAD patients, identification of specific subgroups more likely to respond favorably to immunotherapy and chemotherapy, and inform the development of personalized treatment strategies for COAD patients based on scientific evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chi
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jinbang Huang
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yang Yan
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Duyun, China
| | - Chenglu Jiang
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Shengke Zhang
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Haiqing Chen
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lai Jiang
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jieying Zhang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Qinghong Zhang
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Guanhu Yang
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Gang Tian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Hu D, Huo Y, Xue Y, Feng H, Sun W, Wang H, Wu J, Wang X. Clinical application of autophagy proteins as prognostic biomarkers in colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis. Future Oncol 2022; 18:3537-3549. [PMID: 36189673 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2022-0458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To evaluate the prognostic value of autophagy proteins in colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods: Six potential autophagy proteins were analyzed (Beclin-1, LC3A, LC3B, ULK1, ATG10 and p62). Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for overall survival (OS) of CRC patients were calculated. Results: A total of 20 studies were included. High expression of LC3B and p62 was associated with favorable OS (HR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.40-0.80; HR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.61-0.96), whereas high expression of Beclin-1 (HR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.05-2.06) and ULK1 (HR: 1.92. 95% CI: 1.05-3.53) might predict worse OS in CRC patients. Conclusion: Beclin-1, LC3B and p62 might act as promising prognostic biomarkers for CRC. High LC3 and p62 expression can be reliable tools for metastasis prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Hu
- Department of Healthcare Security Management, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 6, Huajiadi Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100102, China.,Tibetan Medicine Administration of Tibet Autonomous Region, Chengguan District, Lhasa, China.,Department of Digestive Endoscopy, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 42, Wenhua West Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250011, China
| | - Yanming Huo
- Cardiovascular Medicine Department, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 6, Huajiadi Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Ye Xue
- Department of Digestive Endoscopy, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 42, Wenhua West Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250011, China
| | - Haixia Feng
- Department of Infection Management, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 42, Wenhua West Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250011, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Cardiovascular Medicine Department, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 6, Huajiadi Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Huiqi Wang
- Cardiovascular Medicine Department, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 6, Huajiadi Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Cardiovascular Medicine Department, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 6, Huajiadi Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Healthcare Security Management, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 6, Huajiadi Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100102, China.,Tibetan Medicine Administration of Tibet Autonomous Region, Chengguan District, Lhasa, China
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Mahgoub E, Taneera J, Sulaiman N, Saber-Ayad M. The role of autophagy in colorectal cancer: Impact on pathogenesis and implications in therapy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:959348. [PMID: 36160153 PMCID: PMC9490268 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.959348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is considered as a global major cause of cancer death. Surgical resection is the main line of treatment; however, chemo-, radiotherapy and other adjuvant agents are crucial to achieve good outcomes. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a well-recognized key player in CRC progression, yet the processes linking the cancer cells to its TME are not fully delineated. Autophagy is one of such processes, with a controversial role in the pathogenesis of CRC, with its intricate links to many pathological factors and processes. Autophagy may apparently play conflicting roles in carcinogenesis, but the precise mechanisms determining the overall direction of the process seem to depend on the context. Additionally, it has been established that autophagy has a remarkable effect on the endothelial cells in the TME, the key substrate for angiogenesis that supports tumor metastasis. Favorable response to immunotherapy occurs only in a specific subpopulation of CRC patients, namely the microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H). In view of such limitations of immunotherapy in CRC, modulation of autophagy represents a potential adjuvant strategy to enhance the effect of those relatively safe agents on wider CRC molecular subtypes. In this review, we discussed the molecular control of autophagy in CRC and how autophagy affects different processes and mechanisms that shape the TME. We explored how autophagy contributes to CRC initiation and progression, and how it interacts with tumor immunity, hypoxia, and oxidative stress. The crosstalk between autophagy and the TME in CRC was extensively dissected. Finally, we reported the clinical efforts and challenges in combining autophagy modulators with various cancer-targeted agents to improve CRC patients’ survival and restrain cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eglal Mahgoub
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jalal Taneera
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nabil Sulaiman
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Maha Saber-Ayad
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Maha Saber-Ayad,
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Guo Y, Liu Y, Yang H, Dai N, Zhou F, Yang H, Sun W, Kong J, Yuan X, Gao S. Associations of Porphyromonas gingivalis Infection and Low Beclin1 Expression With Clinicopathological Parameters and Survival of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients. Pathol Oncol Res 2021; 27:1609976. [PMID: 34955686 PMCID: PMC8692246 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2021.1609976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The present study focused on exploring the associations of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) infection and low Beclin1 expression with clinicopathological parameters and survival of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients, so as to illustrate its clinical significance and prognostic value. Methods: Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to detect P. gingivalis infection status and Beclin1 expression in 370 ESCC patients. The chi-square test was adopted to illustrate the relationship between categorical variables, and Cohen's kappa coefficient was used for correlation analysis. Kaplan-Meier survival curves with the log-rank test were used to analyse the correlation of P. gingivalis infection and low Beclin1 expression with survival time. The effects of P. gingivalis infection and Beclin1 downregulation on the proliferation, migration and antiapoptotic abilities of ESCC cells in vitro were detected by Cell Counting Kit-8, wound healing and flow cytometry assays. For P. gingivalis infection of ESCC cells, cell culture medium was replaced with antibiotic-free medium when the density of ESCC cells was 70-80%, cells were inoculated with P. gingivalis at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10. Result: P. gingivalis infection was negatively correlated with Beclin1 expression in ESCC tissues, and P. gingivalis infection and low Beclin1 expression were associated with differentiation status, tumor invasion depth, lymph node metastasis, clinical stage and prognosis in ESCC patients. In vitro experiments confirmed that P. gingivalis infection and Beclin1 downregulation potentiate the proliferation, migration and antiapoptotic abilities of ESCC cells (KYSE150 and KYSE30). Our results provide evidence that P. gingivalis infection and low Beclin1 expression were associated with the development and progression of ESCC. Conclusion: Long-term smoking and alcohol consumption causes poor oral and esophageal microenvironments and ESCC patients with these features were more susceptible to P. gingivalis infection and persistent colonization, and exhibited lower Beclin1 expression, worse prognosis and more advanced clinicopathological features. Our findings indicate that effectively eliminating P. gingivalis colonization and restoring Beclin1 expression in ESCC patients may contribute to preventation and targeted treatment, and yield new insights into the aetiological research on ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Guo
- Henan Key Laboratory of Microbiome and Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital (College of Clinical Medicine) of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- College of Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yiwen Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Microbiome and Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital (College of Clinical Medicine) of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Haijun Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Pathology, Anyang Tumor Hospital, Anyang, China
| | - Ningtao Dai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Pathology, Anyang Tumor Hospital, Anyang, China
| | - Fuyou Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Pathology, Anyang Tumor Hospital, Anyang, China
| | - Hong Yang
- School of PE, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Henan Key Laboratory of Microbiome and Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital (College of Clinical Medicine) of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Jinyu Kong
- Henan Key Laboratory of Microbiome and Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital (College of Clinical Medicine) of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiang Yuan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Microbiome and Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital (College of Clinical Medicine) of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Shegan Gao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Microbiome and Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital (College of Clinical Medicine) of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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Skarkova V, Skarka A, Manethova M, Stefanidi AA, Rudolf E. Silencing of E-cadherin expression leads to increased chemosensitivity to irinotecan and oxaliplatin in colorectal cancer cell lines. Hum Exp Toxicol 2021; 40:2063-2073. [PMID: 34075792 DOI: 10.1177/09603271211021479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is a leading malignant disease in most developed countries. In advanced stages it presents with metastatic dissemination and significant chemoresistance. Despite intensive studies, no convincing evidence has been published concerning the association of cadherins and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) as a direct cause of acquired chemoresistance in CRC. The present study was designed to investigate the role of E-cadherin in EMT and its associated chemosensitivity/chemoresistance in four immortalized CRC cell lines representing various stages of CRC development (i.e. HT29 and Caco-2-early, SW480 and SW620 late). The expression of E-cadherin gene CDH1 was downregulated by the specific siRNA. Cell proliferation and chemosensitivity to irinotecan (IT) and oxaliplatin (OPT) were detected using WST-1 and x-CELLigence Real Time analysis. Expression of selected EMT markers were tested and compared using RT-PCR and western blot analysis in both variants (E-cadherin silenced and non-silenced) of each cell line. We have discovered that downregulation of E-cadherin expression has a diverse effect on both cell proliferation as well as the expression of EMT markers in individual tested CRC cell lines, with Caco-2 cells being the most responsive. On the other hand, reduced E-cadherin expression resulted in increased sensitivity of all cell lines to IT and mostly to OPT which might be related to changes in intracellular metabolism of these drugs. These results suggest dichotomy of E-cadherin involvement in the phenotypic EMT spectrum of CRC and warrants further mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Skarkova
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, 37740Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Skarka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, 48282University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Manethova
- The Fingerland Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, 37740Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Afroditi A Stefanidi
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, 37740Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Emil Rudolf
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, 37740Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Piffoux M, Eriau E, Cassier PA. Autophagy as a therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer. Br J Cancer 2021; 124:333-344. [PMID: 32929194 PMCID: PMC7852577 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-01039-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterised by early metastasis and resistance to anti-cancer therapy, leading to an overall poor prognosis. Despite continued research efforts, no targeted therapy has yet shown meaningful efficacy in PDAC; mutations in the oncogene KRAS and the tumour suppressor TP53, which are the most common genomic alterations in PDAC, have so far shown poor clinical actionability. Autophagy, a conserved process allowing cells to recycle altered or unused organelles and cellular components, has been shown to be upregulated in PDAC and is implicated in resistance to both cytotoxic chemotherapy and targeted therapy. Autophagy is thus regarded as a potential therapeutic target in PDAC and other cancers. Although the molecular mechanisms of autophagy activation in PDAC are only beginning to emerge, several groups have reported interesting results when combining inhibitors of the extracellular-signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and inhibitors of autophagy in models of PDAC and other KRAS-driven cancers. In this article, we review the existing preclinical data regarding the role of autophagy in PDAC, as well as results of relevant clinical trials with agents that modulate autophagy in this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Piffoux
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
- INSERM UMR 1197-Interaction cellules souches-niches: physiologie, tumeurs et réparation tissulaire, Villejuif, France
- Laboratoire matière et systèmes complexes, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Erwan Eriau
- Team 11 « Metabolism, Cancer, Immunity », UMR S1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Philippe A Cassier
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.
- TGFβ and Pancreatic Cancer Lab, UMR INSERM 1052 - CNRS 5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de LYON (CRCL), Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.
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The Expression Patterns of BECN1, LAMP2, and PINK1 Genes in Colorectal Cancer Are Potentially Regulated by Micrornas and CpG Islands: An In Silico Study. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9124020. [PMID: 33322704 PMCID: PMC7764710 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9124020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Autophagy plays a dual role of tumor suppression and tumor promotion in colorectal cancer. The study aimed to find those microRNAs (miRNAs) important in BECN1, LAMP2, and PINK1 regulation and to determine the possible role of the epigenetic changes in examined colorectal cancer using an in silico approach. Methods: A total of 44 pairs of surgically removed tumors at clinical stages I‒IV and healthy samples (marginal tissues) from patients’ guts were analyzed. Analysis of the obtained results was conducted using the PL-Grid Infrastructure and Statistica 12.0 program. The miRNAs and CpG islands were estimated using the microrna.org database and MethPrimer program. Results: The autophagy-related genes were shown to be able to be regulated by miRNAs (BECN1—49 mRNA, LAMP2—62 mRNA, PINK1—6 mRNA). It was observed that promotion regions containing at least one CpG region were present in the sequence of each gene. Conclusions: The in silico analysis performed allowed us to determine the possible role of epigenetic mechanisms of regulation gene expression, which may be an interesting therapeutic target in the treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Zhang K, Mao T, He Z, Wu X, Peng Y, Chen Y, Dong Y, Ruan Z, Wang Z. WITHDRAWN: Diagnostic performance of MASP-2 in the diagnosis of colorectal carcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 2020:153278. [PMID: 33549364 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.153278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). The publisher regrets that an error occurred which led to the premature publication of this paper. The publisher apologizes to the authors and the readers for this unfortunate error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqian Zhang
- Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Tianqi Mao
- Department of Radiology Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Zhicheng He
- Department of Pathology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xiaojiao Wu
- Quality Management Section, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yu Peng
- Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yanrong Chen
- Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yan Dong
- Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Zhihua Ruan
- Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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Gundamaraju R, Lu W, Azimi I, Eri R, Sohal SS. Endogenous Anti-Cancer Candidates in GPCR, ER Stress, and EMT. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8100402. [PMID: 33050301 PMCID: PMC7601667 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8100402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of cellular responses to external stimuli are mediated by receptors such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and systems including endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress). Since GPCR signalling is pivotal in numerous malignancies, they are widely targeted by a number of clinical drugs. Cancer cells often negatively modulate GPCRs in order to survive, proliferate and to disseminate. Similarly, numerous branches of the unfolded protein response (UPR) act as pro-survival mediators and are involved in promoting cancer progression via mechanisms such as epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). However, there are a few proteins among these groups which impede deleterious effects by orchestrating the pro-apoptotic phenomenon and paving a therapeutic pathway. The present review exposes and discusses such critical mechanisms and some of the key processes involved in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Gundamaraju
- ER Stress & Mucosal Immunology Group, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Wenying Lu
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia; (W.L.); (S.S.S.)
| | - Iman Azimi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia;
| | - Rajaraman Eri
- ER Stress & Mucosal Immunology Group, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia;
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia; (W.L.); (S.S.S.)
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12
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Ornatowski W, Lu Q, Yegambaram M, Garcia AE, Zemskov EA, Maltepe E, Fineman JR, Wang T, Black SM. Complex interplay between autophagy and oxidative stress in the development of pulmonary disease. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101679. [PMID: 32818797 PMCID: PMC7451718 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The autophagic pathway involves the encapsulation of substrates in double-membraned vesicles, which are subsequently delivered to the lysosome for enzymatic degradation and recycling of metabolic precursors. Autophagy is a major cellular defense against oxidative stress, or related conditions that cause accumulation of damaged proteins or organelles. Selective forms of autophagy can maintain organelle populations or remove aggregated proteins. Dysregulation of redox homeostasis under pathological conditions results in excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to oxidative stress and the associated oxidative damage of cellular components. Accumulating evidence indicates that autophagy is necessary to maintain redox homeostasis. ROS activates autophagy, which facilitates cellular adaptation and diminishes oxidative damage by degrading and recycling intracellular damaged macromolecules and dysfunctional organelles. The cellular responses triggered by oxidative stress include the altered regulation of signaling pathways that culminate in the regulation of autophagy. Current research suggests a central role for autophagy as a mammalian oxidative stress response and its interrelationship to other stress defense systems. Altered autophagy phenotypes have been observed in lung diseases such as chronic obstructive lung disease, acute lung injury, cystic fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and pulmonary arterial hypertension, and asthma. Understanding the mechanisms by which ROS regulate autophagy will provide novel therapeutic targets for lung diseases. This review highlights our current understanding on the interplay between ROS and autophagy in the development of pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Ornatowski
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Qing Lu
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Alejandro E Garcia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Evgeny A Zemskov
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Emin Maltepe
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Fineman
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Stephen M Black
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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13
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Zhang C, Jiang J, Wang L, Zheng L, Xu J, Qi X, Huang H, Lu J, Li K, Wang H. Identification of Autophagy-Associated Biomarkers and Corresponding Regulatory Factors in the Progression of Colorectal Cancer. Front Genet 2020; 11:245. [PMID: 32265986 PMCID: PMC7100633 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a self-degradation process that maintains homeostasis against stress in cells. Autophagy dysfunction plays a central role in the development of tumors, such as colorectal cancer (CRC). In this study, autophagy-related differentially expressed genes, their downstream functions, and upstream regulatory factors including RNA-binding proteins (RBP) involved in programmed cell death in the CRC were investigated. Transcription factors (TFs) and miRNAs have been shown to mainly regulate autophagy genes. Interestingly, we found that some of the RBP in the CRC, such as DDX17, SETDB1, and POLR3A, play an important regulatory role in maintaining autophagy at a basal level during growth by acting as TFs that regulate autophagy. Promoter methylations showed negative regulations on differentially expressed autophagy gene (DEAG), while copy number variations revealed a positive role in them. A proportional hazards regression analysis indicated that using autophagy-related prognostic signature can divide patients into high-risk and low-risk groups. Autophagy associated FDA-approved drugs were studied by a prognostic network. This would contribute to the identifications of new potential molecular therapeutic targets for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunrui Zhang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Liqiang Wang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Liyu Zheng
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiankai Xu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaolin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education and College of Biomedical Information and Engineering, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Huiying Huang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jianping Lu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Kongning Li
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education and College of Biomedical Information and Engineering, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education and College of Biomedical Information and Engineering, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
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14
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Lucas C, Salesse L, Hoang MHT, Bonnet M, Sauvanet P, Larabi A, Godfraind C, Gagnière J, Pezet D, Rosenstiel P, Barnich N, Bonnet R, Dalmasso G, Nguyen HTT. Autophagy of Intestinal Epithelial Cells Inhibits Colorectal Carcinogenesis Induced by Colibactin-Producing Escherichia coli in Apc Min/+ Mice. Gastroenterology 2020; 158:1373-1388. [PMID: 31917256 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Colibactin-producing Escherichia coli (CoPEC) colonize the colonic mucosa of a higher proportion of patients with vs without colorectal cancer (CRC) and promote colorectal carcinogenesis in susceptible mouse models of CRC. Autophagy degrades cytoplasmic contents, including intracellular pathogens, via lysosomes and regulates intestinal homeostasis. We investigated whether inhibiting autophagy affects colorectal carcinogenesis in susceptible mice infected with CoPEC. METHODS Human intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) (HCT-116) were infected with a strain of CoPEC (11G5 strain) isolated from a patient or a mutant strain that does not produce colibactin (11G5ΔclbQ). Levels of ATG5, ATG16L1, and SQSTM1 (also called p62) were knocked down in HCT-116 cells using small interfering RNAs. ApcMin/+ mice and ApcMin/+ mice with IEC-specific disruption of Atg16l1 (ApcMin/+/Atg16l1ΔIEC) were infected with 11G5 or 11G5ΔclbQ. Colonic tissues were collected from mice and analyzed for tumor size and number and by immunohistochemical staining, immunoblot, and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for markers of autophagy, DNA damage, cell proliferation, and inflammation. We analyzed levels of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) encoding proteins involved in autophagy in colonic mucosal tissues from patients with sporadic CRC colonized with vs without CoPEC by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Patient colonic mucosa with CoPEC colonization had higher levels of mRNAs encoding proteins involved in autophagy than colonic mucosa without these bacteria. Infection of cultured IECs with 11G5 induced autophagy and DNA damage repair, whereas infection with 11G5ΔclbQ did not. Knockdown of ATG5 in HCT-116 cells increased numbers of intracellular 11G5, secretion of interleukin (IL) 6 and IL8, and markers of DNA double-strand breaks but reduced markers of DNA repair, indicating that autophagy is required for bacteria-induced DNA damage repair. Knockdown of ATG5 in HCT-116 cells increased 11G5-induced senescence, promoting proliferation of uninfected cells. Under uninfected condition, ApcMin/+/Atg16l1ΔIEC mice developed fewer and smaller colon tumors than ApcMin/+ mice. However, after infection with 11G5, ApcMin/+/Atg16l1ΔIEC mice developed more and larger tumors, with a significant increase in mean histologic score, than infected ApcMin/+ mice. Increased levels of Il6, Tnf, and Cxcl1 mRNAs, decreased level of Il10 mRNA, and increased markers of DNA double-strand breaks and proliferation were observed in the colonic mucosa of 11G5-infected ApcMin/+/Atg16l1ΔIEC mice vs 11G5-infected ApcMin/+ mice. CONCLUSION Infection of IECs and susceptible mice with CoPEC promotes autophagy, which is required to prevent colorectal tumorigenesis. Loss of ATG16L1 from IECs increases markers of inflammation, DNA damage, and cell proliferation and increases colorectal tumorigenesis in 11G5-infected ApcMin/+ mice. These findings indicate the importance of autophagy in response to CoPEC infection, and strategies to induce autophagy might be developed for patients with CRC and CoPEC colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécily Lucas
- M2iSH (Microbes, intestine, inflammation and Susceptibility of the Host), UMR 1071 Inserm, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Laurène Salesse
- M2iSH (Microbes, intestine, inflammation and Susceptibility of the Host), UMR 1071 Inserm, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - My Hanh Thi Hoang
- M2iSH (Microbes, intestine, inflammation and Susceptibility of the Host), UMR 1071 Inserm, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Mathilde Bonnet
- M2iSH (Microbes, intestine, inflammation and Susceptibility of the Host), UMR 1071 Inserm, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pierre Sauvanet
- M2iSH (Microbes, intestine, inflammation and Susceptibility of the Host), UMR 1071 Inserm, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Department of Digestive and Hepatobiliary Surgery, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Anaïs Larabi
- M2iSH (Microbes, intestine, inflammation and Susceptibility of the Host), UMR 1071 Inserm, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Catherine Godfraind
- M2iSH (Microbes, intestine, inflammation and Susceptibility of the Host), UMR 1071 Inserm, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Department of Pathology, CHU Gabriel Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Johan Gagnière
- M2iSH (Microbes, intestine, inflammation and Susceptibility of the Host), UMR 1071 Inserm, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Department of Digestive and Hepatobiliary Surgery, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Denis Pezet
- M2iSH (Microbes, intestine, inflammation and Susceptibility of the Host), UMR 1071 Inserm, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Department of Digestive and Hepatobiliary Surgery, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nicolas Barnich
- M2iSH (Microbes, intestine, inflammation and Susceptibility of the Host), UMR 1071 Inserm, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Richard Bonnet
- M2iSH (Microbes, intestine, inflammation and Susceptibility of the Host), UMR 1071 Inserm, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Department of Bacteriology, CHU Gabriel Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Guillaume Dalmasso
- M2iSH (Microbes, intestine, inflammation and Susceptibility of the Host), UMR 1071 Inserm, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Hang Thi Thu Nguyen
- M2iSH (Microbes, intestine, inflammation and Susceptibility of the Host), UMR 1071 Inserm, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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15
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Haruki K, Kosumi K, Hamada T, Twombly TS, Väyrynen JP, Kim SA, Masugi Y, Qian ZR, Mima K, Baba Y, da Silva A, Borowsky J, Arima K, Fujiyoshi K, Lau MC, Li P, Guo C, Chen Y, Song M, Nowak JA, Nishihara R, Yanaga K, Zhang X, Wu K, Bullman S, Garrett WS, Huttenhower C, Meyerhardt JA, Giannakis M, Chan AT, Fuchs CS, Ogino S. Association of autophagy status with amount of Fusobacterium nucleatum in colorectal cancer. J Pathol 2020; 250:397-408. [PMID: 31880318 PMCID: PMC7282529 DOI: 10.1002/path.5381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum), which has been associated with colorectal carcinogenesis, can impair anti-tumour immunity, and actively invade colon epithelial cells. Considering the critical role of autophagy in host defence against microorganisms, we hypothesised that autophagic activity of tumour cells might influence the amount of F. nucleatum in colorectal cancer tissue. Using 724 rectal and colon cancer cases within the Nurses' Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, we evaluated autophagic activity of tumour cells by immunohistochemical analyses of BECN1 (beclin 1), MAP1LC3 (LC3), and SQSTM1 (p62) expression. We measured the amount of F. nucleatum DNA in tumour tissue by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We conducted multivariable ordinal logistic regression analyses to examine the association of tumour BECN1, MAP1LC3, and SQSTM1 expression with the amount of F. nucleatum, adjusting for potential confounders, including microsatellite instability status; CpG island methylator phenotype; long-interspersed nucleotide element-1 methylation; and KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA mutations. Compared with BECN1-low cases, BECN1-intermediate and BECN1-high cases were associated with lower amounts of F. nucleatum with odds ratios (for a unit increase in three ordinal categories of the amount of F. nucleatum) of 0.54 (95% confidence interval, 0.29-0.99) and 0.31 (95% confidence interval, 0.16-0.60), respectively (Ptrend < 0.001 across ordinal BECN1 categories). Tumour MAP1LC3 and SQSTM1 levels were not significantly associated with the amount of F. nucleatum (Ptrend > 0.06). Tumour BECN1, MAP1LC3, and SQSTM1 levels were not significantly associated with patient survival (Ptrend > 0.10). In conclusion, tumour BECN1 expression is inversely associated with the amount of F. nucleatum in colorectal cancer tissue, suggesting a possible role of autophagy in the elimination of invasive microorganisms. © 2019 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Haruki
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kosumi
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tsuyoshi Hamada
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tyler S. Twombly
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Juha P. Väyrynen
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sun A. Kim
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yohei Masugi
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhi Rong Qian
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Scientific Research Center and Digestive Disease Center, the seventh affiliated hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kosuke Mima
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yoshifumi Baba
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Annacarolina da Silva
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer Borowsky
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Center for Integrated Diagnostics, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kota Arima
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenji Fujiyoshi
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mai Chan Lau
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peilong Li
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chunguang Guo
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yang Chen
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mingyang Song
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan A. Nowak
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reiko Nishihara
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katsuhiko Yanaga
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kana Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susan Bullman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wendy S. Garrett
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Curtis Huttenhower
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Meyerhardt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marios Giannakis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew T. Chan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles S. Fuchs
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Smilow Cancer Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Cancer Immunology and Cancer Epidemiology Programs, Dana-Farber Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
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16
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Clarithromycin inhibits autophagy in colorectal cancer by regulating the hERG1 potassium channel interaction with PI3K. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:161. [PMID: 32123164 PMCID: PMC7052256 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2349-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We have studied how the macrolide antibiotic Clarithromycin (Cla) regulates autophagy, which sustains cell survival and resistance to chemotherapy in cancer. We found Cla to inhibit the growth of human colorectal cancer (CRC) cells, by modulating the autophagic flux and triggering apoptosis. The accumulation of cytosolic autophagosomes accompanied by the modulation of autophagic markers LC3-II and p62/SQSTM1, points to autophagy exhaustion. Because Cla is known to bind human Ether-à-go-go Related Gene 1 (hERG1) K+ channels, we studied if its effects depended on hERG1 and its conformational states. By availing of hERG1 mutants with different gating properties, we found that fluorescently labelled Cla preferentially bound to the closed channels. Furthermore, by sequestering the channel in the closed conformation, Cla inhibited the formation of a macromolecular complex between hERG1 and the p85 subunit of PI3K. This strongly reduced Akt phosphorylation, and stimulated the p53-dependent cell apoptosis, as witnessed by late caspase activation. Finally, Cla enhanced the cytotoxic effect of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), the main chemotherapeutic agent in CRC, in vitro and in a xenograft CRC model. We conclude that Cla affects the autophagic flux by impairing the signaling pathway linking hERG1 and PI3K. Combining Cla with 5-FU might be a novel therapeutic option in CRC.
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17
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Interaction between DNA damage response and autophagy in colorectal cancer. Gene 2020; 730:144323. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.144323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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18
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Cui L, Wang X, Zhao X, Kong C, Li Z, Liu Y, Jiang X, Zhang X. The autophagy-related genes Beclin1 and LC3 in the prognosis of pancreatic cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2019; 12:2989-2996. [PMID: 31934136 PMCID: PMC6949699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the role of the autophagy-related genes Beclin1 and LC3 in the prognosis of pancreatic cancer. METHODS A total of 86 pancreatic cancer tissues and 84 paired, adjacent normal pancreatic tissues were collected from 86 patients who underwent pancreatic resection surgery in our hospital from January 2009 to August 2011. Demographic data including age, gender, family cancer history, and clinic-pathological characteristics, including tumor diameter, differential, TNM staging and lymphatic metastasis were collected. The expressions of Beclin1 and LC3 were determined using both immunohistochemistry (IHC) and RT-qPCR. RESULTS The expression levels of both Beclin1 and LC3 mRNA and proteins were significantly up-regulated in the tumor tissues compared with the normal tissues. Higher expressions of Beclin1 and LC3 were found in the tumor tissues of patients with TNM stages III~IV, patients with lymphatic metastasis, and patients who died. Meanwhile Beclin1 and LC3 correlated with TNM stage, differential condition, and the patients' lymphatic metastasis rates. A survival analysis showed that patients with low expressions of Beclin1 and LC3 had longer survival times, and both the Beclin1 and LC3 genes were independent risk factors for 5-year mortality in pancreatic cancer patients. CONCLUSION The Beclin1 and LC3 genes correlate with the tumor stage, metastasis conditions, and pancreatic cancer patients' mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Cui
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Xuzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaochuan Wang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Xuzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Xuzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chenchen Kong
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Xuzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhengchen Li
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Xuzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yangsui Liu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Xuzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xinchun Jiang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Xuzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xinhui Zhang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Xuzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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Chen HT, Liu H, Mao MJ, Tan Y, Mo XQ, Meng XJ, Cao MT, Zhong CY, Liu Y, Shan H, Jiang GM. Crosstalk between autophagy and epithelial-mesenchymal transition and its application in cancer therapy. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:101. [PMID: 31126310 PMCID: PMC6533683 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-1030-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved catabolic process that mediates degradation of pernicious or dysfunctional cellular components, such as invasive pathogens, senescent proteins, and organelles. It can promote or suppress tumor development, so it is a “double-edged sword” in tumors that depends on the cell and tissue types and the stages of tumor. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complex biological trans-differentiation process that allows epithelial cells to transiently obtain mesenchymal features, including motility and metastatic potential. EMT is considered as an important contributor to the invasion and metastasis of cancers. Thus, clarifying the crosstalk between autophagy and EMT will provide novel targets for cancer therapy. It was reported that EMT-related signal pathways have an impact on autophagy; conversely, autophagy activation can suppress or strengthen EMT by regulating various signaling pathways. On one hand, autophagy activation provides energy and basic nutrients for EMT during metastatic spreading, which assists cells to survive in stressful environmental and intracellular conditions. On the other hand, autophagy, acting as a cancer-suppressive function, is inclined to hinder metastasis by selectively down-regulating critical transcription factors of EMT in the early phases. Therefore, the inhibition of EMT by autophagy inhibitors or activators might be a novel strategy that provides thought and enlightenment for the treatment of cancer. In this article, we discuss in detail the role of autophagy and EMT in the development of cancers, the regulatory mechanisms between autophagy and EMT, the effects of autophagy inhibition or activation on EMT, and the potential applications in anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Tao Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 2528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Cancer Hospital and Cancer Research Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Min-Jie Mao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuan Tan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 2528000, Guangdong, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiang-Qiong Mo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Meng
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Meng-Ting Cao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Chu-Yu Zhong
- Department of Geriatrics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 2528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong Shan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 2528000, Guangdong, China.
| | - Guan-Min Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 2528000, Guangdong, China.
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20
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Ieni A, Cardia R, Giuffrè G, Rigoli L, Caruso RA, Tuccari G. Immunohistochemical Expression of Autophagy-Related Proteins in Advanced Tubular Gastric Adenocarcinomas and Its Implications. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11030389. [PMID: 30893939 PMCID: PMC6468613 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In neoplastic conditions, autophagy may act as a tumor suppressor avoiding the accumulation of damaged proteins and organelles or as a mechanism of cell survival promoting the tumor growth. Although ultrastructural analysis has been considered the traditional method to identify autophagy, some proteins such as microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3A/B), Beclin-1 and activating molecule in Beclin-1-regulated autophagy protein-1 (AMBRA-1) may be considered as markers of autophagy-assisted cancerogenesis. Herein, we analyzed a cohort of advanced tubular gastric adenocarcinomas by the abovementioned immunohistochemical antisera; through immunohistochemistry, autophagy (A-IHC) is diagnosed when at least two out of the three proteins are positive in the samples. Immunostaining for LC3A/B, Beclin-1, and AMBRA-1 was exclusively found in neoplastic elements, but not in surrounding stromal cells. In detail, LC3A/B and Beclin 1 were expressed both in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus of the cancer cells, while AMBRA-1 was preferentially localized in the nucleus, mainly in high grade cases. LC3A/B, Beclin 1, and AMBRA-1 expression were positive in 18 (56.2%), 17 (53.1%), and 12 (37.5%) cases, respectively. The sensibility and specificity of LC3A/B and Beclin-1 ranged from 81.25% to 93.75%, with high efficiency (90.63%) for Beclin-1. Moreover, the ultrastructural autophagic index (AI) was also available in all cases. All high-grade cases documented a Ki-67 labelling index (LI) ≥ 30%, even if three low-grade cases revealed a high Ki-67 value; p53 positivity was encountered in 21/32 (65.62%) of cases, independently of the tumor grade. A statistically significant correlation among A-IHC and clinicopathological parameters such as grade, stage, clinical course, Ki-67 LI and AI was revealed. Univariate analysis documented a significant p-value for the same autophagic variables. Additionally, multivariate survival analysis identified the grade, AI and A-IHC as independent significant variables. Finally, the overall survival curves of all cases of gastric tubular adenocarcinoma were greatly dependent on A-IHC. Therefore, we suggest that autophagic-related proteins might be considered promising predictive prognostic factors of advanced gastric cancer. Further investigations may be required to determine whether new targeted therapies should be addressed to autophagy-related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ieni
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Section of Pathology, University of Messina, 98123 Messina, Italy.
| | - Roberta Cardia
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Section of Pathology, University of Messina, 98123 Messina, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Giuffrè
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Section of Pathology, University of Messina, 98123 Messina, Italy.
| | - Luciana Rigoli
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Section of Pathology, University of Messina, 98123 Messina, Italy.
| | - Rosario Alberto Caruso
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Section of Pathology, University of Messina, 98123 Messina, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Tuccari
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Section of Pathology, University of Messina, 98123 Messina, Italy.
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21
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Skarkova V, Kralova V, Vitovcova B, Rudolf E. Selected Aspects of Chemoresistance Mechanisms in Colorectal Carcinoma-A Focus on Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition, Autophagy, and Apoptosis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8030234. [PMID: 30871055 PMCID: PMC6468859 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance has been found in all malignant tumors including colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Nowadays chemoresistance is understood as a major reason for therapy failure, with consequent tumor growth and spreading leading ultimately to the patient's premature death. The chemotherapy-related resistance of malignant colonocytes may be manifested in diverse mechanisms that may exist both prior to the onset of the therapy or after it. The ultimate function of this chemoresistance is to ensure the survival of malignant cells through continuing adaptation within an organism, therefore, the nature and spectrum of cell-survival strategies in CRC represent a highly significant target of scientific inquiry. Among these survival strategies employed by CRC cells, three unique but significantly linked phenomena stand out-epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), autophagy, and cell death. In this mini-review, current knowledge concerning all three mechanisms including their emergence, timeline, regulation, and mutual relationships will be presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Skarkova
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Zborovská 2089, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Vera Kralova
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Zborovská 2089, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Barbora Vitovcova
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Zborovská 2089, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Emil Rudolf
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Zborovská 2089, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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22
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Vehlow A, Klapproth E, Jin S, Hannen R, Hauswald M, Bartsch JW, Nimsky C, Temme A, Leitinger B, Cordes N. Interaction of Discoidin Domain Receptor 1 with a 14-3-3-Beclin-1-Akt1 Complex Modulates Glioblastoma Therapy Sensitivity. Cell Rep 2019; 26:3672-3683.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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23
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Gil J, Ramsey D, Pawlowski P, Szmida E, Leszczynski P, Bebenek M, Sasiadek MM. The Influence of Tumor Microenvironment on ATG4D Gene Expression in Colorectal Cancer Patients. Med Oncol 2018; 35:159. [PMID: 30374741 PMCID: PMC6208841 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-018-1220-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite great progress in research on the subject, the involvement of autophagy in colorectal cancer (CRC) pathogenesis (initiation, progression, metastasis) remains obscure and controversial. Autophagy is a catabolic process, fundamental to cell viability and connected with degradation/recycling of proteins and organelles. In this study, we aimed at investigating the relative expression level of mRNA via Real-Time PCR of 16 chosen genes belonging to Atg8 mammalian orthologs and their conjugation system, comprising GABARAP, GABARAPL1, GABARAPL2, MAP1LC3A, MAP1LC3B, MAP1LC3C, ATG3, ATG7, ATG10, ATG4A, ATG4B, ATG4C, ATG4D, and three genes encoding proteins building the multimeric ATG16L1 complex, namely ATG5, ATG12, and ATG16L1, in 73 colorectal tumors and paired adjacent normal colon mucosa. Our study demonstrated the relative downregulation of all examined genes in CRC tissues in comparison to adjacent noncancerous mucosa, with the highest rate of expression in both tumor and non-tumor tissues observed for GAPARBPL2 and the lowest for MAP1LC3C. Moreover, in patients with advanced-stage tumors and high values of regional lymph nodes, statistically significant downregulation of ATG4D expression in adjacent normal cells was observed. Our study confirms the role of autophagy genes as cancer suppressors in colorectal carcinogenesis. Furthermore, in regard to the ATG4D gene, we observed the influence of tumor microenvironments on gene expression in adjacent colon mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Gil
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - David Ramsey
- Department of Operations Research, Wroclaw University of Technology, 50-372, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Pawlowski
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Szmida
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Przemyslaw Leszczynski
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-345, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marek Bebenek
- First Department of Surgical Oncology, Lower Silesian Oncology Center, 53-413, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maria M Sasiadek
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
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24
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Bednarczyk M, Zmarzły N, Grabarek B, Mazurek U, Muc-Wierzgoń M. Genes involved in the regulation of different types of autophagy and their participation in cancer pathogenesis. Oncotarget 2018; 9:34413-34428. [PMID: 30344951 PMCID: PMC6188136 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved mechanism of self-digestion that removes damaged organelles and proteins from cells. Depending on the way the protein is delivered to the lysosome, four basic types of autophagy can be distinguished: macroautophagy, selective autophagy, chaperone-mediated autophagy and microautophagy. Macroautophagy involves formation of autophagosomes and is controlled by specific autophagy-related genes. The steps in macroautophagy are initiation, phagophore elongation, autophagosome maturation, autophagosome fusion with the lysosome, and proteolytic degradation of the contents. Selective autophagy is macroautophagy of a specific cellular component. This work focuses on mitophagy (selective autophagy of abnormal and damaged mitochondria), in which the main participating protein is PINK1 (phosphatase and tensin homolog-induced putative kinase 1). In chaperone-mediated autophagy, the substrate is bound to a heat shock protein 70 chaperone before it is delivered to the lysosome. The least characterized type of autophagy is microautophagy, which is the degradation of very small molecules without participation of an autophagosome. Autophagy can promote or inhibit tumor development, depending on the severity of the disease, the type of cancer, and the age of the patient. This paper describes the molecular basis of the different types of autophagy and their importance in cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Bednarczyk
- Department of Internal Diseases, School of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40–055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Nikola Zmarzły
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy with The Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40–055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Beniamin Grabarek
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy with The Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40–055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Urszula Mazurek
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy with The Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40–055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Muc-Wierzgoń
- Department of Internal Diseases, School of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40–055 Katowice, Poland
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25
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Deng L, Zheng W, Dong X, Liu J, Zhu C, Lu D, Zhang J, Song L, Wang Y, Deng D. Chemokine receptor CXCR7 is an independent prognostic biomarker in glioblastoma. Cancer Biomark 2018; 20:1-6. [PMID: 28759950 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-151430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and most fatal primary brain cancer in adults. Due to the complex nature of GBM, its pathogenesis still remain unclear. Accumulating evidence suggest that chemokine receptor CXCR7 contribute to the development of various types of tumors. OBJECTIVE We aim to examine the prognostic significance of CXCR7 in GBM. METHODS CXCR7 were first detected by Immunohistochemistry. The association between CXCR7 and overall survival (OS) were examined. Moreover, multivariate analyses were conducted to evaluate the prognostic factors in GBM. RESULTS Of all 146 GBM patients recruited, 77 were in the high-expression subgroup, the rest 69 were in low-expression subgroup. There are no differences between these two subgroups in terms of age, gender, family history of cancer, extent of surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, KPS, MGMT methylation status and tumor size. However, high CXCR7 expression was robustly correlated with poor OS in GBM. Multivariate analysis confirmed age, KPS scores, chemotherapy, IDH1 mutation, MGMT methylation and CXCR7 were independent factors in survival prognosis. CONCLUSIONS CXCR7 may involve in the clinical GBM progression, and CXCR7 could be a valuable prognostic marker in the treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Deng
- Department of Surgery, Daqing Longnan Hospital, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China.,Department of Surgery, Daqing Longnan Hospital, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wenxin Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China.,Department of Surgery, Daqing Longnan Hospital, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xueshuang Dong
- Department of Neurology, Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jianghua Liu
- Department of Neurology, Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Chunyu Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Dan Lu
- Department of Neurology, Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Laijun Song
- Department of Neurology, Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yuchao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Dan Deng
- Department of Neurology, Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
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26
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Autophagy Modulation in Cancer: Current Knowledge on Action and Therapy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:8023821. [PMID: 29643976 PMCID: PMC5831833 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8023821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the last two decades, accumulating evidence pointed to the importance of autophagy in various human diseases. As an essential evolutionary catabolic process of cytoplasmatic component digestion, it is generally believed that modulating autophagic activity, through targeting specific regulatory actors in the core autophagy machinery, may impact disease processes. Both autophagy upregulation and downregulation have been found in cancers, suggesting its dual oncogenic and tumor suppressor properties during malignant transformation. Identification of the key autophagy targets is essential for the development of new therapeutic agents. Despite this great potential, no therapies are currently available that specifically focus on autophagy modulation. Although drugs like rapamycin, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, and others act as autophagy modulators, they were not originally developed for this purpose. Thus, autophagy may represent a new and promising pharmacologic target for future drug development and therapeutic applications in human diseases. Here, we summarize our current knowledge in regard to the interplay between autophagy and malignancy in the most significant tumor types: pancreatic, breast, hepatocellular, colorectal, and lung cancer, which have been studied in respect to autophagy manipulation as a promising therapeutic strategy. Finally, we present an overview of the most recent advances in therapeutic strategies involving autophagy modulators in cancer.
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27
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Tian M, Chen L, Ma L, Wang D, Shao B, Wu J, Wu H, Jin Y. Expression and prognostic significance of CCL11/CCR3 in glioblastoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:32617-27. [PMID: 27119233 PMCID: PMC5078038 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most lethal primary nervous system cancer, but due to its rarity and complexity, its pathogenesis is poorly understood. To identify potential tumorigenic factors in GBM, we screened antibody-based cytokine arrays and found that CCL11 was upregulated. We then demonstrated in vitro that both CCL11 and its receptor, CCR3, were overexpressed and promoted the proliferation, migration and invasion of cancer cells. To examine the clinical significance of CCL11/CCR3, 458 GBM samples were divided into a training cohort with 225 cases and a test cohort containing 233 cases. In the training set, immunohistochemical analysis showed overexpression of CCL11 and CCR3 were correlated with unfavorable overall survival (OS). We further developed a prognostic classifier combining CCL11 and CCR3 expression and Karnofsky performance status (KPS) for predicting one-year survival in GBM patients. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis demonstrated that this predictor achieved 90.7% sensitivity and 73.4% specificity. These results were validated with the test sample set. Our findings suggest that CCL11-CCR3 binding is involved in the progression of GBM and may prompt a novel therapeutic approach. In addition, CCL11 and CCR3 expression, combined with KPS, may be used as an accurate predictor of one-year survival in GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Tian
- Department of Gerontology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Lina Chen
- Department of Gerontology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Gerontology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Department of Gerontology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Bin Shao
- Department of Gerontology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jianyu Wu
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Hangyu Wu
- Department of Emergency, The General Hospital of Beijing Military Command, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yimin Jin
- Department of Gerontology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
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28
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da Silva-Camargo CCV, Svoboda Baldin RK, Costacurta Polli NL, Agostinho AP, Olandosk M, de Noronha L, Sotomaior VS. Parkin protein expression and its impact on survival of patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Cancer Biol Med 2018; 15:61-69. [PMID: 29545969 PMCID: PMC5842336 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2017.0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Features of colorectal cancer such as natural history, molecular, chromosomal, and epigenetic alterations have been well described. However, there is still a lack of accurate prognostic markers, which is evident by the lower overall survival rates of patients with advanced cancer. Although alterations in parkin protein expression have been described in colorectal cancer, the functional significance of this protein remains unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the involvement of parkin expression in colorectal adenocarcinoma development and progression by evaluating the association between its expression, clinicopathological parameters, and expression of known proteins involved in colorectal cancer. Methods Tissue microarrays consisting of 73 tumor and 64 normal tissue samples were generated to examine parkin expression and localization by immunohistochemistry. Results A positive correlation of parkin and APC expression was observed in the superficial, intermediate, and profound regions of all cases (ρ = 0.37; P = 0.001). Parkin expression was also significantly associated with tumors in men (P = 0.049), those of the mucinous subtype (P = 0.028), and of advanced stage (III + IV, P = 0.041). In addition, increased parkin expression was observed in the invasive front tumor region (P = 0.013). More importantly, a positive correlation was found between parkin expression and the overall survival of patients with advanced colorectal cancer (P = 0.019). Multivariate analysis showed that parkin expression was independent of any of the clinicopathological parameters evaluated in relation to patient survival. Conclusions These results suggest that parkin expression status can be used as a potential independent prognostic marker of survival in advanced colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Caroline Veloso da Silva-Camargo
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation (NIMA), School of Health and Biosciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Rosimeri Kuhl Svoboda Baldin
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation (NIMA), School of Health and Biosciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Nayanne Louise Costacurta Polli
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation (NIMA), School of Health and Biosciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Amanda Pereira Agostinho
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation (NIMA), School of Health and Biosciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Marcia Olandosk
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation (NIMA), School of Health and Biosciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Lúcia de Noronha
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation (NIMA), School of Health and Biosciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil.,Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná (HC-UFPR), Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Santos Sotomaior
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation (NIMA), School of Health and Biosciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
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29
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Wang S, Gu K. Insulin-like growth factor 1 inhibits autophagy of human colorectal carcinoma drug-resistant cells via the protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:2952-2956. [PMID: 29257307 PMCID: PMC5783513 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is reported to inhibit autophagy of human colorectal carcinoma cells (HCT); however, little is known regarding the mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effect of IGF-1 on autophagy in HCT resistant strains. The present study aimed to analyze the inhibitory effect of IGF-1 on the autophagy of HCT resistant strains and its potential underlying mechanisms. The viability and apoptosis of HCT-8 colon cancer cells were analyzed, and expression levels of relevant genes and proteins were investigated using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis, respectively. Treatment of cells with IGF-1 induced apoptosis. IGF-1 treatment activated protein kinase B (AKT), which may inhibit autophagy via the AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway. Following inhibition of autophagy, drug resistant cells became sensitive to apoptosis induced by 5-fluorouracil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuomin Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Kangsheng Gu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
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30
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Zhao W, Shi F, Guo Z, Zhao J, Song X, Yang H. Metabolite of ellagitannins, urolithin A induces autophagy and inhibits metastasis in human sw620 colorectal cancer cells. Mol Carcinog 2017; 57:193-200. [PMID: 28976622 PMCID: PMC5814919 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved pathway in which cytoplasmic contents are degraded and recycled. This study found that submicromolar concentrations of urolithin A, a major polyphenol metabolite, induced autophagy in SW620 colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. Exposure to urolithin A also dose‐dependently decreased cell proliferation, delayed cell migration, and decreased matrix metalloproteinas‐9 (MMP‐9) activity. In addition, inhibition of autophagy by Atg5‐siRNA, caspases by Z‐VAD‐FMK suppressed urolithin A‐stimulated cell death and anti‐metastatic effects. Micromolar urolithin A concentrations induced both autophagy and apoptosis. Urolithin A suppressed cell cycle progression and inhibited DNA synthesis. These results suggest that dietary consumption of urolithin A could induce autophagy and inhibit human CRC cell metastasis. Urolithins may thus contribute to CRC treatment and offer an alternative or adjunct chemotherapeutic agent to combat this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fengqiang Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhikun Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaojie Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueying Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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31
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Incidence and risk of hematologic toxicities in cancer patients treated with regorafenib. Oncotarget 2017; 8:93813-93824. [PMID: 29212191 PMCID: PMC5706837 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Regorafenib, an oral vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine-kinase inhibitor, has been approved for the treatment of several malignancies. As a non-traditional cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agent, regorafenib is often associated with hematologic toxicities. Here we searched PubMed and Embase up to June 2017 for relevant clinical trials. Eligible studies include trials in which subjects treated with 160 mg of regorafenib daily during the first 21 days of each 28-day cycle, and adequate safety data profile reporting thrombocytopenia, anemia, neutropenia and leucopenia. Statistical analyses were conducted to calculate the overall incidences, relative risks (RRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A total of 2,341 subjects from 16 trials were included in the present studies. The incidences of regorafenib associated all-grade and high-grade hematologic toxicities were: thrombocytopenia, 22% and 3%; anemia, 20% and 3%; neutropenia, 10% and 2%, and leucopenia, 13% and 2%, respectively. Regorafenib-treated subjects had a significant increased risk of all-grade (RR=6.35; 95% CI, 3.19-12.64) and high-grade (RR=6.27; 95% CI, 1.69-23.26) thrombocytopenia, all-grade (RR=2.76; 95% CI, 1.63-4.68) and high-grade (RR=5.38; 95% CI, 1.60-18.06) anemia. Our results suggested that regorafenib therapy was associated with significantly increased risks of hematological toxicities, and hematologic monitoring at regular intervals should be advised to clinician.
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32
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Zhao B, Zhao H. Incidence and risk of regorafenib-induced hepatotoxicity. Oncotarget 2017; 8:84102-84111. [PMID: 29137408 PMCID: PMC5663580 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Regorafenib, an oral multi-kinase inhibitor, has been approved for the treatments of several malignancies. Unlike traditional cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents, regorafenib therapy often induces a distinct profile of adverse events (AEs) including hepatotoxicity. Here we conducted an up-to-date meta-analysis to assess the incidence and risk of regorafenib related hepatic toxicities. PubMed and Embase database were reviewed from inception to June 2017 for relevant trials. Eligible studies include subjects with solid tumors treated with 160 mg of regorafenib daily during the first three week of each four-week cycle, and adequate safety data reporting the elevation of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bilirubin. Statistical analyses were conducted to calculate the summary incidence and relative risk (RR). A total of 2,213 subjects from 14 trials were included. The incidences of regorafenib-associated all-grade and high-grade hepatotoxicity were: bilirubin elevation: 23% and 5%; AST elevation: 32% and 6%; ALT elevation: 27% and 5%; ALP elevation: 31% and 2%. Regorafenib-treated subjects had a significant increased risk of all-grade (RR = 3.10; 95% CI, 2.22–4.34) and high-grade (RR = 1.74; 95% CI, 1.09–2.80) bilirubin elevation; all-grade (RR = 1.51; 95% CI, 1.13–2.00) and high-grade (RR = 1.79; 95% CI, 1.00–3.22) AST elevation; all-grade (RR = 1.82; 95% CI, 1.25–2.64) and high-grade (RR = 3.07; 95% CI, 1.30–7.22) ALT elevation; and all-grade (RR = 2.11; 95% CI, 1.01–4.40) ALP elevation. Our results suggest that regorafenib is associated with an increased risk of hepatic toxicities. Hepatotoxicity examination at regular intervals should be advised to clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
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33
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Zhao H, Yang M, Zhao B. Beclin 1 and LC3 as predictive biomarkers for metastatic colorectal carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:59058-59067. [PMID: 28938618 PMCID: PMC5601714 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved self-destructive process that disassembles dysfunctional or unnecessary cellular components. It plays an important role in cancer metastasis, which is of particular interest considering metastatic disease is the major cause of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) related mortality. Here, we investigated the immunohistochemical expression of autophagy-related protein Beclin 1 and Microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3) within surgical CRC specimens, first in a training cohort (205 patients), then in an inner validation cohort (160 patients) and an independent cohort (161 patients). The expressions of Beclin 1 and LC3 were lower in metastatic CRC compared with non-metastatic CRC. Furthermore, we developed an autophagy-based classifier for metastatic prediction. This classifier, including Beclin 1, LC3 and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level, resulted in 82.9% sensitivity and 89.8% specificity for metastatic detection in the training cohort. In the independent cohort, it achieved 77.9% sensitivity and 90.3% specificity in predicting the metastasis of CRC. These results suggested that low expression of Beclin 1 and LC3 contributed to a more aggressive cancer cell phenotype, and our autophagy-based classifier was a reliable tool for metastatic prediction in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhao
- Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Heilongjiang, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Maopeng Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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34
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Bortnik S, Gorski SM. Clinical Applications of Autophagy Proteins in Cancer: From Potential Targets to Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071496. [PMID: 28696368 PMCID: PMC5535986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a lysosome-mediated intracellular degradation and recycling pathway, plays multiple context-dependent roles in tumorigenesis and treatment resistance. Encouraging results from various preclinical studies have led to the initiation of numerous clinical trials with the intention of targeting autophagy in various cancers. Accumulating knowledge of the particular mechanisms and players involved in different steps of autophagy regulation led to the ongoing discovery of small molecule inhibitors designed to disrupt this highly orchestrated process. However, the development of validated autophagy-related biomarkers, essential for rational selection of patients entering clinical trials involving autophagy inhibitors, is lagging behind. One possible source of biomarkers for this purpose is the autophagy machinery itself. In this review, we address the recent trends, challenges and advances in the assessment of the biomarker potential of clinically relevant autophagy proteins in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Bortnik
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada.
- Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada.
| | - Sharon M Gorski
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada.
- Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
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35
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Niklaus M, Adams O, Berezowska S, Zlobec I, Graber F, Slotta-Huspenina J, Nitsche U, Rosenberg R, Tschan MP, Langer R. Expression analysis of LC3B and p62 indicates intact activated autophagy is associated with an unfavorable prognosis in colon cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:54604-54615. [PMID: 28903368 PMCID: PMC5589607 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation and recycling process implicated in cancer progression and therapy resistance. We assessed the impact of basal autophagy in colon cancer (CC) in vitro and ex vivo. Functional autophagy was demonstrated in CC cell lines (LoVo; HT-29) showing a dose-dependent increase of the autophagy markers LC3B, p62 and autophagic vesciles upon increasing concentrations of the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine, which was demonstrated by immunoblotting, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. Next, tissue microarrays with 292 primary resected CC, with cores from different tumor regions, and normal mucosa were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for LC3B and p62. CC tissue showed LC3B dot-like, p62 dot-like, cytoplasmic and nuclear staining in various levels without significant intratumoral heterogeneity. Tumoral LC3B and p62 expression was significantly higher than in normal tissue (p<0.001). No associations between staining patterns and pathological features (e.g. TNM categories; grading) were observed. Both low LC3B dot-like and low p62 dot-like-cytoplasmic staining were associated with worse overall survival (p=0.005 and p=0.002). The best prognostic discrimination, however, was seen for a combination of LC3B dot-like/p62 dot-like-cytoplasmic staining: high expression of both markers, indicative of impaired activated autophagy, was associated with the best overall survival. In contrast, high LC3B dot-like/low p62 dot-like-cytoplasmic expression, indicative of intact activated autophagy, was associated with the worst outcome (p<0.001 in univariate and HR=0.751; CI=0.607-0.928; p=0.008 in multivariate analysis). These specific expression patterns of LC3B and p62 pointing to different states of autophagy associated with diverging clinical outcomes highlighte the potential significance of basal autophagy in CC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Niklaus
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Olivia Adams
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sabina Berezowska
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Inti Zlobec
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Graber
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Ulrich Nitsche
- Department of Surgery, Technische Universität München, D-81675 München, Germany
| | - Robert Rosenberg
- Department of Surgery, Kantonsspital Liestal, CH-4410 Liestal, Switzerland
| | - Mario P Tschan
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rupert Langer
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland
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36
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Activating autophagy to potentiate immunogenic chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2016; 14:247-258. [PMID: 27845767 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2016.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is fundamental to the maintenance of intracellular homeostasis in virtually all human cells. Accordingly, defective autophagy predisposes healthy cells to undergoing malignant transformation. By contrast, malignant cells are able to harness autophagy to thrive, despite adverse microenvironmental conditions, and to resist therapeutic challenges. Thus, inhibition of autophagy has been proposed as a strategy to kill cancer cells or sensitize them to therapy; however, autophagy is also critical for optimal immune function, and mediates cell-extrinsic homeostatic effects owing to its central role in danger signalling by neoplastic cells responding to immunogenic chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. In this Perspective, we discuss accumulating preclinical and clinical evidence in support of the all-too-often dismissed possibility that activating autophagy might be a relevant clinical objective that enables an increase in the effectiveness of immunogenic chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy.
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37
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Qin W, Li C, Zheng W, Guo Q, Zhang Y, Kang M, Zhang B, Yang B, Li B, Yang H, Wu Y. Inhibition of autophagy promotes metastasis and glycolysis by inducing ROS in gastric cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:39839-54. [PMID: 26497999 PMCID: PMC4741864 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy defect has been shown to be correlated with malignant phenotype and poor prognosis of human cancers, however, the detailed mechanisms remain obscure. In this study, we investigated the biological changes induced by autophagy inhibition in gastric cancer. We showed that inhibition of autophagy in gastric cancer cells promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis, alters metabolic phenotype from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis and converts cell phenotype toward malignant, which maybe further contribute to chemoresistance and poor prognosis of gastric cancer. We also identified that the EMT and metabolism alterations induced by autophagy inhibition were dependent on ROS-NF-κB-HIF-1α pathway. More importantly, scavenging of ROS by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) attenuated activation of NF-κB and HIF-1α in autophagy-deficient gastric cancer cells, and autophagy inhibition induced metastasis and glycolysis were also diminished by NAC in vivo. Taken together, our findings suggested that autophagy defect promotes metastasis and glycolysis of gastric cancer, and antioxidants could be used to improve disease outcome for gastric cancer patients with autophagy defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Qin
- Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Cancer Institute, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Cancer Institute, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Wen Zheng
- Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Cancer Institute, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Qingqu Guo
- Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Cancer Institute, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yuefeng Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Cancer Institute, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Muxing Kang
- Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Cancer Institute, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Cancer Institute, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Cancer Institute, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Baozhong Li
- Department of Oncosurgery, Anyang Tumor Hospital, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Haijun Yang
- Department of Pathology, Anyang Tumor Hospital, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Yulian Wu
- Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Cancer Institute, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
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38
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Follo C, Barbone D, Richards WG, Bueno R, Broaddus VC. Autophagy initiation correlates with the autophagic flux in 3D models of mesothelioma and with patient outcome. Autophagy 2016; 12:1180-94. [PMID: 27097020 PMCID: PMC4990992 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1173799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the role of autophagy in cancer has been limited by the inability to measure this dynamic process in formalin-fixed tissue. We considered that 3-dimensional models including ex vivo tumor, such as we have developed for studying mesothelioma, would provide valuable insights. Using these models, in which we could use lysosomal inhibitors to measure the autophagic flux, we sought a marker of autophagy that would be valid in formalin-fixed tumor and be used to assess the role of autophagy in patient outcome. Autophagy was studied in mesothelioma cell lines, as 2-dimensional (2D) monolayers and 3-dimensional (3D) multicellular spheroids (MCS), and in tumor from 25 chemonaive patients, both as ex vivo 3D tumor fragment spheroids (TFS) and as formalin-fixed tissue. Autophagy was evaluated as autophagic flux by detection of the accumulation of LC3 after lysosomal inhibition and as autophagy initiation by detection of ATG13 puncta. We found that autophagic flux in 3D, but not in 2D, correlated with ATG13 positivity. In each TFS, ATG13 positivity was similar to that of the original tumor. When tested in tissue microarrays of 109 chemonaive patients, higher ATG13 positivity correlated with better prognosis and provided information independent of known prognostic factors. Our results show that ATG13 is a static marker of the autophagic flux in 3D models of mesothelioma and may also reflect autophagy levels in formalin-fixed tumor. If confirmed, this marker would represent a novel prognostic factor for mesothelioma, supporting the notion that autophagy plays an important role in this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Follo
- a San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Dario Barbone
- a San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - William G Richards
- b Division of Thoracic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Raphael Bueno
- b Division of Thoracic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston , MA , USA
| | - V Courtney Broaddus
- a San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA
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39
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Yang H, Ma Y, Chen G, Zhou H, Yamazaki T, Klein C, Pietrocola F, Vacchelli E, Souquere S, Sauvat A, Zitvogel L, Kepp O, Kroemer G. Contribution of RIP3 and MLKL to immunogenic cell death signaling in cancer chemotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1149673. [PMID: 27471616 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1149673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy can reinstate anticancer immunosurveillance through inducing tumor immunogenic cell death (ICD). Here, we show that anthracyclines and oxaliplatin can trigger necroptosis in murine cancer cell lines expressing receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 3 (RIP3) and mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL). Necroptotic cells featured biochemical hallmarks of ICD and stimulated anticancer immune responses in vivo. Chemotherapy normally killed Rip3 (-/-) and Mlkl (-/-) tumor cells and normally induced caspase-3 activation in such cells, yet was unable to reduce their growth in vivo. RIP3 or MLKL deficiency abolished the capacity of dying cancer cells to elicit an immune response. This could be attributed to reduced release of ATP and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) by RIP3 and MLKL-deficient cells. Measures designed to compensate for deficient ATP and HMGB1 signaling restored the chemotherapeutic response of Rip3 (-/-) and Mlkl (-/-) cancers. Altogether, these results suggest that RIP3 and MLKL can contribute to ICD signaling and tumor immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Yang
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U 1138, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif, France; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuting Ma
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U 1138, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif, France; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guo Chen
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U 1138, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif, France
| | - Heng Zhou
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U 1138, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif, France; University of Paris Sud XI, Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Takahiro Yamazaki
- Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif, France; INSERM, U1015, GRCC, Villejuif, France; Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 507, GRCC, Villejuif, France
| | - Christophe Klein
- Cell Imaging and flow Cytometry platform (CICC), Center de Recherche des Cordeliers , Paris, France
| | - Federico Pietrocola
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U 1138, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif, France
| | - Erika Vacchelli
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U 1138, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif, France
| | - Sylvie Souquere
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche (UMR) 9196, GRCC , Villejuif, France
| | - Allan Sauvat
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U 1138, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif, France; University of Paris Sud XI, Kremlin Bicêtre, France; INSERM, U1015, GRCC, Villejuif, France; Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 507, GRCC, Villejuif, France
| | - Oliver Kepp
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U 1138, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U 1138, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France; Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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