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Engelmann J, Zarrer J, Gensch V, Riecken K, Berenbrok N, Luu TV, Beitzen-Heineke A, Vargas-Delgado ME, Pantel K, Bokemeyer C, Bhamidipati S, Darwish IS, Masuda E, Burstyn-Cohen T, Alberto EJ, Ghosh S, Rothlin C, Hesse E, Taipaleenmäki H, Ben-Batalla I, Loges S. Regulation of bone homeostasis by MERTK and TYRO3. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7689. [PMID: 36509738 PMCID: PMC9744875 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33938-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The fine equilibrium of bone homeostasis is maintained by bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Here, we show that TAM receptors MERTK and TYRO3 exert reciprocal effects in osteoblast biology: Osteoblast-targeted deletion of MERTK promotes increased bone mass in healthy mice and mice with cancer-induced bone loss, whereas knockout of TYRO3 in osteoblasts shows the opposite phenotype. Functionally, the interaction of MERTK with its ligand PROS1 negatively regulates osteoblast differentiation via inducing the VAV2-RHOA-ROCK axis leading to increased cell contractility and motility while TYRO3 antagonizes this effect. Consequently, pharmacologic MERTK blockade by the small molecule inhibitor R992 increases osteoblast numbers and bone formation in mice. Furthermore, R992 counteracts cancer-induced bone loss, reduces bone metastasis and prolongs survival in preclinical models of multiple myeloma, breast- and lung cancer. In summary, MERTK and TYRO3 represent potent regulators of bone homeostasis with cell-type specific functions and MERTK blockade represents an osteoanabolic therapy with implications in cancer and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janik Engelmann
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute at the University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- Division of Personalized Medical Oncology (A420), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Personalized Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jennifer Zarrer
- Molecular Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Martinsried, Germany
- Musculoskeletal University Center Munich, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Victoria Gensch
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute at the University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- Division of Personalized Medical Oncology (A420), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Personalized Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Kristoffer Riecken
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Berenbrok
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute at the University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- Division of Personalized Medical Oncology (A420), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Personalized Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - The Vinh Luu
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Antonia Beitzen-Heineke
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maria Elena Vargas-Delgado
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute at the University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- Division of Personalized Medical Oncology (A420), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Personalized Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Klaus Pantel
- Department of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Bokemeyer
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Ihab S Darwish
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Esteban Masuda
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tal Burstyn-Cohen
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Institute for Dental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Emily J Alberto
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sourav Ghosh
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Carla Rothlin
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Eric Hesse
- Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Martinsried, Germany
- Musculoskeletal University Center Munich, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Hanna Taipaleenmäki
- Molecular Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Martinsried, Germany
- Musculoskeletal University Center Munich, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Isabel Ben-Batalla
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
- Department of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
- DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute at the University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.
- Division of Personalized Medical Oncology (A420), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
- Department of Personalized Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Sonja Loges
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
- Department of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
- DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute at the University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.
- Division of Personalized Medical Oncology (A420), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
- Department of Personalized Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
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Yan D, Huelse JM, Kireev D, Tan Z, Chen L, Goyal S, Wang X, Frye SV, Behera M, Schneider F, Ramalingam SS, Owonikoko T, Earp HS, DeRyckere D, Graham DK. MERTK activation drives osimertinib resistance in EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e150517. [PMID: 35708914 PMCID: PMC9337831 DOI: 10.1172/jci150517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired resistance is inevitable in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) treated with osimertinib (OSI), and the mechanisms are not well defined. The MERTK ligand GAS6 promoted downstream oncogenic signaling in EGFR-mutated (EGFRMT) NSCLC cells treated with OSI, suggesting a role for MERTK activation in OSI resistance. Indeed, treatment with MRX-2843, a first-in-class MERTK kinase inhibitor, resensitized GAS6-treated NSCLC cells to OSI. Both GAS6 and EGF stimulated downstream PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK signaling in parental cells, but only GAS6 activated these pathways in OSI-resistant (OSIR) derivative cell lines. Functionally, OSIR cells were more sensitive to MRX-2843 than parental cells, suggesting acquired dependence on MERTK signaling. Furthermore, MERTK and/or its ligands were dramatically upregulated in EGFRMT tumors after treatment with OSI in both xenograft models and patient samples, consistent with induction of autocrine/paracrine MERTK activation. Moreover, treatment with MRX-2843 in combination with OSI, but not OSI alone, provided durable suppression of tumor growth in vivo, even after treatment was stopped. These data identify MERTK as a driver of bypass signaling in treatment-naive and EGFRMT-OSIR NSCLC cells and predict that MRX-2843 and OSI combination therapy will provide clinical benefit in patients with EGFRMT NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yan
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Justus M. Huelse
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dmitri Kireev
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Zikang Tan
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Luxiao Chen
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resources, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Subir Goyal
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resources, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stephen V. Frye
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Madhusmita Behera
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resources, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Suresh S. Ramalingam
- Winship Cancer Institute, and
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Taofeek Owonikoko
- Winship Cancer Institute, and
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - H. Shelton Earp
- Department of Medicine, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Deborah DeRyckere
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Douglas K. Graham
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Macrophages Are a Double-Edged Sword: Molecular Crosstalk between Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Cancer Stem Cells. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12060850. [PMID: 35740975 PMCID: PMC9221070 DOI: 10.3390/biom12060850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subset of highly tumorigenic cells in tumors. They have enhanced self-renewal properties, are usually chemo-radioresistant, and can promote tumor recurrence and metastasis. They can recruit macrophages into the tumor microenvironment and differentiate them into tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). TAMs maintain CSC stemness and construct niches that are favorable for CSC survival. However, how CSCs and TAMs interact is not completely understood. An understanding on these mechanisms can provide additional targeting strategies for eliminating CSCs. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the reported mechanisms of crosstalk between CSCs and TAMs and update the related signaling pathways involved in tumor progression. In addition, we discuss potential therapies targeting CSC–TAM interaction, including targeting macrophage recruitment and polarization by CSCs and inhibiting the TAM-induced promotion of CSC stemness. This review also provides the perspective on the major challenge for developing potential therapeutic strategies to overcome CSC-TAM crosstalk.
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Two-Front War on Cancer-Targeting TAM Receptors in Solid Tumour Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14102488. [PMID: 35626092 PMCID: PMC9140196 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In recent years, many studies have shown the importance of TAM kinases in both normal and neoplastic cells. In this review, we present and discuss the role of the TAM family (AXL, MERTK, TYRO3) of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) as a dual target in cancer, due to their intrinsic roles in tumour cell survival, migration, chemoresistance, and their immunosuppressive roles in the tumour microenvironment. This review presents the potential of TAMs as emerging therapeutic targets in cancer treatment, focusing on the distinct structures of TAM receptor tyrosine kinases. We analyse and compare different strategies of TAM inhibition, for a full perspective of current and future battlefields in the war with cancer. Abstract Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are transmembrane receptors that bind growth factors and cytokines and contain a regulated kinase activity within their cytoplasmic domain. RTKs play an important role in signal transduction in both normal and malignant cells, and their encoding genes belong to the most frequently affected genes in cancer cells. The TAM family proteins (TYRO3, AXL, and MERTK) are involved in diverse biological processes: immune regulation, clearance of apoptotic cells, platelet aggregation, cell proliferation, survival, and migration. Recent studies show that TAMs share overlapping functions in tumorigenesis and suppression of antitumour immunity. MERTK and AXL operate in innate immune cells to suppress inflammatory responses and promote an immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment, while AXL expression correlates with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, metastasis, and motility in tumours. Therefore, TAM RTKs represent a dual target in cancer due to their intrinsic roles in tumour cell survival, migration, chemoresistance, and their immunosuppressive roles in the tumour microenvironment (TME). In this review, we discuss the potential of TAMs as emerging therapeutic targets in cancer treatment. We critically assess and compare current approaches to target TAM RTKs in solid tumours and the development of new inhibitors for both extra- and intracellular domains of TAM receptor kinases.
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Qiao Y, Fu E. [Advances in the Study of Tumor-associated Macrophages in Lung Cancer]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2022; 25:34-39. [PMID: 35078283 PMCID: PMC8796125 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2021.102.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
肺癌是全球发病率和死亡率最高的恶性肿瘤之一。因此对于肺癌治疗手段的研究也在不断深入,目前临床上主要有全身化疗、针对驱动基因阳性的靶向治疗、免疫检查点抑制剂的应用、抗肿瘤血管生成治疗以及上述不同治疗方法的联合等,这些方案的使用明显改善了大多数肺癌患者的预后,但晚期患者预后仍然不尽如人意。近年来,与免疫相关的肿瘤微环境(tumor microenvironment, TME)的研究越来越受到重视。TME由免疫细胞、成纤维细胞、血管内皮细胞等细胞成分及相关的细胞因子等组成,是肿瘤细胞赖以生存、发展的基础。而肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(tumor-associated macrophages, TAMs)是TME重要的免疫细胞,指浸润于肿瘤组织中的巨噬细胞,可促进肿瘤细胞增殖,诱导肿瘤免疫耐受,刺激肿瘤血管生成,增加肿瘤细胞的侵袭及转移能力。因此,靶向TAMs已经成为肺癌免疫治疗的热点。本文就TAMs来源、表型及其在肺癌中的作用机制以及在未来治疗中的靶点进行综述,为肺癌最优化治疗提供参考。
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Qiao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University,
Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Enqing Fu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University,
Xi'an 710038, China
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Lahey KC, Gadiyar V, Hill A, Desind S, Wang Z, Davra V, Patel R, Zaman A, Calianese D, Birge RB. Mertk: An emerging target in cancer biology and immuno-oncology. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 368:35-59. [PMID: 35636929 PMCID: PMC9994207 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Mertk, a type I Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) and member of the TAM (Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk) family of homologous tyrosine kinases, has important roles in signal transduction both homeostatically on normal cells as well as patho-physiologically on both tumor-associated macrophages and malignant cells by its overexpression in a wide array of cancers. The main ligands of Mertk are Vitamin K-modified endogenous proteins Gas6 and Protein S (ProS1), heterobifunctional modular proteins that bind Mertk via two carboxyl-terminal laminin-like globular (LG) domains, and an N-terminal Gla domain that binds anionic phospholipids, whereby externalized phosphatidylserine (PS) on stressed viable and caspase-activated apoptotic cells is most emblematic. Recent studies indicate that Vitamin K-dependent γ-carboxylation on the N-terminal Gla domain of Gas6 and Protein S is necessary for PS binding and Mertk activation, implying that Mertk is preferentially active in tissues where there is high externalized PS, such as the tumor microenvironment (TME) and acute virally infected tissues. Once stimulated, activated Mertk can provide a survival advantage for cancer cells as well as drive compensatory proliferation. On monocytes and tumor-associated macrophages, Mertk promotes efferocytosis and acts as an inhibitory receptor that impairs host anti-tumor immunity, functioning akin to a myeloid checkpoint inhibitor. In recent years, inhibition of Mertk has been implicated in a dual role to enhance the sensitivity of cancer cells to cytotoxic agents along with improving host anti-tumor immunity with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy. Here, we examine the rationale of Mertk-targeted immunotherapies, the current and potential therapeutic strategies, the clinical status of Mertk-specific therapies, and potential challenges and obstacles for Mertk-focused therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Lahey
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, NJ, United States.
| | - Varsha Gadiyar
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Amanda Hill
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Samuel Desind
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Ziren Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Viralkumar Davra
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Radhey Patel
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Ahnaf Zaman
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - David Calianese
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Raymond B Birge
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, NJ, United States.
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Suleiman L, Muataz Y, Négrier C, Boukerche H. Protein S-mediated signal transduction pathway regulates lung cancer cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis. Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther 2021:S1658-3876(21)00111-4. [PMID: 34906536 DOI: 10.1016/j.hemonc.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND Protein S (PS; encoded by the PROS1 gene), a key vitamin K-dependent anticoagulant protein, is emerging as a key structural and functional protein that is overexpressd in various malignancies, but how PS signals to promote lung cancer progression is unclear. METHODS We used immortalized, nontumorigenic human lung epithelial cell line NL-20, A549 cells as experimental cellular models for lung cancer, and human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) as a model system for angiogenesis. A loss- and gain-of-function approach was then used to analyze the role of tumor-derived PS and their natural TAM receptors Tyro3 and MerTK in regulating cell proliferation, migration, anchorage-independent growth, and capillary-like tube formation, all prominent attributes of the metastatic phenotype of tumor cells. RESULTS Evidence is now provided that regulation of PROS1 gene expression using either stable cell lines expressing lentiviral-short hairpin RNA (shRNAs) or a replication-incompetent adenovirus alters the phosphorylation of several major signaling pathways, including Erk, PKB/Akt, p38, and focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and modulates PS-dependent Tyro3- and MerTK-mediated cell migration, proliferation, and anchorage-independent growth of lung cancer cells, and endothelial cell capillary-like tube formation. CONCLUSION These finding suggest that the PS-Tyro3 and -MerTK axis mediates important signaling pathways to promote lung cancer progression. Genetic inhibition of endogenous PS may serve as a promising target for anticancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutfi Suleiman
- Hemostasis and Cancer Unit EA 4609, University Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, France
| | - Yacoub Muataz
- Hemostasis and Cancer Unit EA 4609, University Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, France
| | - Claude Négrier
- Hemostasis and Cancer Unit EA 4609, University Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, France
| | - Habib Boukerche
- Hemostasis and Cancer Unit EA 4609, University Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, France.
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Ding J, Liu P. Efferocytosis in multisystem diseases (Review). Mol Med Rep 2021; 25:13. [PMID: 34779503 PMCID: PMC8600411 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Efferocytosis, the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells performed by both specialized phagocytes (such as macrophages) and non‑specialized phagocytes (such as epithelial cells), is involved in tissue repair and homeostasis. Effective efferocytosis prevents secondary necrosis, terminates inflammatory responses, promotes self‑tolerance and activates pro‑resolving pathways to maintain homeostasis. When efferocytosis is impaired, apoptotic cells that could not be cleared in time aggregate, resulting in the necrosis of apoptotic cells and release of pro‑inflammatory factors. In addition, defective efferocytosis inhibits the intracellular cholesterol reverse transportation pathways, which may lead to atherosclerosis, lung damage, non‑alcoholic fatty liver disease and neurodegenerative diseases. The uncleared apoptotic cells can also release autoantigens, which can cause autoimmune diseases. Cancer cells escape from phagocytosis via efferocytosis. Therefore, new treatment strategies for diseases related to defective efferocytosis are proposed. This review illustrated the mechanisms of efferocytosis in multisystem diseases and organismal homeostasis and the pathophysiological consequences of defective efferocytosis. Several drugs and treatments available to enhance efferocytosis are also mentioned in the review, serving as new evidence for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yiru Wang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Jie Ding
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Ping Liu
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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Yan D, Earp HS, DeRyckere D, Graham DK. Targeting MERTK and AXL in EGFR Mutant Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5639. [PMID: 34830794 PMCID: PMC8616094 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
MERTK and AXL are members of the TAM family of receptor tyrosine kinases and are abnormally expressed in 69% and 93% of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs), respectively. Expression of MERTK and/or AXL provides a survival advantage for NSCLC cells and correlates with lymph node metastasis, drug resistance, and disease progression in patients with NSCLC. The TAM receptors on host tumor infiltrating cells also play important roles in the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Thus, MERTK and AXL are attractive biologic targets for NSCLC treatment. Here, we will review physiologic and oncologic roles for MERTK and AXL with an emphasis on the potential to target these kinases in NSCLCs with activating EGFR mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yan
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (D.Y.); (D.D.)
| | - H. Shelton Earp
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Deborah DeRyckere
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (D.Y.); (D.D.)
| | - Douglas K. Graham
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (D.Y.); (D.D.)
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10
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Ohta S, Tago K, Kuchimaru T, Funakoshi-Tago M, Horie H, Aoki-Ohmura C, Matsugi J, Yanagisawa K. The role of MerTK in promoting cell migration is enhanced by the oncogenic Ras/IL-33 signaling axis. FEBS J 2021; 289:1950-1967. [PMID: 34743410 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ras genes are frequently mutated in many cancer types; however, there are currently no conclusively effective anticancer drugs against Ras-induced cancer. Therefore, the downstream effectors of Ras signaling need to be identified for the development of promising novel therapeutic approaches. We previously reported that oncogenic Ras induced the expression of NF-HEV/IL-33, a member of the interleukin-1 family, and showed that intracellular IL-33 was required for oncogenic Ras-induced cellular transformation. In the present study, we demonstrated that the c-Mer proto-oncogene tyrosine kinase (MerTK), a receptor tyrosine kinase, played essential roles in oncogenic Ras/IL-33 signaling. The expression of MerTK was enhanced in transformed NIH-3T3 cells by the expression of oncogenic Ras, H-Ras (G12V), in an IL-33-dependent manner. In human colorectal cancer tissues, MerTK expression also correlated with IL-33 expression. The knockdown of IL-33 or MerTK effectively attenuated the migration of NIH-3T3 cells transformed by H-Ras (G12V) and A549, LoVo, and HCT116 cells harboring an oncogenic K-Ras mutation. Furthermore, the suppression of Ras-induced cell migration by the knockdown of IL-33 was rescued by the enforced expression of MerTK. The present results also revealed that MerTK was effectively phosphorylated in NIH-3T3 cells transformed by Ras (G12V). Ras signaling was essential for the tyrosine phosphorylation of MerTK, and the kinase activity of MerTK was indispensable for accelerating cell migration. Collectively, the present results reveal a novel role for MerTK in cancer malignancy, which may be utilized to develop novel therapeutic strategies that target Ras-transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ohta
- Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kenji Tago
- Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | | | | | - Hisanaga Horie
- Department of Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | | | - Jitsuhiro Matsugi
- Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Ken Yanagisawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
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11
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Sedighzadeh SS, Khoshbin AP, Razi S, Keshavarz-Fathi M, Rezaei N. A narrative review of tumor-associated macrophages in lung cancer: regulation of macrophage polarization and therapeutic implications. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2021; 10:1889-1916. [PMID: 34012800 PMCID: PMC8107755 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-20-1241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the deadliest malignancy worldwide. An inflammatory microenvironment is a key factor contributing to lung tumor progression. Tumor-Associated Macrophages (TAMs) are prominent components of the cancer immune microenvironment with diverse supportive and inhibitory effects on growth, progression, and metastasis of lung tumors. Two main macrophage phenotypes with different functions have been identified. They include inflammatory or classically activated (M1) and anti-inflammatory or alternatively activated (M2) macrophages. The contrasting functions of TAMs in relation to lung neoplasm progression stem from the presence of TAMs with varying tumor-promoting or anti-tumor activities. This wide spectrum of functions is governed by a network of cytokines and chemokines, cell-cell interactions, and signaling pathways. TAMs are promising therapeutic targets for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment. There are several strategies for TAM targeting and utilizing them for therapeutic purposes including limiting monocyte recruitment and localization through various pathways such as CCL2-CCR2, CSF1-CSF1R, and CXCL12-CXCR4, targeting the activation of TAMs, genetic and epigenetic reprogramming of TAMs to antitumor phenotype, and utilizing TAMs as the carrier for anti-cancer drugs. In this review, we will outline the role of macrophages in the lung cancer initiation and progression, pathways regulating their function in lung cancer microenvironment as well as the role of these immune cells in the development of future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Sadat Sedighzadeh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.,Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Pastaki Khoshbin
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Razi
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Keshavarz-Fathi
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Sheffield, UK
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12
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Chen CJ, Liu YP. MERTK Inhibition: Potential as a Treatment Strategy in EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor-Resistant Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14020130. [PMID: 33562150 PMCID: PMC7915726 DOI: 10.3390/ph14020130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) are currently the most effective treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, who carry primary EGFR mutations. However, the patients eventually develop drug resistance to EGFR-TKIs after approximately one year. In addition to the acquisition of the EGFR T790M mutation, the activation of alternative receptor-mediated signaling pathways is a common mechanism for conferring the insensitivity of EGFR-TKI in NSCLC. Upregulation of the Mer receptor tyrosine kinase (MERTK), which is a member of the Tyro3-Axl-MERTK (TAM) family, is associated with a poor prognosis of many cancers. The binding of specific ligands, such as Gas6 and PROS1, to MERTK activates phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades, which are the signaling pathways shared by EGFR. Therefore, the inhibition of MERTK can be considered a new therapeutic strategy for overcoming the resistance of NSCLC to EGFR-targeted agents. Although several small molecules and monoclonal antibodies targeting the TAM family are being developed and have been described to enhance the chemosensitivity and converse the resistance of EGFR-TKI, few have specifically been developed as MERTK inhibitors. The further development and investigation of biomarkers which can accurately predict MERTK activity and the response to MERTK inhibitors and MERTK-specific drugs are vitally important for obtaining appropriate patient stratification and increased benefits in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Ju Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Peng Liu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-3121101
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13
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Msaouel P, Genovese G, Gao J, Sen S, Tannir NM. TAM kinase inhibition and immune checkpoint blockade- a winning combination in cancer treatment? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:141-151. [PMID: 33356674 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1869212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have shown great promise in a wide spectrum of malignancies. However, responses are not always durable, and this mode of treatment is only effective in a subset of patients. As such, there exists an unmet need for novel approaches to bolster ICI efficacy.Areas covered: We review the role of the Tyro3, Axl, and Mer (TAM) receptor tyrosine kinases in promoting tumor-induced immune suppression and discuss the benefits that may be derived from combining ICI with TAM kinase-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors. We searched the MEDLINE Public Library of Medicine (PubMed) and EMBASE databases and referred to ClinicalTrials.gov for relevant ongoing studies.Expert opinion: Targeting of TAM kinases may improve the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade. However, it remains to be determined whether this effect will be better achieved by the selective targeting of each TAM receptor, depending on the context, or by multi-receptor TAM inhibitors. Triple inhibition of all TAM receptors is more likely to be associated with an increased risk for adverse events. Clinical trial designs should use high-resolution clinical endpoints and proper control arms to determine the synergistic effects of combining TAM inhibition with immune checkpoint blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlos Msaouel
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Giannicola Genovese
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jianjun Gao
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Nizar M Tannir
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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14
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AXL Receptor in Breast Cancer: Molecular Involvement and Therapeutic Limitations. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228419. [PMID: 33182542 PMCID: PMC7696061 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer was one of the first malignancies to benefit from targeted therapy, i.e., treatments directed against specific markers. Inhibitors against HER2 are a significant example and they improved the life expectancy of a large cohort of patients. Research on new biomarkers, therefore, is always current and important. AXL, a member of the TYRO-3, AXL and MER (TAM) subfamily, is, today, considered a predictive and prognostic biomarker in many tumor contexts, primarily breast cancer. Its oncogenic implications make it an ideal target for the development of new pharmacological agents; moreover, its recent role as immune-modulator makes AXL particularly attractive to researchers involved in the study of interactions between cancer and the tumor microenvironment (TME). All these peculiarities characterize AXL as compared to other members of the TAM family. In this review, we will illustrate the biological role played by AXL in breast tumor cells, highlighting its molecular and biological features, its involvement in tumor progression and its implication as a target in ongoing clinical trials.
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15
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McCullough D, Atofanei C, Knight E, Trim SA, Trim CM. Kinome scale profiling of venom effects on cancer cells reveals potential new venom activities. Toxicon 2020; 185:129-146. [PMID: 32682827 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The search for novel and relevant cancer therapeutics is continuous and ongoing. Cancer adaptations, resulting in therapeutic treatment failures, fuel this continuous necessity for new drugs to novel targets. Recently, researchers have started to investigate the effect of venoms and venom components on different types of cancer, investigating their mechanisms of action. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) comprise a family of highly conserved and functionally important druggable targets for cancer therapy. This research exploits the novelty of complex venom mixtures to affect phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and related RTK family members, dually identifying new activities and unexplored avenues for future cancer and venom research. Six whole venoms from diverse species taxa, were evaluated for their ability to illicit changes in the phosphorylated expression of a panel of 49 commonly expressed RTKs. The triple negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-468 was treated with optimised venom doses, pre-determined by SDS PAGE and Western blot analysis. The phosphorylated expression levels of 49 RTKs in response to the venoms were assessed with the use of Human Phospho-RTK Arrays and analysed using ImageLab 5.2.1 analysis software (BioRad). Inhibition of EGFR phosphorylation occurred with treatment of venom from Acanthoscurria geniculata (Theraphosidae), Heterometrus swammerdami (Scorpionidae), Crotalus durissus vegrandis (Crotalidae) and Naja naja (Elapidae). Western green mamba Dendroaspis viridis venom increased EGFR phosphorylation. Eph, HGFR and HER were the most affected receptor families by venoms. Whilst the importance of these changes in terms of effect on MDA-MB-468 cells' long-term viability and functionality are still unclear, the findings present exciting opportunities for further investigation as potential drug targets in cancer and as tools to understand better how these pathways interact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle McCullough
- School of Human and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, CT1 1QU, UK
| | - Cristina Atofanei
- School of Human and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, CT1 1QU, UK
| | - Emily Knight
- School of Human and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, CT1 1QU, UK; Life Sciences Industry Liaison laboratory, Canterbury Christ Church University, Discovery Park, Sandwich, Kent, CT13 9FF, UK
| | - Steven A Trim
- Venomtech Ltd., Discovery Park, Sandwich, Kent, CT13 9FF, UK
| | - Carol M Trim
- School of Human and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, CT1 1QU, UK.
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16
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Huelse J, Fridlyand D, Earp S, DeRyckere D, Graham DK. MERTK in cancer therapy: Targeting the receptor tyrosine kinase in tumor cells and the immune system. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 213:107577. [PMID: 32417270 PMCID: PMC9847360 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase MERTK is aberrantly expressed in numerous human malignancies, and is a novel target in cancer therapeutics. Physiologic roles of MERTK include regulation of tissue homeostasis and repair, innate immune control, and platelet aggregation. However, aberrant expression in a wide range of liquid and solid malignancies promotes neoplasia via growth factor independence, cell cycle progression, proliferation and tumor growth, resistance to apoptosis, and promotion of tumor metastases. Additionally, MERTK signaling contributes to an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment via induction of an anti-inflammatory cytokine profile and regulation of the PD-1 axis, as well as regulation of macrophage, myeloid-derived suppressor cell, natural killer cell and T cell functions. Various MERTK-directed therapies are in preclinical development, and clinical trials are underway. In this review we discuss MERTK inhibition as an emerging strategy for cancer therapy, focusing on MERTK expression and function in neoplasia and its role in mediating resistance to cytotoxic and targeted therapies as well as in suppressing anti-tumor immunity. Additionally, we review preclinical and clinical pharmacological strategies to target MERTK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justus Huelse
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Diana Fridlyand
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Shelton Earp
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Deborah DeRyckere
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Douglas K. Graham
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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17
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Huelse JM, Fridlyand DM, Earp S, DeRyckere D, Graham DK. MERTK in cancer therapy: Targeting the receptor tyrosine kinase in tumor cells and the immune system. Pharmacol Ther 2020. [PMID: 32417270 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107577107577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase MERTK is aberrantly expressed in numerous human malignancies, and is a novel target in cancer therapeutics. Physiologic roles of MERTK include regulation of tissue homeostasis and repair, innate immune control, and platelet aggregation. However, aberrant expression in a wide range of liquid and solid malignancies promotes neoplasia via growth factor independence, cell cycle progression, proliferation and tumor growth, resistance to apoptosis, and promotion of tumor metastases. Additionally, MERTK signaling contributes to an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment via induction of an anti-inflammatory cytokine profile and regulation of the PD-1 axis, as well as regulation of macrophage, myeloid-derived suppressor cell, natural killer cell and T cell functions. Various MERTK-directed therapies are in preclinical development, and clinical trials are underway. In this review we discuss MERTK inhibition as an emerging strategy for cancer therapy, focusing on MERTK expression and function in neoplasia and its role in mediating resistance to cytotoxic and targeted therapies as well as in suppressing anti-tumor immunity. Additionally, we review preclinical and clinical pharmacological strategies to target MERTK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justus M Huelse
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Diana M Fridlyand
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shelton Earp
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Deborah DeRyckere
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Douglas K Graham
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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18
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Early urinary protein changes during tumor formation in a NuTu-19 tail vein injection rat model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11709. [PMID: 32678190 PMCID: PMC7367258 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68674-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Early detection of cancer is essential for effective intervention. Urine has been used to reflect early changes in various tumor-bearing models. However, urine has not been used to predict whether tumors will form in animal models. In this study, a cancer model was established by tail vein injection of 2 million NuTu-19 tumor cells. Urine samples were randomly selected from tumor-forming and non-tumor-forming rats on day 0/12/27/39/52 and were analyzed by label-free and parallel reaction monitoring targeted proteomic quantitative analyses. In tumor-forming rats, differential proteins were associated with tumor cell migration, TGF-β signaling and the STAT3 pathway. A total of 9 urinary proteins showed significant changes in the early phase of lung tumor formation in all eight tumor-bearing rats. Differential proteins in non-tumor-forming rats were associated with glutathione biosynthesis, IL-12 signaling and vitamin metabolism. A total of 12 urinary proteins changed significantly in the early phase in all seven non-tumor-forming rats. Our small-scale pilot study indicated that (1) the urinary proteome reflects early changes during lung tumor formation and that (2) the urinary proteome can distinguish early tumor-forming rats from non-tumor-forming rats.
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19
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Chen W, Li W, Bai B, Wei H. Identification of anaplastic lymphoma kinase fusions in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2020; 43:817-826. [PMID: 32020234 PMCID: PMC7041106 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the most common types of renal cancer, clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) in advanced stages constitutes a continued major challenge for uro-oncologists, as the identification of novel driver mutations and the development of novel targeted therapies against them remain an unmet need. Aberrations in anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), a rational therapeutic target, as verified in lung cancer with ALK rearrangement, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple human cancers. In the present study, we screened ALK expression in 87 pathologically defined ccRCCs via immunohistochemistry (IHC) using a newly developed rabbit anti-human ALK monoclonal antibody (clone D5F3). Four patients tested positive for ALK expression, as confirmed by IHC. Among them, 2 patients were further confirmed with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay with the use of the Vysis LSI ALK dual color break-apart probe. Furthermore, we detected the existence of the echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4/anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EML4-ALK) (E13:A20, variant 1) fusion gene in tumors from these two patients by using rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE)-coupled PCR sequencing and RT-PCR. Notably, we first showed that enforced EML4-ALK expression could significantly promote in vitro proliferation, clonogenic colony formation and apoptosis resistance in HK2 immortalized normal renal tubal epithelial cells and their in vivo outgrowth when injected into immunocompromised nude mice. Importantly, this pro-tumorigenic effect was completely abolished by the ALK-specific inhibitor crizotinib, indicating the potential effectiveness of ALK-specific inhibitors in treating ALK-rearranged ccRCC patients. Our data revealed that ALK fusions exist in adult ccRCC, providing a rationale for ALK inhibitor therapy in selected patients with ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314001, P.R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated to Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Bing Bai
- Department of Ultrasonography, Zhejiang Xin'an International Hospital, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314031, P.R. China
| | - Huafeng Wei
- Cancer Center Laboratory, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, PLA Postgraduate School of Medicine, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
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20
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Koopman LA, Terp MG, Zom GG, Janmaat ML, Jacobsen K, Gresnigt-van den Heuvel E, Brandhorst M, Forssmann U, de Bree F, Pencheva N, Lingnau A, Zipeto MA, Parren PW, Breij EC, Ditzel HJ. Enapotamab vedotin, an AXL-specific antibody-drug conjugate, shows preclinical antitumor activity in non-small cell lung cancer. JCI Insight 2019; 4:128199. [PMID: 31600169 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.128199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapies and immunotherapy have shown promise in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the majority of patients fail or become resistant to treatment, emphasizing the need for novel treatments. In this study, we confirm the prognostic value of levels of AXL, a member of the TAM receptor tyrosine kinase family, in NSCLC and demonstrate potent antitumor activity of the AXL-targeting antibody-drug conjugate enapotamab vedotin across different NSCLC subtypes in a mouse clinical trial of human NSCLC. Tumor regression or stasis was observed in 17/61 (28%) of the patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models and was associated with AXL mRNA expression levels. Significant single-agent activity of enapotamab vedotin was validated in vivo in 9 of 10 AXL-expressing NSCLC xenograft models. In a panel of EGFR-mutant NSCLC cell lines rendered resistant to EGFR inhibitors in vitro, we observed de novo or increased AXL protein expression concomitant with enapotamab vedotin-mediated cytotoxicity. Enapotamab vedotin also showed antitumor activity in vivo in 3 EGFR-mutant, EGFR inhibitor-resistant PDX models, including an osimertinib-resistant NSCLC PDX model. In summary, enapotamab vedotin has promising therapeutic potential in NSCLC. The safety and preliminary efficacy of enapotamab vedotin are currently being evaluated in the clinic across multiple solid tumor types, including NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mikkel G Terp
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | | | - Kirstine Jacobsen
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul Whi Parren
- Genmab, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Henrik J Ditzel
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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21
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TAM Receptor Pathways at the Crossroads of Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. DISEASE MARKERS 2019; 2019:2387614. [PMID: 31636733 PMCID: PMC6766163 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2387614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that pathogenic mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration are strongly linked with neuroinflammatory responses. Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk (TAM receptors) constitute a subgroup of the receptor tyrosine kinase family, cell surface receptors which transmit signals from the extracellular space to the cytoplasm and nucleus. TAM receptors and the corresponding ligands, Growth Arrest Specific 6 and Protein S, are expressed in different tissues, including the nervous system, playing complex roles in tissue repair, inflammation and cell survival, proliferation, and migration. In the nervous system, TAM receptor signalling modulates neurogenesis and neuronal migration, synaptic plasticity, microglial activation, phagocytosis, myelination, and peripheral nerve repair, resulting in potential interest in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Multiple Sclerosis. In Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases, a role of TAM receptors in neuronal survival and pathological protein aggregate clearance has been suggested, while in Multiple Sclerosis TAM receptors are involved in myelination and demyelination processes. To better clarify roles and pathways involving TAM receptors may have important therapeutic implications, given the fine modulation of multiple molecular processes which could be reached. In this review, we summarise the roles of TAM receptors in the central nervous system, focusing on the regulation of immune responses and microglial activities and analysing in vitro and in vivo studies regarding TAM signalling involvement in neurodegeneration.
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22
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Clark R, Usselmann L, Brown MR, Goeppert AU, Corrigan A. A flexible high content imaging assay for profiling macrophage efferocytosis. J Immunol Methods 2019; 473:112636. [PMID: 31369739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2019.112636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are a diverse population of cells originating from the myeloid lineage, which form an important component of the innate immune system, helping to regulate immune response through secretion of pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines. However they also have an important homeostatic role - helping to remove cellular debris and apoptotic cells from the body (a phagocytic process known as efferocytosis). Here we describe a robust 384 well microplate based imaging assay, using apoptotic target cells for the specific quantification of efferocytosis in human primary monocyte derived macrophages. The methodology described allows for the assay to run in either fixed end-point or live-cell format (the former offering multiple morphological and intensity-based readouts, whilst the latter opens the possibility for future expansion of the methodology to encompass kinetic profiling). Within the methodology described we couple high content image acquisition (on the Cell Voyager 7000S) with multi-parametric image analysis - using Perkin Elmer Columbus combined with GeneData Screener.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Clark
- Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Laura Usselmann
- Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Martin R Brown
- Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anne U Goeppert
- Precision Medicine, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adam Corrigan
- Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
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Myers KV, Amend SR, Pienta KJ. Targeting Tyro3, Axl and MerTK (TAM receptors): implications for macrophages in the tumor microenvironment. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:94. [PMID: 31088471 PMCID: PMC6515593 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-1022-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages are an abundant cell type in the tumor microenvironment. These macrophages serve as a promising target for treatment of cancer due to their roles in promoting cancer progression and simultaneous immunosuppression. The TAM receptors (Tyro3, Axl and MerTK) are promising therapeutic targets on tumor-associated macrophages. The TAM receptors are a family of receptor tyrosine kinases with shared ligands Gas6 and Protein S that skew macrophage polarization towards a pro-tumor M2-like phenotype. In macrophages, the TAM receptors also promote apoptotic cell clearance, a tumor-promoting process called efferocytosis. The TAM receptors bind the "eat-me" signal phosphatidylserine on apoptotic cell membranes using Gas6 and Protein S as bridging ligands. Post-efferocytosis, macrophages are further polarized to a pro-tumor M2-like phenotype and secrete increased levels of immunosuppressive cytokines. Since M2 polarization and efferocytosis are tumor-promoting processes, the TAM receptors on macrophages serve as exciting targets for cancer therapy. Current TAM receptor-directed therapies in preclinical development and clinical trials may have anti-cancer effects though impacting macrophage phenotype and function in addition to the cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla V. Myers
- 0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA ,0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Sarah R. Amend
- 0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Kenneth J. Pienta
- 0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA ,0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA ,0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA ,0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
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AURKB as a target in non-small cell lung cancer with acquired resistance to anti-EGFR therapy. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1812. [PMID: 31000705 PMCID: PMC6472415 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09734-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumors harboring mutations in EGFR ultimately relapse to therapy with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR TKIs). Here, we show that resistant cells without the p.T790M or other acquired mutations are sensitive to the Aurora B (AURKB) inhibitors barasertib and S49076. Phospho-histone H3 (pH3), a major product of AURKB, is increased in most resistant cells and treatment with AURKB inhibitors reduces the levels of pH3, triggering G1/S arrest and polyploidy. Senescence is subsequently induced in cells with acquired mutations while, in their absence, polyploidy is followed by cell death. Finally, in NSCLC patients, pH3 levels are increased after progression on EGFR TKIs and high pH3 baseline correlates with shorter survival. Our results reveal that AURKB activation is associated with acquired resistance to EGFR TKIs, and that AURKB constitutes a potential target in NSCLC progressing to anti-EGFR therapy and not carrying resistance mutations. Non-small cell lung cancer with EGFR mutations are known to develop resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Here, the authors show AURKB activation to be associated with resistance in EGFR mutant lung cancer cells, and that AURKB is a therapeutic target in resistant tumours that lack the p.T790M or other acquired mutations.
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Mayo de Las Casas C, Garzón-Ibañez M, Jordana-Ariza N, Viteri-Ramírez S, Moya-Horno I, Karachaliou N, Yeste Z, Campos R, Villatoro S, Balada-Bel A, García-Peláez B, Reguart N, Teixidó C, Jantús E, Calabuig S, Aguado C, Giménez-Capitán A, Román-Lladó R, Pérez-Rosado A, Catalán MJ, Bertrán-Alamillo J, García-Román S, Rodriguez S, Alonso L, Aldeguer E, Martínez-Bueno A, González-Cao M, Aguilar Hernandez A, Garcia-Mosquera J, de Los Llanos Gil M, Fernandez M, Rosell R, Molina-Vila MÁ. Prospective analysis of liquid biopsies of advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients after progression to targeted therapies using GeneReader NGS platform. Transl Cancer Res 2019; 8:S3-S15. [PMID: 35117060 PMCID: PMC8797948 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2018.10.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background In a significant percentage of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, tumor tissue is unavailable or insufficient for genetic analyses at time to progression. We prospectively analyzed the appearance of genetic alterations associated with resistance in liquid biopsies of advanced NSCLC patients progressing to targeted therapies using the NGS platform. Methods A total of 24 NSCLC patients were included in the study, 22 progressing to tyrosine kinase inhibitors and two to other treatments. Liquid biopsies samples were obtained and analyzed using the GeneReadTM QIAact Lung DNA UMI Panel, designed to enrich specific target regions and containing 550 variant positions in 19 selected genes frequently altered in lung cancer tumors. Previously, a retrospective validation of the panel was performed in clinical samples. Results Of the 21 patients progressing to tyrosine kinase inhibitors with valid results in liquid biopsy, NGS analysis identified a potential mechanism of resistance in 12 (57%). The most common were acquired mutations in ALK and EGFR, which appeared in 8/21 patients (38%), followed by amplifications in 5/21 patients (24%), and KRAS mutations in one patient (5%). Loss of the p.T790M was also identified in two patients progressing to osimertinib. Three of the 21 (14%) patients presented two or more concomitant alterations associated with resistance. Finally, an EGFR amplification was found in the only patient progressing to immunotherapy included in the study. Conclusions NGS analysis in liquid biopsies of patients progressing to targeted therapies using the GeneReader platform is feasible and can help the oncologist to make treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Mayo de Las Casas
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pangaea Oncology, Quirón Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Garzón-Ibañez
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pangaea Oncology, Quirón Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Jordana-Ariza
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pangaea Oncology, Quirón Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Irene Moya-Horno
- Dr Rosell Oncology Institute (IOR), QuironSalud group, General Hospital of Catalonia, Sant Cugat del Vallés, Spain
| | - Niki Karachaliou
- Dr Rosell Oncology Institute (IOR), QuironSalud group, University Hospital Sagrat Cor, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zaira Yeste
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pangaea Oncology, Quirón Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Campos
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pangaea Oncology, Quirón Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Villatoro
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pangaea Oncology, Quirón Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ariadna Balada-Bel
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pangaea Oncology, Quirón Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz García-Peláez
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pangaea Oncology, Quirón Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noemí Reguart
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Teixidó
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eloisa Jantús
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Fundación Investigación, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBEROnc), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Silvia Calabuig
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Fundación Investigación, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBEROnc), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Aguado
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pangaea Oncology, Quirón Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Giménez-Capitán
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pangaea Oncology, Quirón Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ruth Román-Lladó
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pangaea Oncology, Quirón Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Pérez-Rosado
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pangaea Oncology, Quirón Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria José Catalán
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pangaea Oncology, Quirón Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Bertrán-Alamillo
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pangaea Oncology, Quirón Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia García-Román
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pangaea Oncology, Quirón Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pangaea Oncology, Quirón Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lidia Alonso
- Cellex Centre, Vall d'Hebrón, Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Erika Aldeguer
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pangaea Oncology, Quirón Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Maria González-Cao
- Dr Rosell Oncology Institute (IOR), Quirón Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Juan Garcia-Mosquera
- Dr Rosell Oncology Institute (IOR), Quirón Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Manuel Fernandez
- Dr Rosell Oncology Institute (IOR), QuironSalud group, University Hospital Sagrat Cor, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Rosell
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pangaea Oncology, Quirón Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.,Dr Rosell Oncology Institute (IOR), Quirón Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.,Cancer Biology and Precision Medicine Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Institute and Hospital, Badalona, Spain
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The Dual Role of TAM Receptors in Autoimmune Diseases and Cancer: An Overview. Cells 2018; 7:cells7100166. [PMID: 30322068 PMCID: PMC6210017 DOI: 10.3390/cells7100166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) regulate cellular processes by converting signals from the extracellular environment to the cytoplasm and nucleus. Tyro3, Axl, and Mer (TAM) receptors form an RTK family that plays an intricate role in tissue maintenance, phagocytosis, and inflammation as well as cell proliferation, survival, migration, and development. Defects in TAM signaling are associated with numerous autoimmune diseases and different types of cancers. Here, we review the structure of TAM receptors, their ligands, and their biological functions. We discuss the role of TAM receptors and soluble circulating TAM receptors in the autoimmune diseases systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and multiple sclerosis (MS). Lastly, we discuss the effect of TAM receptor deregulation in cancer and explore the therapeutic potential of TAM receptors in the treatment of diseases.
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27
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Yan D, Parker RE, Wang X, Frye SV, Earp HS, DeRyckere D, Graham DK. MERTK Promotes Resistance to Irreversible EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Non–small Cell Lung Cancers Expressing Wild-type EGFR Family Members. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:6523-6535. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bockorny B, Rusan M, Chen W, Liao RG, Li Y, Piccioni F, Wang J, Tan L, Thorner AR, Li T, Zhang Y, Miao C, Ovesen T, Shapiro GI, Kwiatkowski DJ, Gray NS, Meyerson M, Hammerman PS, Bass AJ. RAS-MAPK Reactivation Facilitates Acquired Resistance in FGFR1-Amplified Lung Cancer and Underlies a Rationale for Upfront FGFR-MEK Blockade. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:1526-1539. [PMID: 29654068 PMCID: PMC6030474 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The FGFR kinases are promising therapeutic targets in multiple cancer types, including lung and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, and bladder cancer. Although several FGFR kinase inhibitors have entered clinical trials, single-agent clinical efficacy has been modest and resistance invariably occurs. We therefore conducted a genome-wide functional screen to characterize mechanisms of resistance to FGFR inhibition in a FGFR1-dependent lung cancer cellular model. Our screen identified known resistance drivers, such as MET, and additional novel resistance mediators including members of the neurotrophin receptor pathway (NTRK), the TAM family of tyrosine kinases (TYRO3, MERTK, AXL), and MAPK pathway, which were further validated in additional FGFR-dependent models. In an orthogonal approach, we generated a large panel of resistant clones by chronic exposure to FGFR inhibitors in FGFR1- and FGFR3-dependent cellular models and characterized gene expression profiles employing the L1000 platform. Notably, resistant clones had enrichment for NTRK and MAPK signaling pathways. Novel mediators of resistance to FGFR inhibition were found to compensate for FGFR loss in part through reactivation of MAPK pathway. Intriguingly, coinhibition of FGFR and specific receptor tyrosine kinases identified in our screen was not sufficient to suppress ERK activity or to prevent resistance to FGFR inhibition, suggesting a redundant reactivation of RAS-MAPK pathway. Dual blockade of FGFR and MEK, however, proved to be a more powerful approach in preventing resistance across diverse FGFR dependencies and may represent a therapeutic opportunity to achieve durable responses to FGFR inhibition in FGFR-dependent cancers. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(7); 1526-39. ©2018 AACR.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 1/genetics
- Mice
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/genetics
- Mutation
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/genetics
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bockorny
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Maria Rusan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Wankun Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rachel G Liao
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Yvonne Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Federica Piccioni
- Genetic Perturbation Platform, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Tan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aaron R Thorner
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tianxia Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yanxi Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Changhong Miao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Therese Ovesen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Geoffrey I Shapiro
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David J Kwiatkowski
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew Meyerson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Peter S Hammerman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Adam J Bass
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Shi C, Li X, Wang X, Ding N, Ping L, Shi Y, Mi L, Lai Y, Song Y, Zhu J. The proto-oncogene Mer tyrosine kinase is a novel therapeutic target in mantle cell lymphoma. J Hematol Oncol 2018; 11:43. [PMID: 29554921 PMCID: PMC5859520 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-018-0584-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an incurable B cell-derived malignant tumor with a median overall survival of 4-5 years. Mer tyrosine kinase (MerTK) has been reported to be aberrantly expressed in leukemia, melanoma, and gastric cancer, and plays a pivotal role in the process of oncogenesis. This study assessed the role of MerTK in MCL for the first time. METHODS Immunohistochemistry and western blot were performed to figure out expression of MerTK in MCL. MerTK inhibition by either shRNA or treatment with UNC2250 (a MerTK-selective small molecular inhibitor) was conducted in MCL cell lines. MCL-cell-derived xenograft models were established to evaluate the anti-tumor effects of UNC2250 in vivo. RESULTS MerTK was ectopically expressed in four of six MCL cell lines. Sixty-five of 132 (48.9%) MCL patients showed positive expression of MerTK. MerTK inhibition by either shRNA or treatment with UNC2250 decreased activation of downstream AKT and p38, inhibited proliferation and invasion in MCL cells, and sensitized MCL cells to treatment with vincristine in vitro and doxorubicin in vitro and in vivo. UNC2250 induced G2/M phase arrest and prompted apoptosis in MCL cells, accompanied by increased expression of Bax, cleaved caspase 3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, and decreased expression of Bcl-2, Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL. Moreover, UNC2250 delayed disease progression in MCL-cell-derived xenograft models. CONCLUSIONS Our data prove that ectopic MerTK may be a novel therapeutic target in MCL, and further pre-clinical or even clinical studies of UNC2250 or new MerTK inhibitors are essential and of great significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunzhen Shi
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No. 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142 China
| | - Xiangqun Li
- Beijing Doing Biomedical Technology Co., Ltd, Songyubei Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Xiaogan Wang
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No. 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142 China
| | - Ning Ding
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No. 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142 China
| | - Lingyan Ping
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No. 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142 China
| | - Yunfei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Pathology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No. 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142 China
| | - Lan Mi
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No. 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142 China
| | - Yumei Lai
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Pathology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No. 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142 China
| | - Yuqin Song
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No. 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142 China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No. 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142 China
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30
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Ricci F, Fratelli M, Guffanti F, Porcu L, Spriano F, Dell'Anna T, Fruscio R, Damia G. Patient-derived ovarian cancer xenografts re-growing after a cisplatinum treatment are less responsive to a second drug re-challenge: a new experimental setting to study response to therapy. Oncotarget 2018; 8:7441-7451. [PMID: 26910918 PMCID: PMC5352333 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Even if ovarian cancer patients are very responsive to a cisplatinum-based therapy, most will relapse with a resistant disease. New experimental animal models are needed to explore the mechanisms of resistance, to better tailor treatment and improve patient prognosis. To address these aims, seven patient-derived high-grade serous/endometrioid ovarian cancer xenografts were characterized for the antitumor response after one and two cycles of cisplatinum and classified as Very Responsive, Responsive, and Low Responsive to drug treatment. Xenografts re-growing after the first drug cycle were much less responsive to the second one. The expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cells (CSCs) genes was investigated in cisplatinum-treated and not-treated tumors. We found that different EMT (TCF3, CAMK2N1, EGFR, and IGFBP4) and CSCs (SMO, DLL1, STAT3, and ITGA6) genes were expressed at higher levels in Low Responsive than in Responsive and Very Responsive xenografts. The expression of STAT3 was found to be associated with lower survival (HR = 13.7; p = 0.013) in the TCGA patient data set. MMP9, CD44, DLL4, FOXP1, MERTK, and PTPRC genes were found more expressed in tumors re-growing after cisplatinum treatment than in untreated tumors. We here describe a new in vivo ovarian carcinoma experimental setting that will be instrumental for specific trials of combination therapy to counteract cisplatinum resistance in order to improve the prognosis of ovarian patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ricci
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Maddalena Fratelli
- Department of Biochemistry, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Guffanti
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Porcu
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Methodology for Biomedical Research, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo Spriano
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana Dell'Anna
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Robert Fruscio
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Giovanna Damia
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
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31
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Ninomiya K, Ohashi K, Makimoto G, Tomida S, Higo H, Kayatani H, Ninomiya T, Kubo T, Ichihara E, Hotta K, Tabata M, Maeda Y, Kiura K. MET or NRAS amplification is an acquired resistance mechanism to the third-generation EGFR inhibitor naquotinib. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1955. [PMID: 29386539 PMCID: PMC5792548 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20326-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
As a third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), osimeritnib is the standard treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer harboring the EGFR T790M mutation; however, acquired resistance inevitably develops. Therefore, a next-generation treatment strategy is warranted in the osimertinib era. We investigated the mechanism of resistance to a novel EGFR-TKI, naquotinib, with the goal of developing a novel treatment strategy. We established multiple naquotinib-resistant cell lines or osimertinib-resistant cells, two of which were derived from EGFR-TKI-naïve cells; the others were derived from gefitinib- or afatinib-resistant cells harboring EGFR T790M. We comprehensively analyzed the RNA kinome sequence, but no universal gene alterations were detected in naquotinib-resistant cells. Neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog (NRAS) amplification was detected in naquotinib-resistant cells derived from gefitinib-resistant cells. The combination therapy of MEK inhibitors and naquotinib exhibited a highly beneficial effect in resistant cells with NRAS amplification, but the combination of MEK inhibitors and osimertinib had limited effects on naquotinib-resistant cells. Moreover, the combination of MEK inhibitors and naquotinib inhibited the growth of osimertinib-resistant cells, while the combination of MEK inhibitors and osimertinib had little effect on osimertinib-resistant cells. Clinical assessment of this novel combination (MEK inhibitors and naquotinib) is worth considering in osimertinib-resistant lung tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiichiro Ninomiya
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kadoaki Ohashi
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan. .,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Go Makimoto
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shuta Tomida
- Department of Biobank, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hisao Higo
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroe Kayatani
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takashi Ninomiya
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshio Kubo
- Center for Clinical Oncology, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Eiki Ichihara
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Hotta
- Center for Innovative Clinical Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tabata
- Center for Clinical Oncology, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Maeda
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Kiura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
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Convergent Akt activation drives acquired EGFR inhibitor resistance in lung cancer. Nat Commun 2017; 8:410. [PMID: 28871105 PMCID: PMC5583255 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00450-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small-cell lung cancer patients with activating epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations typically benefit from EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment. However, virtually all patients succumb to acquired EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance that occurs via diverse mechanisms. The diversity and unpredictability of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance mechanisms presents a challenge for developing new treatments to overcome EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance. Here, we show that Akt activation is a convergent feature of acquired EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance, across a spectrum of diverse, established upstream resistance mechanisms. Combined treatment with an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor and Akt inhibitor causes apoptosis and synergistic growth inhibition in multiple EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor-resistant non-small-cell lung cancer models. Moreover, phospho-Akt levels are increased in most clinical specimens obtained from EGFR-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer patients with acquired EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance. Our findings provide a rationale for clinical trials testing Akt and EGFR inhibitor co-treatment in patients with elevated phospho-Akt levels to therapeutically combat the heterogeneity of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance mechanisms. EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer are often resistant to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment. In this study, the authors show that resistant tumors display high Akt activation and that a combined treatment with AKT inhibitors causes synergistic tumour growth inhibition in vitro and in vivo.
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Vouri M, Hafizi S. TAM Receptor Tyrosine Kinases in Cancer Drug Resistance. Cancer Res 2017; 77:2775-2778. [PMID: 28526769 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) are major regulators of key biological processes, including cell growth, survival, and differentiation, and were established early on as proto-oncogenes, with aberrant expression linked to tumor progression in many cancers. Therefore, RTKs have emerged as major targets for selective therapy with small-molecule inhibitors. However, despite improvements in survival rates, it is now apparent that the targeting of RTKs with selective inhibitors is only transiently effective, as the majority of patients eventually become resistant to therapy. As chemoresistance is the leading cause of cancer spread, progression, and mortality, there is an increasing need for understanding the mechanisms by which cancer cells can evade therapy-induced cell death. The TAM (Tyro3, Axl, Mer) subfamily of RTKs in particular feature in a variety of cancer types that have developed resistance to a broad range of therapeutic agents, including both targeted as well as conventional chemotherapeutics. This article reviews the roles of TAMs as tumor drivers and as mediators of chemoresistance, and the potential effectiveness of targeting them as part of therapeutic strategies to delay or combat resistance. Cancer Res; 77(11); 2775-8. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaella Vouri
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Science, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Sassan Hafizi
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Science, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom.
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34
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Simvastatin down-regulates differential genetic profiles produced by organochlorine mixtures in primary breast cell (HMEC). Chem Biol Interact 2017; 268:85-92. [PMID: 28263720 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Women all over the world are exposed to an unavoidable contamination by organochlorine pesticides and other chemical pollutants. Many of them are considered as xenoestrogens and have been associated with the development and progression of breast cancer. We have demonstrated that the most prevalent pesticide mixtures found in healthy women and in women diagnosed with breast cancer modulates the gene expression in human epithelial mammary cells. Statins are well-known cholesterol-depleting agents acting as inhibitors of cholesterol synthesis. Since the early 1990s, it has been known that statins could be successfully used in cancer therapy, including breast cancer, but the exact mechanism behind anti-tumor activity of the statins remains unclear. In the present study we evaluated the effect of simvastatin in the gene expression pattern induced by realistic organochlorine mixtures found in breast cancer patients. The gene expression of 94 genes related with the cell signaling pathways were assessed. Our results indicate that simvastatin exerts a global down regulating effect on successfully determined genes (78.7%), thus attenuating the effects induced by organochlorine mixtures on the gene profile of human mammary epithelial cells. This effect was more evident on genes whose function is the ATP-binding process (that also were particularly up-regulated by pesticide mixtures). We also found that MERTK (a proto-oncogene which is overexpressed in several malignancies) and PDGFRB (a member of the platelet-derived growth factor family whose expression is high in breast-cancer cells that have become resistant to endocrine therapy) were among the genes with a higher differential regulation by simvastatin. Since resistance to treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors is closely related to MERKT, our findings would enhance the possible utility of statins in breast cancer treatment, i.e. improving therapeutic results combining statins with tyrosine Kinase inhibitors.
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35
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Wu G, Ma Z, Hu W, Wang D, Gong B, Fan C, Jiang S, Li T, Gao J, Yang Y. Molecular insights of Gas6/TAM in cancer development and therapy. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2700. [PMID: 28333143 PMCID: PMC5386520 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since growth arrest-specific gene 6 (Gas6) was discovered in 1988, numerous studies have highlighted the role of the Gas6 protein and its receptors Tyro3, Axl and Mer (collectively referred to as TAM), in proliferation, apoptosis, efferocytosis, leukocyte migration, sequestration and platelet aggregation. Gas6 has a critical role in the development of multiple types of cancers, including pancreatic, prostate, oral, ovarian and renal cancers. Acute myelocytic leukaemia (AML) is a Gas6-dependent cancer, and Gas6 expression predicts poor prognosis in AML. Interestingly, Gas6 also has a role in establishing tumour dormancy in the bone marrow microenvironment and in suppressing intestinal tumorigenesis. Numerous studies regarding cancer therapy have targeted Gas6 and TAM receptors with good results. However, some findings have suggested that Gas6 is associated with the development of resistance to cancer therapies. Concerning these significant effects of Gas6 in numerous cancers, we discuss the roles of Gas6 in cancer development in this review. First, we introduce basic knowledge on Gas6 and TAM receptors. Next, we describe and discuss the involvement of Gas6 and TAM receptors in cancers from different organ systems. Finally, we highlight the progress in therapies targeting Gas6 and TAM receptors. This review presents the significant roles of Gas6 in cancers from different systems and may contribute to the continued promotion of Gas6 as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiling Wu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China.,Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Dongjin Wang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Bing Gong
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Chongxi Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Department of Aerospace Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Tian Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Jianyuan Gao
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
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Kimani SG, Kumar S, Bansal N, Singh K, Kholodovych V, Comollo T, Peng Y, Kotenko SV, Sarafianos SG, Bertino JR, Welsh WJ, Birge RB. Small molecule inhibitors block Gas6-inducible TAM activation and tumorigenicity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43908. [PMID: 28272423 PMCID: PMC5341070 DOI: 10.1038/srep43908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
TAM receptors (Tyro-3, Axl, and Mertk) are a family of three homologous type I receptor tyrosine kinases that are implicated in several human malignancies. Overexpression of TAMs and their major ligand Growth arrest-specific factor 6 (Gas6) is associated with more aggressive staging of cancers, poorer predicted patient survival, acquired drug resistance and metastasis. Here we describe small molecule inhibitors (RU-301 and RU-302) that target the extracellular domain of Axl at the interface of the Ig-1 ectodomain of Axl and the Lg-1 of Gas6. These inhibitors effectively block Gas6-inducible Axl receptor activation with low micromolar IC50s in cell-based reporter assays, inhibit Gas6-inducible motility in Axl-expressing cell lines, and suppress H1299 lung cancer tumor growth in a mouse xenograft NOD-SCIDγ model. Furthermore, using homology models and biochemical verifications, we show that RU301 and 302 also inhibit Gas6 inducible activation of Mertk and Tyro3 suggesting they can act as pan-TAM inhibitors that block the interface between the TAM Ig1 ectodomain and the Gas6 Lg domain. Together, these observations establish that small molecules that bind to the interface between TAM Ig1 domain and Gas6 Lg1 domain can inhibit TAM activation, and support the further development of small molecule Gas6-TAM interaction inhibitors as a novel class of cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley G Kimani
- Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Cancer Center, 205 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Cancer Center, 205 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Nitu Bansal
- Rutgers University, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Kamalendra Singh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, and Department of Biochemistry, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Vladyslav Kholodovych
- Rutgers University, Office of Advanced Research Computing, 96 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.,Rutgers University, Robert Wood Johnson Medical Center, Department of Pharmacology, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Thomas Comollo
- Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Cancer Center, 205 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Youyi Peng
- Rutgers University, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Sergei V Kotenko
- Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Cancer Center, 205 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Stefan G Sarafianos
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, and Department of Biochemistry, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Joseph R Bertino
- Rutgers University, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - William J Welsh
- Rutgers University, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.,Rutgers University, Robert Wood Johnson Medical Center, Department of Pharmacology, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Raymond B Birge
- Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Cancer Center, 205 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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Karachaliou N, Sosa AE, Barron FB, Gonzalez Cao M, Santarpia M, Rosell R. Pharmacological management of relapsed/refractory NSCLC with chemical drugs. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2017; 18:295-304. [PMID: 28103738 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2017.1285284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in both genders. In the early stages the disease is asymptomatic and most patients appear with metastasis at the time of the diagnosis. The discovery of key oncogenic events mainly in lung adenocarcinoma, like EGFR mutations or ALK rearrangements has changed the treatment landscape and has improved the prognosis of lung cancer patients. Inevitably, all patients initially treated with either chemotherapy or targeted therapies develop resistance and require a second-line therapeutic approach. Areas covered: In this review we are discussing the current treatment of relapsed or refractory lung cancer. We have thoroughly searched the literature (Pubmed) the last five years for studies or reviews published on the issue of second-line therapy in lung cancer using as key words, lung cancer, relapse, EGFR mutations, ALK rearrangements, chemotherapy and immunotherapy Expert opinion: The prognosis of lung cancer has been radically improved. Due to the recent development of checkpoint inhibitors, this also occurs for patients whose tumor's are not driven by a genetic alteration and who, until recently, derived only minimal benefit from chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Karachaliou
- a Instituto Oncológico Dr Rosell (IOR) , University Hospital Sagrat Cor , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Aaron E Sosa
- a Instituto Oncológico Dr Rosell (IOR) , University Hospital Sagrat Cor , Barcelona , Spain
| | | | - Maria Gonzalez Cao
- c Instituto Oncológico Dr Rosell (IOR) , Quirón-Dexeus University Institute , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Mariacarmela Santarpia
- d Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Human Pathology "G. Barresi" , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Rafael Rosell
- e Cancer Biology & Precision Medicine Program , Institut d'Investigació en Ciències Germans Trias i Pujol , Badalona , Spain.,f Institut Català d'Oncologia, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol , Badalona , Spain
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38
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The Gas6/TAM System and Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111807. [PMID: 27801848 PMCID: PMC5133808 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth arrest specific 6 (Gas6) is a multimodular circulating protein, the biological actions of which are mediated by the interaction with three transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptors: Tyro3, Axl, and MerTK, collectively named TAM. Over the last few decades, many progresses have been done in the understanding of the biological activities of this highly pleiotropic system, which plays a role in the regulation of immune response, inflammation, coagulation, cell growth, and clearance of apoptotic bodies. Recent findings have further related Gas6 and TAM receptors to neuroinflammation in general and, specifically, to multiple sclerosis (MS). In this paper, we review the biology of the Gas6/TAM system and the current evidence supporting its potential role in the pathogenesis of MS.
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39
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Wang Y, Singh R, Wang L, Nilsson M, Goonatilake R, Tong P, Li L, Giri U, Villalobos P, Mino B, Rodriguez-Canales J, Wistuba I, Wang J, Heymach JV, Johnson FM. Polo-like kinase 1 inhibition diminishes acquired resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition in non-small cell lung cancer with T790M mutations. Oncotarget 2016; 7:47998-48010. [PMID: 27384992 PMCID: PMC5216995 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are effective against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with activating EGFR mutations, but resistance is inevitable. Mechanisms of acquired resistance include T790M mutations and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). One potential strategy for overcoming this resistance is the inhibition of polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) based on our previous studies showing that mesenchymal NSCLC cell lines are more sensitive to PLK1 inhibition than epithelial cell lines. To determine the extent to which PLK1 inhibition overcomes EGFR TKI resistance we measured the effects of the PLK1 inhibitor volasertib alone and in combination with the EGFR inhibitor erlotinib in vitro and in vivo in EGFR mutant NSCLC cell lines with acquired resistance to erlotinib. Two erlotinib-resistant cell lines that underwent EMT had higher sensitivity to volasertib, which caused G2/M arrest and apoptosis, than their parental cells. In all NSCLC cell lines with T790M mutations, volasertib markedly reduced erlotinib resistance. All erlotinib-resistant NSCLC cell lines with T790M mutations had higher sensitivity to erlotinib plus volasertib than to erlotinib alone, and the combination treatment caused G2/M arrest and apoptosis. Compared with either agent alone, the combination treatment also caused significantly more DNA damage and greater reductions in tumor size. Our results suggest that PLK1 inhibition is clinically effective against NSCLC that becomes resistant to EGFR inhibition through EMT or the acquisition of a T790M mutation. These results uncover new functions of PLK1 inhibition in the treatment of NSCLC with acquired resistance to EGFR TKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehong Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ratnakar Singh
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Liguang Wang
- Institute of Oncology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Monique Nilsson
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ruchitha Goonatilake
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Pan Tong
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lerong Li
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Uma Giri
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Pamela Villalobos
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Barbara Mino
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jaime Rodriguez-Canales
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ignacio Wistuba
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - John V. Heymach
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Faye M. Johnson
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
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40
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Baladi T, Abet V, Piguel S. State-of-the-art of small molecule inhibitors of the TAM family: the point of view of the chemist. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 105:220-37. [PMID: 26498569 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The TAM family of tyrosine kinases receptors (Tyro3, Axl and Mer) is implicated in cancer development, autoimmune reactions and viral infection and is therefore emerging as an effective and attractive therapeutic target. To date, only a few small molecules have been intentionally designed to block the TAM kinases, while most of the inhibitors were developed for blocking different protein kinases and then identified through selectivity profile studies. This minireview will examine in terms of chemical structure the different compounds able to act on either one, two or three TAM kinases with details about structure-activity relationships, drug-metabolism and pharmacokinetics properties where they exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Baladi
- Institut Curie/UMR9187-U1196, 91405 Orsay cedex, France; Univ Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | | | - Sandrine Piguel
- Institut Curie/UMR9187-U1196, 91405 Orsay cedex, France; Univ Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay cedex, France.
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