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Kannampuzha S, Gopalakrishnan AV, Padinharayil H, Alappat RR, Anilkumar KV, George A, Dey A, Vellingiri B, Madhyastha H, Ganesan R, Ramesh T, Jayaraj R, Prabakaran DS. Onco-Pathogen Mediated Cancer Progression and Associated Signaling Pathways in Cancer Development. Pathogens 2023; 12:770. [PMID: 37375460 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with viruses, bacteria, and parasites are thought to be the underlying cause of about 8-17% of the world's cancer burden, i.e., approximately one in every five malignancies globally is caused by an infectious pathogen. Oncogenesis is thought to be aided by eleven major pathogens. It is crucial to identify microorganisms that potentially act as human carcinogens and to understand how exposure to such pathogens occur as well as the following carcinogenic pathways they induce. Gaining knowledge in this field will give important suggestions for effective pathogen-driven cancer care, control, and, ultimately, prevention. This review will mainly focus on the major onco-pathogens and the types of cancer caused by them. It will also discuss the major pathways which, when altered, lead to the progression of these cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Kannampuzha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Hafiza Padinharayil
- Jubilee Centre for Medical Research, Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur 680596, India
| | - Reema Rose Alappat
- Jubilee Centre for Medical Research, Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur 680596, India
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, Maharajas College, Ernakulam 682011, India
| | - Kavya V Anilkumar
- Jubilee Centre for Medical Research, Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur 680596, India
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, Maharajas College, Ernakulam 682011, India
| | - Alex George
- Jubilee Centre for Medical Research, Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur 680596, India
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata 700073, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine/Translational Research, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab (CUPB), Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Harishkumar Madhyastha
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Raja Ganesan
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Thiyagarajan Ramesh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rama Jayaraj
- Jindal Institute of Behavioral Sciences (JIBS), Jindal Global Institution of Eminence Deemed to Be University, Sonipat 131001, India
- Director of Clinical Sciences, Northern Territory Institute of Research and Training, Darwin, NT 0909, Australia
| | - D S Prabakaran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-gu, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College, Srivilliputhur Main Road, Sivakasi 626124, India
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Viral, genetic, and immune factors in the oncogenesis of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Int J Hematol 2023; 117:504-511. [PMID: 36705848 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-023-03547-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is a malignancy of mature CD4 + T cells induced by human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-1). HTLV-1 maintains life-long infection in the human host by clonal proliferation of infected cells and cell-to-cell spread of the virus. Two viral genes, tax and HTLV-1 bZIP factor (HBZ), promote expansion of infected cells through the important roles they play in acceleration of cell proliferation and protection from cell death. Long-term survival of infected clones in vivo causes genetic mutations and aberrant epigenetic changes to accumulate in host genes, resulting in the emergence of an ATL clone. Recent advances in sequencing technology have revealed the broad picture of genetic and transcriptional abnormalities in ATL cells. ATL cells have hyper-proliferative and anti-apoptotic signatures like those observed in other malignancies, but also notably have traits related to immune evasion. ATL cells exhibit a regulatory T-cell-like immuno-phenotype due to both the function of HBZ and mutation of several host genes, such as CCR4 and CIC. These findings suggest that immune evasion is a critical step in the oncogenesis of ATL, and thus novel therapies that activate anti-ATL/HTLV-1 immunity may be effective in the treatment and prevention of ATL.
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Krois AS, Park S, Martinez-Yamout MA, Dyson HJ, Wright PE. Mapping Interactions of the Intrinsically Disordered C-Terminal Regions of Tetrameric p53 by Segmental Isotope Labeling and NMR. Biochemistry 2022; 61:2709-2719. [PMID: 36380579 PMCID: PMC9788666 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The C-terminal region of the tumor suppressor protein p53 contains three domains, nuclear localization signal (NLS), tetramerization domain (TET), and C-terminal regulatory domain (CTD), which are essential for p53 function. Characterization of the structure and interactions of these domains within full-length p53 has been limited by the overall size and flexibility of the p53 tetramer. Using trans-intein splicing, we have generated full-length p53 constructs in which the C-terminal region is isotopically labeled with 15N for NMR analysis, allowing us to obtain atomic-level information on the C-terminal domains in the context of the full-length protein. Resonances of NLS and CTD residues have narrow linewidths, showing that these regions are largely solvent-exposed and dynamically disordered, whereas resonances from the folded TET are broadened beyond detection. Two regions of the CTD, spanning residues 369-374 and 381-388 and with high lysine content, make dynamic and sequence-independent interactions with DNA in regions that flank the p53 recognition element. The population of DNA-bound states increases as the length of the flanking regions is extended up to approximately 20 base pairs on either side of the recognition element. Acetylation of K372, K373, and K382, using a construct of the transcriptional coactivator CBP containing the TAZ2 and acetyltransferase domains, inhibits interaction of the CTD with DNA. This work provides high-resolution insights into the behavior of the intrinsically disordered C-terminal regions of p53 within the full-length tetramer and the molecular basis by which the CTD mediates DNA binding and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Krois
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology and Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California92037, United Sates
| | - Sangho Park
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology and Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California92037, United Sates
| | - Maria A Martinez-Yamout
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology and Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California92037, United Sates
| | - H Jane Dyson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology and Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California92037, United Sates
| | - Peter E Wright
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology and Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California92037, United Sates
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Nečasová I, Stojaspal M, Motyčáková E, Brom T, Janovič T, Hofr C. Transcriptional regulators of human oncoviruses: structural and functional implications for anticancer therapy. NAR Cancer 2022; 4:zcac005. [PMID: 35252867 PMCID: PMC8892037 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcac005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription is often the first biosynthetic event of viral infection. Viruses produce preferentially viral transcriptional regulators (vTRs) essential for expressing viral genes and regulating essential host cell proteins to enable viral genome replication. As vTRs are unique viral proteins that promote the transcription of viral nucleic acid, vTRs interact with host proteins to suppress detection and immune reactions to viral infection. Thus, vTRs are promising therapeutic targets that are sequentially and structurally distinct from host cell proteins. Here, we review vTRs of three human oncoviruses: HBx of hepatitis B virus, HBZ of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1, and Rta of Epstein–Barr virus. We present three cunningly exciting and dangerous transcription strategies that make viral infections so efficient. We use available structural and functional knowledge to critically examine the potential of vTRs as new antiviral-anticancer therapy targets. For each oncovirus, we describe (i) the strategy of viral genome transcription; (ii) vTRs’ structure and binding partners essential for transcription regulation; and (iii) advantages and challenges of vTR targeting in antiviral therapies. We discuss the implications of vTR regulation for oncogenesis and perspectives on developing novel antiviral and anticancer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivona Nečasová
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Scientific Incubator, Královopolská 135, Brno 612 65, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Stojaspal
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Scientific Incubator, Královopolská 135, Brno 612 65, Czech Republic
| | - Edita Motyčáková
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Scientific Incubator, Královopolská 135, Brno 612 65, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Brom
- LifeB, Functional Genomics and Proteomics, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Janovič
- LifeB, Functional Genomics and Proteomics, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Ctirad Hofr
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Scientific Incubator, Královopolská 135, Brno 612 65, Czech Republic
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Jie W, Rui-Fen Z, Zhong-Xiang H, Yan W, Wei-Na L, Yong-Ping M, Jing S, Jing-Yi C, Wan-Hong L, Xiao-Hua H, Zhi L, Yan S. Inhibition of cell proliferation by Tas of foamy viruses through cell cycle arrest or apoptosis underlines the different mechanisms of virus-host interactions. Virulence 2022; 13:342-354. [PMID: 35132916 PMCID: PMC8837258 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2029329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Foamy viruses belong to the Spumaretrovirinae subfamily member of the Retroviridae family and produce nonpathogenic infection to hosts in the natural conditions. However, infections of foamy viruses can dramatically cause severe cytopathic effects in vitro. To date, the exact molecular mechanism has remained unclear which implied the tremendous importance of virus-host cell immune reactions. In this study, we found that the transactivator Tas in two foamy viruses isolated from Old World Monkey (OWM) induced obvious inhibition of cell proliferation via the upregulation of Foxo3a expression. It was mediated by the generation of ROS and the initiation of ER stress, and ultimately, the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway was triggered. Notably, PFV Tas contributed to the accumulation of G0/G1 phase cycle arrest induced by the activation of the p53 signaling pathway and the nuclear transportation of HDAC4 via upregulating PPM1E expression. Together, these results demonstrated the different survival strategies by which foamy virus can hijack host cell cytokines and regulate virus-host cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jie
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Zhang Rui-Fen
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Hu Zhong-Xiang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Wu Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Liu Wei-Na
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Ma Yong-Ping
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Song Jing
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Chen Jing-Yi
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Liu Wan-Hong
- School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - He Xiao-Hua
- School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Li Zhi
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Sun Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, P. R. China
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6
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Pietropaolo V, Prezioso C, Moens U. Role of Virus-Induced Host Cell Epigenetic Changes in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158346. [PMID: 34361112 PMCID: PMC8346956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor viruses human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), high-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) account for approximately 15% of all human cancers. Although the oncoproteins of these tumor viruses display no sequence similarity to one another, they use the same mechanisms to convey cancer hallmarks on the infected cell. Perturbed gene expression is one of the underlying mechanisms to induce cancer hallmarks. Epigenetic processes, including DNA methylation, histone modification and chromatin remodeling, microRNA, long noncoding RNA, and circular RNA affect gene expression without introducing changes in the DNA sequence. Increasing evidence demonstrates that oncoviruses cause epigenetic modifications, which play a pivotal role in carcinogenesis. In this review, recent advances in the role of host cell epigenetic changes in virus-induced cancers are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Pietropaolo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: (V.P.); (U.M.)
| | - Carla Prezioso
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- IRCSS San Raffaele Roma, Microbiology of Chronic Neuro-Degenerative Pathologies, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Ugo Moens
- Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø—The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Correspondence: (V.P.); (U.M.)
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Zain JM, Hanona P. Aggressive T-cell lymphomas: 2021 Updates on diagnosis, risk stratification and management. Am J Hematol 2021; 96:1027-1046. [PMID: 34111312 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.26270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aggressive T-cell lymphomas continue to have a poor prognosis. There are over 27 different subtypes of peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL), and we are now beginning to understand the differences between the various subtypes beyond histologic variations. MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS OF VARIOUS SUBTYPES OF PTCL Gene expression profiling (GEP) can help in diagnosis and prognostication of various subtypes including PTCL-nos and anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). In addition, mutational analysis is now being incorporated in clinical trials of novel agents to evaluate various biomarkers of response to allow better therapeutic choices for patients. TARGETED THERAPIES There are many targeted agents currently in various stages of clinical trials for PTCL that take advantage of the differential expression of specific proteins or receptors in PTCL tumors. This includes the CD30 directed antibody drug conjugate brentuximab vedotin. Other notable targets are CD25, CCR4, inhibition of PI3kinase - m TOR and JAK/STAT pathways. The ALK inhibitors are promising for ALK expressing tumors. IMMUNOTHERAPIES Allogeneic stem cell transplant continues to be the curative therapy for most aggressive subtypes of PTCL. The use of checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of PTCL is still controversial. The most promising results have been seen in cases of extranodal natural killer cell/T-cell (ENK/T) lymphomas and cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL). Bispecific antibody based treatments as well as CAR-T cell based therapies are in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine M. Zain
- Department of Hematology/Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation City of Hope Medical Center Duarte California USA
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Viral Manipulation of the Host Epigenome as a Driver of Virus-Induced Oncogenesis. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061179. [PMID: 34070716 PMCID: PMC8227491 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenesis due to viral infection accounts for a high fraction of the total global cancer burden (15–20%) of all human cancers. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms by which viral infection leads to tumor development is extremely important. One of the main mechanisms by which viruses induce host cell proliferation programs is through controlling the host’s epigenetic machinery. In this review, we dissect the epigenetic pathways through which oncogenic viruses can integrate their genome into host cell chromosomes and lead to tumor progression. In addition, we highlight the potential use of drugs based on histone modifiers in reducing the global impact of cancer development due to viral infection.
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Xu X, Zhang C, Xu H, Wu L, Hu M, Song L. Autophagic feedback-mediated degradation of IKKα requires CHK1- and p300/CBP-dependent acetylation of p53. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs246868. [PMID: 33097607 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.246868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous report, we demonstrated that one of the catalytic subunits of the IκB kinase (IKK) complex, IKKα (encoded by CHUK), performs an NF-κB-independent cytoprotective role in human hepatoma cells under the treatment of the anti-tumor therapeutic reagent arsenite. IKKα triggers its own degradation, as a feedback loop, by activating p53-dependent autophagy, and therefore contributes substantially to hepatoma cell apoptosis induced by arsenite. Interestingly, IKKα is unable to interact with p53 directly but plays a critical role in mediating p53 phosphorylation (at Ser15) by promoting CHK1 activation and CHK1-p53 complex formation. In the current study, we found that p53 acetylation (at Lys373 and/or Lys382) was also critical for the induction of autophagy and the autophagic degradation of IKKα during the arsenite response. Furthermore, IKKα was involved in p53 acetylation through interaction with the acetyltransferases for p53, p300 (also known as EP300) and CBP (also known as CREBBP) (collectively p300/CBP), inducing CHK1-dependent p300/CBP activation and promoting p300-p53 or CBP-p53 complex formation. Therefore, taken together with the previous report, we conclude that both IKKα- and CHK1-dependent p53 phosphorylation and acetylation contribute to mediating selective autophagy feedback degradation of IKKα during the arsenite-induced proapoptotic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuduan Xu
- Institute of Military Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, P. R. China
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, P. R. China
| | - Chongchong Zhang
- Institute of Military Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, P. R. China
- Henan University Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Huan Xu
- Institute of Military Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, P. R. China
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, P. R. China
| | - Lin Wu
- Institute of Military Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, P. R. China
| | - Meiru Hu
- Institute of Military Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, P. R. China
| | - Lun Song
- Institute of Military Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, P. R. China
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, P. R. China
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Fiore D, Cappelli LV, Broccoli A, Zinzani PL, Chan WC, Inghirami G. Peripheral T cell lymphomas: from the bench to the clinic. Nat Rev Cancer 2020; 20:323-342. [PMID: 32249838 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-020-0247-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral T cell lymphomas (PTCLs) are a heterogeneous group of orphan neoplasms. Despite the introduction of anthracycline-based chemotherapy protocols, with or without autologous haematopoietic transplantation and a plethora of new agents, the progression-free survival of patients with PTCLs needs to be improved. The rarity of these neoplasms, the limited knowledge of their driving defects and the lack of experimental models have impaired clinical successes. This scenario is now rapidly changing with the discovery of a spectrum of genomic defects that hijack essential signalling pathways and foster T cell transformation. This knowledge has led to new genomic-based stratifications, which are being used to establish objective diagnostic criteria, more effective risk assessment and target-based interventions. The integration of genomic and functional data has provided the basis for targeted therapies and immunological approaches that underlie individual tumour vulnerabilities. Fortunately, novel therapeutic strategies can now be rapidly tested in preclinical models and effectively translated to the clinic by means of well-designed clinical trials. We believe that by combining new targeted agents with immune regulators and chimeric antigen receptor-expressing natural killer and T cells, the overall survival of patients with PTCLs will dramatically increase.
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MESH Headings
- Epigenesis, Genetic/genetics
- Epigenesis, Genetic/physiology
- Humans
- Immunotherapy
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/genetics
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/immunology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/metabolism
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Mutation
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes/physiology
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/physiology
- Tumor Microenvironment/genetics
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Fiore
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luca Vincenzo Cappelli
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Broccoli
- Institute of Hematology "L. e A. Seràgnoli", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Zinzani
- Institute of Hematology "L. e A. Seràgnoli", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Wing C Chan
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA.
| | - Giorgio Inghirami
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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11
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Lan R, Wang Q. Deciphering structure, function and mechanism of lysine acetyltransferase HBO1 in protein acetylation, transcription regulation, DNA replication and its oncogenic properties in cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:637-649. [PMID: 31535175 PMCID: PMC11104888 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03296-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
HBO1 complexes are major acetyltransferase responsible for histone H4 acetylation in vivo, which belongs to the MYST family. As the core catalytic subunit, HBO1 consists of an N-terminal domain and a C-terminal MYST domain that are in charge of acetyl-CoA binding and acetylation reaction. HBO1 complexes are multimeric and normally consist of two native subunits MEAF6, ING4 or ING5 and two kinds of cofactors as chromatin reader: Jade-1/2/3 and BRPF1/2/3. The choices of subunits to form the HBO1 complexes provide a regulatory switch to potentiate its activity between histone H4 and H3 tails. Thus, HBO1 complexes present multiple functions in histone acetylation, gene transcription, DNA replication, protein ubiquitination, and immune regulation, etc. HBO1 is a co-activator for CDT1 to facilitate chromatin loading of MCM complexes and promotes DNA replication licensing. This process is regulated by mitotic kinases such as CDK1 and PLK1 by phosphorylating HBO1 and modulating its acetyltransferase activity, therefore, connecting histone acetylation to regulations of cell cycle and DNA replication. In addition, both gene amplification and protein overexpression of HBO1 confirmed its oncogenic role in cancers. In this paper, we review the recent advances and discuss our understanding of the multiple functions, activity regulation, and disease relationship of HBO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongfeng Lan
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Qianqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (The PHOENIX Center, Beijing), Beijing, 102206, China
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12
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Matsuoka M, Mesnard JM. HTLV-1 bZIP factor: the key viral gene for pathogenesis. Retrovirology 2020; 17:2. [PMID: 31915026 PMCID: PMC6950816 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-020-0511-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) causes adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATL) and inflammatory diseases. The HTLV-1 bZIP factor (HBZ) gene is constantly expressed in HTLV-1 infected cells and ATL cells. HBZ protein suppresses transcription of the tax gene through blocking the LTR recruitment of not only ATF/CREB factors but also CBP/p300. HBZ promotes transcription of Foxp3, CCR4, and T-cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT). Thus, HBZ is critical for the immunophenotype of infected cells and ATL cells. HBZ also functions in its RNA form. HBZ RNA suppresses apoptosis and promotes proliferation of T cells. Since HBZ RNA is not recognized by cytotoxic T cells, HTLV-1 has a clever strategy for avoiding immune detection. HBZ plays central roles in maintaining infected T cells in vivo and determining their immunophenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Matsuoka
- Department of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan. .,Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
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13
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Dantas A, Al Shueili B, Yang Y, Nabbi A, Fink D, Riabowol K. Biological Functions of the ING Proteins. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1817. [PMID: 31752342 PMCID: PMC6896041 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The proteins belonging to the inhibitor of growth (ING) family of proteins serve as epigenetic readers of the H3K4Me3 histone mark of active gene transcription and target histone acetyltransferase (HAT) or histone deacetylase (HDAC) protein complexes, in order to alter local chromatin structure. These multidomain adaptor proteins interact with numerous other proteins to facilitate their localization and the regulation of numerous biochemical pathways that impinge upon biological functions. Knockout of some of the ING genes in murine models by various groups has verified their status as tumor suppressors, with ING1 knockout resulting in the formation of large clear-cell B-lymphomas and ING2 knockout increasing the frequency of ameloblastomas, among other phenotypic effects. ING4 knockout strongly affects innate immunity and angiogenesis, and INGs1, ING2, and ING4 have been reported to affect apoptosis in different cellular models. Although ING3 and ING5 knockouts have yet to be published, preliminary reports indicate that ING3 knockout results in embryonic lethality and that ING5 knockout may have postpartum effects on stem cell maintenance. In this review, we compile the known information on the domains of the INGs and the effects of altering ING protein expression, to better understand the functions of this adaptor protein family and its possible uses for targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Dantas
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Oncology, University of Calgary, 374 HMRB, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (A.D.); (B.A.S.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Buthaina Al Shueili
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Oncology, University of Calgary, 374 HMRB, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (A.D.); (B.A.S.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yang Yang
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Oncology, University of Calgary, 374 HMRB, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (A.D.); (B.A.S.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Arash Nabbi
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Dieter Fink
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Department for Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Karl Riabowol
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Oncology, University of Calgary, 374 HMRB, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (A.D.); (B.A.S.); (Y.Y.)
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14
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Mota TM, Jones RB. HTLV-1 as a Model for Virus and Host Coordinated Immunoediting. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2259. [PMID: 31616431 PMCID: PMC6768981 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoediting is a process that occurs in cancer, whereby the immune system acts to initially repress, and subsequently promote the outgrowth of tumor cells through the stages of elimination, equilibrium, and escape. Here we present a model for a virus that causes cancer where immunoediting is coordinated through synergistic viral- and host-mediated events. We argue that the initial viral replication process of the Human T cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-1), which causes adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) in ~5% of individuals after decades of latency, harmonizes with the host immune system to create a population of cells destined for malignancy. Furthermore, we explore the possibility for HIV to fit into this model of immunoediting, and propose a non-malignant escape phase for HIV-infected cells that persist beyond equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia M Mota
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - R Brad Jones
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States.,Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, United States
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15
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Harrod R. Silencers of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2: the pX-encoded latency-maintenance factors. Retrovirology 2019; 16:25. [PMID: 31492165 PMCID: PMC6731619 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-019-0487-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Of the members of the primate T cell lymphotropic virus (PTLV) family, only the human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) causes disease in humans—as the etiological agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), and other auto-inflammatory disorders. Despite having significant genomic organizational and structural similarities, the closely related human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-2 (HTLV-2) is considered apathogenic and has been linked with benign lymphoproliferation and mild neurological symptoms in certain infected patients. The silencing of proviral gene expression and maintenance of latency are central for the establishment of persistent infections in vivo. The conserved pX sequences of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 encode several ancillary factors which have been shown to negatively regulate proviral gene expression, while simultaneously activating host cellular proliferative and pro-survival pathways. In particular, the ORF-II proteins, HTLV-1 p30II and HTLV-2 p28II, suppress Tax-dependent transactivation from the viral promoter—whereas p30II also inhibits PU.1-mediated inflammatory-signaling, differentially augments the expression of p53-regulated metabolic/pro-survival genes, and induces lymphoproliferation which could promote mitotic proviral replication. The ubiquitinated form of the HTLV-1 p13II protein localizes to nuclear speckles and interferes with recruitment of the p300 coactivator by the viral transactivator Tax. Further, the antisense-encoded HTLV-1 HBZ and HTLV-2 APH-2 proteins and mRNAs negatively regulate Tax-dependent proviral gene expression and activate inflammatory signaling associated with enhanced T-cell lymphoproliferation. This review will summarize our current understanding of the pX latency-maintenance factors of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 and discuss how these products may contribute to the differences in pathogenicity between the human PTLVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Harrod
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, and The Dedman College Center for Drug Discovery, Design & Delivery, Southern Methodist University, 6501 Airline Drive, 334-DLS, Dallas, TX, 75275-0376, USA.
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16
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Abstract
Viral infection is a major contributor to the global cancer burden. Recent advances have revealed that seven known oncogenic viruses promote tumorigenesis through shared host cell targets and pathways. A comprehensive understanding of the principles of viral oncogenesis may enable the identification of unknown infectious aetiologies of cancer and the development of therapeutic or preventive strategies for virus-associated cancers. In this Review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of viral oncogenesis in humans. We highlight recent advances in understanding how viral manipulation of host cellular signalling, DNA damage responses, immunity and microRNA targets promotes the initiation and development of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Krump
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jianxin You
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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17
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Zain JM. Aggressive T-cell lymphomas: 2019 updates on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management. Am J Hematol 2019; 94:929-946. [PMID: 31119775 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.25513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aggressive T-cell lymphomas continue to have a poor prognosis. There are over 27 different subtypes of peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) and we are now beginning to understand the differences between the various subtypes beyond histologic variations. MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS OF VARIOUS SUBTYPES OF PTCL Gene expression profiling can help in diagnosis and prognostication of various subtypes including PTCL-nos and anaplastic large cell lymphoma. In addition, mutational analysis is now being incorporated in clinical trials of novel agents to evaluate various biomarkers of response to allow better therapeutic choices for patients. TARGETED THERAPIES There are many targeted agents currently in various stages of clinical trials for PTCL that take advantage of the differential expression of specific proteins or receptors in PTCL tumors. The most promising is the CD30 directed antibody drug conjugate brentuximab vedotin. This has recently been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the upfront treatment of CD30 expressing PTCLs in combination with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and prednisone chemotherapy. Other notable targets are CD25, CCR4 tag, PI3kinase inhibitors, and JAK/STAT inhibitors. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors are promising for ALK expressing tumors. IMMUNOTHERAPIES The use of checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of PTCL is still controversial. The most promising results have been seen in cases of extranodal natural killer cell/T-cell lymphomas and cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. For all other subtypes, immune checkpoint inhibitors should be used with extreme caution and only in the context of a clinical trial. Allogeneic stem cell transplant continues to be the curative therapy for most aggressive subtypes of PTCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine M. Zain
- Department of Hematology/Hematopoietic Cell TransplantationCity of Hope Medical Center Duarte California
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18
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Murray LA, Combs AN, Rekapalli P, Cristea IM. Methods for characterizing protein acetylation during viral infection. Methods Enzymol 2019; 626:587-620. [PMID: 31606092 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lysine acetylation is a prevalent posttranslational modification that acts as a regulator of protein function, subcellular localization, and interactions. A growing body of work has highlighted the importance of temporal alterations in protein acetylation during infection with a range of human viruses. It has become clear that both cellular and viral proteins are decorated by lysine acetylations, and that these modifications contribute to core host defense and virus replication processes. Further defining the extent and dynamics of protein acetylation events during the progression of an infection can provide an important new perspective on the intricate mechanisms underlying the biology and pathogenesis of virus infections. Here, we provide protocols for identifying, quantifying, and probing the regulation of lysine acetylations during viral infection. We describe the use of acetyl-lysine immunoaffinity purification and quantitative mass spectrometry for assessing the cellular acetylome at different stages of an infection. As an alternative to traditional antibody-mediated western blotting, we discuss the benefits of targeted mass spectrometry approaches for detecting and quantifying site-specific acetylations on proteins of interest. Specifically, we provide a protocol using parallel reaction monitoring (PRM). We further discuss experimental considerations that are specific to studying viral infections. Finally, we provide a brief overview of the types of assays that can be employed to characterize the function of an acetylation event in the context of infection. As a method to interrogate the regulation of acetylation, we describe the Fluor de Lys assay for monitoring the enzymatic activities of deacetylases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Murray
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Ashton N Combs
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Pranav Rekapalli
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Ileana M Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, United States.
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19
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Rushing AW, Rushing B, Hoang K, Sanders SV, Péloponèse JM, Polakowski N, Lemasson I. HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor protects cells from oxidative stress by upregulating expression of Heme Oxygenase I. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007922. [PMID: 31251786 PMCID: PMC6623464 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell Leukemia (ATL) is a lymphoproliferative disease of CD4+ T-cells infected with Human T-cell Leukemia Virus type I (HTLV-1). With the exception of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, there are no effective treatments to cure ATL, and ATL cells often acquire resistance to conventional chemotherapeutic agents. Accumulating evidence shows that development and maintenance of ATL requires key contributions from the viral protein, HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor (HBZ). In this study we found that HBZ activates expression of Heme Oxygenase 1 (HMOX-1), a component of the oxidative stress response that functions to detoxify free heme. Transcription of HMOX1 and other antioxidant genes is regulated by the small Mafs. These cellular basic leucine zipper (bZIP) factors control transcription by forming homo- or heterodimers among themselves or with other cellular bZIP factors that then bind Maf responsive elements (MAREs) in promoters or enhancers of antioxidant genes. Our data support a model in which HBZ activates HMOX1 transcription by forming heterodimers with the small Mafs that bind MAREs located in an upstream enhancer region. Consistent with this model, we found that HMOX-1 is upregulated in HTLV-1-transformed T-cell lines and confers these cells with resistance to heme-induced cytotoxicity. In this context, HBZ-mediated activation of HMOX-1 expression may contribute to resistance of ATL cells to certain chemotherapeutic agents. We also provide evidence that HBZ counteracts oxidative stress caused by two other HTLV-1-encoded proteins, Tax and p13. Tax induces oxidative stress as a byproduct of driving mitotic expansion of infected cells, and p13 is believed to induce oxidative stress to eliminate infected cells that have become transformed. Therefore, in this context, HBZ-mediated activation of HMOX-1 expression may facilitate transformation. Overall, this study characterizes a novel function of HBZ that may support the development and maintenance of ATL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda W. Rushing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AWR); (IL)
| | - Blake Rushing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kimson Hoang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Stephanie V. Sanders
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jean-Marie Péloponèse
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicholas Polakowski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Isabelle Lemasson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AWR); (IL)
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20
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Quintela M, Sieglaff DH, Gazze AS, Zhang A, Gonzalez D, Francis L, Webb P, Conlan RS. HBO1 directs histone H4 specific acetylation, potentiating mechano-transduction pathways and membrane elasticity in ovarian cancer cells. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 17:254-265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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21
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Iqbal J, Amador C, McKeithan TW, Chan WC. Molecular and Genomic Landscape of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma. Cancer Treat Res 2019; 176:31-68. [PMID: 30596212 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-99716-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) is an uncommon group of lymphoma covering a diverse spectrum of entities. Little was known regarding the molecular and genomic landscapes of these diseases until recently but the knowledge is still quite spotty with many rarer types of PTCL remain largely unexplored. In this chapter, the recent findings from gene expression profiling (GEP) studies, including profiling data on microRNA, where available, will be presented with emphasis on the implication on molecular diagnosis, prognostication, and the identification of new entities (PTCL-GATA3 and PTCL-TBX21) in the PTCL-NOS group. Recent studies using next-generation sequencing have unraveled the mutational landscape in a number of PTCL entities leading to a marked improvement in the understanding of their pathogenesis and biology. While many mutations are shared among PTCL entities, the frequency varies and certain mutations are quite unique to a specific entity. For example, TET2 is often mutated but this is particularly frequent (70-80%) in angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) and IDH2 R172 mutations appear to be unique for AITL. In general, chromatin modifiers and molecular components in the CD28/T-cell receptor signaling pathways are frequently mutated. The major findings will be summarized in this chapter correlating with GEP data and clinical features where appropriate. The mutational landscape of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, specifically on mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome, will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javeed Iqbal
- Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, US
| | - Catalina Amador
- Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, US
| | - Timothy W McKeithan
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Wing C Chan
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA.
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22
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Murray LA, Sheng X, Cristea IM. Orchestration of protein acetylation as a toggle for cellular defense and virus replication. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4967. [PMID: 30470744 PMCID: PMC6251895 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07179-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence highlights protein acetylation, a prevalent lysine posttranslational modification, as a regulatory mechanism and promising therapeutic target in human viral infections. However, how infections dynamically alter global cellular acetylation or whether viral proteins are acetylated remains virtually unexplored. Here, we establish acetylation as a highly-regulated molecular toggle of protein function integral to the herpesvirus human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) replication. We offer temporal resolution of cellular and viral acetylations. By interrogating dynamic protein acetylation with both protein abundance and subcellular localization, we discover finely tuned spatial acetylations across infection time. We determine that lamin acetylation at the nuclear periphery protects against virus production by inhibiting capsid nuclear egress. Further studies within infectious viral particles identify numerous acetylations, including on the viral transcriptional activator pUL26, which we show represses virus production. Altogether, this study provides specific insights into functions of cellular and viral protein acetylations and a valuable resource of dynamic acetylation events. The dynamics of protein acetylation during infection remains unexplored. Here, Murray et al. characterize spatio-temporal acetylations of both cellular and viral proteins during HCMV infection, providing new functional insights into the host-virus acetylome that might help identify new antiviral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Murray
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - X Sheng
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - I M Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
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23
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Petrusca DN, Toscani D, Wang FM, Park C, Crean CD, Anderson JL, Marino S, Mohammad KS, Zhou D, Silbermann R, Sun Q, Kurihara N, Galson DL, Giuliani N, Roodman GD. Growth factor independence 1 expression in myeloma cells enhances their growth, survival, and osteoclastogenesis. J Hematol Oncol 2018; 11:123. [PMID: 30286780 PMCID: PMC6172782 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-018-0666-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In spite of major advances in treatment, multiple myeloma (MM) is currently an incurable malignancy due to the emergence of drug-resistant clones. We previously showed that MM cells upregulate the transcriptional repressor, growth factor independence 1 (Gfi1), in bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) that induces prolonged inhibition of osteoblast differentiation. However, the role of Gfi1 in MM cells is unknown. METHODS Human primary CD138+ and BMSC were purified from normal donors and MM patients' bone marrow aspirates. Gfi1 knockdown and overexpressing cells were generated by lentiviral-mediated shRNA. Proliferation/apoptosis studies were done by flow cytometry, and protein levels were determined by Western blot and/or immunohistochemistry. An experimental MM mouse model was generated to investigate the effects of MM cells overexpressing Gfi1 on tumor burden and osteolysis in vivo. RESULTS We found that Gfi1 expression is increased in patient's MM cells and MM cell lines and was further increased by co-culture with BMSC, IL-6, and sphingosine-1-phosphate. Modulation of Gfi1 in MM cells had major effects on their survival and growth. Knockdown of Gfi1 induced apoptosis in p53-wt, p53-mutant, and p53-deficient MM cells, while Gfi1 overexpression enhanced MM cell growth and protected MM cells from bortezomib-induced cell death. Gfi1 enhanced cell survival of p53-wt MM cells by binding to p53, thereby blocking binding to the promoters of the pro-apoptotic BAX and NOXA genes. Further, Gfi1-p53 binding could be blocked by HDAC inhibitors. Importantly, inoculation of MM cells overexpressing Gfi1 in mice induced increased bone destruction, increased osteoclast number and size, and enhanced tumor growth. CONCLUSIONS These results support that Gfi1 plays a key role in MM tumor growth, survival, and bone destruction and contributes to bortezomib resistance, suggesting that Gfi1 may be a novel therapeutic target for MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela N Petrusca
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 980 Walnut Street, Walther Hall, Room C346, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Denise Toscani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 980 Walnut Street, Walther Hall, Room C346, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Myeloma Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Feng-Ming Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 980 Walnut Street, Walther Hall, Room C346, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Endodontics, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Cheolkyu Park
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 980 Walnut Street, Walther Hall, Room C346, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Colin D Crean
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 980 Walnut Street, Walther Hall, Room C346, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Judith L Anderson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 980 Walnut Street, Walther Hall, Room C346, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Silvia Marino
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 980 Walnut Street, Walther Hall, Room C346, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Khalid S Mohammad
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Dan Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 980 Walnut Street, Walther Hall, Room C346, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Rebecca Silbermann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 980 Walnut Street, Walther Hall, Room C346, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Quanhong Sun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Noriyoshi Kurihara
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 980 Walnut Street, Walther Hall, Room C346, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Deborah L Galson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nicola Giuliani
- Myeloma Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - G David Roodman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 980 Walnut Street, Walther Hall, Room C346, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Rodebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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24
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Long C, Lai Y, Li J, Huang J, Zou C. LPS promotes HBO1 stability via USP25 to modulate inflammatory gene transcription in THP-1 cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2018; 1861:773-782. [PMID: 30745998 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The histone acetyltransferase HBO1 (Histone acetyltransferase binding to origin recognition complex 1, Myst2/Kat7) participates in a range of life processes including DNA replication and tumorigenesis. Recent studies revealed that HBO1 is involved in gene transcriptional activation. However, the molecular behavior of HBO1 in inflammation is yet to be studied. Here we report that endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) elevates HBO1 protein level via up-regulating UPS25 (ubiquitin specific peptidase 25) and alters inflammatory gene transcription in THP-1 monocytes and in human primary macrophages. LPS protects HBO1 from ubiquitin proteasomal degradation without significantly altering its transcription. By immunoprecipitation, we identified that HBO1 associates with a deubiquitinating enzyme USP25 in THP-1 cells. LPS increases protein level of USP25 resulting in accumulation of HBO1 by suppression of HBO1 ubiquitination. Stabilized-HBO1 modulates inflammatory gene transcription in THP-1 cells. These findings indicate that USP25 promotes stability of HBO1 in bacterial infection thereby enhances HBO1-mediated inflammatory gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Long
- Department of Minimally Invasive Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China 410011.,Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA 15213
| | - Yandong Lai
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA 15213
| | - Jin Li
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA 15213
| | - Jiangsheng Huang
- Department of Minimally Invasive Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China 410011
| | - Chunbin Zou
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA 15213
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25
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The Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Basic Leucine Zipper Factor Attenuates Repair of Double-Stranded DNA Breaks via Nonhomologous End Joining. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00672-18. [PMID: 29769340 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00672-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is a fatal malignancy of CD4+ T cells infected with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1). ATL cells often exhibit random gross chromosomal rearrangements that are associated with the induction and improper repair of double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs). The viral oncoprotein Tax has been reported to impair DSB repair but has not been shown to be consistently expressed throughout all phases of infection. The viral oncoprotein HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper (bZIP) factor (HBZ) is consistently expressed prior to and throughout disease progression, but it is unclear whether it also influences DSB repair. We report that HBZ attenuates DSB repair by nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ), in a manner dependent upon the bZIP domain. HBZ was found to interact with two vital members of the NHEJ core machinery, Ku70 and Ku80, and to be recruited to DSBs in a bZIP-dependent manner in vitro We observed that HBZ expression also resulted in a bZIP-dependent delay in DNA protein kinase (DNA-PK) activation following treatment with etoposide. Although Tax is reported to interact with Ku70, we did not find Tax expression to interfere with HBZ:Ku complex formation. However, as Tax was reported to saturate NHEJ, we found that this effect masked the attenuation of NHEJ by HBZ. Overall, these data suggest that DSB repair mechanisms are impaired not only by Tax but also by HBZ and show that HBZ expression may significantly contribute to the accumulation of chromosomal abnormalities during HTLV-1-mediated oncogenesis.IMPORTANCE Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infects 15 million to 20 million people worldwide. Approximately 90% of infected individuals are asymptomatic and may remain undiagnosed, increasing the risk that they will unknowingly transmit the virus. About 5% of the HTLV-1-positive population develop adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), a fatal disease that is not highly responsive to treatment. Although ATL development remains poorly understood, two viral proteins, Tax and HBZ, have been implicated in driving disease progression by manipulating host cell signaling and transcriptional pathways. Unlike Tax, HBZ expression is consistently observed in all infected individuals, making it important to elucidate the specific role of HBZ in disease progression. Here, we present evidence that HBZ could promote the accumulation of double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs) through the attenuation of the nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) repair pathway. This effect may lead to genome instability, ultimately contributing to the development of ATL.
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Fochi S, Mutascio S, Bertazzoni U, Zipeto D, Romanelli MG. HTLV Deregulation of the NF-κB Pathway: An Update on Tax and Antisense Proteins Role. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:285. [PMID: 29515558 PMCID: PMC5826390 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), an aggressive CD4+/CD25+ T-cell malignancy and of a severe neurodegenerative disease, HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The chronic activation or deregulation of the canonical and non-canonical nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathways play a crucial role in tumorigenesis. The HTLV-1 Tax-1 oncoprotein is a potent activator of the NF-κB transcription factors and the NF-κB response is required for promoting the development of HTLV-1 transformed cell lines. The homologous retrovirus HTLV-2, which also expresses a Tax-2 transforming protein, is not associated with ATL. In this review, we provide an updated synopsis of the role of Tax-1 in the deregulation of the NF-κB pathway, highlighting the differences with the homologous Tax-2. Special emphasis is directed toward the understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in NF-κB activation resulting from Tax interaction with host factors affecting several cellular processes, such as cell cycle, apoptosis, senescence, cell proliferation, autophagy, and post-translational modifications. We also discuss the current knowledge on the role of the antisense viral protein HBZ in down-regulating the NF-κB activation induced by Tax, and its implication in cellular senescence. In addition, we review the recent studies on the mechanism of HBZ-mediated inhibition of NF-κB activity as compared to that exerted by the HTLV-2 antisense protein, APH-2. Finally, we discuss recent advances aimed at understanding the role exerted in the development of ATL by the perturbation of NF-κB pathway by viral regulatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Maria G. Romanelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Pizzi M, Margolskee E, Inghirami G. Pathogenesis of Peripheral T Cell Lymphoma. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2018; 13:293-320. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-020117-043821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pizzi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Elizabeth Margolskee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Giorgio Inghirami
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science and Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CeRMS), University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
- Department of Pathology and NYU Cancer Center, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Zell M, Assal A, Derman O, Kornblum N, Battini R, Wang Y, Narasimhulu DM, Mantzaris I, Shastri A, Verma A, Ye H, Braunschweig I, Janakiram M. Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma in the Caribbean cohort is a distinct clinical entity with dismal response to conventional chemotherapy. Oncotarget 2018; 7:51981-51990. [PMID: 27341021 PMCID: PMC5239529 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is a rare and aggressive disease caused by human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 that predominantly affects Japanese and Caribbean populations. Most studies have focused on Japanese cohorts. We conducted a retrospective analysis of 53 cases of ATLL who presented to our institution between 2003-2014. ATLL in the Caribbean population presents more often as the acute and lymphomatous subtypes, is associated with complex cytogenetics, and has a high rate of CNS involvement. The overall response rate to first-line therapies with anthracycline-based regimens was poor (32%), with a median survival of only 6.9 months. A complete or partial response to first-line regimens was associated with better survival. There was no difference in survival between patients who received chemotherapy alone versus chemotherapy with antiviral agents. Allogeneic transplantation was performed in five patients, two of whom achieved complete remission despite residual or refractory disease. Recipients of allogeneic transplantation had significantly improved overall survival compared to non-transplanted patients. This is the first analysis to describe ATLL pathological features, cytogenetics, and response to standard therapy and transplantation in the Caribbean cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Zell
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Amer Assal
- Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center/ Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Olga Derman
- Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center/ Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Noah Kornblum
- Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center/ Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Ramakrishna Battini
- Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center/ Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Yanhua Wang
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center/ Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | - Ioannis Mantzaris
- Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center/ Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Aditi Shastri
- Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center/ Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Amit Verma
- Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center/ Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Hilda Ye
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Ira Braunschweig
- Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center/ Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Murali Janakiram
- Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center/ Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), also known as human T lymphotropic virus type 1, was the first exogenous human retrovirus discovered. Unlike the distantly related lentivirus HIV-1, HTLV-1 causes disease in only 5-10% of infected people, depending on their ethnic origin. But whereas HIV-1 infection and the consequent diseases can be efficiently contained in most cases by antiretroviral drug treatment, there is no satisfactory treatment for the malignant or inflammatory diseases caused by HTLV-1. The purpose of the present article is to review recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms by which the virus persists in vivo and causes disabling or fatal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R M Bangham
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom;
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Torshizi R, Ghayour Karimani E, Etminani K, Akbarin MM, Jamialahmadi K, Shirdel A, Rahimi H, Allahyari A, Golabpour A, Rafatpanah H. Altered Expression of Cell Cycle Regulators in Adult T-Cell Leukemia/ Lymphoma Patients. Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 6:88-94. [PMID: 29090234 PMCID: PMC5643448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is caused by human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1). HTLV-1 oncogenes can induce malignancy through controlled gene expression of cell cycle checkpoints in the host cell. HTLV-I genes play a pivotal role in overriding cell cycle checkpoints and deregulate cellular division. In this study, we aimed to determine and compare the HTLV-1 proviral load and the gene expression levels of cyclin-dependent kinase-2 (CDK2), CDK4, p53, and retinoblastoma (Rb) in ATLL and carrier groups. METHODS A total of twenty-five ATLL patients (12 females and 13 males) and 21 asymptomatic carriers (10 females and 11 males) were included in this study. TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction assay was used for evaluation of proviral load and gene expression levels of CDK2, CDK4, p53, and Rb. Statistical analysis was used to compare proviral load and gene expression levels between two groups, using SPSS version 18. RESULTS The mean scores of the HTLV-1 proviral load in the ATLL patients and healthy carriers were 13067.20±6400.41 and 345.79±78.80 copies/104 cells, respectively (P=0.000). There was a significant correlation between the gene expression levels of CDK2 and CDK4 (P=0.01) in the ATLL group. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrated a significant difference between the ATLL patients and healthy carriers regarding the rate of proviral load and the gene expression levels of p53 and CDK4; accordingly, proviral load and expression levels of these genes may be useful in the assessment of disease progression and prediction of HTLV-1 infection outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Torshizi
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Molecular Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Ehsan Ghayour Karimani
- Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Research and Education Department, Razavi Hospital, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Kobra Etminani
- Department of Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Akbarin
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Khadijeh Jamialahmadi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Abbas Shirdel
- Hematology Department, Ghaem Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Hossein Rahimi
- Hematology Department, Ghaem Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Abolghasem Allahyari
- Hematology Department, Imam Reza Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Amin Golabpour
- Department of Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, Iran.
| | - Houshang Rafatpanah
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Zhang Y, Kang R, Liu W, Yang Y, Ding R, Huang Q, Meng J, Xiong L, Guo Z. Identification and Analysis of P53-Mediated Competing Endogenous RNA Network in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Biol Sci 2017; 13:1213-1221. [PMID: 29104512 PMCID: PMC5666336 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.21502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and mRNA function as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) that compete to bind to shared microRNA (miRNA) recognition elements (MREs) to perform specific biological functions during tumorigenesis. The tumor suppressor p53 is a master regulator of cancer-related biological processes by acting as a transcription factor to regulate target genes including miRNA and lncRNA. However, the mechanism in human hepatocellular carcinoma and whether p53-mediated RNA targets could form ceRNA network remain unclear. Here, we identified a series of differential expressed miRNAs, lncRNA and mRNA which were potentially regulated by p53 using RNA sequencing in HepG2. Genomic characteristics comparative analysis showed significant differences between mRNAs and lncRNAs. By integrating experimentally confirmed Ago2 and p53 binding sites, we constructed a highly reliable p53-mediated ceRNA network using hypergeometric test. The KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the ceRNA network highly enriched in the cancer or p53-associated signaling pathways. Finally, using betweenness centrality analysis, we identified five master miRNAs (hsa-miR-3620-5p, hsa-miR-3613-3p, hsa-miR-6881-3p, hsa-miR-6087 and hsa-miR-18a-3p) that regulated most of the target RNAs, suggesting these miRNAs play central roles in the whole p53-mediated ceRNAs network. Taken together, our results provide a new regulatory mechanism of p53 networks for future studies in cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Southwest Jiaotong University
| | - Ran Kang
- School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Southwest Jiaotong University
| | - Wenrong Liu
- School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Southwest Jiaotong University
| | - Yalan Yang
- School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Southwest Jiaotong University
| | - Ruofan Ding
- School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Southwest Jiaotong University
| | - Qingqing Huang
- School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Southwest Jiaotong University
| | - Junhua Meng
- School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Southwest Jiaotong University
| | - Lili Xiong
- School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Southwest Jiaotong University
| | - Zhiyun Guo
- School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Southwest Jiaotong University
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Esser AK, Rauch DA, Xiang J, Harding JC, Kohart NA, Ross MH, Su X, Wu K, Huey D, Xu Y, Vij K, Green PL, Rosol TJ, Niewiesk S, Ratner L, Weilbaecher KN. HTLV-1 viral oncogene HBZ induces osteolytic bone disease in transgenic mice. Oncotarget 2017; 8:69250-69263. [PMID: 29050201 PMCID: PMC5642476 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is an aggressive T cell malignancy that occurs in HTLV-1 infected patients. Most ATL patients develop osteolytic lesions and hypercalcemia of malignancy, causing severe skeletal related complications and reduced overall survival. The HTLV-1 virus encodes 2 viral oncogenes, Tax and HBZ. Tax, a transcriptional activator, is critical to ATL development, and has been implicated in pathologic osteolysis. HBZ, HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper transcription factor, promotes tumor cell proliferation and disrupts Wnt pathway modulators; however, its role in ATL induced osteolytic bone loss is unknown. To determine if HBZ is sufficient for the development of bone loss, we established a transgenic Granzyme B HBZ (Gzmb-HBZ) mouse model. Lymphoproliferative disease including tumors, enlarged spleens and/or abnormal white cell counts developed in two-thirds of Gzmb-HBZ mice at 18 months. HBZ positive cells were detected in tumors, spleen and bone marrow. Importantly, pathologic bone loss and hypercalcemia were present at 18 months. Bone-acting factors were present in serum and RANKL, PTHrP and DKK1, key mediators of hypercalcemia and bone loss, were upregulated in Gzmb-HBZ T cells. These data demonstrate that Gzmb-HBZ mice model ATL bone disease and express factors that are current therapeutic targets for metastatic and bone resident tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison K Esser
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel A Rauch
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jingyu Xiang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John C Harding
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nicole A Kohart
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michael H Ross
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xinming Su
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kevin Wu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Devra Huey
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yalin Xu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kiran Vij
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Patrick L Green
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Thomas J Rosol
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Stefan Niewiesk
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lee Ratner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Katherine N Weilbaecher
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Watanabe T. Adult T-cell leukemia: molecular basis for clonal expansion and transformation of HTLV-1-infected T cells. Blood 2017; 129:1071-1081. [PMID: 28115366 PMCID: PMC5374731 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-09-692574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is an aggressive T-cell malignancy caused by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) that develops through a multistep carcinogenesis process involving 5 or more genetic events. We provide a comprehensive overview of recently uncovered information on the molecular basis of leukemogenesis in ATL. Broadly, the landscape of genetic abnormalities in ATL that include alterations highly enriched in genes for T-cell receptor-NF-κB signaling such as PLCG1, PRKCB, and CARD11 and gain-of function mutations in CCR4 and CCR7 Conversely, the epigenetic landscape of ATL can be summarized as polycomb repressive complex 2 hyperactivation with genome-wide H3K27 me3 accumulation as the basis of the unique transcriptome of ATL cells. Expression of H3K27 methyltransferase enhancer of zeste 2 was shown to be induced by HTLV-1 Tax and NF-κB. Furthermore, provirus integration site analysis with high-throughput sequencing enabled the analysis of clonal composition and cell number of each clone in vivo, whereas multicolor flow cytometric analysis with CD7 and cell adhesion molecule 1 enabled the identification of HTLV-1-infected CD4+ T cells in vivo. Sorted immortalized but untransformed cells displayed epigenetic changes closely overlapping those observed in terminally transformed ATL cells, suggesting that epigenetic abnormalities are likely earlier events in leukemogenesis. These new findings broaden the scope of conceptualization of the molecular mechanisms of leukemogenesis, dissecting them into immortalization and clonal progression. These recent findings also open a new direction of drug development for ATL prevention and treatment because epigenetic marks can be reprogrammed. Mechanisms underlying initial immortalization and progressive accumulation of these abnormalities remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Watanabe
- Department of Advanced Medical Innovation, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan; and Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Karimi M, Mohammadi H, Hemmatzadeh M, Mohammadi A, Rafatpanah H, Baradaran B. Role of the HTLV-1 viral factors in the induction of apoptosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 85:334-347. [PMID: 27887847 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-1-associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP) are the two main diseases that are caused by the HTLV-1 virus. One of the features of HTLV-1 infection is its resistance against programmed cell death, which maintains the survival of cells to oncogenic transformation and underlies the viruses' therapeutic resistance. Two main genes by which the virus develops cancer are Tax and HBZ; playing an essential role in angiogenesis in regulating viral transcription and modulating multiple host factors as well as apoptosis pathways. Here we have reviewed by prior research how the apoptosis pathways are suppressed by the Tax and HBZ and new drugs which have been designed to deal with this suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Karimi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, International Branch (Aras), Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Hemmatzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Asadollah Mohammadi
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Houshang Rafatpanah
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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