1
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Zhang F, Chen XL, Wang HF, Guo T, Yao J, Jiang ZS, Pei Q. The prognostic significance of ubiquitination-related genes in multiple myeloma by bioinformatics analysis. BMC Med Genomics 2024; 17:164. [PMID: 38898455 PMCID: PMC11186196 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-024-01937-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunoregulatory drugs regulate the ubiquitin-proteasome system, which is the main treatment for multiple myeloma (MM) at present. In this study, bioinformatics analysis was used to construct the risk model and evaluate the prognostic value of ubiquitination-related genes in MM. METHODS AND RESULTS The data on ubiquitination-related genes and MM samples were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. The consistent cluster analysis and ESTIMATE algorithm were used to create distinct clusters. The MM prognostic risk model was constructed through single-factor and multiple-factor analysis. The ROC curve was plotted to compare the survival difference between high- and low-risk groups. The nomogram was used to validate the predictive capability of the risk model. A total of 87 ubiquitination-related genes were obtained, with 47 genes showing high expression in the MM group. According to the consistent cluster analysis, 4 clusters were determined. The immune infiltration, survival, and prognosis differed significantly among the 4 clusters. The tumor purity was higher in clusters 1 and 3 than in clusters 2 and 4, while the immune score and stromal score were lower in clusters 1 and 3. The proportion of B cells memory, plasma cells, and T cells CD4 naïve was the lowest in cluster 4. The model genes KLHL24, HERC6, USP3, TNIP1, and CISH were highly expressed in the high-risk group. AICAr and BMS.754,807 exhibited higher drug sensitivity in the low-risk group, whereas Bleomycin showed higher drug sensitivity in the high-risk group. The nomogram of the risk model demonstrated good efficacy in predicting the survival of MM patients using TCGA and GEO datasets. CONCLUSIONS The risk model constructed by ubiquitination-related genes can be effectively used to predict the prognosis of MM patients. KLHL24, HERC6, USP3, TNIP1, and CISH genes in MM warrant further investigation as therapeutic targets and to combat drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Kunming First People's Hospital, Kunming, 650051, China.
| | - Xiao-Lei Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Kunming First People's Hospital, Kunming, 650051, China
| | - Hong-Fang Wang
- Department of Hematology, Kunming First People's Hospital, Kunming, 650051, China
| | - Tao Guo
- Department of Hematology, Kunming First People's Hospital, Kunming, 650051, China
| | - Jin Yao
- Multidisciplinary Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650101, China
| | - Zong-Sheng Jiang
- Department of Hematology, Kunming First People's Hospital, Kunming, 650051, China
| | - Qiang Pei
- Department of Hematology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650032, China
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2
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Zhao Y, Huang J, Zhao K, Li M, Wang S. Ubiquitination and deubiquitination in the regulation of N 6-methyladenosine functional molecules. J Mol Med (Berl) 2024; 102:337-351. [PMID: 38289385 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-024-02417-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
N6 methyladenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent RNA epigenetic modification, regulated by methyltransferases and demethyltransferases and recognized by methylation-related reading proteins to impact mRNA splicing, translocation, stability, and translation efficiency. It significantly affects a variety of activities, including stem cell maintenance and differentiation, tumor formation, immune regulation, and metabolic disorders. Ubiquitination refers to the specific modification of target proteins by ubiquitin molecule in response to a series of enzymes. E3 ligases connect ubiquitin to target proteins and usually lead to protein degradation. On the contrary, deubiquitination induced by deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) can separate ubiquitin and regulate the stability of protein. Recent studies have emphasized the potential importance of ubiquitination and deubiquitination in controlling the function of m6A modification. In this review, we discuss the impact of ubiquitination and deubiquitination on m6A functional molecules in diseases, such as metabolism, cellular stress, and tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Jiefang Road No 438, Zhenjiang, 212002, China
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jiaojiao Huang
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Kexin Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Jiefang Road No 438, Zhenjiang, 212002, China.
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
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3
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Chen H, Wang X, Wang Y, Chang X. What happens to regulatory T cells in multiple myeloma. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:468. [PMID: 38129374 PMCID: PMC10739837 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01765-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal tumor microenvironment and immune escape in multiple myeloma (MM) are associated with regulatory T cells (Tregs), which play an important role in maintaining self-tolerance and regulating the overall immune response to infection or tumor cells. In patients with MM, there are abnormalities in the number, function and distribution of Tregs, and these abnormalities may be related to the disease stage, risk grade and prognosis of patients. During the treatment, Tregs have different responses to various treatment regiments, thus affecting the therapeutic effect of MM. It is also possible to predict the therapeutic response by observing the changes of Tregs. In addition to the above, we reviewed the application of Tregs in the treatment of MM. In conclusion, there is still much room for research on the mechanism and application of Tregs in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixian Chen
- Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xueling Wang
- Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Xiaotian Chang
- Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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4
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Tang G, Huang S, Luo J, Wu Y, Zheng S, Tong R, Zhong L, Shi J. Advances in research on potential inhibitors of multiple myeloma. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 262:115875. [PMID: 37879169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a common hematological malignancy. Although recent clinical applications of immunomodulatory drugs, proteasome inhibitors and CD38-targeting antibodies have significantly improved the outcome of MM patient with increased survival, the incidence of drug resistance and severe treatment-related complications is gradually on the rise. This review article summarizes the characteristics and clinical investigations of several MM drugs in clinical trials, including their structures, mechanisms of action, structure-activity relationships, and clinical study progress. Furthermore, the application potentials of the drugs that have not yet entered clinical trials are also reviewed. The review also outlines the future directions of MM drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyuan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Shan Huang
- Cancer Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China
| | - Ji Luo
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Center for Medical Genetics, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China
| | - Yingmiao Wu
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Center for Medical Genetics, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China
| | - Shuai Zheng
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Center for Medical Genetics, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China
| | - Rongsheng Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China.
| | - Ling Zhong
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Center for Medical Genetics, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China; Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610044, China.
| | - Jianyou Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China.
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5
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Chaudhary RK, Patil P, Ananthesh L, Gowdru Srinivasa M, Mateti UV, Shetty V, Khanal P. Identification of signature genes and drug candidates for primary plasma cell leukemia: An integrated system biology approach. Comput Biol Med 2023; 162:107090. [PMID: 37295388 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.107090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma cell leukemia (PCL) is one of the rare cancer which is characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of plasma cells in peripheral blood and bone marrow. The aggressive behavior of the disease and high mortality rate among PCL patients makes it a thirst area to be explored. METHODS The dataset for PCL was obtained from the GEO database and was analyzed using GEO2R for differentially expressed genes. Further, the functional enrichment analysis was carried out for DEGs using DAVID. The protein-protein interactions (PPI) for DEGs were obtained using STRING 11.5 and were analyzed in Cytoscape 3.7.2. to obtain the key hub genes. These key hub genes were investigated for their interaction with suitable drug candidates using DGIdb, DrugMAP, and Schrodinger's version 2022-1. RESULTS Out of the total of 104 DEGs, 39 genes were up-regulated whereas 65 genes were down-regulated. A total of 11 biological processes, 2 cellular components, and 5 molecular functions were enriched along with the 7 KEGG pathways for the DEGs. Further, a total of 11 hub genes were obtained from the PPI of DEGs of which TP53, MAPK1, SOCS1, MBD3, and YES1 were the key hub genes. Oxaliplatin, mitoxantrone, and ponatinib were found to have the highest binding affinity towards the p53, MAPK1, and YES1 proteins respectively. CONCLUSION TP53, MAPK1, SOCS1, MBD3, and YES1 are the signature hub genes that might be responsible for the aggressive prognosis of PCL leading to poor survival rate. However, p53, MAPK1, and YES1 can be targeted with oxaliplatin, mitoxantrone, and ponatinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raushan Kumar Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (NGSMIPS), Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, India.
| | - Prakash Patil
- Central Research Laboratory (CRL), K.S. Hegde Medical Academy (KSHEMA), Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - L Ananthesh
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (NGSMIPS), Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Mahendra Gowdru Srinivasa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (NGSMIPS), Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Uday Venkat Mateti
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (NGSMIPS), Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, India.
| | - Vijith Shetty
- Department of Medical Oncology, K.S. Hegde Medical Academy (KSHEMA), Justice K.S. Hegde Charitable Hospital, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Pukar Khanal
- Department of Pharmacology, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (NGSMIPS), Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, India.
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6
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Madanat L, Gupta R, Weber P, Kumar N, Chandra R, Ahaneku H, Bansal Y, Anderson J, Bilolikar A, Jaiyesimi I. Cardiotoxicity of Biological Therapies in Cancer Patients: An In-depth Review. Curr Cardiol Rev 2023; 19:e310522205428. [PMID: 35642110 PMCID: PMC10280990 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x18666220531094800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiotoxicity from chemotherapy regimens has been long reported. However, the understanding of cardiac side effects of biological therapies is rapidly evolving. With cancer patients achieving higher life expectancy due to the use of personalized medicine and novel targeted anticancer agents, the occurrence of cardiotoxicity is becoming more significant. Novel biological therapies include anti-HER2 antibodies, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, bruton kinase inhibitors, antivascular endothelial growth factors, proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulator drugs, and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Potential cardiovascular toxicities linked to these anticancer agents include hypertension, arrhythmias, QT prolongation, myocardial ischemia and infarction, left ventricular dysfunction, congestive heart failure, and thromboembolism. Cardiac biomarkers, electrocardiography, echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging are common diagnostic modalities used for early detection of these complications and timely intervention. This review discusses the various types of cardiotoxicities caused by novel anticancer biologic agents, their molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms, risk factors, and diagnostic and management strategies that can be used to prevent, minimize, and treat them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luai Madanat
- Department of Internal Medicine, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan
| | - Ruby Gupta
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan
| | - Paul Weber
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Navneet Kumar
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, St. Joseph Mercy Oakland Hospital, Pontiac, Michigan
| | - Rohit Chandra
- Department of Internal Medicine, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan
| | - Hycienth Ahaneku
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan
| | - Yatharth Bansal
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Joseph Anderson
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan
| | - Abhay Bilolikar
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan
| | - Ishmael Jaiyesimi
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan
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7
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Al‐Kuraishy HM, Al‐Gareeb AI, Mohammed AA, Alexiou A, Papadakis M, Batiha GE. The potential link between Covid-19 and multiple myeloma: A new saga. Immun Inflamm Dis 2022; 10:e701. [PMID: 36444620 PMCID: PMC9673426 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Covid-19 is considered a primary respiratory disease-causing viral pneumonia and, in severe cases, leads to acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In addition, though, extra-pulmonary manifestations of Covid-19 have been shown. Furthermore, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection may coexist with several malignancies, including multiple myeloma (MM). METHODS This critical literature review aimed to find the potential association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and MM in Covid-19 patients with underlying MM. Narrative literature and databases search revealed that ARDS is developed in both MM and Covid-19 due to hypercalcemia and proteasome dysfunction. RESULTS Notably, the expression of angiogenic factors and glutamine deficiency could link Covid-19 severity and MM in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular complications. MM and Covid-19 share thrombosis as a typical complication; unlike thrombosis in Covid-19, which reflects disease severity, thrombosis does not reflect disease severity in MM. In both conditions, thromboprophylaxis is essential to prevent pulmonary thrombosis and other thromboembolic disorders. Moreover, Covid-19 may exacerbate the development of acute kidney injury and neurological complications in MM patients. CONCLUSION These findings highlighted that MM patients might be a risk group for Covid-19 severity due to underlying immunosuppression and most of those patients need specific management in the Covid-19 era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayder M. Al‐Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of MedicineALmustansiriyia UniversityBaghdadIraq
| | - Ali I. Al‐Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of MedicineALmustansiriyia UniversityBaghdadIraq
| | - Ali A Mohammed
- The Chest Clinic, Barts Health NHS TrustWhipps Cross University HospitalLondonUK
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and EngineeringNovel Global Community Educational FoundationHebershamAustralia
- AFNP MedWienAustria
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery II, University Hospital Witten‐HerdeckeUniversity of Witten‐HerdeckeWuppertalGermany
| | - Gaber El‐Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDamanhour UniversityDamanhourEgypt
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8
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Role of CBL Mutations in Cancer and Non-Malignant Phenotype. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030839. [PMID: 35159106 PMCID: PMC8833995 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary CBL mutations are progressively being described as involved in different clinical manifestations. Somatic CBL mutations can be found in different type of cancer. The clinical spectrum of germline mutations configures the so-called CBL syndrome, a cancer-predisposing condition that includes multisystemic involvement characterized by variable phenotypic expression and expressivity. In this review we provide an up-to-date review of the clinical manifestation of CBL mutations and of the molecular mechanisms in which CBL exerts its pathogenic role. Abstract CBL plays a key role in different cell pathways, mainly related to cancer onset and progression, hematopoietic development and T cell receptor regulation. Somatic CBL mutations have been reported in a variety of malignancies, ranging from acute myeloid leukemia to lung cancer. Growing evidence have defined the clinical spectrum of germline CBL mutations configuring the so-called CBL syndrome; a cancer-predisposing condition that also includes multisystemic involvement characterized by variable phenotypic expression and expressivity. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the molecular mechanisms in which CBL exerts its function and describes the clinical manifestation of CBL mutations in humans.
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9
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Mosquera Orgueira A, González Pérez MS, Díaz Arias JÁ, Antelo Rodríguez B, Alonso Vence N, Bendaña López Á, Abuín Blanco A, Bao Pérez L, Peleteiro Raíndo A, Cid López M, Pérez Encinas MM, Bello López JL, Mateos Manteca MV. Survival prediction and treatment optimization of multiple myeloma patients using machine-learning models based on clinical and gene expression data. Leukemia 2021; 35:2924-2935. [PMID: 34007046 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-021-01286-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) remains mostly an incurable disease with a heterogeneous clinical evolution. Despite the availability of several prognostic scores, substantial room for improvement still exists. Promising results have been obtained by integrating clinical and biochemical data with gene expression profiling (GEP). In this report, we applied machine learning algorithms to MM clinical and RNAseq data collected by the CoMMpass consortium. We created a 50-variable random forests model (IAC-50) that could predict overall survival with high concordance between both training and validation sets (c-indexes, 0.818 and 0.780). This model included the following covariates: patient age, ISS stage, serum B2-microglobulin, first-line treatment, and the expression of 46 genes. Survival predictions for each patient considering the first line of treatment evidenced that those individuals treated with the best-predicted drug combination were significantly less likely to die than patients treated with other schemes. This was particularly important among patients treated with a triplet combination including bortezomib, an immunomodulatory drug (ImiD), and dexamethasone. Finally, the model showed a trend to retain its predictive value in patients with high-risk cytogenetics. In conclusion, we report a predictive model for MM survival based on the integration of clinical, biochemical, and gene expression data with machine learning tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Mosquera Orgueira
- Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Compostela, Spain.,Department of Hematology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS, Compostela, Spain.,University of Santiago de Compostela, Compostela, Spain
| | - Marta Sonia González Pérez
- Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Compostela, Spain.,Department of Hematology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS, Compostela, Spain
| | - José Ángel Díaz Arias
- Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Compostela, Spain.,Department of Hematology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS, Compostela, Spain.,University of Santiago de Compostela, Compostela, Spain
| | - Beatriz Antelo Rodríguez
- Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Compostela, Spain.,Department of Hematology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS, Compostela, Spain.,University of Santiago de Compostela, Compostela, Spain
| | - Natalia Alonso Vence
- Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Compostela, Spain.,Department of Hematology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS, Compostela, Spain
| | - Ángeles Bendaña López
- Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Compostela, Spain.,Department of Hematology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS, Compostela, Spain
| | - Aitor Abuín Blanco
- Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Compostela, Spain.,Department of Hematology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS, Compostela, Spain
| | - Laura Bao Pérez
- Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Compostela, Spain.,Department of Hematology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS, Compostela, Spain
| | - Andrés Peleteiro Raíndo
- Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Compostela, Spain.,Department of Hematology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS, Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel Cid López
- Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Compostela, Spain.,Department of Hematology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS, Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Mateo Pérez Encinas
- Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Compostela, Spain.,Department of Hematology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS, Compostela, Spain.,University of Santiago de Compostela, Compostela, Spain
| | - José Luis Bello López
- Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Compostela, Spain.,Department of Hematology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS, Compostela, Spain.,University of Santiago de Compostela, Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Victoria Mateos Manteca
- Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Centro de Investigación del Cancer (IBMCC-USAL, CSIC), Salamanca, Spain.
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10
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Yang Z, Li G, Zhao Y, Zhang L, Yuan X, Meng L, Liu H, Han Y, Jia L, Zhang S. Molecular Insights into the Recruiting Between UCP2 and DDX5/UBAP2L in the Metabolic Plasticity of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:3978-3987. [PMID: 34308648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) is distributed in tumor cells with a link to the support of systemic metabolic deregulation, and the downregulation of UCP2 has been unveiled as a biomarker of oncogenesis and chemoresistance in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. However, the underlying mechanism of how UCP2 cooperates with other proteins in this metabolic reprogramming remains largely unsolved. We employed a combined computational and experimental strategy to explore into the recruiting of DDX5 with other proteins, and we unraveled the underlying structural mechanisms. We found that recruiting by ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX5 (DDX5)/ubiquitin-associated protein 2-like (UBAP2L) might help UCP2 to play the pathological roles in NSCLC cells. According to the view of thermodynamics in physics, UCP2 tends to recruit DDX5 rather than UBAP2L, as shown by the ensemble-based docking, molecular dynamics simulations and molecular mechanics generalized Born surface area (MM/GBSA) approach. Cellular immunofluorescence assays further demonstrated that UCP2 associate with DDX5, and the recruiting of DDX5 with UCP2 at least partially contribute to the metabolic plasticity of NSCLCs via the AKT/mTOR pathway. Our study proposed an efficient way for detecting the protein-protein association via the experimentally validated molecular simulation. Our results shed light on the functional annotation of UCP and DDX family proteins in dysregulated metabolism, and the identification of candidate therapeutic targets for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.,MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Guoyin Li
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466000, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yizhen Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiaohui Yuan
- Institute of Biomedicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lingjie Meng
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.,Instrumental Analysis Center, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Huadong Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yong Han
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Lintao Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Shengli Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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11
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G9a/GLP targeting in MM promotes autophagy-associated apoptosis and boosts proteasome inhibitor-mediated cell death. Blood Adv 2021; 5:2325-2338. [PMID: 33938943 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an (epi)genetic highly heterogeneous plasma cell malignancy that remains mostly incurable. Deregulated expression and/or genetic defects in epigenetic-modifying enzymes contribute to high-risk disease and MM progression. Overexpression of the histone methyltransferase G9a was reported in several cancers, including MM, correlating with disease progression, metastasis, and poor prognosis. However, the exact role of G9a and its interaction partner G9a-like protein (GLP) in MM biology and the underlying mechanisms of action remain poorly understood. Here, we report that high G9a RNA levels are associated with a worse disease outcome in newly diagnosed and relapsed MM patients. G9a/GLP targeting using the specific G9a/GLP inhibitors BIX01294 and UNC0638 induces a G1-phase arrest and apoptosis in MM cell lines and reduces primary MM cell viability. Mechanistic studies revealed that G9a/GLP targeting promotes autophagy-associated apoptosis by inactivating the mTOR/4EBP1 pathway and reducing c-MYC levels. Moreover, genes deregulated by G9a/GLP targeting are associated with repressive histone marks. G9a/GLP targeting sensitizes MM cells to the proteasome inhibitors (PIs) bortezomib and carfilzomib, by (further) reducing mTOR signaling and c-MYC levels and activating p-38 and SAPK/JNK signaling. Therapeutic treatment of 5TGM1 mice with BIX01294 delayed in vivo MM tumor growth, and cotreatment with bortezomib resulted in a further reduction in tumor burden and a significantly prolonged survival. In conclusion, we provide evidence that the histone methyltransferases G9a/GLP support MM cell growth and survival by blocking basal autophagy and sustaining high c-MYC levels. G9a/GLP targeting represents a promising strategy to improve PI-based treatment in patients with high G9a/GLP levels.
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12
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Kyca T, Pavlíková L, Boháčová V, Mišák A, Poturnayová A, Breier A, Sulová Z, Šereš M. Insight into Bortezomib Focusing on Its Efficacy against P-gp-Positive MDR Leukemia Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115504. [PMID: 34071136 PMCID: PMC8197160 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we compared the effects of bortezomib on L1210 (S) cells with its effects on P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-positive variant S cells, which expressed P-gp either after selection with vincristine (R cells) or after transfection with a human gene encoding P-gp (T cells). Bortezomib induced the death-related effects in the S, R, and T cells at concentrations not exceeding 10 nM. Bortezomib-induced cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase was more pronounced in the S cells than in the R or T cells and was related to the expression levels of cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases, and their inhibitors. We also observed an increase in the level of polyubiquitinated proteins (via K48-linkage) and a decrease in the gene expression of some deubiquitinases after treatment with bortezomib. Resistant cells expressed higher levels of genes encoding 26S proteasome components and the chaperone HSP90, which is involved in 26S proteasome assembly. After 4 h of preincubation, bortezomib induced a more pronounced depression of proteasome activity in S cells than in R or T cells. However, none of these changes alone or in combination sufficiently suppressed the sensitivity of R or T cells to bortezomib, which remained at a level similar to that of S cells.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Bortezomib/pharmacology
- Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Cell Division
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Deubiquitinating Enzymes
- Drug Resistance, Multiple/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Fluoresceins/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Genes, cdc/drug effects
- Humans
- Inhibitory Concentration 50
- Leukemia, Lymphoid/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphoid/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphoid/pathology
- Mice
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/drug effects
- Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Ubiquitinated Proteins/metabolism
- Vincristine/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Kyca
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; (T.K.); (L.P.); (V.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Lucia Pavlíková
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; (T.K.); (L.P.); (V.B.); (A.P.)
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84506 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Viera Boháčová
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; (T.K.); (L.P.); (V.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Anton Mišák
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Alexandra Poturnayová
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; (T.K.); (L.P.); (V.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Albert Breier
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; (T.K.); (L.P.); (V.B.); (A.P.)
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 81237 Bratislava 1, Slovakia
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (Z.S.); (M.Š.); Tel.: +421-2-593-25-514 or +421-918-674-514 (A.B.); +421-2-3229-5510 (Z.S.)
| | - Zdena Sulová
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; (T.K.); (L.P.); (V.B.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (Z.S.); (M.Š.); Tel.: +421-2-593-25-514 or +421-918-674-514 (A.B.); +421-2-3229-5510 (Z.S.)
| | - Mário Šereš
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; (T.K.); (L.P.); (V.B.); (A.P.)
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84506 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (Z.S.); (M.Š.); Tel.: +421-2-593-25-514 or +421-918-674-514 (A.B.); +421-2-3229-5510 (Z.S.)
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13
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Marzano F, Caratozzolo MF, Pesole G, Sbisà E, Tullo A. TRIM Proteins in Colorectal Cancer: TRIM8 as a Promising Therapeutic Target in Chemo Resistance. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9030241. [PMID: 33673719 PMCID: PMC7997459 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9030241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents one of the most widespread forms of cancer in the population and, as all malignant tumors, often develops resistance to chemotherapies with consequent tumor growth and spreading leading to the patient’s premature death. For this reason, a great challenge is to identify new therapeutic targets, able to restore the drugs sensitivity of cancer cells. In this review, we discuss the role of TRIpartite Motifs (TRIM) proteins in cancers and in CRC chemoresistance, focusing on the tumor-suppressor role of TRIM8 protein in the reactivation of the CRC cells sensitivity to drugs currently used in the clinical practice. Since the restoration of TRIM8 protein levels in CRC cells recovers chemotherapy response, it may represent a new promising therapeutic target in the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaviana Marzano
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy; (F.M.); (M.F.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Mariano Francesco Caratozzolo
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy; (F.M.); (M.F.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Graziano Pesole
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy; (F.M.); (M.F.C.); (G.P.)
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Sbisà
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Apollonia Tullo
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy; (F.M.); (M.F.C.); (G.P.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Wang Q, Dong Z, Su J, Huang J, Xiao P, Tian L, Chen Y, Ma L, Chen X. Ixazomib inhibits myeloma cell proliferation by targeting UBE2K. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 549:1-7. [PMID: 33647537 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ixazomib is a selective, effective, and reversible inhibitor of 20S proteasome and is approved for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 (UBE2K) is involved in the synthesis of K48-linked ubiquitin chains and is the target of certain drugs used for the treatment of tumors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between ixazomib and UBE2K in myeloma cells. METHODS We used CCK-8 and Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide kit to detect the effects of ixazomib on survival and apoptosis of RPMI-8226 and U-266 myeloma cell lines. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot were used to detect the change in gene and protein expression levels of myeloma cells treated with ixazomib. Furthermore, the regulatory effects of ixazomib on UBE2K and its downstream targets were investigated following the overexpression of UBE2K. RESULTS In myeloma cells, ixazomib decreased cell survival and increased apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Ixazomib significantly increased the expression of HIST1H2BD, MNAT1, NEK3, and TARS2, while decreasing the expression of HSPA1B and UBE2K. In addition, ixazomib inhibited the proliferation of myeloma cells, blocked cell cycle, induced cell apoptosis, and increased the production of reactive oxygen species by inhibiting UBE2K expression. Lastly, ixazomib regulates mitosis- and apoptosis-related genes by lowering UBE2K expression. CONCLUSION In summary, ixazomib leads to impaired proliferation of myeloma cells by targeting UBE2K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Wang
- Blood Rheumatism Immunology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Zhigao Dong
- Blood Rheumatism Immunology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Junnan Su
- Blood Rheumatism Immunology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Jinmei Huang
- Blood Rheumatism Immunology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Pingping Xiao
- Blood Rheumatism Immunology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Lihong Tian
- Blood Rheumatism Immunology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Yongquan Chen
- Blood Rheumatism Immunology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Lili Ma
- Blood Rheumatism Immunology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Xuyan Chen
- Blood Rheumatism Immunology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
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15
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Yang C, Kang L, Zhao Q. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of the l-4i silkworm (Lepidoptera: Bombyx mori) mutants and its wild-type strain P33 by RNA-Seq. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2021; 38:100800. [PMID: 33607576 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2021.100800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The silkworm (Bombyx mori) is a domesticated holometabolous insect, and more than 400 Mendelian mutations have been identified. Investigating the mechanism behind these silkworm mutants is essential for understanding the development of silkworms and other lepidopterans, and lethal genes could be used for pest control. The lethal silkworm mutant in the fourth instar (l-4i) has been recently found; however, the underlying mechanism is not yet clear. Herein, we studied the l-4i mutant and its wild-type strain P33 using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Our results revealed that 2013 genes were significantly downregulated, and 20 biological processes, including spliceosomal snRNP assembly, protein folding and protein catabolic process, were significantly enriched in these downregulated genes. Moreover, 2405 genes were significantly upregulated in the l-4i mutant, and 20 biological processes, including purine nucleobase metabolic process, nucleoside metabolic process and de novo IMP biosynthetic process, were significantly enriched in these upregulated genes. The study suggests that the imbalance of multiple biological processes and pathways and abnormal protein generation from RNA alternative splicing may cause the death of the l-4i mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjie Yang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Nanxv Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212018, China; The Sericulture Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212018, China
| | - Lequn Kang
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212018, China
| | - Qiaoling Zhao
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Nanxv Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212018, China; The Sericulture Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212018, China.
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16
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Bittner ML, Lopes R, Hua J, Sima C, Datta A, Wilson-Robles H. Comprehensive live-cell imaging analysis of cryptotanshinone and synergistic drug-screening effects in various human and canine cancer cell lines. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0236074. [PMID: 33544704 PMCID: PMC7864433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several studies have highlighted both the extreme anticancer effects of Cryptotanshinone (CT), a Stat3 crippling component from Salvia miltiorrhiza, as well as other STAT3 inhibitors to fight cancer. Methods Data presented in this experiment incorporates 2 years of in vitro studies applying a comprehensive live-cell drug-screening analysis of human and canine cancer cells exposed to CT at 20 μM concentration, as well as to other drug combinations. As previously observed in other studies, dogs are natural cancer models, given to their similarity in cancer genetics, epidemiology and disease progression compared to humans. Results Results obtained from several types of human and canine cancer cells exposed to CT and varied drug combinations, verified CT efficacy at combating cancer by achieving an extremely high percentage of apoptosis within 24 hours of drug exposure. Conclusions CT anticancer efficacy in various human and canine cancer cell lines denotes its ability to interact across different biological processes and cancer regulatory cell networks, driving inhibition of cancer cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Bittner
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering, Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States of America
| | - Rosana Lopes
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering, Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RL); (HWR)
| | - Jianping Hua
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering, Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Chao Sima
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering, Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Aniruddha Datta
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering, Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Heather Wilson-Robles
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RL); (HWR)
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17
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Mahmoudian M, Valizadeh H, Löbenberg R, Zakeri-Milani P. Bortezomib-loaded lipidic-nano drug delivery systems; formulation, therapeutic efficacy, and pharmacokinetics. J Microencapsul 2021; 38:192-202. [PMID: 33530812 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2021.1876175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM Nano drug delivery systems can provide the opportunity to reduce side effects and improve the therapeutic aspect of a variety of drugs. Bortezomib (BTZ) is a proteasome inhibitor approved for the treatment of multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma. Severe side effects of BTZ are the major dose-limiting factor. Particulate drug delivery systems for BTZ are polymeric and lipidic drug delivery systems. This review focussed on lipidic-nano drug delivery systems (LNDDSs) for the delivery of BTZ. RESULTS LNDDSs including liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, and self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems showed reduce systemic side effects, improved therapeutic efficacy, and increased intestinal absorption. Besides LNDDSs were used to target-delivery of BTZ to cancer. CONCLUSION Overall, LNDDSs can be considered as a novel delivery system for BTZ to resolve the treatment-associated restrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hadi Valizadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Raimar Löbenberg
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Parvin Zakeri-Milani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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18
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Klingler P, Niklaus M, Koessler J, Weber K, Koessler A, Boeck M, Kobsar A. Influence of long-term proteasome inhibition on platelet responsiveness mediated by bortezomib. Vascul Pharmacol 2021; 138:106830. [PMID: 33422688 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2021.106830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although platelets contain a full proteasome system, its role in platelet function is not completely understood yet. Since the proteasome system may be involved in time-delayed processes, platelet responsiveness was investigated after long-term, bortezomib-mediated proteasome inhibition. MATERIALS AND METHODS Citrate-anticoagulated whole blood was stored with 5 nM and 1 μM bortezomib for 24 h. Consecutively, aggregation was measured by light transmission in platelet-rich-plasma (PRP). Flow cytometry was performed to determine phosphorylation levels of the vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), fibrinogen binding, PAC1-antibody binding and purinergic receptor expression in PRP, P2Y12 activity or glycoprotein (GP) Ib and IIb expression in whole blood. P2Y1 and P2X1 activities were assessed by calcium flux-induced fluorescence in washed platelets. Using PRP, adherent platelets on fibrinogen-, collagen- and ristocetin-coated surfaces were visualized and quantified by immunostaining. RESULTS Under bortezomib, VASP phosphorylation was less inducible and nitric oxide-induced inhibition of fibrinogen binding was slightly reduced. Proteasome inhibition did not tamper adenosine diphosphate-mediated aggregation or purinergic receptor expression and activity. Induced expression of activated fibrinogen receptors and fibrinogen binding were not significantly influenced by incubation with bortezomib for 24 h. Aggregation values with threshold agonist concentrations were increased under bortezomib. Despite unchanged GPIb expression, bortezomib-treated platelets showed enhanced adhesion on coated surfaces. CONCLUSIONS In platelets incubated for 24 h, bortezomib mediates a slight attenuation of inhibitory signaling, associated with facilitated platelet aggregation using threshold agonist concentrations and enhanced adhesion on agonist-coated surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Klingler
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacher Straße 6, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Marius Niklaus
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacher Straße 6, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Juergen Koessler
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacher Straße 6, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Katja Weber
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacher Straße 6, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Angela Koessler
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacher Straße 6, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Markus Boeck
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacher Straße 6, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Anna Kobsar
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Haemotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacher Straße 6, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany.
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Zhang Y, Pisano M, Li N, Tan G, Sun F, Cheng Y, Zhang Y, Cui X. Exosomal circRNA as a novel potential therapeutic target for multiple myeloma-related peripheral neuropathy. Cell Signal 2020; 78:109872. [PMID: 33290841 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathy (PN) is an incurable complication of multiple myeloma (MM) which adversely affects patients' quality of life. The important roles that Circular RNAs (circRNAs) play in tumor progression, and exosome-mediated intracellular communication has been recognized as a crucial factor in the pathogenesis of MM. However, the role of exosome-derived circRNAs (exo-circRNAs) in MM and MM-induced PN remains elusive. In this study, we aimed to investigate the correlation between serum exo-circRNAs and MM to preliminarily explore the role of exo-circRNAs in MM-related PN. A cohort of 25 MM patients and 5 healthy control (HC) individuals were enrolled in the study. High-throughput sequencing and qRT PCR validation of serum exo-circRNAs were used to generate the aberrantly expressed exo-circRNAs profiles. Bioinformatics analysis was done using GO, KEGG, miRanda, Targetscan and Metascape. Correlation analysis was conducted between chr2:2744228-2,744,407+ and clinical characteristics of PN. ROC curve, univariate and multivariate COX regression models were conducted to identify the prognostic potential of chr2:2744228-2,744,407+ in the MM-related PN. 265 upregulated circRNAs and 787 downregulated circRNAs, with at least a two-fold difference in expression level in MM patients vs HC, were screened. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that upregulated circRNAs had the potential to facilitate MM-related PN. Furthermore, PCR validated the abundant expression of chr2:2744228-2,744,407+ in the serum exosomes of 25 MM patients. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that chr2:2744228-2,744,407+ might induce MM related PN via the downstream miRNA and GRIN2B axis. Overexpressed chr2:2744228-2,744,407+ in the serum exosomes of MM patients might lead to the downregulation of hsa-miR-6829-3p, elevation of GRIN2B in the serum and PC12 cells, and inhibited cell viability. The correlation analysis indicated that the expression of chr 2:2744228-2,744,407+ was positively correlated with the clinical characteristics of PN. ROC curve, univariate and multivariate COX regression analysis identified that chr2:2744228-2,744,407+ is an independent prognostic factor in the MM related PN. We identified that the abnormal expression of the serum exo-circRNA was correlated with MM-related PN, implying that exo-circRNA has potential as a novel therapeutic target for MM related PN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyu Zhang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 16369 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Michael Pisano
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, The University of Iowa, 108 Calvin Hall, Iowa City, IA 52242-1396, USA.
| | - Nianhu Li
- Department of Orthopedic, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 16369 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Guoqing Tan
- Department of Orthopedic, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 16369 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Fumou Sun
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, MFRC 6033, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - Yan Cheng
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, MFRC 6033, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 16369 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Xing Cui
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 16369 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250014, China.
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Shen J, Wang R, Wang Q, Zhang M, Liu C, Tao Z, Su G. The improved anticancer effects of Bortezomib-loaded hollow mesoporous silica nanospheres on lymphoma development. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 13:411-423. [PMID: 33290262 PMCID: PMC7835069 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
As the first clinical proteasome inhibitor, Bortezomib (BTZ) has been reported to improve the outcome of lymphoma. However, due to the unstable property, low bioavailability, and hydrophobic properties of BTZ, it is needed to develop effective drug delivery systems to deliver BTZ into targeted cells or organs. Here we developed a bortezomib (BTZ)-loaded HMSNs (BTZ@HMSNs) system, which can sustain the release of BTZ in targeted tissues. In vitro assays showed that BTZ@HMSNs limited cell proliferation and augmented apoptosis of lymphoma SNK-1 cells. Moreover, BTZ@HMSNs significantly diminished migration and invasion of SNK-1 cells as compared with BTZ. In contrast to the upregulation of SHP-1, BTZ@HMSNs decreased the mRNA levels of c-Kit, NF-κB, and JAK1, which elicit oncogenic role in lymphoma development. Importantly, lymphoma mice model showed that BTZ@HMSNs significantly activated p53 signaling and reduced tumor volume and weight compared with free BTZ. Our data thus demonstrate that BTZ@HMSNs manifests improved tumor-suppressing effect in vitro and in vivo compared to free BTZ. We believe that HMSNs is a promising strategy for delivering therapeutic agents for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shen
- Department of Hematology, Centre Hospital of Cangzhou, Cangzhou, Hebei Province, China
| | - Ruihuan Wang
- Department of Hematology, Centre Hospital of Cangzhou, Cangzhou, Hebei Province, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Hematology, Centre Hospital of Cangzhou, Cangzhou, Hebei Province, China
| | - Minjuan Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Centre Hospital of Cangzhou, Cangzhou, Hebei Province, China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Department of Hematology, Centre Hospital of Cangzhou, Cangzhou, Hebei Province, China
| | - Zhenxia Tao
- Department of Central Laboratory, Centre Hospital of Cangzhou, Cangzhou, Hebei Province, China
| | - Guohong Su
- Department of Hematology, Centre Hospital of Cangzhou, Cangzhou, Hebei Province, China
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21
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Kunz V, Bommert KS, Kruk J, Schwinning D, Chatterjee M, Stühmer T, Bargou R, Bommert K. Targeting of the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase HUWE1 impairs DNA repair capacity and tumor growth in preclinical multiple myeloma models. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18419. [PMID: 33116152 PMCID: PMC7595222 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75499-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental evidence suggests that ubiquitin-protein ligases regulate a number of cellular processes involved in tumorigenesis. We analysed the role of the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase HUWE1 for pathobiology of multiple myeloma (MM), a still incurable blood cancer. mRNA expression analysis indicates an increase in HUWE1 expression levels correlated with advanced stages of myeloma. Pharmacologic as well as RNAi-mediated HUWE1 inhibition caused anti-proliferative effects in MM cell lines in vitro and in an MM1.S xenotransplantation mouse model. Cell cycle analysis upon HUWE1 inhibition revealed decreased S phase cell fractions. Analyses of potential HUWE1-dependent molecular functions did not show involvement in MYC-dependent gene regulation. However, HUWE1 depleted MM cells displayed increased DNA tail length by comet assay, as well as changes in the levels of DNA damage response mediators such as pBRCA1, DNA-polymerase β, γH2AX and Mcl-1. Our finding that HUWE1 might thus be involved in endogenous DNA repair is further supported by strongly enhanced apoptotic effects of the DNA-damaging agent melphalan in HUWE1 depleted cells in vitro and in vivo. These data suggest that HUWE1 might contribute to tumour growth by endogenous repair of DNA, and could therefore potentially be exploitable in future treatment developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Kunz
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 5, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kathryn S Bommert
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 5, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jessica Kruk
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 5, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Schwinning
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 5, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Manik Chatterjee
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 5, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Stühmer
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 5, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Bargou
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 5, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kurt Bommert
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 5, 97078, Würzburg, Germany.
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22
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Agbana P, Lee MJ, Rychahou P, Kim KB, Bae Y. Ternary Polypeptide Nanoparticles with Improved Encapsulation, Sustained Release, and Enhanced In Vitro Efficacy of Carfilzomib. Pharm Res 2020; 37:213. [PMID: 33025286 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02922-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a new nanoparticle formulation for a proteasome inhibitor Carfilzomib (CFZ) to improve its stability and efficacy for future in vivo applications. METHODS CFZ-loaded ternary polypeptide nanoparticles (CFZ/tPNPs) were prepared by using heptakis(6-amino-6-deoxy)-β-cyclodextrin(hepta-hydrochloride) (HaβCD) and azido-poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(L-glutamic acid sodium salt) (N3-PEG-PLE). The process involved ternary (hydrophobic/ionic/supramolecular) interactions in three steps: 1) CFZ was entrapped in the cavity of HaβCD by hydrophobic interaction, 2) the drug-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes were mixed with N3-PEG-PLE to form polyion complex nanoparticles, and 3) the nanoparticles were modified with fluorescent dyes (AFDye 647) for imaging and/or epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) antibodies for cancer cell targeting. CFZ/tPNPs were characterized for particle size, surface charge, drug release, stability, intracellular uptake, proteasome inhibition, and in vitro cytotoxicity. RESULTS tPNPs maintained an average particle size of 50 nm after CFZ entrapment, EpCAM conjugation, and freeze drying. tPNPs achieved high aqueous solubility of CFZ (>1 mg/mL), sustained drug release (t1/2 = 6.46 h), and EpCAM-mediated cell targeting, which resulted in increased intracellular drug accumulation, prolonged proteasome inhibition, and enhanced cytotoxicity of CFZ in drug-resistant DLD-1 colorectal cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS tPNPs improved stability and efficacy of CFZ in vitro, and these results potentiate effective cancer treatment using CFZ/tPNPs in future vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preye Agbana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536-0596, USA
| | - Min Jae Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536-0596, USA
| | - Piotr Rychahou
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536, USA
| | - Kyung-Bo Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536-0596, USA
| | - Younsoo Bae
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536-0596, USA.
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23
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Sevilla-Movilla S, Arellano-Sánchez N, Martínez-Moreno M, Gajate C, Sánchez-Vencells A, Valcárcel LV, Agirre X, Valeri A, Martínez-López J, Prósper F, Mollinedo F, Teixidó J. Upregulated expression and function of the α4β1 integrin in multiple myeloma cells resistant to bortezomib. J Pathol 2020; 252:29-40. [PMID: 32501543 DOI: 10.1002/path.5480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of multiple myeloma (MM) cells with the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment promotes MM cell retention, survival, and resistance to different anti-MM agents, including proteasome inhibitors (PIs) such as bortezomib (BTZ). The α4β1 integrin is a main adhesion receptor mediating MM cell-stroma interactions and MM cell survival, and its expression and function are downregulated by BTZ, leading to inhibition of cell adhesion-mediated drug resistance (CAM-DR) and MM cell apoptosis. Whether decreased α4β1 expression and activity are maintained or recovered upon development of resistance to BTZ represents an important question, as a potential rescue of α4β1 function could boost MM cell survival and disease progression. Using BTZ-resistant MM cells, we found that they not only rescue their α4β1 expression, but its levels were higher than in parental cells. Increased α4β1 expression in resistant cells correlated with enhanced α4β1-mediated cell lodging in the BM, and with disease progression. BTZ-resistant MM cells displayed enhanced NF-κB pathway activation relative to parental counterparts, which contributed to upregulated α4 expression and to α4β1-dependent MM cell adhesion. These data emphasize the upregulation of α4β1 expression and function as a key event during resistance to BTZ in MM, which might indirectly contribute to stabilize this resistance, as stronger MM cell attachment to BM stroma will regain CAM-DR and MM cell growth and survival. Finally, we found a strong correlation between high ITGB1 (integrin β1) expression in MM and poor progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) during treatment of MM patients with BTZ and IMIDs, and combination of high ITGB1 levels and presence of the high-risk genetic factor amp1q causes low PFS and OS. These results unravel a novel prognostic value for ITGB1 in myeloma. © 2020 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sevilla-Movilla
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nohemí Arellano-Sánchez
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Martínez-Moreno
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Consuelo Gajate
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Sánchez-Vencells
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis V Valcárcel
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Xabier Agirre
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Antonio Valeri
- Department of Translational Hematology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquin Martínez-López
- Department of Translational Hematology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Felipe Prósper
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Hematology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Faustino Mollinedo
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquin Teixidó
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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24
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Abstract
Ixazomib, the first oral proteasome inhibitor, is approved in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone for the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) who have received at least one prior therapy. Ixazomib is a selective, potent, and reversible inhibitor of the 20S proteasome, and preferentially binds to and inhibits the β5 chymotrypsin-like proteolytic site. Ixazomib absorption is rapid, with a median time to reach maximum plasma concentration of approximately 1 h post-dose. Ixazomib pharmacokinetics (PK) are adequately described by a three-compartment model (terminal half-life of 9.5 days) with first-order linear absorption (oral bioavailability of 58%). Plasma exposures of ixazomib increase in a dose-proportional manner. A high-fat meal decreases both the rate and extent of ixazomib absorption, supporting administration on an empty stomach. Population PK analyses demonstrated that no dose adjustment is required based on age, body size/weight, race, sex, mild-to-moderate renal impairment, or mild hepatic impairment. Results from dedicated studies indicate that a reduced starting dose (from 4 to 3 mg) is appropriate for patients with severe renal impairment, end-stage renal disease requiring dialysis, or moderate-to-severe hepatic impairment. Non-cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated metabolism appears to be the major clearance mechanism for ixazomib. Drug–drug interaction studies have shown no meaningful effects of strong inhibitors of CYP3A on ixazomib PK; however, the strong inducer rifampin caused a clinically relevant reduction in ixazomib exposure, supporting the recommendation to avoid concomitant administration of ixazomib with strong CYP3A inducers. Exposure–response analyses of data from the phase III TOURMALINE-MM1 registrational study demonstrate a favorable benefit–risk profile for the approved dose and regimen of weekly ixazomib 4 mg on days 1, 8, and 15 of each 28-day cycle.
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25
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Sarodaya N, Karapurkar J, Kim KS, Hong SH, Ramakrishna S. The Role of Deubiquitinating Enzymes in Hematopoiesis and Hematological Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1103. [PMID: 32354135 PMCID: PMC7281754 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are responsible for the production of blood cells throughout the human lifespan. Single HSCs can give rise to at least eight distinct blood-cell lineages. Together, hematopoiesis, erythropoiesis, and angiogenesis coordinate several biological processes, i.e., cellular interactions during development and proliferation, guided migration, lineage programming, and reprogramming by transcription factors. Any dysregulation of these processes can result in hematological disorders and/or malignancies. Several studies of the molecular mechanisms governing HSC maintenance have demonstrated that protein regulation by the ubiquitin proteasomal pathway is crucial for normal HSC function. Recent studies have shown that reversal of ubiquitination by deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) plays an equally important role in hematopoiesis; however, information regarding the biological function of DUBs is limited. In this review, we focus on recent discoveries about the physiological roles of DUBs in hematopoiesis, erythropoiesis, and angiogenesis and discuss the DUBs associated with common hematological disorders and malignancies, which are potential therapeutic drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Sarodaya
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (N.S.); (J.K.); (K.-S.K.)
| | - Janardhan Karapurkar
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (N.S.); (J.K.); (K.-S.K.)
| | - Kye-Seong Kim
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (N.S.); (J.K.); (K.-S.K.)
- College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Seok-Ho Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Suresh Ramakrishna
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (N.S.); (J.K.); (K.-S.K.)
- College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
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26
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Lichtenstein F, Iqbal A, de Lima Will SEA, Bosch RV, DeOcesano-Pereira C, Goldfeder MB, Chammas R, Trufen CEM, Morais KLP, de Souza JG, Natalino RJM, de Azevedo IJ, Nishiyama Junior MY, Oliveira U, Alves FIA, Araujo JM, Lobba ARM, Chudzinski-Tavassi AM. Modulation of stress and immune response by Amblyomin-X results in tumor cell death in a horse melanoma model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6388. [PMID: 32286411 PMCID: PMC7156751 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63275-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We have investigated Amblyomin-X-treated horse melanomas to better understand its mode of action through transcriptome analysis and the in vivo model. Amblyomin-X is a Kunitz-type homologous protein that selectively leads to the death of tumor cells via ER stress and apoptosis, currently under investigation as a new drug candidate for cancer treatment. Melanomas are immunogenic tumors, and a better understanding of the immune responses is warranted. Equine melanomas are spontaneous and not so aggressive as human melanomas are, as this study shows that the in vivo treatment of encapsulated horse melanoma tumors led to a significant reduction in the tumor size or even the complete disappearance of the tumor mass through intratumoral injections of Amblyomin-X. Transcriptome analysis identified ER- and mitochondria-stress, modulation of the innate immune system, apoptosis, and possibly immunogenic cell death activation. Interactome analysis showed that Amblyomin-X potentially interacts with key elements found in transcriptomics. Taken together, Amblyomin-X modulated the tumor immune microenvironment in different ways, at least contributing to induce tumor cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Lichtenstein
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,CENTD, Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Asif Iqbal
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,CENTD, Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sonia Elisabete Alves de Lima Will
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,CENTD, Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosemary Viola Bosch
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,CENTD, Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos DeOcesano-Pereira
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,CENTD, Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Barbugiani Goldfeder
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,CENTD, Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roger Chammas
- ICESP, Center for Translational Research in Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Madureira Trufen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,CENTD, Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Katia Luciano Pereira Morais
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,CENTD, Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jean Gabriel de Souza
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,CENTD, Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato Jose Mendonça Natalino
- ICESP, Center for Translational Research in Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ursula Oliveira
- Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada - CeTICS, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco Ivanio Arruda Alves
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,CENTD, Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Mayara Araujo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,CENTD, Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline Ramos Maia Lobba
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,CENTD, Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Marisa Chudzinski-Tavassi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. .,CENTD, Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.
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27
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Severe but reversible pulmonary hypertension in scleromyxedema and multiple myeloma: a case report. BMC Pulm Med 2020; 20:8. [PMID: 31918690 PMCID: PMC6953266 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-019-1020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Scleromyxedema is a progressive, systemic connective tissue disorder characterized by fibro-mucous skin lesions and increased serum monoclonal immunoglobulin levels. Pulmonary involvement occurs in a subset of patients, though the overall prevalence of pulmonary lesions in scleromyxedema is unknown. Since pulmonary hypertension presumably occurs in these patients due to disease progression and development of additional conditions, treatment of the underlying plasma cell dyscrasia and connective tissue disorder may improve pulmonary hypertension symptoms. Case presentation An elderly patient with scleromyxedema developed pulmonary hypertension refractory to vasodilator and diuretic therapy and subsequently multiple myeloma that responded to a combination therapy of bortezomib, cyclophosphamide, and dexamethasone treatment. Conclusions Treatment of the underlying disease(s) that contributed to pulmonary hypertension development with anti-neoplastic agents like bortezomib may improve cardiopulmonary symptoms secondary to reducing abnormal blood cell counts and paraprotein levels.
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28
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Nishimura N, Radwan MO, Amano M, Endo S, Fujii E, Hayashi H, Ueno S, Ueno N, Tatetsu H, Hata H, Okamoto Y, Otsuka M, Mitsuya H, Matsuoka M, Okuno Y. Novel p97/VCP inhibitor induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in both bortezomib-sensitive and -resistant multiple myeloma cells. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:3275-3287. [PMID: 31368616 PMCID: PMC6778635 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
p97/VCP is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)‐associated protein that belongs to the AAA (ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities) ATPase family. It has a variety of cellular functions including ER‐associated protein degradation, autophagy, and aggresome formation. Recent studies have shown emerging roles of p97/VCP and its potential as a therapeutic target in several cancer subtypes including multiple myeloma (MM). We conducted a cell‐based compound screen to exploit novel small compounds that have cytotoxic activity in myeloma cells. Among approximately 2000 compounds, OSSL_325096 showed relatively strong antiproliferative activity in MM cell lines (IC50, 100‐500 nmol/L). OSSL_325096 induced apoptosis in myeloma cell lines, including a bortezomib‐resistant cell line and primary myeloma cells purified from patients. Accumulation of poly‐ubiquitinated proteins, PERK, CHOP, and IREα, was observed in MM cell lines treated with OSSL_325096, suggesting that it induces ER stress in MM cells. OSSL_325096 has a similar chemical structure to DBeQ, a known p97/VCP inhibitor. Knockdown of the gene encoding p97/VCP induced apoptosis in myeloma cells, accompanied by accumulation of poly‐ubiquitinated protein. IC50 of OSSL_325096 to myeloma cell lines were found to be lower (0.1‐0.8 μmol/L) than those of DBeQ (2‐5 μmol/L). In silico protein–drug‐binding simulation suggested possible binding of OSSL_325096 to the ATP binding site in the D2 domain of p97/VCP. In cell‐free ATPase assays, OSSL_325096 showed dose‐dependent inhibition of p97/VCP ATPase activity. Finally, OSSL_325096 inhibited the growth of subcutaneous myeloma cell tumors in vivo. The present data suggest that OSSL_325096 exerts anti‐myeloma activity, at least in part through p97/VCP inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Nishimura
- Departments of Hematology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Disease, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Mohamed O Radwan
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Masayuki Amano
- Departments of Hematology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Disease, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shinya Endo
- Departments of Hematology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Disease, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Eri Fujii
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Division of Informative Clinical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hironori Hayashi
- Departments of Hematology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Disease, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shikiko Ueno
- Departments of Hematology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Disease, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Niina Ueno
- Departments of Hematology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Disease, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiro Tatetsu
- Departments of Hematology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Disease, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hata
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Division of Informative Clinical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshinari Okamoto
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masami Otsuka
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- Departments of Hematology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Disease, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masao Matsuoka
- Departments of Hematology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Disease, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yutaka Okuno
- Departments of Hematology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Disease, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kumamoto, Japan
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29
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Harisa GI, Faris TM. Direct Drug Targeting into Intracellular Compartments: Issues, Limitations, and Future Outlook. J Membr Biol 2019; 252:527-539. [PMID: 31375855 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-019-00082-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular compartment drug delivery is a promising strategy for the treatment of diseases. By this way, medicines can delivered to particular intracellular compartments. This maximizes the therapeutic efficacy and safety of medicines, particularly of anticancer and antiviral drugs. Intracellular compartment drug delivery is either indirectly by targeting of cell nucleus as central compartment of the cell or directly through the targeting of compartments itself. Drugs or nanoshuttles labeled with compartment's localization signal represent a smart tactic for subcellular compartment targeting. There are several boundaries prevent the arrival of shuttles to the specified intracellular compartments. These boundaries include selective permeability of biomembranes, efflux transporters, and lysosomes. The utilization of specific ligands during design of drug delivery nanoshuttles permits the targeting of specified intracellular compartment. Therefore drugs targeting could correct the diseases associated organelles. This review highlights the direct targeting of the medicines into subcellular compartment as a promising therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamaleldin I Harisa
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Tarek M Faris
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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Lyle CL, Belghasem M, Chitalia VC. c-Cbl: An Important Regulator and a Target in Angiogenesis and Tumorigenesis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050498. [PMID: 31126146 PMCID: PMC6563115 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Casitas B lineage lymphoma (c-Cbl) is a multifunctional protein with a ubiquitin E3 ligase activity capable of degrading diverse sets of proteins. Although previous work had focused mainly on c-Cbl mutations in humans with hematological malignancies, recent emerging evidence suggests a critical role of c-Cbl in angiogenesis and human solid organ tumors. The combination of its unique structure, modular function, and ability to channelize cues from a rich network of signaling cascades, empowers c-Cbl to assume a central role in these disease models. This review consolidates the structural and functional insights based on recent studies that highlight c-Cbl as a target with tantalizing therapeutic potential in various models of angiogenesis and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chimera L Lyle
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Mostafa Belghasem
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Vipul C Chitalia
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
- Boston Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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31
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Chopra R, Sadok A, Collins I. A critical evaluation of the approaches to targeted protein degradation for drug discovery. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2019; 31:5-13. [PMID: 31200859 PMCID: PMC6559946 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
There is a great deal of excitement around the concept of targeting proteins for degradation as an alternative to conventional inhibitory small molecules and antibodies. Protein degradation can be undertaken by bifunctional molecules that bind the target for ubiquitin mediated degradation by complexing them with Cereblon (CRBN), von Hippel-Lindau or other E-3 ligases. Alternatively, E-3 ligase receptors such as CRBN or DCAF15 can also be used as a 'template' to bind IMiD or sulphonamide like compounds to degrade multiple context specific proteins by the selected E-3 ligases. The 'template approach' results in the degradation of neo-substrates, some of which would be difficult to drug using conventional approaches. The chemical properties necessary for drug discovery, the rules by which neo-substrates are selected by E-3 ligase receptors and defining the optimal components of the ubiquitin proteasome for protein degradation are still to be fully elucidate. Theis review will aim to critically evaluate the different approaches and principles emerging for targted protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Chopra
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit and Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom.
| | - Amine Sadok
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit and Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Collins
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit and Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
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Plummer C, Driessen C, Szabo Z, Mateos MV. Management of cardiovascular risk in patients with multiple myeloma. Blood Cancer J 2019; 9:26. [PMID: 30808934 PMCID: PMC6391463 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-019-0183-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell malignancy that accounts for 10% of hematological cancers. It predominantly affects elderly people; median age at diagnosis is 70 years. Consequently, many patients with MM have cardiovascular comorbidities or risk factors. MM can cause cardiac comorbidities such as cardiomyopathy and heart failure caused by cardiac amyloidosis and/or anemia. Some of the treatments used in MM can also affect cardiovascular health. Advances in pharmacotherapy for MM, such as the introduction of immunomodulators, proteasome inhibitors, histone deacetylase inhibitors, and monoclonal antibodies, have dramatically improved progression-free survival and life expectancy, but new agent classes are associated with adverse events that were not previously observed on a regular basis, including cardiovascular events. However, with careful risk assessment, monitoring, and prophylactic therapy, many of these cardiovascular complications can be managed or treated successfully. Most routine cardiovascular surveillance is undertaken by the treating hemato-oncologist, but a multidisciplinary approach involving cardiologists may help to optimize patient outcomes. In this review, we survey the cardiac complications commonly reported in patients with MM, discuss how they can be prevented and managed, and summarize the role cardiologists can play in delivering the best possible outcomes for patients with MM and cardiovascular comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Plummer
- Department of Cardiology, Freeman Hospital, Freeman Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE7 7DN, UK.
| | - Christoph Driessen
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Kantonsspital St Gallen, Rorschacher Strasse 95, CH-9007, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Zsolt Szabo
- Amgen (Europe) GmbH, Suurstoffi 22, 6343, Rotkreuz, Switzerland
| | - María-Victoria Mateos
- Hematology Service, University Hospital Salamanca, Casa del Bedel, Cardenal Pla y Deniel, 22, Planta Baja, Salamanca, 37008, Spain
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Ubiquitin-activating enzyme inhibition induces an unfolded protein response and overcomes drug resistance in myeloma. Blood 2019; 133:1572-1584. [PMID: 30737236 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-06-859686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Three proteasome inhibitors have garnered regulatory approvals in various multiple myeloma settings; but drug resistance is an emerging challenge, prompting interest in blocking upstream components of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. One such attractive target is the E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme (UAE); we therefore evaluated the activity of TAK-243, a novel and specific UAE inhibitor. TAK-243 potently suppressed myeloma cell line growth, induced apoptosis, and activated caspases while decreasing the abundance of ubiquitin-protein conjugates. This was accompanied by stabilization of many short-lived proteins, including p53, myeloid cell leukemia 1 (MCL-1), and c-MYC, and activation of the activating transcription factor 6 (ATF-6), inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE-1), and protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum (ER) kinase (PERK) arms of the ER stress response pathway, as well as oxidative stress. UAE inhibition showed comparable activity against otherwise isogenic cell lines with wild-type (WT) or deleted p53 despite induction of TP53 signaling in WT cells. Notably, TAK-243 overcame resistance to conventional drugs and novel agents in cell-line models, including bortezomib and carfilzomib resistance, and showed activity against primary cells from relapsed/refractory myeloma patients. In addition, TAK-243 showed strong synergy with a number of antimyeloma agents, including doxorubicin, melphalan, and panobinostat as measured by low combination indices. Finally, TAK-243 was active against a number of in vivo myeloma models in association with activation of ER stress. Taken together, the data support the conclusion that UAE inhibition could be an attractive strategy to move forward to the clinic for patients with relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma.
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Golonko A, Pienkowski T, Swislocka R, Lazny R, Roszko M, Lewandowski W. Another look at phenolic compounds in cancer therapy the effect of polyphenols on ubiquitin-proteasome system. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 167:291-311. [PMID: 30776692 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) have been the object of research interests for many years because of their potential as anti-cancer agents. Research in this field is aimed at improving the specificity and safety of known proteasome inhibitors. Unfortunately, in vitro conditions do not reflect the processes taking place in the human body. Recent reports indicate that the components of human plasma affect the course of many signaling pathways, proteasome activity and the effectiveness of synthetic cytostatic drugs. Therefore, it is believed that the key issue is to determine the effects of components of the human diet, including effects of chemically active polyphenols on the ubiquitin-proteasome system activity in both physiological and pathological (cancerous) states. The following article summarizes the current knowledge on the direct and indirect synergistic and antagonistic effects between polyphenolic compounds present in the human diet and the efficiency of protein degradation via the UPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Golonko
- Department of Food Analysis, Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Pienkowski
- Bialystok University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Wiejska 45E, 15-351, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Renata Swislocka
- Bialystok University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Wiejska 45E, 15-351, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ryszard Lazny
- Institut of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1K, 15-245, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Marek Roszko
- Department of Food Analysis, Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wlodzimierz Lewandowski
- Department of Food Analysis, Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532, Warsaw, Poland.
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Zhou L, Deng ZZ, Li HY, Jiang N, Wei ZS, Hong MF, Chen XD, Wang JH, Zhang MX, Shi YH, Lu ZQ, Huang XM. TRIM31 promotes glioma proliferation and invasion through activating NF-κB pathway. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:2289-2297. [PMID: 30988633 PMCID: PMC6441556 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s183625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioma is the most lethal primary brain tumor, the survival rate still isn't improved in the past decades. It's essential to study the regulatory mechanism of glioma progression, hoping to find new therapy targets or methods. The family of tripartite motif (TRIM) containing proteins are E3 ubiquitination ligases, which play critical role in various tumor progression. METHODS Cell proliferation and invasion were analyzed by colony formation assay, soft agar growth assay, BrdU incorporation assay and transwell invasion assay. Luciferase reporter analysis was used to analyze NF-κB pathway activity. RESULTS We found TRIM31 was upregulated in glioma cells and tissues, its overexpression significantly promoted glioma cell proliferation and invasion, while its knockdown significantly inhibited glioma cell proliferation and invasion. Mechanism analysis found TRIM31 promoted NF-κB pathway activity and increased its targets expression. NF-κB inhibition reversed the phenotype caused by TRIM31, confirming TRIM31 promoted glioma progression through activating NF-κB pathway. Using clinical specimens found TRIM31 expression was positively correlative with NF-κB activity. CONCLUSION This study found TRIM31 promoted glioma proliferation and invasion through activating NF-κB activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China, ,
| | - Zhe-Zhi Deng
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China,
| | - Hai-Yan Li
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China,
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Wei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Clinical Medicine of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ming-Fan Hong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Clinical Medicine of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiao-Dang Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China,
| | - Ji-Hui Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China,
| | - Ming-Xing Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China, ,
| | - Yi-Hua Shi
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China, ,
| | - Zheng-Qi Lu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China, ,
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China,
| | - Xu-Ming Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China, ,
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Unsworth AJ, Bombik I, Pinto-Fernandez A, McGouran JF, Konietzny R, Zahedi RP, Watson SP, Kessler BM, Pears CJ. Human Platelet Protein Ubiquitylation and Changes following GPVI Activation. Thromb Haemost 2018; 119:104-116. [PMID: 30597505 PMCID: PMC6327716 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1676344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Platelet activators stimulate post-translational modification of signalling proteins to change their activity or their molecular interactions leading to signal propagation. One covalent modification is attachment of the small protein ubiquitin to lysine residues in target proteins. Modification by ubiquitin can either target proteins for degradation by the proteasome or act as a scaffold for other proteins. Pharmacological inhibition of deubiquitylases or the proteasome inhibition of platelet activation by collagen, demonstrating a role for ubiquitylation, but relatively few substrates for ubiquitin have been identified and the molecular basis of inhibition is not established. Here, we report the ubiquitome of human platelets and changes in ubiquitylated proteins following stimulation by collagen-related peptide (CRP-XL). Using platelets from six individuals over three independent experiments, we identified 1,634 ubiquitylated peptides derived from 691 proteins, revealing extensive ubiquitylation in resting platelets. Note that 925 of these peptides show an increase of more than twofold following stimulation with CRP-XL. Multiple sites of ubiquitylation were identified on several proteins including Syk, filamin and integrin heterodimer sub-units. This work reveals extensive protein ubiquitylation during activation of human platelets and opens the possibility of novel therapeutic interventions targeting the ubiquitin machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Unsworth
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Izabela Bombik
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Adan Pinto-Fernandez
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna F McGouran
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Konietzny
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - René P Zahedi
- JGH Proteomics Centre, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Steve P Watson
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Benedikt M Kessler
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine J Pears
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Guerrero-Garcia TA, Gandolfi S, Laubach JP, Hideshima T, Chauhan D, Mitsiades C, Anderson KC, Richardson PG. The power of proteasome inhibition in multiple myeloma. Expert Rev Proteomics 2018; 15:1033-1052. [PMID: 30427223 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1543595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Proteasome inhibitors (PIs) are therapeutic backbones of multiple myeloma treatment, with PI-based therapies being standards of care throughout the treatment algorithm. Proteasome inhibition affects multiple critical signaling pathways in myeloma cells and interacts synergistically with mechanisms of action of other conventional and novel agents, resulting in substantial anti-myeloma activity and at least additive effects. Areas covered: This review summarizes the biologic effects of proteasome inhibition in myeloma and provides an overview of the importance of proteasome inhibition to the current treatment algorithm. It reviews key clinical data on three PIs, specifically bortezomib, carfilzomib, and ixazomib; assesses ongoing phase 3 trials with these agents; and looks ahead to the increasingly broad role of both approved PIs and PIs under investigation in the frontline and relapsed settings. Expert commentary: Progress to date with PIs in multiple myeloma has been impressive, but there remain unmet needs and challenges, as well as increasing opportunities to optimize the use of these agents. Understanding discrepancies between PIs in terms of efficacy and safety profile is a key goal of ongoing research, along with proteomics-based efforts to identify potential biomarkers of sensitivity and resistance, thereby enabling increasingly personalized treatment approaches in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Gandolfi
- b Medical Oncology , Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Jacob P Laubach
- b Medical Oncology , Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Teru Hideshima
- b Medical Oncology , Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston , MA , USA
| | | | | | | | - Paul G Richardson
- b Medical Oncology , Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston , MA , USA
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Wang C, Shi G, Ji X. Design, synthesis, and anticancer activity evaluation of irreversible allosteric inhibitors of the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Ube2g2. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 9:1818-1825. [PMID: 30542531 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00320c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The RING finger-dependent ubiquitin ligase (E3) gp78, known as the tumor autocrine motility factor receptor, contributes to tumor progression. The protein interacts with its cognate ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2), Ube2g2, via its RING domain and a unique region called G2BR that strongly binds to E2. The binding of G2BR to Ube2g2 allosterically enhances the binding of RING to E2, and the binding of RING triggers the departure of G2BR from E2 also in an allosteric fashion. Targeting these allosteric events, we developed a family of inhibitors that irreversibly block E2-E3 interactions and thereby eliminate the tumorigenic effect of gp78. One among 19 compounds screened with the NCI 60 tumor cell lines exhibited outstanding anticancer activities. At 10 μM, it caused >50% growth inhibition to 40% of the cell lines; at 100 μM, it showed lethiferous activity against most cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory , National Cancer Institute , 1050 Boyles Street , Frederick , MD 20702 , USA . ;
| | - Genbin Shi
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory , National Cancer Institute , 1050 Boyles Street , Frederick , MD 20702 , USA . ;
| | - Xinhua Ji
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory , National Cancer Institute , 1050 Boyles Street , Frederick , MD 20702 , USA . ;
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Cross Talk Networks of Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Signaling With the Ubiquitin Proteasome System and Their Clinical Implications in Multiple Myeloma. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 343:219-297. [PMID: 30712673 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common hematological malignancy and results from the clonal amplification of plasma cells. Despite recent advances in treatment, MM remains incurable with a median survival time of only 5-6years, thus necessitating further insights into MM biology and exploitation of novel therapeutic approaches. Both the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) and the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways have been implicated in the pathogenesis, and treatment of MM and different lines of evidence suggest a close cross talk between these central cell-regulatory signaling networks. In this review, we outline the interplay between the UPS and mTOR pathways and discuss their implications for the pathophysiology and therapy of MM.
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40
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Sarıman M, Abacı N, Sırma Ekmekçi S, Çakiris A, Perçin Paçal F, Üstek D, Ayer M, Yenerel MN, Beşışık S, Çefle K, Palandüz Ş, Öztürk Ş. Investigation of Gene Expressions of Myeloma Cells in the Bone Marrow of Multiple Myeloma Patients by Transcriptome Analysis. Balkan Med J 2018; 36:23-31. [PMID: 30079703 PMCID: PMC6335938 DOI: 10.4274/balkanmedj.2018.0356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Multiple myeloma is a plasma cell dyscrasia characterized by transformation of B cells into malignant cells. Although there are data regarding the molecular pathology of multiple myeloma, the molecular mechanisms of the disease have not been fully elucidated. Aims: To investigate the gene expression profiles in bone marrow myeloma cells via RNA-sequencing technology. Study Design: Cell study. Methods: Myeloma cells from four patients with untreated multiple myeloma and B cells from the bone marrow of four healthy donors were sorted using a FACSAria II flow cytometer. The patient pool of myeloma cells and the control pool of B cells were the two comparative groups. A transcriptome analysis was performed and the results were analyzed using bioinformatics tools. Results: In total, 18.806 transcripts (94.4%) were detected in the pooled multiple myeloma patient cells. A total of 992 regions were detected as new exon candidates or alternative splicing regions. In addition, 490 mutations (deletions or insertions), 1.397 single nucleotide variations, 415 fusion transcripts, 132 frameshift mutations, and 983 fusions, which were reported before in the National Center for Biotechnology Information, were detected with unknown functions in patients. A total of 35.268 transcripts were obtained (71%) (25.355 transcripts were defined previously) in the control pool. In this preliminary study, the first 50 genes were analyzed with the MSigDB, Enrichr, and Panther gene set enrichment analysis programs. The molecular functions, cellular components, pathways, and biological processes of the genes were obtained and statistical values were determined using bioinformatics tools and are presented as a supplemental file. Conclusion: EEF1G, ITM2C, FTL, CLPTM1L, and CYBA are identified as possible candidate genes associated with myelomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melda Sarıman
- Department of Genetics, İstanbul University, Aziz Sancar Experimental Medical Research Institute, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Abacı
- Department of Genetics, İstanbul University, Aziz Sancar Experimental Medical Research Institute, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Sema Sırma Ekmekçi
- Department of Genetics, İstanbul University, Aziz Sancar Experimental Medical Research Institute, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Aris Çakiris
- Department of Genetics, İstanbul University, Aziz Sancar Experimental Medical Research Institute, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ferda Perçin Paçal
- Department of Genetics, İstanbul University, Aziz Sancar Experimental Medical Research Institute, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Duran Üstek
- Department of Genetics, İstanbul University, Aziz Sancar Experimental Medical Research Institute, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Mesut Ayer
- Clinic of Hematology, İstanbul Haseki Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Nuri Yenerel
- Department of Hematology, İstanbul Universiy İstanbul School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevgi Beşışık
- Department of Internal Medicine, İstanbul Universiy İstanbul School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Kıvanç Çefle
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, İstanbul Universiy İstanbul School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Şükrü Palandüz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, İstanbul Universiy İstanbul School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Şükrü Öztürk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, İstanbul Universiy İstanbul School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
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MicroRNA-324-5p suppresses the migration and invasion of MM cells by inhibiting the SCF β-TrCP E3 ligase. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:5331-5338. [PMID: 30250603 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a cytogenetically heterogeneous malignancy of plasma cells in bone marrow. Among the cytogenetic abnormalities of MM, del(17p) is a well-recognized high-risk genetic lesion associated with the late stage and progression of the disease. MicroRNA (miR)-324-5p, located at 17p13.1, was identified to be involved in the dysregulation of a number of types of malignant disease. However, whether miR-324-5p is associated with the development and progression of MM remains unknown. In the present study, the expression status of miR-324-5p in MM, and its effect on the migratory and invasive ability of MM cells were investigated. Using ubiquitination pathway polymerase chain reaction array, the inhibitory effect of miR-324-5p on the ubiquitinated proteins was investigated. It was identified that miR-324-5p levels were decreased in samples from patients with MM and MM cell lines. Increased expression of miR-324-5p by transfection of miR-324-5p mimic suppressed the proliferative, migratory and invasive abilities of MM.1R cells. Furthermore, increased expression of miR-324-5p in MM.1R cells inhibited the ubiquitination pathway and decreased the levels of ubiquitination-associated proteins, particularly the Skp1-Cullin1-F-box β-transducin repeat-containing protein (SCFβ-TrCP) E3 ligase. In addition, the results of the present study demonstrated that the SCFβ-TrCP E3 ligase may contribute to the suppression of MM cell motility by inhibiting the expression of metastasis-associated genes, including metastasis suppressor 1. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that miR-324-5p may act as a tumor suppressor by impairing the motility of MM cells by suppressing the ubiquitination pathway.
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Abramson HN. The Multiple Myeloma Drug Pipeline-2018: A Review of Small Molecules and Their Therapeutic Targets. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2018; 18:611-627. [PMID: 30001985 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of multiple myeloma (MM), a neoplasm of plasma cells, formerly dependent on alkylating drugs, corticosteroids, and autologous stem cell transplantation, has changed dramatically in the past 20 years because 3 new classes of small molecule drugs (arbitrarily defined as having a molecular weight of < 900 kDa)-immunomodulators, proteasome inhibitors, and histone deacetylase blockers-have been introduced for the disease. Therapeutic options for MM expanded further in 2015 when 2 new monoclonal antibodies (daratumumab and elotuzumab) were approved by the Food and Drug Administration for MM. Although MM remains incurable, the cumulative effect of these advances has resulted in a near-doubling of the 5-year survival rate since the late 1980s. Despite these advances, therapy for MM continues to pose substantial challenges because resistance to therapy frequently develops, and relapse and recurrence are all too common. The present review focused on the pipeline for new small molecules in various stages of development and their associated cellular targets. In addition to newer versions of alkylators, immunomodulators, proteasome inhibitors, and histone deacetylase inhibitors, the present review considered the prospects for adding new classes of small molecules to the MM armamentarium, which offer the potential for oral efficacy, relative simplicity of preparation, and prospects for improvement in the cost-to-benefit ratio. Included are agents that affect myeloma epigenetics and the ubiquitination-proteasome system and the unfolded protein response, apoptotic mechanisms, chromosomal abnormalities, nuclear protein transport, and various kinases involved in cellular signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanley N Abramson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI.
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Gavazzoni M, Vizzardi E, Gorga E, Bonadei I, Rossi L, Belotti A, Rossi G, Ribolla R, Metra M, Raddino R. Mechanism of cardiovascular toxicity by proteasome inhibitors: New paradigm derived from clinical and pre-clinical evidence. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 828:80-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Bosseler M, Marani V, Broukou A, Lequeux A, Kaoma T, Schlesser V, François JH, Palissot V, Berchem GJ, Aouali N, Janji B. Inhibition of HIF1α-Dependent Upregulation of Phospho-l-Plastin Resensitizes Multiple Myeloma Cells to Frontline Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061551. [PMID: 29882856 PMCID: PMC6032243 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of novel frontline agents in multiple myeloma (MM), like immunomodulatory drugs and proteasome inhibitors, has improved the overall survival of patients. Yet, MM is still not curable, and drug resistance (DR) remains the main challenge. To improve the understanding of DR in MM, we established a resistant cell line (MOLP8/R). The exploration of DR mechanisms yielded an overexpression of HIF1α, due to impaired proteasome activity of MOLP8/R. We show that MOLP8/R, like other tumor cells, overexpressing HIF1α, have an increased resistance to the immune system. By exploring the main target genes regulated by HIF1α, we could not show an overexpression of these targets in MOLP8/R. We, however, show that MOLP8/R cells display a very high overexpression of LCP1 gene (l-Plastin) controlled by HIF1α, and that this overexpression also exists in MM patient samples. The l-Plastin activity is controlled by its phosphorylation in Ser5. We further show that the inhibition of l-Plastin phosphorylation restores the sensitivity of MOLP8/R to immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) and proteasome inhibitors (PIs). Our results reveal a new target gene of DR, controlled by HIF1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Bosseler
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), L-1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
| | - Vanessa Marani
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), L-1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
| | - Angelina Broukou
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), L-1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
| | - Amandine Lequeux
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), L-1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
| | - Tony Kaoma
- Bioinformatics and Modelling, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), L-1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
| | - Vincent Schlesser
- Laboratory of Hematology, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg (CHL), L-1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
| | - Jean-Hugues François
- Laboratory of Hematology, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg (CHL), L-1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
| | - Valérie Palissot
- Laboratory of Oncolytic-Virus-Immuno-Therapeutics, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), L-1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
| | - Guy J Berchem
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), L-1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
- Laboratory of Hematology, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg (CHL), L-1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
| | - Nasséra Aouali
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), L-1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
| | - Bassam Janji
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), L-1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
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Yong K, Gonzalez-McQuire S, Szabo Z, Schoen P, Hajek R. The start of a new wave: Developments in proteasome inhibition in multiple myeloma. Eur J Haematol 2018; 101:220-236. [PMID: 29603798 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.13071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) accounts for 10% of hematological cancers. Stem cell transplantation remains the cornerstone of first-line treatment for eligible patients, but historically, pharmaceutical treatment options for MM have been limited. The proteasome was identified as a target for MM therapy in the early 2000s and, in 2004, the boronic acid proteasome inhibitor bortezomib gained European approval. Bortezomib now plays a major role in MM treatment, but the duration of its use can be limited by toxicities such as peripheral neuropathy and the development of resistance. A new generation of proteasome inhibitors has since entered the treatment landscape: carfilzomib, an epoxyketone-based agent with a distinct mode of action, high clinical efficacy, and lower levels of peripheral neuropathy compared with bortezomib, received approval in 2015 for use in patients with relapsed and/or refractory MM (RRMM). Ixazomib, a second-generation, orally administered, boronic acid proteasome inhibitor, has also been approved for use in patients with RRMM. In just over a decade, proteasome inhibitor-based regimens have become an integral component of MM treatment; with more proteasome inhibitors in development, this remains a vibrant research area with potential to improve the lives of patients with MM in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwee Yong
- Department of Haematology, University College Hospital, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Roman Hajek
- University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
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Evaluation of in vitro effects of various targeted drugs on plasma cells and putative neoplastic stem cells in patients with multiple myeloma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:65627-65642. [PMID: 27582537 PMCID: PMC5323180 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignancy characterized by monoclonal paraproteinemia and tissue plasmocytosis. In advanced MM cytopenia and osteopathy may occur. Although several effective treatment strategies have been developed in recent years, there is still a need to identify new drug targets and to develop more effective therapies for patients with advanced MM. We examined the effects of 15 targeted drugs on growth and survival of primary MM cells and 5 MM cell lines (MM.1S, NCI-H929, OPM-2, RPMI-8226, U-266). The PI3-kinase blocker BEZ235, the pan-BCL-2 inhibitor obatoclax, the Hsp90-targeting drug 17AAG, and the Polo-like kinase-1 inhibitor BI2536, were found to exert major growth-inhibitory effects in all 5 MM cell lines tested. Moreover, these drugs suppressed the in vitro proliferation of primary bone marrow-derived MM cells and induced apoptosis at pharmacologic drug concentrations. Apoptosis-inducing effects were not only seen in the bulk of MM cells but also in MM stem cell-containing CD138−/CD20+/CD27+ memory B-cell fractions. Synergistic growth-inhibitory effects were observed in MM cell lines using various drug combinations, including 17AAG+BI2536 in MM.1S, OPM-2, RPMI-8226, and U-266 cells, 17AAG+BEZ235 in MM.1S, OPM-2, RPMI-8226, and U-266 cells, 17AAG+obatoclax in MM.1S, NCI-H929, OPM-2, and RPMI-8226 cells, BI2536+BEZ235 in MM.1S, NCI-H929, OPM-2, and RPMI-8226 cells, BI2536+obatoclax in MM.1S, OPM-2 and RPMI-8226 cells, and BEZ235+obatoclax in MM.1S and RPMI-8226 cells. Together, our data show that various targeted drugs induce profound and often synergistic anti-neoplastic effects in MM cells which may have clinical implications and may contribute to the development of novel treatment strategies in advanced MM.
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Long Y, Tsai WB, Chang JT, Estecio M, Wangpaichitr M, Savaraj N, Feun LG, Chen HHW, Kuo MT. Cisplatin-induced synthetic lethality to arginine-starvation therapy by transcriptional suppression of ASS1 is regulated by DEC1, HIF-1α, and c-Myc transcription network and is independent of ASS1 promoter DNA methylation. Oncotarget 2018; 7:82658-82670. [PMID: 27765932 PMCID: PMC5347722 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Many human tumors require extracellular arginine (Arg) for growth because the key enzyme for de novo biosynthesis of Arg, argininosuccinate synthetase 1 (ASS1), is silenced. These tumors are sensitive to Arg-starvation therapy using pegylated arginine deiminase (ADI-PEG20) which digests extracellular Arg. Many previous studies reported that ASS1 silencing is due to epigenetic inactivation of ASS1 expression by DNA methylation, and that the demethylation agent 5-aza-deoxycytidine (Aza-dC) can induce ASS1 expression. Moreover, it was reported that cisplatin suppresses ASS1 expression through ASS1 promoter methylation, leading to synthetic lethality to ADI-PEG20 treatment. We report here that cisplatin supppresses ASS1 expression is due to upregulation of HIF-1α and downregulation of c-Myc, which function as negative and positive regulators of ASS1 expression, respectively, by reciprocal bindings to the ASS1 promoter. In contrast, we found that Aza-dC induces ASS1 expression by downregulation of HIF-1α but upregulation of c-Myc. We further demonstrated that the clock protein DEC1 is the master regulator of HIF-1α and c-Myc that regulate ASS1. cDDP upregulates DEC1, whereas Aza-dC suppresses its expression. Using two proteasomal inhibitors bortezomib and carfilzomib which induce HIF-1α accumulation, we further demonstrated that HIF-1α is involved in ASS1 silencing for the maintenance of Arg auxotrophy for targeted Arg-starvation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Long
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wen-Bin Tsai
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jeffrey T Chang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Marcos Estecio
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Medhi Wangpaichitr
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Naramol Savaraj
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Lynn G Feun
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Helen H W Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cheng Kung University, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Macus Tien Kuo
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Targeting the neddylation pathway in cells as a potential therapeutic approach for diseases. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2018; 81:797-808. [PMID: 29450620 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-018-3541-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is an important system that regulates the balance of intracellular proteins, and it is involved in the regulation of multiple vital biological processes. The approval of bortezomib for relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma has proven that agents targeting the UPS have the potential to be effective treatment strategies for diseases. Among of all of the components of the UPS, cullin-RING ligases (CRLs) are the focus of research. CRLs are the largest family of ubiquitin E3 ligases and they play a critical role in substrate binding. CRL activity is modulated by many pathways in which neddylation modification is the essential process for cullin activation. Thus, targeting the neddylation pathway of cullins could indirectly affect CRL activity, thereby interfering with substrate protein ubiquitination. In addition to cullin proteins, there are some other target proteins of neddylation, such as p53, mouse double minute 2, and epidermal growth factor receptor. For target proteins, neddylation modification mainly causes functions changes, not degradation. In addition, the level of neddylation is also closely related to disease development and prognosis. In this review, we summarize the research on some target proteins and active target agents of neddylation pathways, and explore the role of neddylation in disease therapy. We came to the conclusion that conducting research on neddylation may be a potential approach to discover some novel targets and agents that could be effective without serious side effects.
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Oerlemans R, Berkers CR, Assaraf YG, Scheffer GL, Peters GJ, Verbrugge SE, Cloos J, Slootstra J, Meloen RH, Shoemaker RH, Dijkmans BAC, Scheper RJ, Ovaa H, Jansen G. Proteasome inhibition and mechanism of resistance to a synthetic, library-based hexapeptide. Invest New Drugs 2018; 36:797-809. [PMID: 29442210 PMCID: PMC6153520 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-018-0569-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background The hexapeptide 4A6 (Ac-Thr(tBu)-His(Bzl)-Thr(Bzl)-Nle-Glu(OtBu)-Gly-Bza) was isolated from a peptide library constructed to identify peptide-based transport inhibitors of multidrug resistance (MDR) efflux pumps including P-glycoprotein and Multidrug Resistance-associated Protein 1. 4A6 proved to be a substrate but not an inhibitor of these MDR efflux transporters. In fact, 4A6 and related peptides displayed potent cytotoxic activity via an unknown mechanism. Objective To decipher the mode of cytotoxic activity of 4A6. Methods Screening of 4A6 activity was performed against the NCI60 panel of cancer cell lines. Possible interactions of 4A6 with the 26S proteasome were assessed via proteasome activity and affinity labeling, and cell growth inhibition studies with leukemic cells resistant to the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (BTZ). Results The NCI60 panel COMPARE analysis revealed that 4A6 had an activity profile overlapping with BTZ. Consistently, 4A6 proved to be a selective and reversible inhibitor of β5 subunit (PSMB5)-associated chymotrypsin-like activity of the 26S proteasome. This conclusion is supported by several lines of evidence: (i) inhibition of chymotrypsin-like proteasome activity by 4A6 and related peptides correlated with their cell growth inhibition potencies; (ii) 4A6 reversibly inhibited functional β5 active site labeling with the affinity probe BodipyFL-Ahx3L3VS; and (iii) human myeloid THP1 cells with acquired BTZ resistance due to mutated PSMB5 were highly (up to 287-fold) cross-resistant to 4A6 and its related peptides. Conclusion 4A6 is a novel specific inhibitor of the β5 subunit-associated chymotrypsin-like proteasome activity. Further exploration of 4A6 as a lead compound for development as a novel proteasome-targeted drug is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud Oerlemans
- Departments of Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Rm 2.46, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Celia R Berkers
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yehuda G Assaraf
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - George L Scheffer
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Godefridus J Peters
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sue Ellen Verbrugge
- Departments of Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Rm 2.46, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline Cloos
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Robert H Shoemaker
- Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ben A C Dijkmans
- Departments of Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Rm 2.46, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rik J Scheper
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Huib Ovaa
- Division of Cell Biology II, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Jansen
- Departments of Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Rm 2.46, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Yang L, Chen J, Han X, Zhang E, Huang X, Guo X, Chen Q, Wu W, Zheng G, He D, Zhao Y, Yang Y, He J, Cai Z. Pirh2 mediates the sensitivity of myeloma cells to bortezomib via canonical NF-κB signaling pathway. Protein Cell 2018; 9:770-784. [PMID: 29441489 PMCID: PMC6107487 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-017-0500-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical success of the proteasome inhibitor established bortezomib as one of the most effective drugs in treatment of multiple myeloma (MM). While survival benefit of bortezomib generated new treatment strategies, the primary and secondary resistance of MM cells to bortezomib remains a clinical concern. This study aimed to highlight the role of p53-induced RING-H2 (Pirh2) in the acquisition of bortezomib resistance in MM and to clarify the function and mechanism of action of Pirh2 in MM cell growth and resistance, thereby providing the basis for new therapeutic targets for MM. The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib has been established as one of the most effective drugs for treating MM. We demonstrated that bortezomib resistance in MM cells resulted from a reduction in Pirh2 protein levels. Pirh2 overexpression overcame bortezomib resistance and restored the sensitivity of myeloma cells to bortezomib, while a reduction in Pirh2 levels was correlated with bortezomib resistance. The levels of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) p65, pp65, pIKBa, and IKKa were higher in bortezomib-resistant cells than those in parental cells. Pirh2 overexpression reduced the levels of pIKBa and IKKa, while the knockdown of Pirh2 via short hairpin RNAs increased the expression of NF-κB p65, pIKBa, and IKKa. Therefore, Pirh2 suppressed the canonical NF-κB signaling pathway by inhibiting the phosphorylation and subsequent degradation of IKBa to overcome acquired bortezomib resistance in MM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Multiple Myeloma Treatment Center & Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Multiple Myeloma Treatment Center & Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Xiaoyan Han
- Multiple Myeloma Treatment Center & Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Enfan Zhang
- Multiple Myeloma Treatment Center & Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Xi Huang
- Multiple Myeloma Treatment Center & Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Xing Guo
- Multiple Myeloma Treatment Center & Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Qingxiao Chen
- Multiple Myeloma Treatment Center & Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Wenjun Wu
- Multiple Myeloma Treatment Center & Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Gaofeng Zheng
- Multiple Myeloma Treatment Center & Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Donghua He
- Multiple Myeloma Treatment Center & Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Multiple Myeloma Treatment Center & Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Multiple Myeloma Treatment Center & Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jingsong He
- Multiple Myeloma Treatment Center & Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Zhen Cai
- Multiple Myeloma Treatment Center & Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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